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Gilbert PB, Montefiori DC, McDermott A, Fong Y, Benkeser D, Deng W, Zhou H, Houchens CR, Martins K, Jayashankar L, Castellino F, Flach B, Lin BC, O'Connell S, McDanal C, Eaton A, Sarzotti-Kelsoe M, Lu Y, Yu C, Borate B, van der Laan LWP, Hejazi N, Huynh C, Miller J, El Sahly HM, Baden LR, Baron M, De La Cruz L, Gay C, Kalams S, Kelley CF, Kutner M, Andrasik MP, Kublin JG, Corey L, Neuzil KM, Carpp LN, Pajon R, Follmann D, Donis RO, Koup RA. Immune Correlates Analysis of the mRNA-1273 COVID-19 Vaccine Efficacy Trial. medRxiv 2021:2021.08.09.21261290. [PMID: 34401888 PMCID: PMC8366808 DOI: 10.1101/2021.08.09.21261290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the Coronavirus Efficacy (COVE) trial, estimated mRNA-1273 vaccine efficacy against coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) was 94%. SARS-CoV-2 antibody measurements were assessed as correlates of COVID-19 risk and as correlates of protection. METHODS Through case-cohort sampling, participants were selected for measurement of four serum antibody markers at Day 1 (first dose), Day 29 (second dose), and Day 57: IgG binding antibodies (bAbs) to Spike, bAbs to Spike receptor-binding domain (RBD), and 50% and 80% inhibitory dilution pseudovirus neutralizing antibody titers calibrated to the WHO International Standard (cID50 and cID80). Participants with no evidence of previous SARS-CoV-2 infection were included. Cox regression assessed in vaccine recipients the association of each Day 29 or 57 serologic marker with COVID-19 through 126 or 100 days of follow-up, respectively, adjusting for risk factors. RESULTS Day 57 Spike IgG, RBD IgG, cID50, and cID80 neutralization levels were each inversely correlated with risk of COVID-19: hazard ratios 0.66 (95% CI 0.50, 0.88; p=0.005); 0.57 (0.40, 0.82; p=0.002); 0.42 (0.27, 0.65; p<0.001); 0.35 (0.20, 0.61; p<0.001) per 10-fold increase in marker level, respectively, multiplicity adjusted P-values 0.003-0.010. Results were similar for Day 29 markers (multiplicity adjusted P-values <0.001-0.003). For vaccine recipients with Day 57 reciprocal cID50 neutralization titers that were undetectable (<2.42), 100, or 1000, respectively, cumulative incidence of COVID-19 through 100 days post Day 57 was 0.030 (0.010, 0.093), 0.0056 (0.0039, 0.0080), and 0.0023 (0.0013, 0.0036). For vaccine recipients at these titer levels, respectively, vaccine efficacy was 50.8% (-51.2, 83.0%), 90.7% (86.7, 93.6%), and 96.1% (94.0, 97.8%). Causal mediation analysis estimated that the proportion of vaccine efficacy mediated through Day 29 cID50 titer was 68.5% (58.5, 78.4%). CONCLUSIONS Binding and neutralizing antibodies correlated with COVID-19 risk and vaccine efficacy and likely have utility in predicting mRNA-1273 vaccine efficacy against COVID-19. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER COVE ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04470427.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter B Gilbert
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (P.B.G., Y.F., Y.L., C.Y., B.B., L.v.d.L., M.P.A., J.G.K., L.C., L.N.C.); the Vaccine Research Center (A.M., B.F., B.C.L., S.O., R.A.K.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch (D.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.M., A.E., M.S.-K., D.C.M.); the Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.B.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (C.R.H., K.M., L.J., F.C., C.H., R.O.D.); Graduate Group in Biostatistics, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, CA (N.H.); Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA (W.D., H.Z., J.M., R.P.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (H.M.E.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (L.R.B.); Palm Beach Research Center, West Palm Beach, FL (M.B.); Keystone Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (L.D.L.C.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (C.G.); Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (S.K.); Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and the Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA (C.F.K.); Suncoast Research Group, Miami, FL (M.K.); and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (K.M.N.)
| | - David C Montefiori
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (P.B.G., Y.F., Y.L., C.Y., B.B., L.v.d.L., M.P.A., J.G.K., L.C., L.N.C.); the Vaccine Research Center (A.M., B.F., B.C.L., S.O., R.A.K.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch (D.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.M., A.E., M.S.-K., D.C.M.); the Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.B.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (C.R.H., K.M., L.J., F.C., C.H., R.O.D.); Graduate Group in Biostatistics, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, CA (N.H.); Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA (W.D., H.Z., J.M., R.P.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (H.M.E.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (L.R.B.); Palm Beach Research Center, West Palm Beach, FL (M.B.); Keystone Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (L.D.L.C.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (C.G.); Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (S.K.); Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and the Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA (C.F.K.); Suncoast Research Group, Miami, FL (M.K.); and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (K.M.N.)
| | - Adrian McDermott
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (P.B.G., Y.F., Y.L., C.Y., B.B., L.v.d.L., M.P.A., J.G.K., L.C., L.N.C.); the Vaccine Research Center (A.M., B.F., B.C.L., S.O., R.A.K.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch (D.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.M., A.E., M.S.-K., D.C.M.); the Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.B.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (C.R.H., K.M., L.J., F.C., C.H., R.O.D.); Graduate Group in Biostatistics, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, CA (N.H.); Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA (W.D., H.Z., J.M., R.P.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (H.M.E.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (L.R.B.); Palm Beach Research Center, West Palm Beach, FL (M.B.); Keystone Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (L.D.L.C.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (C.G.); Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (S.K.); Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and the Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA (C.F.K.); Suncoast Research Group, Miami, FL (M.K.); and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (K.M.N.)
| | - Youyi Fong
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (P.B.G., Y.F., Y.L., C.Y., B.B., L.v.d.L., M.P.A., J.G.K., L.C., L.N.C.); the Vaccine Research Center (A.M., B.F., B.C.L., S.O., R.A.K.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch (D.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.M., A.E., M.S.-K., D.C.M.); the Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.B.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (C.R.H., K.M., L.J., F.C., C.H., R.O.D.); Graduate Group in Biostatistics, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, CA (N.H.); Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA (W.D., H.Z., J.M., R.P.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (H.M.E.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (L.R.B.); Palm Beach Research Center, West Palm Beach, FL (M.B.); Keystone Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (L.D.L.C.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (C.G.); Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (S.K.); Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and the Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA (C.F.K.); Suncoast Research Group, Miami, FL (M.K.); and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (K.M.N.)
| | - David Benkeser
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (P.B.G., Y.F., Y.L., C.Y., B.B., L.v.d.L., M.P.A., J.G.K., L.C., L.N.C.); the Vaccine Research Center (A.M., B.F., B.C.L., S.O., R.A.K.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch (D.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.M., A.E., M.S.-K., D.C.M.); the Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.B.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (C.R.H., K.M., L.J., F.C., C.H., R.O.D.); Graduate Group in Biostatistics, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, CA (N.H.); Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA (W.D., H.Z., J.M., R.P.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (H.M.E.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (L.R.B.); Palm Beach Research Center, West Palm Beach, FL (M.B.); Keystone Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (L.D.L.C.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (C.G.); Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (S.K.); Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and the Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA (C.F.K.); Suncoast Research Group, Miami, FL (M.K.); and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (K.M.N.)
| | - Weiping Deng
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (P.B.G., Y.F., Y.L., C.Y., B.B., L.v.d.L., M.P.A., J.G.K., L.C., L.N.C.); the Vaccine Research Center (A.M., B.F., B.C.L., S.O., R.A.K.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch (D.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.M., A.E., M.S.-K., D.C.M.); the Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.B.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (C.R.H., K.M., L.J., F.C., C.H., R.O.D.); Graduate Group in Biostatistics, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, CA (N.H.); Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA (W.D., H.Z., J.M., R.P.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (H.M.E.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (L.R.B.); Palm Beach Research Center, West Palm Beach, FL (M.B.); Keystone Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (L.D.L.C.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (C.G.); Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (S.K.); Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and the Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA (C.F.K.); Suncoast Research Group, Miami, FL (M.K.); and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (K.M.N.)
| | - Honghong Zhou
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (P.B.G., Y.F., Y.L., C.Y., B.B., L.v.d.L., M.P.A., J.G.K., L.C., L.N.C.); the Vaccine Research Center (A.M., B.F., B.C.L., S.O., R.A.K.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch (D.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.M., A.E., M.S.-K., D.C.M.); the Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.B.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (C.R.H., K.M., L.J., F.C., C.H., R.O.D.); Graduate Group in Biostatistics, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, CA (N.H.); Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA (W.D., H.Z., J.M., R.P.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (H.M.E.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (L.R.B.); Palm Beach Research Center, West Palm Beach, FL (M.B.); Keystone Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (L.D.L.C.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (C.G.); Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (S.K.); Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and the Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA (C.F.K.); Suncoast Research Group, Miami, FL (M.K.); and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (K.M.N.)
| | - Christopher R Houchens
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (P.B.G., Y.F., Y.L., C.Y., B.B., L.v.d.L., M.P.A., J.G.K., L.C., L.N.C.); the Vaccine Research Center (A.M., B.F., B.C.L., S.O., R.A.K.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch (D.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.M., A.E., M.S.-K., D.C.M.); the Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.B.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (C.R.H., K.M., L.J., F.C., C.H., R.O.D.); Graduate Group in Biostatistics, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, CA (N.H.); Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA (W.D., H.Z., J.M., R.P.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (H.M.E.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (L.R.B.); Palm Beach Research Center, West Palm Beach, FL (M.B.); Keystone Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (L.D.L.C.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (C.G.); Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (S.K.); Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and the Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA (C.F.K.); Suncoast Research Group, Miami, FL (M.K.); and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (K.M.N.)
| | - Karen Martins
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (P.B.G., Y.F., Y.L., C.Y., B.B., L.v.d.L., M.P.A., J.G.K., L.C., L.N.C.); the Vaccine Research Center (A.M., B.F., B.C.L., S.O., R.A.K.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch (D.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.M., A.E., M.S.-K., D.C.M.); the Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.B.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (C.R.H., K.M., L.J., F.C., C.H., R.O.D.); Graduate Group in Biostatistics, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, CA (N.H.); Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA (W.D., H.Z., J.M., R.P.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (H.M.E.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (L.R.B.); Palm Beach Research Center, West Palm Beach, FL (M.B.); Keystone Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (L.D.L.C.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (C.G.); Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (S.K.); Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and the Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA (C.F.K.); Suncoast Research Group, Miami, FL (M.K.); and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (K.M.N.)
| | - Lakshmi Jayashankar
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (P.B.G., Y.F., Y.L., C.Y., B.B., L.v.d.L., M.P.A., J.G.K., L.C., L.N.C.); the Vaccine Research Center (A.M., B.F., B.C.L., S.O., R.A.K.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch (D.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.M., A.E., M.S.-K., D.C.M.); the Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.B.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (C.R.H., K.M., L.J., F.C., C.H., R.O.D.); Graduate Group in Biostatistics, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, CA (N.H.); Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA (W.D., H.Z., J.M., R.P.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (H.M.E.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (L.R.B.); Palm Beach Research Center, West Palm Beach, FL (M.B.); Keystone Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (L.D.L.C.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (C.G.); Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (S.K.); Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and the Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA (C.F.K.); Suncoast Research Group, Miami, FL (M.K.); and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (K.M.N.)
| | - Flora Castellino
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (P.B.G., Y.F., Y.L., C.Y., B.B., L.v.d.L., M.P.A., J.G.K., L.C., L.N.C.); the Vaccine Research Center (A.M., B.F., B.C.L., S.O., R.A.K.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch (D.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.M., A.E., M.S.-K., D.C.M.); the Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.B.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (C.R.H., K.M., L.J., F.C., C.H., R.O.D.); Graduate Group in Biostatistics, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, CA (N.H.); Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA (W.D., H.Z., J.M., R.P.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (H.M.E.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (L.R.B.); Palm Beach Research Center, West Palm Beach, FL (M.B.); Keystone Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (L.D.L.C.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (C.G.); Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (S.K.); Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and the Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA (C.F.K.); Suncoast Research Group, Miami, FL (M.K.); and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (K.M.N.)
| | - Britta Flach
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (P.B.G., Y.F., Y.L., C.Y., B.B., L.v.d.L., M.P.A., J.G.K., L.C., L.N.C.); the Vaccine Research Center (A.M., B.F., B.C.L., S.O., R.A.K.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch (D.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.M., A.E., M.S.-K., D.C.M.); the Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.B.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (C.R.H., K.M., L.J., F.C., C.H., R.O.D.); Graduate Group in Biostatistics, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, CA (N.H.); Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA (W.D., H.Z., J.M., R.P.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (H.M.E.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (L.R.B.); Palm Beach Research Center, West Palm Beach, FL (M.B.); Keystone Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (L.D.L.C.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (C.G.); Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (S.K.); Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and the Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA (C.F.K.); Suncoast Research Group, Miami, FL (M.K.); and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (K.M.N.)
| | - Bob C Lin
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (P.B.G., Y.F., Y.L., C.Y., B.B., L.v.d.L., M.P.A., J.G.K., L.C., L.N.C.); the Vaccine Research Center (A.M., B.F., B.C.L., S.O., R.A.K.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch (D.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.M., A.E., M.S.-K., D.C.M.); the Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.B.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (C.R.H., K.M., L.J., F.C., C.H., R.O.D.); Graduate Group in Biostatistics, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, CA (N.H.); Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA (W.D., H.Z., J.M., R.P.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (H.M.E.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (L.R.B.); Palm Beach Research Center, West Palm Beach, FL (M.B.); Keystone Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (L.D.L.C.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (C.G.); Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (S.K.); Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and the Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA (C.F.K.); Suncoast Research Group, Miami, FL (M.K.); and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (K.M.N.)
| | - Sarah O'Connell
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (P.B.G., Y.F., Y.L., C.Y., B.B., L.v.d.L., M.P.A., J.G.K., L.C., L.N.C.); the Vaccine Research Center (A.M., B.F., B.C.L., S.O., R.A.K.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch (D.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.M., A.E., M.S.-K., D.C.M.); the Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.B.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (C.R.H., K.M., L.J., F.C., C.H., R.O.D.); Graduate Group in Biostatistics, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, CA (N.H.); Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA (W.D., H.Z., J.M., R.P.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (H.M.E.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (L.R.B.); Palm Beach Research Center, West Palm Beach, FL (M.B.); Keystone Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (L.D.L.C.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (C.G.); Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (S.K.); Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and the Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA (C.F.K.); Suncoast Research Group, Miami, FL (M.K.); and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (K.M.N.)
| | - Charlene McDanal
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (P.B.G., Y.F., Y.L., C.Y., B.B., L.v.d.L., M.P.A., J.G.K., L.C., L.N.C.); the Vaccine Research Center (A.M., B.F., B.C.L., S.O., R.A.K.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch (D.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.M., A.E., M.S.-K., D.C.M.); the Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.B.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (C.R.H., K.M., L.J., F.C., C.H., R.O.D.); Graduate Group in Biostatistics, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, CA (N.H.); Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA (W.D., H.Z., J.M., R.P.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (H.M.E.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (L.R.B.); Palm Beach Research Center, West Palm Beach, FL (M.B.); Keystone Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (L.D.L.C.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (C.G.); Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (S.K.); Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and the Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA (C.F.K.); Suncoast Research Group, Miami, FL (M.K.); and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (K.M.N.)
| | - Amanda Eaton
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (P.B.G., Y.F., Y.L., C.Y., B.B., L.v.d.L., M.P.A., J.G.K., L.C., L.N.C.); the Vaccine Research Center (A.M., B.F., B.C.L., S.O., R.A.K.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch (D.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.M., A.E., M.S.-K., D.C.M.); the Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.B.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (C.R.H., K.M., L.J., F.C., C.H., R.O.D.); Graduate Group in Biostatistics, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, CA (N.H.); Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA (W.D., H.Z., J.M., R.P.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (H.M.E.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (L.R.B.); Palm Beach Research Center, West Palm Beach, FL (M.B.); Keystone Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (L.D.L.C.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (C.G.); Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (S.K.); Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and the Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA (C.F.K.); Suncoast Research Group, Miami, FL (M.K.); and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (K.M.N.)
| | - Marcella Sarzotti-Kelsoe
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (P.B.G., Y.F., Y.L., C.Y., B.B., L.v.d.L., M.P.A., J.G.K., L.C., L.N.C.); the Vaccine Research Center (A.M., B.F., B.C.L., S.O., R.A.K.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch (D.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.M., A.E., M.S.-K., D.C.M.); the Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.B.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (C.R.H., K.M., L.J., F.C., C.H., R.O.D.); Graduate Group in Biostatistics, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, CA (N.H.); Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA (W.D., H.Z., J.M., R.P.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (H.M.E.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (L.R.B.); Palm Beach Research Center, West Palm Beach, FL (M.B.); Keystone Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (L.D.L.C.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (C.G.); Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (S.K.); Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and the Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA (C.F.K.); Suncoast Research Group, Miami, FL (M.K.); and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (K.M.N.)
| | - Yiwen Lu
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (P.B.G., Y.F., Y.L., C.Y., B.B., L.v.d.L., M.P.A., J.G.K., L.C., L.N.C.); the Vaccine Research Center (A.M., B.F., B.C.L., S.O., R.A.K.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch (D.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.M., A.E., M.S.-K., D.C.M.); the Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.B.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (C.R.H., K.M., L.J., F.C., C.H., R.O.D.); Graduate Group in Biostatistics, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, CA (N.H.); Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA (W.D., H.Z., J.M., R.P.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (H.M.E.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (L.R.B.); Palm Beach Research Center, West Palm Beach, FL (M.B.); Keystone Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (L.D.L.C.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (C.G.); Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (S.K.); Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and the Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA (C.F.K.); Suncoast Research Group, Miami, FL (M.K.); and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (K.M.N.)
| | - Chenchen Yu
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (P.B.G., Y.F., Y.L., C.Y., B.B., L.v.d.L., M.P.A., J.G.K., L.C., L.N.C.); the Vaccine Research Center (A.M., B.F., B.C.L., S.O., R.A.K.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch (D.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.M., A.E., M.S.-K., D.C.M.); the Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.B.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (C.R.H., K.M., L.J., F.C., C.H., R.O.D.); Graduate Group in Biostatistics, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, CA (N.H.); Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA (W.D., H.Z., J.M., R.P.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (H.M.E.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (L.R.B.); Palm Beach Research Center, West Palm Beach, FL (M.B.); Keystone Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (L.D.L.C.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (C.G.); Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (S.K.); Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and the Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA (C.F.K.); Suncoast Research Group, Miami, FL (M.K.); and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (K.M.N.)
| | - Bhavesh Borate
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (P.B.G., Y.F., Y.L., C.Y., B.B., L.v.d.L., M.P.A., J.G.K., L.C., L.N.C.); the Vaccine Research Center (A.M., B.F., B.C.L., S.O., R.A.K.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch (D.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.M., A.E., M.S.-K., D.C.M.); the Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.B.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (C.R.H., K.M., L.J., F.C., C.H., R.O.D.); Graduate Group in Biostatistics, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, CA (N.H.); Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA (W.D., H.Z., J.M., R.P.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (H.M.E.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (L.R.B.); Palm Beach Research Center, West Palm Beach, FL (M.B.); Keystone Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (L.D.L.C.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (C.G.); Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (S.K.); Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and the Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA (C.F.K.); Suncoast Research Group, Miami, FL (M.K.); and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (K.M.N.)
| | - Lars W P van der Laan
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (P.B.G., Y.F., Y.L., C.Y., B.B., L.v.d.L., M.P.A., J.G.K., L.C., L.N.C.); the Vaccine Research Center (A.M., B.F., B.C.L., S.O., R.A.K.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch (D.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.M., A.E., M.S.-K., D.C.M.); the Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.B.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (C.R.H., K.M., L.J., F.C., C.H., R.O.D.); Graduate Group in Biostatistics, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, CA (N.H.); Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA (W.D., H.Z., J.M., R.P.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (H.M.E.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (L.R.B.); Palm Beach Research Center, West Palm Beach, FL (M.B.); Keystone Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (L.D.L.C.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (C.G.); Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (S.K.); Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and the Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA (C.F.K.); Suncoast Research Group, Miami, FL (M.K.); and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (K.M.N.)
| | - Nima Hejazi
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (P.B.G., Y.F., Y.L., C.Y., B.B., L.v.d.L., M.P.A., J.G.K., L.C., L.N.C.); the Vaccine Research Center (A.M., B.F., B.C.L., S.O., R.A.K.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch (D.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.M., A.E., M.S.-K., D.C.M.); the Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.B.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (C.R.H., K.M., L.J., F.C., C.H., R.O.D.); Graduate Group in Biostatistics, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, CA (N.H.); Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA (W.D., H.Z., J.M., R.P.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (H.M.E.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (L.R.B.); Palm Beach Research Center, West Palm Beach, FL (M.B.); Keystone Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (L.D.L.C.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (C.G.); Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (S.K.); Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and the Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA (C.F.K.); Suncoast Research Group, Miami, FL (M.K.); and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (K.M.N.)
| | - Chuong Huynh
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (P.B.G., Y.F., Y.L., C.Y., B.B., L.v.d.L., M.P.A., J.G.K., L.C., L.N.C.); the Vaccine Research Center (A.M., B.F., B.C.L., S.O., R.A.K.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch (D.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.M., A.E., M.S.-K., D.C.M.); the Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.B.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (C.R.H., K.M., L.J., F.C., C.H., R.O.D.); Graduate Group in Biostatistics, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, CA (N.H.); Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA (W.D., H.Z., J.M., R.P.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (H.M.E.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (L.R.B.); Palm Beach Research Center, West Palm Beach, FL (M.B.); Keystone Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (L.D.L.C.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (C.G.); Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (S.K.); Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and the Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA (C.F.K.); Suncoast Research Group, Miami, FL (M.K.); and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (K.M.N.)
| | - Jacqueline Miller
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (P.B.G., Y.F., Y.L., C.Y., B.B., L.v.d.L., M.P.A., J.G.K., L.C., L.N.C.); the Vaccine Research Center (A.M., B.F., B.C.L., S.O., R.A.K.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch (D.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.M., A.E., M.S.-K., D.C.M.); the Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.B.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (C.R.H., K.M., L.J., F.C., C.H., R.O.D.); Graduate Group in Biostatistics, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, CA (N.H.); Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA (W.D., H.Z., J.M., R.P.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (H.M.E.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (L.R.B.); Palm Beach Research Center, West Palm Beach, FL (M.B.); Keystone Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (L.D.L.C.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (C.G.); Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (S.K.); Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and the Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA (C.F.K.); Suncoast Research Group, Miami, FL (M.K.); and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (K.M.N.)
| | - Hana M El Sahly
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (P.B.G., Y.F., Y.L., C.Y., B.B., L.v.d.L., M.P.A., J.G.K., L.C., L.N.C.); the Vaccine Research Center (A.M., B.F., B.C.L., S.O., R.A.K.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch (D.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.M., A.E., M.S.-K., D.C.M.); the Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.B.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (C.R.H., K.M., L.J., F.C., C.H., R.O.D.); Graduate Group in Biostatistics, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, CA (N.H.); Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA (W.D., H.Z., J.M., R.P.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (H.M.E.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (L.R.B.); Palm Beach Research Center, West Palm Beach, FL (M.B.); Keystone Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (L.D.L.C.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (C.G.); Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (S.K.); Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and the Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA (C.F.K.); Suncoast Research Group, Miami, FL (M.K.); and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (K.M.N.)
| | - Lindsey R Baden
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (P.B.G., Y.F., Y.L., C.Y., B.B., L.v.d.L., M.P.A., J.G.K., L.C., L.N.C.); the Vaccine Research Center (A.M., B.F., B.C.L., S.O., R.A.K.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch (D.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.M., A.E., M.S.-K., D.C.M.); the Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.B.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (C.R.H., K.M., L.J., F.C., C.H., R.O.D.); Graduate Group in Biostatistics, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, CA (N.H.); Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA (W.D., H.Z., J.M., R.P.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (H.M.E.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (L.R.B.); Palm Beach Research Center, West Palm Beach, FL (M.B.); Keystone Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (L.D.L.C.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (C.G.); Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (S.K.); Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and the Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA (C.F.K.); Suncoast Research Group, Miami, FL (M.K.); and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (K.M.N.)
| | - Mira Baron
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (P.B.G., Y.F., Y.L., C.Y., B.B., L.v.d.L., M.P.A., J.G.K., L.C., L.N.C.); the Vaccine Research Center (A.M., B.F., B.C.L., S.O., R.A.K.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch (D.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.M., A.E., M.S.-K., D.C.M.); the Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.B.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (C.R.H., K.M., L.J., F.C., C.H., R.O.D.); Graduate Group in Biostatistics, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, CA (N.H.); Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA (W.D., H.Z., J.M., R.P.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (H.M.E.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (L.R.B.); Palm Beach Research Center, West Palm Beach, FL (M.B.); Keystone Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (L.D.L.C.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (C.G.); Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (S.K.); Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and the Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA (C.F.K.); Suncoast Research Group, Miami, FL (M.K.); and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (K.M.N.)
| | - Luis De La Cruz
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (P.B.G., Y.F., Y.L., C.Y., B.B., L.v.d.L., M.P.A., J.G.K., L.C., L.N.C.); the Vaccine Research Center (A.M., B.F., B.C.L., S.O., R.A.K.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch (D.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.M., A.E., M.S.-K., D.C.M.); the Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.B.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (C.R.H., K.M., L.J., F.C., C.H., R.O.D.); Graduate Group in Biostatistics, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, CA (N.H.); Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA (W.D., H.Z., J.M., R.P.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (H.M.E.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (L.R.B.); Palm Beach Research Center, West Palm Beach, FL (M.B.); Keystone Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (L.D.L.C.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (C.G.); Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (S.K.); Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and the Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA (C.F.K.); Suncoast Research Group, Miami, FL (M.K.); and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (K.M.N.)
| | - Cynthia Gay
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (P.B.G., Y.F., Y.L., C.Y., B.B., L.v.d.L., M.P.A., J.G.K., L.C., L.N.C.); the Vaccine Research Center (A.M., B.F., B.C.L., S.O., R.A.K.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch (D.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.M., A.E., M.S.-K., D.C.M.); the Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.B.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (C.R.H., K.M., L.J., F.C., C.H., R.O.D.); Graduate Group in Biostatistics, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, CA (N.H.); Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA (W.D., H.Z., J.M., R.P.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (H.M.E.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (L.R.B.); Palm Beach Research Center, West Palm Beach, FL (M.B.); Keystone Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (L.D.L.C.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (C.G.); Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (S.K.); Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and the Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA (C.F.K.); Suncoast Research Group, Miami, FL (M.K.); and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (K.M.N.)
| | - Spyros Kalams
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (P.B.G., Y.F., Y.L., C.Y., B.B., L.v.d.L., M.P.A., J.G.K., L.C., L.N.C.); the Vaccine Research Center (A.M., B.F., B.C.L., S.O., R.A.K.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch (D.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.M., A.E., M.S.-K., D.C.M.); the Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.B.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (C.R.H., K.M., L.J., F.C., C.H., R.O.D.); Graduate Group in Biostatistics, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, CA (N.H.); Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA (W.D., H.Z., J.M., R.P.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (H.M.E.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (L.R.B.); Palm Beach Research Center, West Palm Beach, FL (M.B.); Keystone Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (L.D.L.C.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (C.G.); Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (S.K.); Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and the Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA (C.F.K.); Suncoast Research Group, Miami, FL (M.K.); and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (K.M.N.)
| | - Colleen F Kelley
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (P.B.G., Y.F., Y.L., C.Y., B.B., L.v.d.L., M.P.A., J.G.K., L.C., L.N.C.); the Vaccine Research Center (A.M., B.F., B.C.L., S.O., R.A.K.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch (D.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.M., A.E., M.S.-K., D.C.M.); the Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.B.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (C.R.H., K.M., L.J., F.C., C.H., R.O.D.); Graduate Group in Biostatistics, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, CA (N.H.); Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA (W.D., H.Z., J.M., R.P.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (H.M.E.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (L.R.B.); Palm Beach Research Center, West Palm Beach, FL (M.B.); Keystone Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (L.D.L.C.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (C.G.); Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (S.K.); Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and the Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA (C.F.K.); Suncoast Research Group, Miami, FL (M.K.); and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (K.M.N.)
| | - Mark Kutner
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (P.B.G., Y.F., Y.L., C.Y., B.B., L.v.d.L., M.P.A., J.G.K., L.C., L.N.C.); the Vaccine Research Center (A.M., B.F., B.C.L., S.O., R.A.K.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch (D.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.M., A.E., M.S.-K., D.C.M.); the Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.B.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (C.R.H., K.M., L.J., F.C., C.H., R.O.D.); Graduate Group in Biostatistics, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, CA (N.H.); Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA (W.D., H.Z., J.M., R.P.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (H.M.E.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (L.R.B.); Palm Beach Research Center, West Palm Beach, FL (M.B.); Keystone Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (L.D.L.C.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (C.G.); Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (S.K.); Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and the Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA (C.F.K.); Suncoast Research Group, Miami, FL (M.K.); and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (K.M.N.)
| | - Michele P Andrasik
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (P.B.G., Y.F., Y.L., C.Y., B.B., L.v.d.L., M.P.A., J.G.K., L.C., L.N.C.); the Vaccine Research Center (A.M., B.F., B.C.L., S.O., R.A.K.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch (D.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.M., A.E., M.S.-K., D.C.M.); the Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.B.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (C.R.H., K.M., L.J., F.C., C.H., R.O.D.); Graduate Group in Biostatistics, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, CA (N.H.); Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA (W.D., H.Z., J.M., R.P.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (H.M.E.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (L.R.B.); Palm Beach Research Center, West Palm Beach, FL (M.B.); Keystone Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (L.D.L.C.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (C.G.); Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (S.K.); Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and the Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA (C.F.K.); Suncoast Research Group, Miami, FL (M.K.); and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (K.M.N.)
| | - James G Kublin
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (P.B.G., Y.F., Y.L., C.Y., B.B., L.v.d.L., M.P.A., J.G.K., L.C., L.N.C.); the Vaccine Research Center (A.M., B.F., B.C.L., S.O., R.A.K.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch (D.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.M., A.E., M.S.-K., D.C.M.); the Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.B.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (C.R.H., K.M., L.J., F.C., C.H., R.O.D.); Graduate Group in Biostatistics, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, CA (N.H.); Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA (W.D., H.Z., J.M., R.P.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (H.M.E.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (L.R.B.); Palm Beach Research Center, West Palm Beach, FL (M.B.); Keystone Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (L.D.L.C.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (C.G.); Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (S.K.); Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and the Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA (C.F.K.); Suncoast Research Group, Miami, FL (M.K.); and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (K.M.N.)
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (P.B.G., Y.F., Y.L., C.Y., B.B., L.v.d.L., M.P.A., J.G.K., L.C., L.N.C.); the Vaccine Research Center (A.M., B.F., B.C.L., S.O., R.A.K.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch (D.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.M., A.E., M.S.-K., D.C.M.); the Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.B.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (C.R.H., K.M., L.J., F.C., C.H., R.O.D.); Graduate Group in Biostatistics, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, CA (N.H.); Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA (W.D., H.Z., J.M., R.P.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (H.M.E.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (L.R.B.); Palm Beach Research Center, West Palm Beach, FL (M.B.); Keystone Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (L.D.L.C.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (C.G.); Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (S.K.); Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and the Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA (C.F.K.); Suncoast Research Group, Miami, FL (M.K.); and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (K.M.N.)
| | - Kathleen M Neuzil
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (P.B.G., Y.F., Y.L., C.Y., B.B., L.v.d.L., M.P.A., J.G.K., L.C., L.N.C.); the Vaccine Research Center (A.M., B.F., B.C.L., S.O., R.A.K.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch (D.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.M., A.E., M.S.-K., D.C.M.); the Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.B.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (C.R.H., K.M., L.J., F.C., C.H., R.O.D.); Graduate Group in Biostatistics, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, CA (N.H.); Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA (W.D., H.Z., J.M., R.P.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (H.M.E.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (L.R.B.); Palm Beach Research Center, West Palm Beach, FL (M.B.); Keystone Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (L.D.L.C.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (C.G.); Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (S.K.); Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and the Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA (C.F.K.); Suncoast Research Group, Miami, FL (M.K.); and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (K.M.N.)
| | - Lindsay N Carpp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (P.B.G., Y.F., Y.L., C.Y., B.B., L.v.d.L., M.P.A., J.G.K., L.C., L.N.C.); the Vaccine Research Center (A.M., B.F., B.C.L., S.O., R.A.K.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch (D.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.M., A.E., M.S.-K., D.C.M.); the Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.B.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (C.R.H., K.M., L.J., F.C., C.H., R.O.D.); Graduate Group in Biostatistics, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, CA (N.H.); Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA (W.D., H.Z., J.M., R.P.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (H.M.E.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (L.R.B.); Palm Beach Research Center, West Palm Beach, FL (M.B.); Keystone Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (L.D.L.C.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (C.G.); Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (S.K.); Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and the Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA (C.F.K.); Suncoast Research Group, Miami, FL (M.K.); and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (K.M.N.)
| | - Rolando Pajon
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (P.B.G., Y.F., Y.L., C.Y., B.B., L.v.d.L., M.P.A., J.G.K., L.C., L.N.C.); the Vaccine Research Center (A.M., B.F., B.C.L., S.O., R.A.K.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch (D.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.M., A.E., M.S.-K., D.C.M.); the Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.B.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (C.R.H., K.M., L.J., F.C., C.H., R.O.D.); Graduate Group in Biostatistics, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, CA (N.H.); Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA (W.D., H.Z., J.M., R.P.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (H.M.E.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (L.R.B.); Palm Beach Research Center, West Palm Beach, FL (M.B.); Keystone Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (L.D.L.C.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (C.G.); Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (S.K.); Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and the Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA (C.F.K.); Suncoast Research Group, Miami, FL (M.K.); and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (K.M.N.)
| | - Dean Follmann
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (P.B.G., Y.F., Y.L., C.Y., B.B., L.v.d.L., M.P.A., J.G.K., L.C., L.N.C.); the Vaccine Research Center (A.M., B.F., B.C.L., S.O., R.A.K.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch (D.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.M., A.E., M.S.-K., D.C.M.); the Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.B.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (C.R.H., K.M., L.J., F.C., C.H., R.O.D.); Graduate Group in Biostatistics, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, CA (N.H.); Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA (W.D., H.Z., J.M., R.P.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (H.M.E.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (L.R.B.); Palm Beach Research Center, West Palm Beach, FL (M.B.); Keystone Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (L.D.L.C.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (C.G.); Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (S.K.); Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and the Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA (C.F.K.); Suncoast Research Group, Miami, FL (M.K.); and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (K.M.N.)
| | - Ruben O Donis
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (P.B.G., Y.F., Y.L., C.Y., B.B., L.v.d.L., M.P.A., J.G.K., L.C., L.N.C.); the Vaccine Research Center (A.M., B.F., B.C.L., S.O., R.A.K.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch (D.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.M., A.E., M.S.-K., D.C.M.); the Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.B.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (C.R.H., K.M., L.J., F.C., C.H., R.O.D.); Graduate Group in Biostatistics, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, CA (N.H.); Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA (W.D., H.Z., J.M., R.P.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (H.M.E.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (L.R.B.); Palm Beach Research Center, West Palm Beach, FL (M.B.); Keystone Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (L.D.L.C.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (C.G.); Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (S.K.); Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and the Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA (C.F.K.); Suncoast Research Group, Miami, FL (M.K.); and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (K.M.N.)
| | - Richard A Koup
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (P.B.G., Y.F., Y.L., C.Y., B.B., L.v.d.L., M.P.A., J.G.K., L.C., L.N.C.); the Vaccine Research Center (A.M., B.F., B.C.L., S.O., R.A.K.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch (D.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.M., A.E., M.S.-K., D.C.M.); the Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.B.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (C.R.H., K.M., L.J., F.C., C.H., R.O.D.); Graduate Group in Biostatistics, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, CA (N.H.); Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA (W.D., H.Z., J.M., R.P.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (H.M.E.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (L.R.B.); Palm Beach Research Center, West Palm Beach, FL (M.B.); Keystone Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (L.D.L.C.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (C.G.); Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (S.K.); Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and the Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA (C.F.K.); Suncoast Research Group, Miami, FL (M.K.); and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (K.M.N.)
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