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Roth-Nebelsick A, Krause M. The Plant Leaf: A Biomimetic Resource for Multifunctional and Economic Design. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:biomimetics8020145. [PMID: 37092397 PMCID: PMC10123730 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8020145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
As organs of photosynthesis, leaves are of vital importance for plants and a source of inspiration for biomimetic developments. Leaves are composed of interconnected functional elements that evolved in concert under high selective pressure, directed toward strategies for improving productivity with limited resources. In this paper, selected basic components of the leaf are described together with biomimetic examples derived from them. The epidermis (the "skin" of leaves) protects the leaf from uncontrolled desiccation and carries functional surface structures such as wax crystals and hairs. The epidermis is pierced by micropore apparatuses, stomata, which allow for regulated gas exchange. Photosynthesis takes place in the internal leaf tissue, while the venation system supplies the leaf with water and nutrients and exports the products of photosynthesis. Identifying the selective forces as well as functional limitations of the single components requires understanding the leaf as an integrated system that was shaped by evolution to maximize carbon gain from limited resource availability. These economic aspects of leaf function manifest themselves as trade-off solutions. Biomimetics is expected to benefit from a more holistic perspective on adaptive strategies and functional contexts of leaf structures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthias Krause
- State Museum of Natural History, Rosenstein 1, 70191 Stuttgart, Germany
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Šantrůček J. The why and how of sunken stomata: does the behaviour of encrypted stomata and the leaf cuticle matter? Ann Bot 2022; 130:285-300. [PMID: 35452520 PMCID: PMC9486903 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcac055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stomatal pores in many species are separated from the atmosphere by different anatomical obstacles produced by leaf epidermal cells, especially by sunken stomatal crypts, stomatal antechambers and/or hairs (trichomes). The evolutionary driving forces leading to sunken or 'hidden' stomata whose antechambers are filled with hairs or waxy plugs are not fully understood. The available hypothetical explanations are based mainly on mathematical modelling of water and CO2 diffusion through superficial vs. sunken stomata, and studies of comparative autecology. A better understanding of this phenomenon may result from examining the interactions between the leaf cuticle and stomata and from functional comparisons of sunken vs. superficially positioned stomata, especially when transpiration is low, for example at night or during severe drought. SCOPE I review recent ideas as to why stomata are hidden and test experimentally whether hidden stomata may behave differently from those not covered by epidermal structures and so are coupled more closely to the atmosphere. I also quantify the contribution of stomatal vs. cuticular transpiration at night using four species with sunken stomata and three species with superficial stomata. CONCLUSIONS Partitioning of leaf conductance in darkness (gtw) into stomatal and cuticular contributions revealed that stomatal conductance dominated gtw across all seven investigated species with antechambers with different degrees of prominence. Hidden stomata contributed, on average, less to gtw (approx. 70 %) than superficial stomata (approx. 80 %) and reduced their contribution dramatically with increasing gtw. In contrast, species with superficial stomata kept their proportion in gtw invariant across a broad range of gtw. Mechanisms behind the specific behaviour of hidden stomata and the multipurpose origin of sunken stomata are discussed.
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Huarancca Reyes T, Scartazza A, Bretzel F, Di Baccio D, Guglielminetti L, Pini R, Calfapietra C. Urban conditions affect soil characteristics and physiological performance of three evergreen woody species. Plant Physiol Biochem 2022; 171:169-181. [PMID: 34999508 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Physiological studies conducted mainly in metropolitan areas demonstrated that urban environments generate stressful conditions for plants. However, less attention has been paid to plant response to urban conditions in small cities. Here, we evaluated to what extent the health and physiological functions of some Mediterranean urban species [Quercus ilex L., Nerium oleander L. and Pittosporum tobira (Thunb.) W.T. Aiton] were impacted by urban and peri-urban conditions in Pisa (Italy), a small medieval city with narrow streets that impede efficient public transport causing oversized private transport. Experimental period spanned from late-summer to winter in concomitance with the sharp increase in air pollutants. Climate and air quality, soil physical and chemical properties, and plant physiological traits including leaf gas exchanges, chlorophyll fluorescence and leaf pigments were assessed. In soil, the organic carbon affected aggregates and water stability and the concentrations of some micro-elements decreased in winter. Air pollutants impaired leaf gas exchanges and photochemical processes at photosystem II, depending on species, season, and urban conditions. Shrubs were more susceptible than the tree species, highlighting that the latter adapted better to pollutants along an urban-peri-urban transect in Mediterranean environments. This study gives information on the physiological adaptability of some of the most frequent Mediterranean urban species to stressful conditions and demonstrated that, even in a small city, urban conditions influence the physiology and development of vegetation, affecting the plant health status and its ability to provide key ecosystem services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais Huarancca Reyes
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via Mariscoglio 34, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Scartazza
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Francesca Bretzel
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Daniela Di Baccio
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Guglielminetti
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via Mariscoglio 34, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Roberto Pini
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Carlo Calfapietra
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council, Via Marconi 2, 05010, Porano (TR), Italy
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Lee JK, Kim DY, Park SH, Woo SY, Nie H, Kim SH. Particulate Matter (PM) Adsorption and Leaf Characteristics of Ornamental Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) Cultivars and Two Common Indoor Plants (Hedera helix L. and Epipremnum aureum Lindl. & Andre). Horticulturae 2022; 8:26. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae8010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) is a serious threat to human health, climate, and ecosystems. Furthermore, owing to the combined influence of indoor and outdoor particles, indoor PM can pose a greater threat than urban PM. Plants can help to reduce PM pollution by acting as biofilters. Plants with different leaf characteristics have varying capacities to capture PM. However, the PM mitigation effects of plants and their primary factors are unclear. In this study, we investigated the PM adsorption and leaf characteristics of five ornamental sweet potato (Ipomea batatas L.) cultivars and two common indoor plants (Hedera helix L. and Epipremnum aureum Lindl. & Andre) exposed to approximately 300 μg m−3 of fly ash particles to assess the factors influencing PM adsorption on leaves and to understand the effects of PM pollution on the leaf characteristics of plants. We analyzed the correlation between PM adsorption and photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (gs), transpiration rate (Tr), leaf area (LA), leaf width/length ratio (W/L), stomatal density (SD), and stomatal pore size (SP). A Pearson’s correlation analysis and a principal component analysis (PCA) were used to evaluate the effects of different leaf characteristics on PM adsorption. The analysis indicated that leaf gas exchange factors, such as Pn and Tr, and morphological factors, such as W/L and LA, were the primary parameters influencing PM adsorption in all cultivars and species tested. Pn, Tr, and W/L showed a positive correlation with PM accumulation, whereas LA was negatively correlated.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The gymnosperm order Cycadales is pivotal to our understanding of seed-plant phylogeny because of its phylogenetic placement close to the root node of extant spermatophytes and its combination of both derived and plesiomorphic character states. Although widely considered a 'living fossil' group, extant cycads display a high degree of morphological and anatomical variation. We investigate stomatal development in Zamiaceae to evaluate variation within the order and homologies between cycads and other seed plants. METHODS Leaflets of seven species across five genera representing all major clades of Zamiaceae were examined at various stages of development using light microscopy and confocal microscopy. KEY RESULTS All genera examined have lateral subsidiary cells of perigenous origin that differ from other pavement cells in mature leaflets and could have a role in stomatal physiology. Early epidermal patterning in a 'quartet' arrangement occurs in Ceratozamia, Zamia and Stangeria. Distal encircling cells, which are sclerified at maturity, are present in all genera except Bowenia, which shows relatively rapid elongation and differentiation of the pavement cells during leaflet development. CONCLUSIONS Stomatal structure and development in Zamiaceae highlights some traits that are plesiomorphic in seed plants, including the presence of perigenous encircling subsidiary cells, and reveals a clear difference between the developmental trajectories of cycads and Bennettitales. Our study also shows an unexpected degree of variation among subclades in the family, potentially linked to differences in leaflet development and suggesting convergent evolution in cycads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Coiro
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Ronin Institute for Independent Scholarship, Montclair, NJ, USA
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Peguero-pina JJ, Vilagrosa A, Alonso-forn D, Ferrio JP, Sancho-knapik D, Gil-pelegrín E. Living in Drylands: Functional Adaptations of Trees and Shrubs to Cope with High Temperatures and Water Scarcity. Forests 2020; 11:1028. [DOI: 10.3390/f11101028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Plant functioning and survival in drylands are affected by the combination of high solar radiation, high temperatures, low relative humidity, and the scarcity of available water. Many ecophysiological studies have dealt with the adaptation of plants to cope with these stresses in hot deserts, which are the territories that have better evoked the idea of a dryland. Nevertheless, drylands can also be found in some other areas of the Earth that are under the Mediterranean-type climates, which imposes a strong aridity during summer. In this review, plant species from hot deserts and Mediterranean-type climates serve as examples for describing and analyzing the different responses of trees and shrubs to aridity in drylands, with special emphasis on the structural and functional adaptations of plants to avoid the negative effects of high temperatures under drought conditions. First, we analyze the adaptations of plants to reduce the input of energy by diminishing the absorbed solar radiation through (i) modifications of leaf angle and (ii) changes in leaf optical properties. Afterwards, we analyze several strategies that enhance the ability for heat dissipation through (i) leaf size reduction and changes in leaf shape (e.g., through lobed leaves), and (ii) increased transpiration rates (i.e., water-spender strategy), with negative consequences in terms of photosynthetic capacity and water consumption, respectively. Finally, we also discuss the alternative strategy showed by water-saver plants, a common drought resistance strategy in hot and dry environments that reduces water consumption at the expense of diminishing the ability for leaf cooling. In conclusion, trees and shrubs living in drylands have developed effective functional adaptations to cope with the combination of high temperature and water scarcity, all of them with clear benefits for plant functioning and survival, but also with different costs concerning water use, carbon gain, and/or leaf cooling.
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Stefi AL, Mitsigiorgi K, Vassilacopoulou D, Christodoulakis NS. Response of young Nerium oleander plants to long-term non-ionizing radiation. Planta 2020; 251:108. [PMID: 32462472 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03405-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Although exposure to low frequency electromagnetic radiation is harmful to plants, LF-EM irradiated Nerium oleander seedlings exhibited enhanced development and growth, probably taking advantage of defined structural leaf deformations. Currently, evidence supports the undesirable, often destructive impact of low frequency electromagnetic (LF-EM) radiation on plants. The response of plants to LF-EM radiation often entails induction in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, a subject matter that is well documented. Nerium oleander is a Mediterranean plant species, which evolved remarkable resistance to various environmental stress conditions. In the current investigation, cultivated N. oleander plants, following their long-term exposure to LF-EM radiation, exhibited major structural modifications as the flattening of crypts, the elimination of trichomes and the reduction of the layers of the epidermal cells. These changes co-existed with an oxidative stress response manifested by a significant increase in reactive oxygen species at both the roots and the above ground parts, a decline in the absorbance of light by photosynthetic pigments and the substantially increased biosynthesis of L-Dopa decarboxylase (DDC), an enzyme catalyzing the production of secondary metabolites that alleviate stress. The exposed plants exhibited greater primary plant productivity, despite a manifested photosynthetic pigment limitation and the severe oxidative stress. This unique response of N. oleander to severe abiotic stress conditions may be owed to the advantage offered by a structural change consistent to an easier diffusion of CO2 within the leaves. A major plant response to an emerging "pollutant" was documented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterina L Stefi
- Section of Botany, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15701, Ilissia, Athens, Hellas, Greece
| | - Konstantina Mitsigiorgi
- Section of Botany, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15701, Ilissia, Athens, Hellas, Greece
| | - Dido Vassilacopoulou
- Section of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15701, Ilissia, Athens, Hellas, Greece
| | - Nikolaos S Christodoulakis
- Section of Botany, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15701, Ilissia, Athens, Hellas, Greece.
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Gray A, Liu L, Facette M. Flanking Support: How Subsidiary Cells Contribute to Stomatal Form and Function. Front Plant Sci 2020; 11:881. [PMID: 32714346 PMCID: PMC7343895 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Few evolutionary adaptations in plants were so critical as the stomatal complex. This structure allows transpiration and efficient gas exchange with the atmosphere. Plants have evolved numerous distinct stomatal architectures to facilitate gas exchange, while balancing water loss and protection from pathogens that can egress via the stomatal pore. Some plants have simple stomata composed of two kidney-shaped guard cells; however, the stomatal apparatus of many plants includes subsidiary cells. Guard cells and subsidiary cells may originate from a single cell lineage, or subsidiary cells may be recruited from cells adjacent to the guard mother cell. The number and morphology of subsidiary cells varies dramatically, and subsidiary cell function is also varied. Subsidiary cells may support guard cell function by offering a mechanical advantage that facilitates guard cell movements, and/or by acting as a reservoir for water and ions. In other cases, subsidiary cells introduce or enhance certain morphologies (such as sunken stomata) that affect gas exchange. Here we review the diversity of stomatal morphology with an emphasis on multi-cellular stomata that include subsidiary cells. We will discuss how subsidiary cells arise and the divisions that produce them; and provide examples of anatomical, mechanical and biochemical consequences of subsidiary cells on stomatal function.
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Xu K, Guo L, Ye H. A naturally optimized mass transfer process: The stomatal transpiration of plant leaves. J Plant Physiol 2019; 234-235:138-144. [PMID: 30798115 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Stomatal transpiration of leaves is a dominant pathway of plant physiological water loss. The leaf transpiration rate when stomata are fully open is commonly at the same level as the evaporation rate of a wet surface of the same area as that of the leaf area, although the cumulative area of the stomatal pores is typically less than 3% of the leaf area. To elucidate the highly efficient diffusion of the stomatal array from the perspective of mass transfer theory, stomatal distribution characteristics of various kinds of leaves were obtained with optical microscope, and steady diffusions of water vapor from isolated zero-depth circular stomata, elliptical stomata, and distributed stomatal arrays without airflow parallel to the surface were simulated with the finite element method. It was found that the long perimeter of the elliptical stomata and the specific distribution characteristics of the stomatal array are the dominant reasons for the highly efficient diffusion of the stomatal array on the leaves. Furthermore, the simulation results reveal that extremal transpiration rates exist for the stomatal arrays with different distribution characteristics. It was found that the transpiration rates of the vegetation tend to approach the extremal values for flourishing development in the process of natural optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Xu
- Department of Thermal Science and Energy Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Guo
- Department of Thermal Science and Energy Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Ye
- Department of Thermal Science and Energy Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, People's Republic of China.
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Fletcher LR, Cui H, Callahan H, Scoffoni C, John GP, Bartlett MK, Burge DO, Sack L. Evolution of leaf structure and drought tolerance in species of Californian Ceanothus. Am J Bot 2018; 105:1672-1687. [PMID: 30368798 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Studies across diverse species have established theory for the contribution of leaf traits to plant drought tolerance. For example, species in more arid climates tend to have smaller leaves of higher vein density, higher leaf mass per area, and more negative osmotic potential at turgor loss point (πTLP ). However, few studies have tested these associations for species within a given lineage that have diversified across an aridity gradient. METHODS We analyzed the anatomy and physiology of 10 Ceanothus (Rhamnaceae) species grown in a common garden for variation between and within "wet" and "dry" subgenera (Ceanothus and Cerastes, respectively) and analyzed a database for 35 species for leaf size and leaf mass per area (LMA). We used a phylogenetic generalized least squares approach to test hypothesized relationships among traits, and of traits with climatic aridity in the native range. We also tested for allometric relationships among anatomical traits. KEY RESULTS Leaf form, anatomy, and drought tolerance varied strongly among species within and between subgenera. Cerastes species had specialized anatomy including hypodermis and encrypted stomata that may confer superior water storage and retention. The osmotic potentials at turgor loss point (πTLP ) and full turgor (πo ) showed evolutionary correlations with the aridity index (AI) and precipitation of the 10 species' native distributions, and LMA with potential evapotranspiration for the 35 species in the larger database. We found an allometric correlation between upper and lower epidermal cell wall thicknesses, but other anatomical traits diversified independently. CONCLUSIONS Leaf traits and drought tolerance evolved within and across lineages of Ceanothus consistently with climatic distributions. The πTLP has signal to indicate the evolution of drought tolerance within small clades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila R Fletcher
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Hongxia Cui
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Hilary Callahan
- Biology Department, Barnard College, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Christine Scoffoni
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA
| | - Grace P John
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Megan K Bartlett
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Dylan O Burge
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Lawren Sack
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry A Thomas
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, University of Aberystwyth, Penglais, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, SY23 1NL, UK
| | - Christopher J Cleal
- Department of Natural Sciences, National Museum Wales, Cathays Park, Cardiff, CF10 3NP, UK
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Duran RE, Kilic S, Coskun Y. Response of maize (Zea mays L. saccharata Sturt) to different concentration treatments of deltamethrin. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2015; 124:15-20. [PMID: 26453225 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the deltamethrin pesticide on the biological properties of maize (Zea mays L. saccharata Sturt). Maize seeds were exposed to environmentally relevant dosages (0.01, 0.05, 0.1 and 0.5 ppm) of deltamethrin. On the 7th day of germination, morphological, anatomical and physiological responses were determined. All seedling growth characters were decreased with increasing deltamethrin levels. The most negative effect on the radicle length of maize was observed by the highest deltamethrin concentration with a 61% decrease (P <0.05). Both stomatal density and stomatal dimension reduction were caused by increasing concentrations of deltamethrin. Moreover, the pigments like chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and caretonoids decreased with the increase in deltamethrin concentration. Conversely, anthocyanin and proline content increased in parallel with deltamethrin concentration. As a result, all morphological traits and pigments except for proline and anthocyanin were significantly reduced with an increase in pesticide concentration, compared to control (P <0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragbet Ezgi Duran
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Biology Department, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta 32 260, Turkey.
| | - Semra Kilic
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Biology Department, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta 32 260, Turkey
| | - Yasemin Coskun
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Biology Department, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta 32 260, Turkey
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Haus MJ, Kelsch RD, Jacobs TW. Application of Optical Topometry to Analysis of the Plant Epidermis. Plant Physiol 2015; 169:946-59. [PMID: 26290539 PMCID: PMC4587452 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.00613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The plant epidermis regulates key physiological functions contributing to photosynthetic rate, plant productivity, and ecosystem stability. Yet, quantitative characterization of this interface between a plant and its aerial environment is laborious and destructive with current techniques, making large-scale characterization of epidermal cell parameters impractical. Here, we present our exploration of optical topometry (OT) for the analysis of plant organ surfaces. OT is a mature, confocal microscopy-based implementation of surface metrology that generates nanometer-scale digital characterizations of any surface. We report epidermal analyses in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and other species as well as dried herbarium specimens and fossilized plants. We evaluate the technology's analytical potential for identifying an array of epidermal characters, including cell type distributions, variation in cell morphology and stomatal depth, differentiation of herbarium specimens, and real-time deformations in living tissue following detachment. As applied to plant material, OT is very fast and nondestructive, yielding richly mineable data sets describing living tissues and rendering a variety of their characteristics accessible for statistical, quantitative genetic, and structural analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda J Haus
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois 61801
| | - Ryan D Kelsch
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois 61801
| | - Thomas W Jacobs
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois 61801
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Moreau JD, Néraudeau D, Tafforeau P, Dépré É. Study of the Histology of Leafy Axes and Male Cones of Glenrosa carentonensis sp. nov. (Cenomanian Flints of Charente-Maritime, France) Using Synchrotron Microtomography Linked with Palaeoecology. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134515. [PMID: 26288019 PMCID: PMC4546065 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We report exceptionally well-preserved plant remains ascribed to the extinct conifer Glenrosa J. Watson et H.L. Fisher emend. V. Srinivasan inside silica-rich nodules from the Cenomanian of the Font-de-Benon quarry, Charente-Maritime, western France. Remains are preserved in three dimensions and mainly consist of fragmented leafy axes. Pollen cones of this conifer are for the first time reported and in some cases remain connected to leafy stems. Histology of Glenrosa has not previously been observed; here, most of internal tissues and cells are well-preserved and allow us to describe a new species, Glenrosa carentonensis sp. nov., using propagation phase-contrast X-ray synchrotron microtomography, a non-destructive technique. Leafy axes consist of characteristic helically arranged leaves bearing stomatal crypts. Glenrosa carentonensis sp. nov. differs from the other described species in developing a phyllotaxy 8/21, claw-shaped leaves, a thicker cuticle, a higher number of papillae and stomata per crypt. Pollen cones consist of peltate, helically arranged microsporophylls, each of them bearing 6-7 pollen sacs. The new high resolution tomographic approach tested here allows virtual palaeohistology on plants included inside a dense rock to be made. Most tissues of Glenrosa carentonensis sp. nov. are described. Lithological and palaeontological data combined with xerophytic features of Glenrosa carentonensis sp. nov. suggest that this conifer has been adapted to survive in harsh and instable environments such as coastal area exposed to hot, dry conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-David Moreau
- CNRS UMR 6118, Géosciences Rennes, Université Rennes 1, Rennes, France
- Beamline ID19, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Didier Néraudeau
- CNRS UMR 6118, Géosciences Rennes, Université Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Paul Tafforeau
- Beamline ID19, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble, France
| | - Éric Dépré
- GIP-GEVES (Groupement d’Etude et de Contrôle des Variétés et Semences), Surgères, France
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Defraeye T, Derome D, Verboven P, Carmeliet J, Nicolai B. Cross-scale modelling of transpiration from stomata via the leaf boundary layer. Ann Bot 2014; 114:711-23. [PMID: 24510217 PMCID: PMC4156116 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mct313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Leaf transpiration is a key parameter for understanding land surface-climate interactions, plant stress and plant structure–function relationships. Transpiration takes place at the microscale level, namely via stomata that are distributed discretely over the leaf surface with a very low surface coverage (approx. 0·2-5%). The present study aims to shed more light on the dependency of the leaf boundary-layer conductance (BLC) on stomatal surface coverage and air speed. METHODS An innovative three-dimensional cross-scale modelling approach was applied to investigate convective mass transport from leaves, using computational fluid dynamics. The gap between stomatal and leaf scale was bridged by including all these scales in the same computational model (10⁻⁵-10⁻¹ m), which implies explicitly modelling individual stomata. KEY RESULTS BLC was strongly dependent on stomatal surface coverage and air speed. Leaf BLC at low surface coverage ratios (CR), typical for stomata, was still relatively high, compared with BLC of a fully wet leaf (hypothetical CR of 100%). Nevertheless, these conventional BLCs (CR of 100%), as obtained from experiments or simulations on leaf models, were found to overpredict the convective exchange. In addition, small variations in stomatal CR were found to result in large variations in BLCs. Furthermore, stomata of a certain size exhibited a higher mass transfer rate at lower CRs. CONCLUSIONS The proposed cross-scale modelling approach allows us to increase our understanding of transpiration at the sub-leaf level as well as the boundary-layer microclimate in a way currently not feasible experimentally. The influence of stomatal size, aperture and surface density, and also flow-field parameters can be studied using the model, and prospects for further improvement of the model are presented. An important conclusion of the study is that existing measures of conductances (e.g. from artificial leaves) can be significantly erroneous because they do not account for microscopic stomata, but instead assume a uniform distribution of evaporation such as found for a fully-wet leaf. The model output can be used to correct or upgrade existing BLCs or to feed into higher-scale models, for example within a multiscale framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thijs Defraeye
- MeBioS, Department of Biosystems, University of Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
- Laboratory for Building Science and Technology, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research (Empa), Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETHZ), Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 15, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Dominique Derome
- Laboratory for Building Science and Technology, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research (Empa), Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Pieter Verboven
- MeBioS, Department of Biosystems, University of Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Jan Carmeliet
- Laboratory for Building Science and Technology, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research (Empa), Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETHZ), Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 15, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Bart Nicolai
- MeBioS, Department of Biosystems, University of Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
- VCBT, Flanders Centre of Postharvest Technology, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
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Fernández V, Sancho-Knapik D, Guzmán P, Peguero-Pina JJ, Gil L, Karabourniotis G, Khayet M, Fasseas C, Heredia-Guerrero JA, Heredia A, Gil-Pelegrín E. Wettability, polarity, and water absorption of holm oak leaves: effect of leaf side and age. Plant Physiol 2014; 166:168-80. [PMID: 24913938 PMCID: PMC4149704 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.242040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plant trichomes play important protective functions and may have a major influence on leaf surface wettability. With the aim of gaining insight into trichome structure, composition, and function in relation to water-plant surface interactions, we analyzed the adaxial and abaxial leaf surface of holm oak (Quercus ilex) as a model. By measuring the leaf water potential 24 h after the deposition of water drops onto abaxial and adaxial surfaces, evidence for water penetration through the upper leaf side was gained in young and mature leaves. The structure and chemical composition of the abaxial (always present) and adaxial (occurring only in young leaves) trichomes were analyzed by various microscopic and analytical procedures. The adaxial surfaces were wettable and had a high degree of water drop adhesion in contrast to the highly unwettable and water-repellent abaxial holm oak leaf sides. The surface free energy and solubility parameter decreased with leaf age, with higher values determined for the adaxial sides. All holm oak leaf trichomes were covered with a cuticle. The abaxial trichomes were composed of 8% soluble waxes, 49% cutin, and 43% polysaccharides. For the adaxial side, it is concluded that trichomes and the scars after trichome shedding contribute to water uptake, while the abaxial leaf side is highly hydrophobic due to its high degree of pubescence and different trichome structure, composition, and density. Results are interpreted in terms of water-plant surface interactions, plant surface physical chemistry, and plant ecophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Fernández
- Forest Genetics and Ecophysiology Research Group, School of Forest Engineering, Technical University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain (V.F., P.G., L.G.);Unidad de Recursos Forestales, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria, Gobierno de Aragón, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain (D.S.-K., J.J.P.-P., E.G.-P.);Laboratory of Plant Physiology (G.K.), and Laboratory of Electron Microscopy (C.F.), Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Botanikos, 118 55 Athens, Greece;Department of Applied Physics I, Faculty of Physics, Universidad Complutense, Avenida Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain (M.K.);Nanophysics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genoa, Italy (J.A.H.-G.); andMolecular Biology and Biochemistry Department, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical Mediterránea La Mayora, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain (A.H.)
| | - Domingo Sancho-Knapik
- Forest Genetics and Ecophysiology Research Group, School of Forest Engineering, Technical University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain (V.F., P.G., L.G.);Unidad de Recursos Forestales, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria, Gobierno de Aragón, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain (D.S.-K., J.J.P.-P., E.G.-P.);Laboratory of Plant Physiology (G.K.), and Laboratory of Electron Microscopy (C.F.), Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Botanikos, 118 55 Athens, Greece;Department of Applied Physics I, Faculty of Physics, Universidad Complutense, Avenida Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain (M.K.);Nanophysics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genoa, Italy (J.A.H.-G.); andMolecular Biology and Biochemistry Department, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical Mediterránea La Mayora, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain (A.H.)
| | - Paula Guzmán
- Forest Genetics and Ecophysiology Research Group, School of Forest Engineering, Technical University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain (V.F., P.G., L.G.);Unidad de Recursos Forestales, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria, Gobierno de Aragón, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain (D.S.-K., J.J.P.-P., E.G.-P.);Laboratory of Plant Physiology (G.K.), and Laboratory of Electron Microscopy (C.F.), Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Botanikos, 118 55 Athens, Greece;Department of Applied Physics I, Faculty of Physics, Universidad Complutense, Avenida Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain (M.K.);Nanophysics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genoa, Italy (J.A.H.-G.); andMolecular Biology and Biochemistry Department, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical Mediterránea La Mayora, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain (A.H.)
| | - José Javier Peguero-Pina
- Forest Genetics and Ecophysiology Research Group, School of Forest Engineering, Technical University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain (V.F., P.G., L.G.);Unidad de Recursos Forestales, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria, Gobierno de Aragón, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain (D.S.-K., J.J.P.-P., E.G.-P.);Laboratory of Plant Physiology (G.K.), and Laboratory of Electron Microscopy (C.F.), Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Botanikos, 118 55 Athens, Greece;Department of Applied Physics I, Faculty of Physics, Universidad Complutense, Avenida Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain (M.K.);Nanophysics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genoa, Italy (J.A.H.-G.); andMolecular Biology and Biochemistry Department, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical Mediterránea La Mayora, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain (A.H.)
| | - Luis Gil
- Forest Genetics and Ecophysiology Research Group, School of Forest Engineering, Technical University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain (V.F., P.G., L.G.);Unidad de Recursos Forestales, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria, Gobierno de Aragón, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain (D.S.-K., J.J.P.-P., E.G.-P.);Laboratory of Plant Physiology (G.K.), and Laboratory of Electron Microscopy (C.F.), Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Botanikos, 118 55 Athens, Greece;Department of Applied Physics I, Faculty of Physics, Universidad Complutense, Avenida Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain (M.K.);Nanophysics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genoa, Italy (J.A.H.-G.); andMolecular Biology and Biochemistry Department, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical Mediterránea La Mayora, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain (A.H.)
| | - George Karabourniotis
- Forest Genetics and Ecophysiology Research Group, School of Forest Engineering, Technical University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain (V.F., P.G., L.G.);Unidad de Recursos Forestales, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria, Gobierno de Aragón, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain (D.S.-K., J.J.P.-P., E.G.-P.);Laboratory of Plant Physiology (G.K.), and Laboratory of Electron Microscopy (C.F.), Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Botanikos, 118 55 Athens, Greece;Department of Applied Physics I, Faculty of Physics, Universidad Complutense, Avenida Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain (M.K.);Nanophysics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genoa, Italy (J.A.H.-G.); andMolecular Biology and Biochemistry Department, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical Mediterránea La Mayora, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain (A.H.)
| | - Mohamed Khayet
- Forest Genetics and Ecophysiology Research Group, School of Forest Engineering, Technical University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain (V.F., P.G., L.G.);Unidad de Recursos Forestales, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria, Gobierno de Aragón, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain (D.S.-K., J.J.P.-P., E.G.-P.);Laboratory of Plant Physiology (G.K.), and Laboratory of Electron Microscopy (C.F.), Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Botanikos, 118 55 Athens, Greece;Department of Applied Physics I, Faculty of Physics, Universidad Complutense, Avenida Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain (M.K.);Nanophysics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genoa, Italy (J.A.H.-G.); andMolecular Biology and Biochemistry Department, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical Mediterránea La Mayora, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain (A.H.)
| | - Costas Fasseas
- Forest Genetics and Ecophysiology Research Group, School of Forest Engineering, Technical University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain (V.F., P.G., L.G.);Unidad de Recursos Forestales, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria, Gobierno de Aragón, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain (D.S.-K., J.J.P.-P., E.G.-P.);Laboratory of Plant Physiology (G.K.), and Laboratory of Electron Microscopy (C.F.), Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Botanikos, 118 55 Athens, Greece;Department of Applied Physics I, Faculty of Physics, Universidad Complutense, Avenida Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain (M.K.);Nanophysics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genoa, Italy (J.A.H.-G.); andMolecular Biology and Biochemistry Department, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical Mediterránea La Mayora, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain (A.H.)
| | - José Alejandro Heredia-Guerrero
- Forest Genetics and Ecophysiology Research Group, School of Forest Engineering, Technical University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain (V.F., P.G., L.G.);Unidad de Recursos Forestales, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria, Gobierno de Aragón, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain (D.S.-K., J.J.P.-P., E.G.-P.);Laboratory of Plant Physiology (G.K.), and Laboratory of Electron Microscopy (C.F.), Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Botanikos, 118 55 Athens, Greece;Department of Applied Physics I, Faculty of Physics, Universidad Complutense, Avenida Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain (M.K.);Nanophysics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genoa, Italy (J.A.H.-G.); andMolecular Biology and Biochemistry Department, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical Mediterránea La Mayora, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain (A.H.)
| | - Antonio Heredia
- Forest Genetics and Ecophysiology Research Group, School of Forest Engineering, Technical University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain (V.F., P.G., L.G.);Unidad de Recursos Forestales, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria, Gobierno de Aragón, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain (D.S.-K., J.J.P.-P., E.G.-P.);Laboratory of Plant Physiology (G.K.), and Laboratory of Electron Microscopy (C.F.), Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Botanikos, 118 55 Athens, Greece;Department of Applied Physics I, Faculty of Physics, Universidad Complutense, Avenida Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain (M.K.);Nanophysics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genoa, Italy (J.A.H.-G.); andMolecular Biology and Biochemistry Department, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical Mediterránea La Mayora, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain (A.H.)
| | - Eustaquio Gil-Pelegrín
- Forest Genetics and Ecophysiology Research Group, School of Forest Engineering, Technical University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain (V.F., P.G., L.G.);Unidad de Recursos Forestales, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria, Gobierno de Aragón, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain (D.S.-K., J.J.P.-P., E.G.-P.);Laboratory of Plant Physiology (G.K.), and Laboratory of Electron Microscopy (C.F.), Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Botanikos, 118 55 Athens, Greece;Department of Applied Physics I, Faculty of Physics, Universidad Complutense, Avenida Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain (M.K.);Nanophysics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genoa, Italy (J.A.H.-G.); andMolecular Biology and Biochemistry Department, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical Mediterránea La Mayora, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain (A.H.)
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Abstract
This study tests two predictions from a recently proposed model for stomatal responses to humidity and temperature. The model is based on water potential equilibrium between the guard cells and the air at the bottom of the stomatal pore and contains three independent variables: gs(0), Z and Θ. gs(0) is the value of stomatal conductance that would occur at saturating humidity and will vary among leaves and with CO2 and light. The value of Z is determined primarily by the resistance to heat transfer from the epidermis to the evaporating site and the value of Θ is determined primarily by the resistance to water vapour diffusion from the evaporating site to the guard cells. This leads to the two predictions that were tested. Firstly, the values of Z and Θ should be constant for leaves of a given species grown under given conditions, although gs(0) should vary among leaves and with light and CO2. And secondly, the ratio of Z to Θ should be higher in leaves having their stomata in crypts because the distance for heat transfer is greater than that for water vapour diffusion. Data from three species, Nerium oleander, Pastinaca sativum and Xanthium strumarium support these two predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith A Mott
- Biology Department, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322-5305, USA.
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Roth-Nebelsick A, Fernández V, Peguero-Pina JJ, Sancho-Knapik D, Gil-Pelegrín E. Stomatal encryption by epicuticular waxes as a plastic trait modifying gas exchange in a Mediterranean evergreen species (Quercus coccifera L.). Plant Cell Environ 2013; 36:579-589. [PMID: 22897384 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2012.02597.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The adaptive benefit of stomatal crypts remains a matter of controversy. This work studies the effect on gas exchange of cuticular rims that overarch the stomatal pore in the Mediterranean species Quercus coccifera L. growing under Mediterranean (lower relative humidities and high summer temperatures) or oceanic conditions (higher daily relative humidities and mild temperatures). After microscopic assessment of the leaf surfaces and stomatal architecture, the impact of the cuticular 'cup' on gas exchange was evaluated by employing three-dimensional finite element models. Here, we provide evidence for a high plasticity of the Q. coccifera cuticular cup, with much larger vents under oceanic conditions compared to small vents under Mediterranean conditions. This structure adds a substantial fixed resistance thereby strongly decreasing gas exchange under Mediterranean conditions. The cuticular cup, which also increases leaf internal humidity, might buffer the rapid changes in vapour pressure deficit (VPD) often observed under Mediterranean conditions. Since water loss of guard and adjacent epidermal cells regulates stomatal aperture, we suggest that this structure allows an efficient regulation of stomatal conductance and optimum use of resources under high VPD. This study provides evidence that plasticity of stomatal architecture can be an important structural component of hydraulic adaptation to different climate conditions.
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Lambers H, Cawthray GR, Giavalisco P, Kuo J, Laliberté E, Pearse SJ, Scheible WR, Stitt M, Teste F, Turner BL. Proteaceae from severely phosphorus-impoverished soils extensively replace phospholipids with galactolipids and sulfolipids during leaf development to achieve a high photosynthetic phosphorus-use-efficiency. New Phytol 2012; 196:1098-1108. [PMID: 22937909 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04285.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Proteaceae species in south-western Australia occur on severely phosphorus (P)-impoverished soils. They have very low leaf P concentrations, but relatively fast rates of photosynthesis, thus exhibiting extremely high photosynthetic phosphorus-use-efficiency (PPUE). Although the mechanisms underpinning their high PPUE remain unknown, one possibility is that these species may be able to replace phospholipids with nonphospholipids during leaf development, without compromising photosynthesis. For six Proteaceae species, we measured soil and leaf P concentrations and rates of photosynthesis of both young expanding and mature leaves. We also assessed the investment in galactolipids, sulfolipids and phospholipids in young and mature leaves, and compared these results with those on Arabidopsis thaliana, grown under both P-sufficient and P-deficient conditions. In all Proteaceae species, phospholipid levels strongly decreased during leaf development, whereas those of galactolipids and sulfolipids strongly increased. Photosynthetic rates increased from young to mature leaves. This shows that these species extensively replace phospholipids with nonphospholipids during leaf development, without compromising photosynthesis. A considerably less pronounced shift was observed in A. thaliana. Our results clearly show that a low investment in phospholipids, relative to nonphospholipids, offers a partial explanation for a high photosynthetic rate per unit leaf P in Proteaceae adapted to P-impoverished soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Lambers
- School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Gregory R Cawthray
- School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Patrick Giavalisco
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - John Kuo
- Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Etienne Laliberté
- School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Stuart J Pearse
- School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Wolf-Rüdiger Scheible
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - Mark Stitt
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - François Teste
- School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Benjamin L Turner
- School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panama
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Faria APGD, Vieira ACM, Wendt T. Leaf anatomy and its contribution to the systematics of Aechmea subgenus Macrochordion (de Vriese) Baker (Bromeliaceae). AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2012; 84:961-71. [DOI: 10.1590/s0001-37652012005000053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The leaf anatomy of the species Aechmea subgenus Macrochordion was analyzed to obtain valuable data on their taxonomic delimitation and to identify anatomical adaptations to their respective habitats and habits. All leaves of these species are hypostomatic, and present: peltate trichomes on both surfaces; stomata sunk in epidermal depressions; small epidermal cells with thick walls and inclusions of silica bodies; a mechanical hypodermis; an aquiferous parenchyma; chlorenchyma with fibrous clusters and air channels; and vascular bundles surrounded by a parenchymatic sheath and a cap of fibers. The results are evaluated within an adaptive and taxonomic context. Variations in hypodermic thickening, amount of water parenchyma, position of the air channels and shape of the cells filling the air channels are useful for delimiting groups of species, strengthening the relationships suggested by their external morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tânia Wendt
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
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Lambers H, Bishop JG, Hopper SD, Laliberté E, Zúñiga-Feest A. Phosphorus-mobilization ecosystem engineering: the roles of cluster roots and carboxylate exudation in young P-limited ecosystems. Ann Bot 2012; 110:329-48. [PMID: 22700940 PMCID: PMC3394658 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcs130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carboxylate-releasing cluster roots of Proteaceae play a key role in acquiring phosphorus (P) from ancient nutrient-impoverished soils in Australia. However, cluster roots are also found in Proteaceae on young, P-rich soils in Chile where they allow P acquisition from soils that strongly sorb P. SCOPE Unlike Proteaceae in Australia that tend to proficiently remobilize P from senescent leaves, Chilean Proteaceae produce leaf litter rich in P. Consequently, they may act as ecosystem engineers, providing P for plants without specialized roots to access sorbed P. We propose a similar ecosystem-engineering role for species that release large amounts of carboxylates in other relatively young, strongly P-sorbing substrates, e.g. young acidic volcanic deposits and calcareous dunes. Many of these species also fix atmospheric nitrogen and release nutrient-rich litter, but their role as ecosystem engineers is commonly ascribed only to their diazotrophic nature. CONCLUSIONS We propose that the P-mobilizing capacity of Proteaceae on young soils, which contain an abundance of P, but where P is poorly available, in combination with inefficient nutrient remobilization from senescing leaves allows these species to function as ecosystem engineers. We suggest that diazotrophic species that colonize young soils with strong P-sorption potential should be considered for their positive effect on P availability, as well as their widely accepted role in nitrogen fixation. Their P-mobilizing activity possibly also enhances their nitrogen-fixing capacity. These diazotrophic species may therefore facilitate the establishment and growth of species with less-efficient P-uptake strategies on more-developed soils with low P availability through similar mechanisms. We argue that the significance of cluster roots and high carboxylate exudation in the development of young ecosystems is probably far more important than has been envisaged thus far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Lambers
- School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
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McAdam SAM, Brodribb TJ, Ross JJ, Jordan GJ. Augmentation of abscisic acid (ABA) levels by drought does not induce short-term stomatal sensitivity to CO2 in two divergent conifer species. J Exp Bot 2011; 62:195-203. [PMID: 20797996 PMCID: PMC2993912 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erq260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2010] [Revised: 04/26/2010] [Accepted: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The stomata of conifers display very little short-term response to changes in atmospheric CO(2) concentration (C(a)), whereas the stomatal responses of angiosperms to C(a) increase in response to water stress. This behaviour of angiosperm stomata appears to be dependent on foliar levels of abscisic acid (ABA(f)). Here two alternative explanations for the stomatal insensitivity of conifers to C(a) are tested: that conifers have either low ABA(f) or a higher or absent threshold for ABA-induced sensitivity. The responsiveness of stomatal conductance (g(s)) to a sequence of transitions in C(a) (386, 100, and 600 μmol mol(-1)) was recorded over a range of ABA(f) in an angiosperm and two divergent conifer species. The different ABA levels were induced by a mild drought cycle. Although the angiosperm and conifer species showed similar proportional increases in ABA(f) following drought, conifer stomata remained insensitive to changes in C(a) whereas angiosperm stomata showed enhanced sensitivity with increasing ABA(f). The conifers, however, had much higher ABA(f) prior to drought than the angiosperm species, suggesting that non-sensitivity to C(a) in these conifers was due to an absent or inactive response/signalling pathway rather than insufficient ABA(f).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Timothy J. Brodribb
- School of Plant Science, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
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