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Chen P, Cao J, Chen L, Gao G, Xu Y, Jia P, Li Y, Li Y, Du J, Zhang S, Zhang J. Prognostic value of an eighteen-genes panel in acute myeloid leukemia by analyzing TARGET and TCGA databases. Cancer Biomark 2023; 36:287-298. [PMID: 36938728 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-220179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has a poor prognosis, and the current 5-year survival rate is less than 30%. OBJECTIVE The present study was designed to identify the significant genes closely related to AML prognosis and predict the prognostic value by constructing a risk model based on their expression. METHODS Using bioinformatics (Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways, univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis) to identify a prognostic gene signature for AML. Finally, The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database was used to validate this prognostic signature. RESULTS Based on univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis, eighteen prognostic genes were identified, and the gene signature and risk score model were constructed. Multivariate Cox analysis showed that the risk score was an independent prognostic factor [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.122, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.067-1.180, P< 0.001]. ROC analysis showed a high predictive value of the risk model with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.705. CONCLUSIONS This study evaluated a potential prognostic signature with eighteen genes and constructed a risk model significantly related to the prognosis of AML patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jiaming Cao
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Lingling Chen
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Guanfei Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yuanlin Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Peijun Jia
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yan Li
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yating Li
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jiangfeng Du
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Shijie Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jingxin Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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2
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Maiti A, Carter BZ, Andreeff M, Konopleva MY. SOHO State of the Art Updates and Next Questions | Beyond BCL-2 Inhibition in Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Other Approaches to Leverage the Apoptotic Pathway. Clinical Lymphoma Myeloma and Leukemia 2022; 22:652-658. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
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3
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Tuomela K, Ambrose AR, Davis DM. Escaping Death: How Cancer Cells and Infected Cells Resist Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity. Front Immunol 2022; 13:867098. [PMID: 35401556 PMCID: PMC8984481 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.867098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic lymphocytes are critical in our immune defence against cancer and infection. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes and Natural Killer cells can directly lyse malignant or infected cells in at least two ways: granule-mediated cytotoxicity, involving perforin and granzyme B, or death receptor-mediated cytotoxicity, involving the death receptor ligands, tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and Fas ligand (FasL). In either case, a multi-step pathway is triggered to facilitate lysis, relying on active pro-death processes and signalling within the target cell. Because of this reliance on an active response from the target cell, each mechanism of cell-mediated killing can be manipulated by malignant and infected cells to evade cytolytic death. Here, we review the mechanisms of cell-mediated cytotoxicity and examine how cells may evade these cytolytic processes. This includes resistance to perforin through degradation or reduced pore formation, resistance to granzyme B through inhibition or autophagy, and resistance to death receptors through inhibition of downstream signalling or changes in protein expression. We also consider the importance of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-induced cytotoxicity and resistance mechanisms against this pathway. Altogether, it is clear that target cells are not passive bystanders to cell-mediated cytotoxicity and resistance mechanisms can significantly constrain immune cell-mediated killing. Understanding these processes of immune evasion may lead to novel ideas for medical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karoliina Tuomela
- The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Ashley R Ambrose
- The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel M Davis
- The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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4
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Ivanisenko NV, Seyrek K, Hillert-Richter LK, König C, Espe J, Bose K, Lavrik IN. Regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling by c-FLIP: towards targeting cancer networks. Trends Cancer 2021; 8:190-209. [PMID: 34973957 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2021.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The extrinsic pathway is mediated by death receptors (DRs), including CD95 (APO-1/Fas) or TRAILR-1/2. Defects in apoptosis regulation lead to cancer and other malignancies. The master regulator of the DR networks is the cellular FLICE inhibitory protein (c-FLIP). In addition to its key role in apoptosis, c-FLIP may exert other cellular functions, including control of necroptosis, pyroptosis, nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) activation, and tumorigenesis. To gain further insight into the molecular mechanisms of c-FLIP action in cancer networks, we focus on the structure, isoforms, interactions, and post-translational modifications of c-FLIP. We also discuss various avenues to target c-FLIP in cancer cells for therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita V Ivanisenko
- The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia; Artificial Intelligence Research Institute, Moscow, Russia
| | - Kamil Seyrek
- Translational Inflammation Research, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Laura K Hillert-Richter
- Translational Inflammation Research, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Corinna König
- Translational Inflammation Research, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Espe
- Translational Inflammation Research, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Kakoli Bose
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410210, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, BARC Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Inna N Lavrik
- The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia; Translational Inflammation Research, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany.
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5
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Supper E, Rudat S, Iyer V, Droop A, Wong K, Spinella JF, Thomas P, Sauvageau G, Adams DJ, Wong CC. Cut-like homeobox 1 (CUX1) tumor suppressor gene haploinsufficiency induces apoptosis evasion to sustain myeloid leukemia. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2482. [PMID: 33931647 PMCID: PMC8087769 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22750-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
While oncogenes promote tumorigenesis, they also induce deleterious cellular stresses, such as apoptosis, that cancer cells must combat by coopting adaptive responses. Whether tumor suppressor gene haploinsufficiency leads to such phenomena and their mechanistic basis is unclear. Here, we demonstrate that elevated levels of the anti-apoptotic factor, CASP8 and FADD-like apoptosis regulator (CFLAR), promotes apoptosis evasion in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells haploinsufficient for the cut-like homeobox 1 (CUX1) transcription factor, whose loss is associated with dismal clinical prognosis. Genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 screening identifies CFLAR as a selective, acquired vulnerability in CUX1-deficient AML, which can be mimicked therapeutically using inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) antagonists in murine and human AML cells. Mechanistically, CUX1 deficiency directly alleviates CUX1 repression of the CFLAR promoter to drive CFLAR expression and leukemia survival. These data establish how haploinsufficiency of a tumor suppressor is sufficient to induce advantageous anti-apoptosis cell survival pathways and concurrently nominate CFLAR as potential therapeutic target in these poor-prognosis leukemias.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis/genetics
- CASP8 and FADD-Like Apoptosis Regulating Protein/genetics
- CASP8 and FADD-Like Apoptosis Regulating Protein/metabolism
- Cell Cycle/drug effects
- Cell Cycle/genetics
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/genetics
- Cell Survival/genetics
- Chromatin Immunoprecipitation
- Dipeptides/pharmacology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Gene Ontology
- Genes, Tumor Suppressor
- Haploinsufficiency
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Homeodomain Proteins/genetics
- Homeodomain Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Indoles/pharmacology
- Kaplan-Meier Estimate
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/mortality
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/pathology
- Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Chronic/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Chronic/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mutation
- Nuclear Proteins/deficiency
- Nuclear Proteins/genetics
- Nuclear Proteins/metabolism
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Protein Array Analysis
- Repressor Proteins/deficiency
- Repressor Proteins/genetics
- Repressor Proteins/metabolism
- fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase 3/genetics
- fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase 3/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Supper
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Saskia Rudat
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Vivek Iyer
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Alastair Droop
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Kim Wong
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Jean-François Spinella
- The Leucegene Project at Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, 2950 Chemin de Polytechnique Pavillon, Marcelle-Coutu, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Patrick Thomas
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Guy Sauvageau
- The Leucegene Project at Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, 2950 Chemin de Polytechnique Pavillon, Marcelle-Coutu, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - David J Adams
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Chi C Wong
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK.
- Department of Haematology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
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6
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Ochiiwa H, Ailiken G, Yokoyama M, Yamagata K, Nagano H, Yoshimura C, Muraoka H, Ishida K, Haruma T, Nakayama A, Hashimoto N, Murata K, Nishimura M, Kawashima Y, Ohara O, Ohkubo S, Tanaka T. TAS4464, a NEDD8-activating enzyme inhibitor, activates both intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways via c-Myc-mediated regulation in acute myeloid leukemia. Oncogene 2021; 40:1217-1230. [PMID: 33420360 PMCID: PMC7892340 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-01586-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
TAS4464, a potent, selective small molecule NEDD8-activating enzyme (NAE) inhibitor, leads to inactivation of cullin-RING E3 ubiquitin ligases (CRLs) and consequent accumulations of its substrate proteins. Here, we investigated the antitumor properties and action mechanism of TAS4464 in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). TAS4464 induced apoptotic cell death in various AML cell lines. TAS4464 treatments resulted in the activation of both the caspase-9-mediated intrinsic apoptotic pathway and caspase-8-mediated extrinsic apoptotic pathway in AML cells; combined treatment with inhibitors of these caspases markedly diminished TAS4464-induced apoptosis. In each apoptotic pathway, TAS4464 induced the mRNA transcription of the intrinsic proapoptotic factor NOXA and decreased that of the extrinsic antiapoptotic factor c-FLIP. RNA-sequencing analysis showed that the signaling pathway of the CRL substrate c-Myc was enriched after TAS4464 treatment. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay revealed that TAS4464-induced c-Myc bound to the PMAIP1 (encoding NOXA) and CFLAR (encoding c-FLIP) promoter regions, and siRNA-mediated c-Myc knockdown neutralized both TAS4464-mediated NOXA induction and c-FLIP downregulation. TAS4464 activated both caspase-8 and caspase-9 along with an increase in NOXA and a decrease in c-FLIP, resulting in complete tumor remission in a human AML xenograft model. These findings suggest that NAE inhibition leads to anti-AML activity via a novel c-Myc-dependent apoptosis induction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Ochiiwa
- Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 3 Okubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 300-2611, Japan
| | - Guzhanuer Ailiken
- Department of Molecular Diagnosis, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Masataka Yokoyama
- Department of Molecular Diagnosis, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Yamagata
- Department of Molecular Diagnosis, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Nagano
- Department of Molecular Diagnosis, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Chihoko Yoshimura
- Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 3 Okubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 300-2611, Japan
| | - Hiromi Muraoka
- Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 3 Okubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 300-2611, Japan
| | - Keiji Ishida
- Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 3 Okubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 300-2611, Japan
| | - Tomonori Haruma
- Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 3 Okubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 300-2611, Japan
| | - Akitoshi Nakayama
- Department of Molecular Diagnosis, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Naoko Hashimoto
- Department of Molecular Diagnosis, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Murata
- Department of Molecular Diagnosis, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Motoi Nishimura
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Genetics and Proteomics, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kawashima
- Department of Applied Genomics, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba, 292-0818, Japan
| | - Osamu Ohara
- Department of Applied Genomics, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba, 292-0818, Japan
| | - Shuichi Ohkubo
- Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 3 Okubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 300-2611, Japan.
| | - Tomoaki Tanaka
- Department of Molecular Diagnosis, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan.
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7
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Sordo-Bahamonde C, Lorenzo-Herrero S, Payer ÁR, Gonzalez S, López-Soto A. Mechanisms of Apoptosis Resistance to NK Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103726. [PMID: 32466293 PMCID: PMC7279491 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are major contributors to immunosurveillance and control of tumor development by inducing apoptosis of malignant cells. Among the main mechanisms involved in NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity, the death receptor pathway and the release of granules containing perforin/granzymes stand out due to their efficacy in eliminating tumor cells. However, accumulated evidence suggest a profound immune suppression in the context of tumor progression affecting effector cells, such as NK cells, leading to decreased cytotoxicity. This diminished capability, together with the development of resistance to apoptosis by cancer cells, favor the loss of immunogenicity and promote immunosuppression, thus partially inducing NK cell-mediated killing resistance. Altered expression patterns of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins along with genetic background comprise the main mechanisms of resistance to NK cell-related apoptosis. Herein, we summarize the main effector cytotoxic mechanisms against tumor cells, as well as the major resistance strategies acquired by tumor cells that hamper the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways related to NK cell-mediated killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Sordo-Bahamonde
- Department of Functional Biology, Immunology, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (S.L.-H.); (S.G.)
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, IUOPA, 33006 Oviedo, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
- Correspondence: (C.S.-B.); (A.L.-S.)
| | - Seila Lorenzo-Herrero
- Department of Functional Biology, Immunology, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (S.L.-H.); (S.G.)
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, IUOPA, 33006 Oviedo, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Ángel R. Payer
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, IUOPA, 33006 Oviedo, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Segundo Gonzalez
- Department of Functional Biology, Immunology, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (S.L.-H.); (S.G.)
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, IUOPA, 33006 Oviedo, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Alejandro López-Soto
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, IUOPA, 33006 Oviedo, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
- Correspondence: (C.S.-B.); (A.L.-S.)
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8
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Boice A, Bouchier-Hayes L. Targeting apoptotic caspases in cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res 2020; 1867:118688. [PMID: 32087180 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Members of the caspase family of proteases play essential roles in the initiation and execution of apoptosis. These caspases are divided into two groups: the initiator caspases (caspase-2, -8, -9 and -10), which are the first to be activated in response to a signal, and the executioner caspases (caspase-3, -6, and -7) that carry out the demolition phase of apoptosis. Many conventional cancer therapies induce apoptosis to remove the cancer cell by engaging these caspases indirectly. Newer therapeutic applications have been designed, including those that specifically activate individual caspases using gene therapy approaches and small molecules that repress natural inhibitors of caspases already present in the cell. For such approaches to have maximal clinical efficacy, emerging insights into non-apoptotic roles of these caspases need to be considered. This review will discuss the roles of caspases as safeguards against cancer in the context of the advantages and potential limitations of targeting apoptotic caspases for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Boice
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology-Oncology and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; William T. Shearer Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lisa Bouchier-Hayes
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology-Oncology and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; William T. Shearer Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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9
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Hirpara JL, Subramaniam K, Bellot G, Qu J, Seah S, Loh T, Tucker-Kellogg L, Clement MV, Pervaiz S. Superoxide induced inhibition of death receptor signaling is mediated via induced expression of apoptosis inhibitory protein cFLIP. Redox Biol 2019; 30:101403. [PMID: 31954371 PMCID: PMC6965745 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The death inhibitory proteins, cFLIP and Bcl-2, canonically act at different steps to regulate receptor-mediated apoptosis in cancer cells. Here we report that pharmacological or genetic means to effect an increase in intracellular superoxide result in cFLIP upregulation. Interestingly, Bcl-2 overexpression is associated with a concomitant increase in cFLIP, and reducing superoxide sensitizes Bcl-2 overexpressing cancer cells to receptor-mediated apoptosis via downregulation of cFLIP. Moreover, inhibiting glycolytic flux overcomes apoptosis resistance by superoxide-dependent downregulation of cFLIP. Superoxide-induced upregulation of cFLIP is a function of enhanced transcription, as evidenced by increases in cFLIP promoter activity and mRNA abundance. The positive effect of superoxide on cFLIP is mediated through its reaction with nitric oxide to generate peroxynitrite. Corroborating these findings in cell lines, subjecting primary cells derived from lymphoma patients to glucose deprivation ex vivo, as a means to decrease superoxide, not only reduced cFLIP expression but also significantly enhanced death receptor sensitivity. Based on this novel mechanistic insight into the redox regulation of cancer cell fate, modulation of intracellular superoxide could have potential therapeutic implications in cancers in which these two death inhibitory proteins present a therapeutic challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gregory Bellot
- Department of Hand & Reconstructive Microsurgery, University Orthopedic, Hand & Reconstructive Microsurgery Cluster, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Jianhua Qu
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Serena Seah
- Cancer Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Thomas Loh
- Department of Otolaryngology, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Lisa Tucker-Kellogg
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Marie-Veronique Clement
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Medical Science Cluster Cancer Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore.
| | - Shazib Pervaiz
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Medical Science Cluster Cancer Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore.
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10
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Chi Z, Gao H, Liu H, Wu B, Zhang B, Gu M, Yang W. Chidamide induces necroptosis via regulation of c‑FLIPL expression in Jurkat and HUT‑78 cells. Mol Med Rep 2019; 21:936-944. [PMID: 31974619 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
T‑cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T‑ALL) is a hematopoietic malignancy, which is associated with a poor prognosis. It is difficult to achieve complete remission or long‑term survival with conventional chemotherapy, partly due to decreased apoptosis. However, necroptosis can serve as an alternative pathway to induce cell death. The present study investigated whether the selective histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor chidamide exerted a therapeutic effect on T‑ALL and explored the underlying mechanism. The results revealed that HDAC expression was increased in Jurkat and HUT‑78 cells treated compared with the control cell line (H9), and was accompanied by elevated cellular Fas‑associated death domain‑like interleukin‑1β converting enzyme inhibitory protein long form (c‑FLIPL) levels. Chidamide treatment (2 µmol/l) also induced mitochondrial dysfunction, necroptosis and apoptosis in T‑ALL cells in vitro. Furthermore, necroptosis was increased when apoptosis was blocked in T‑ALL cells. Additionally, chidamide (2 µmol/l) downregulated c‑FLIPL, HDAC1 and HDAC3 expression, and increased receptor‑interacting protein kinase 3 expression and the phosphorylation of mixed lineage kinase domain‑like pseudokinase in Jurkat and HUT‑78 cells. The results obtained in the present study revealed that chidamide may induce necroptosis via regulation of c‑FLIPL expression when apoptosis is inhibited in Jurkat and HUT‑78 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuofei Chi
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110022, P.R. China
| | - Hongyu Gao
- Department of Hematology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110022, P.R. China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Hematology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110022, P.R. China
| | - Bin Wu
- Department of Hematology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110022, P.R. China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110022, P.R. China
| | - Min Gu
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110022, P.R. China
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Hematology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110022, P.R. China
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11
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Safa AR, Kamocki K, Saadatzadeh MR, Bijangi-Vishehsaraei K. c-FLIP, a Novel Biomarker for Cancer Prognosis, Immunosuppression, Alzheimer's Disease, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), and a Rationale Therapeutic Target. Biomark J 2019; 5:4. [PMID: 32352084 PMCID: PMC7189798 DOI: 10.36648/2472-1646.5.1.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of c-FLIP (cellular FADD-like IL-1β-converting enzyme inhibitory protein) has been shown in several diseases including cancer, Alzheimer's disease, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). c-FLIP is a critical anti-cell death protein often overexpressed in tumors and hematological malignancies and its increased expression is often associated with a poor prognosis. c-FLIP frequently exists as long (c-FLIPL) and short (c-FLIPS) isoforms, regulates its anti-cell death functions through binding to FADD (FAS associated death domain protein), an adaptor protein known to activate caspases-8 and -10 and links c-FLIP to several cell death regulating complexes including the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) formed by various death receptors. c-FLIP also plays a critical role in necroptosis and autophagy. Furthermore, c-FLIP is able to activate several pathways involved in cytoprotection, proliferation, and survival of cancer cells through various critical signaling proteins. Additionally, c-FLIP can inhibit cell death induced by several chemotherapeutics, anti-cancer small molecule inhibitors, and ionizing radiation. Moreover, c-FLIP plays major roles in aiding the survival of immunosuppressive tumor-promoting immune cells and functions in inflammation, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Therefore, c-FLIP can serve as a versatile biomarker for cancer prognosis, a diagnostic marker for several diseases, and an effective therapeutic target. In this article, we review the functions of c-FLIP as an anti-apoptotic protein and negative prognostic factor in human cancers, and its roles in resistance to anticancer drugs, necroptosis and autophagy, immunosuppression, Alzheimer's disease, and COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad R Safa
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, USA
| | - Krzysztof Kamocki
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, USA
| | - M Reza Saadatzadeh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, USA
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12
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Gong P, Wang Y, Jing Y. Apoptosis Induction byHistone Deacetylase Inhibitors in Cancer Cells: Role of Ku70. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E1601. [PMID: 30935057 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are a group of enzymes that regulate gene transcription by controlling deacetylation of histones and non-histone proteins. Overexpression of HDACs is found in some types of tumors and predicts poor prognosis. Five HDAC inhibitors are approved for the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, peripheral T-cell lymphoma, and multiple myeloma. Treatment with HDAC inhibitors regulates gene expression with increased acetylated histones with unconfirmed connection with therapy. Apoptosis is a key mechanism by which HDAC inhibitors selectively kill cancer cells, probably due to acetylation of non-histone proteins. Ku70 is a protein that repairs DNA breaks and stabilizes anti-apoptotic protein c-FLIP and proapoptotic protein Bax, which is regulated by acetylation. HDAC inhibitors induce Ku70 acetylation with repressed c-FLIP and activated Bax in cancer cells. Current studies indicate that Ku70 is a potential target of HDAC inhibitors and plays an important role during the induction of apoptosis.
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13
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Humphreys L, Espona-Fiedler M, Longley DB. FLIP as a therapeutic target in cancer. FEBS J 2018; 285:4104-4123. [PMID: 29806737 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
One of the classic hallmarks of cancer is disruption of cell death signalling. Inhibition of cell death promotes tumour growth and metastasis, causes resistance to chemo- and radiotherapies as well as targeted agents, and is frequently due to overexpression of antiapoptotic proteins rather than loss of pro-apoptotic effectors. FLIP is a major apoptosis-regulatory protein frequently overexpressed in solid and haematological cancers, in which its high expression is often correlated with poor prognosis. FLIP, which is expressed as long (FLIP(L)) and short (FLIP(S)) splice forms, achieves its cell death regulatory functions by binding to FADD, a critical adaptor protein which links FLIP to the apical caspase in the extrinsic apoptotic pathway, caspase-8, in a number of cell death regulating complexes, such as the death-inducing signalling complexes (DISCs) formed by death receptors. FLIP also plays a key role (together with caspase-8) in regulating another form of cell death termed programmed necrosis or 'necroptosis', as well as in other key cellular processes that impact cell survival, including autophagy. In addition, FLIP impacts activation of the intrinsic mitochondrial-mediated apoptotic pathway by regulating caspase-8-mediated activation of the pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family member Bid. It has been demonstrated that FLIP can not only inhibit death receptor-mediated apoptosis, but also cell death induced by a range of clinically relevant chemotherapeutic and targeted agents as well as ionizing radiation. More recently, key roles for FLIP in promoting the survival of immunosuppressive tumour-promoting immune cells have been discovered. Thus, FLIP is of significant interest as an anticancer therapeutic target. In this article, we review FLIP's biology and potential ways of targeting this important tumour and immune cell death regulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Humphreys
- Drug Resistance Group, Centre for Cancer Research & Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Margarita Espona-Fiedler
- Drug Resistance Group, Centre for Cancer Research & Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Daniel B Longley
- Drug Resistance Group, Centre for Cancer Research & Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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14
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Hassanzadeh A, Farshdousti Hagh M, Alivand MR, Akbari AAM, Shams Asenjan K, Saraei R, Solali S. Down‐regulation of intracellular anti‐apoptotic proteins, particularly c‐FLIP by therapeutic agents; the novel view to overcome resistance to TRAIL. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:6470-85. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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15
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Kleinesudeik L, Rohde K, Fulda S. Regulation of the antiapoptotic protein cFLIP by the glucocorticoid Dexamethasone in ALL cells. Oncotarget 2018; 9:16521-16532. [PMID: 29662664 PMCID: PMC5893259 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently reported that the Smac mimetic BV6 and glucocorticoids, e.g. Dexamethasone (Dexa), synergize to induce cell death in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in vitro and in vivo. Here, we discover that this synergism involves Dexa-stimulated downregulation of cellular FLICE-like inhibitory protein (cFLIP) in ALL cells. Dexa rapidly decreases cFLIPL protein levels, which is further enhanced by addition of BV6. While attenuating the activation of non-canonical nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) signaling by BV6, Dexa suppresses cFLIPL protein but not mRNA levels pointing to a transcription-independent downregulation of cFLIPL by Dexa. Analysis of protein degradation pathways indicates that Dexa causes cFLIPL depletion independently of proteasomal, lysosomal or caspase pathways, as inhibitors of the proteasome, lysosomal enzymes or caspases all failed to protect from Dexa-mediated loss of cFLIPL protein. Also, Dexa alone or in combination with BV6 does not affect overall activity of the proteasome. Importantly, overexpression of cFLIPL to an extent that is no longer subject to Dexa-imposed downregulation rescues Dexa/BV6-mediated cell death. Vice versa, knockdown of cFLIP increases BV6-mediated cell death, thus mimicking the effect of Dexa. Altogether, these data demonstrate that Dexa-mediated downregulation of cFLIPL protein promotes Dexa/BV6-mediated cell death, thereby providing novel insights into the synergistic antitumor activity of this combination treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Kleinesudeik
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner site Frankfurt, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katharina Rohde
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Simone Fulda
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner site Frankfurt, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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16
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Laurenzana I, Caivano A, Trino S, De Luca L, La Rocca F, Simeon V, Tintori C, D'Alessio F, Teramo A, Zambello R, Traficante A, Maietti M, Semenzato G, Schenone S, Botta M, Musto P, Del Vecchio L. A Pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine compound inhibits Fyn phosphorylation and induces apoptosis in natural killer cell leukemia. Oncotarget 2016; 7:65171-84. [PMID: 27566560 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cell neoplasms are characterized by clonal proliferation of cytotoxic NK cells. Since there is no standard treatment to date, new therapeutic options are needed, especially for NK aggressive tumors. Fyn tyrosine kinase has a key role in different biological processes, such as cell growth and differentiation, being also involved in the pathogenesis of hematologic malignancies. Our previous studies led us to identify 4c pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine compound capable of inhibiting Fyn activation and inducing apoptosis in different cancer cell lines. Here we investigated the presence of Fyn and the effect of its inhibitor in NK malignant cells. Firstly, we showed Fyn over-expression in NK leukemic cells compared to peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy donors. Subsequently, we demonstrated that 4c treatment reduced cell viability, induced caspase 3-mediate apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in NK cells. Moreover, by inhibiting Fyn phosphorylation, 4c compound reduced Akt and P70 S6 kinase activation and changed the expression of genes involved in cell death and survival in NK cells. Our study demonstrated that Fyn is involved in the pathogenesis of NK leukemia and that it could represent a potential target for this neoplasm. Moreover, we proved that Fyn inhibitor pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine compound, could be a started point to develop new therapeutic agents.
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17
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Huang X, Cao M, Wu S, Wang L, Hu J, Mehran RJ, Roth JA, Swisher SG, Wang RY, Kantarjian HM, Andreeff M, Sun X, Fang B. Anti-leukemia activity of NSC-743380 in SULT1A1-expressing acute myeloid leukemia cells is associated with inhibitions of cFLIP expression and PI3K/AKT/mTOR activities. Oncotarget 2017; 8:102150-102160. [PMID: 29254232 PMCID: PMC5731942 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Our recent study showed that acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells expressing SULT1A1 are highly sensitive to NSC-743380, a small molecule that inhibits STAT3 activity and induces SULT1A1-dependent apoptosis of various cancer cell lines. In this study, we characterized the molecular mechanisms of NSC-743380-mediated anti-leukemia activity in AML cell lines and antileukemia activity of NSC-743380 in patient-derived primary leukemia cells from AML patients. Our results showed that treatment with NSC-743380 triggered robust apoptosis in SULT1A1-positive AML cells. Treatment with NSC-743380 did not increase intracellular reactive oxygen species or change of STAT3 activity in AML cells, but did dramatically and rapidly decrease cFLIP expression. Proteomic analysis with reverse phase protein microarray revealed that treatment of U937 and THP-1 AML cells with NSC-743380 led to drastic and time-dependent suppression of phosphorylation of several key nodes in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, including AKT and mTOR. Moreover, primary AML cells expressed SULT1A1 were highly sensitive to treatment with NSC-743380, which was not affected by co-culture with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Thus, our results provide proof-of-concept evidence that AML cells expressing SULT1A1 can be targeted by small molecules that induce apoptosis through inhibiting the expression or activities of multiple targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Huang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Mengru Cao
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Shuhong Wu
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Jing Hu
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Reza J. Mehran
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Jack A. Roth
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Stephen G. Swisher
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Rui-Yu Wang
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Hagop M. Kantarjian
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Michael Andreeff
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Xiaoping Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Bingliang Fang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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18
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Hay JF, Lappin K, Liberante F, Kettyle LM, Matchett KB, Thompson A, Mills KI. Integrated analysis of the molecular action of Vorinostat identifies epi-sensitised targets for combination therapy. Oncotarget 2017; 8:67891-67903. [PMID: 28978082 PMCID: PMC5620222 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Several histone deacetylase inhibitors including Vorinostat have received FDA approval for the treatment of haematological malignancies. However, data from these trials indicate that Vorinostat has limited efficacy as a monotherapy, prompting the need for rational design of combination therapies. A number of epi-sensitised pathways, including sonic hedgehog (SHH), were identified in AML cells by integration of global patterns of histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9) acetylation with transcriptomic analysis following Vorinostat-treatment. Direct targeting of the SHH pathway with SANT-1, following Vorinostat induced epi-sensitisation, resulted in synergistic cell death of AML cells. In addition, xenograft studies demonstrated that combination therapy induced a marked reduction in leukemic burden compared to control or single agents. Together, the data supports epi-sensitisation as a potential component of the strategy for the rational development of combination therapies in AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodie F Hay
- Blood Cancer Research Group, Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK.,Molecular Oncology Laboratory, MRC - University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Katrina Lappin
- Blood Cancer Research Group, Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Fabio Liberante
- Blood Cancer Research Group, Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK.,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria
| | - Laura M Kettyle
- Blood Cancer Research Group, Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK.,Haematopoietic Stem Cell Biology, MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Kyle B Matchett
- Blood Cancer Research Group, Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Alexander Thompson
- Blood Cancer Research Group, Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK.,Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Ken I Mills
- Blood Cancer Research Group, Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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19
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Brumatti G, Lalaoui N, Wei AH, Silke J. 'Did He Who Made the Lamb Make Thee?' New Developments in Treating the 'Fearful Symmetry' of Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Trends Mol Med 2017; 23:264-281. [PMID: 28196625 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Malignant cells must circumvent endogenous cell death pathways to survive and develop into cancers. Acquired cell death resistance also sets up malignant cells to survive anticancer therapies. Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) is an aggressive blood cancer characterized by high relapse rate and resistance to cytotoxic therapies. Recent collaborative profiling projects have led to a greater understanding of the 'fearful symmetry' of the genomic landscape of AML, and point to the development of novel potential therapies that can overcome factors linked to chemoresistance. We review here the most recent research in the genetics of AML and how these discoveries have led, or might lead, to therapies that specifically activate cell death pathways to substantially challenge this 'fearful' disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Brumatti
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Najoua Lalaoui
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andrew H Wei
- Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - John Silke
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
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20
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Paronetto MP, Passacantilli I, Sette C. Alternative splicing and cell survival: from tissue homeostasis to disease. Cell Death Differ. 2016;23:1919-1929. [PMID: 27689872 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2016.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Most human genes encode multiple mRNA variants and protein products through alternative splicing of exons and introns during pre-mRNA processing. In this way, alternative splicing amplifies enormously the coding potential of the human genome and represents a powerful evolutionary resource. Nonetheless, the plasticity of its regulation is prone to errors and defective splicing underlies a large number of inherited and sporadic diseases, including cancer. One key cellular process affected by alternative splicing is the programmed cell death or apoptosis. Many apoptotic genes encode for splice variants having opposite roles in cell survival. This regulation modulates cell and tissue homeostasis and is implicated in both developmental and pathological processes. Furthermore, recent evidence has also unveiled splicing-mediated regulation of genes involved in autophagy, another essential process for tissue homeostasis. In this review, we highlight some of the best-known examples of alternative splicing events involved in cell survival. Emphasis is given to the role of this regulation in human cancer and in the response to chemotherapy, providing examples of how alternative splicing of apoptotic genes can be exploited therapeutically.
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21
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Abstract
The advent of next-generation sequencing technologies has unveiled a new window into the heterogeneity of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). In particular, recurrent mutations in spliceosome machinery and genome-wide aberrant splicing events have been recognized as a prominent component of this disease. This review will focus on how these factors influence drug resistance through altered splicing of tumor suppressor and oncogenes and dysregulation of the apoptotic signaling network. A better understanding of these factors in disease progression is necessary to design appropriate therapeutic strategies recognizing specific alternatively spliced or mutated oncogenic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalia de Necochea-Campion
- Biospecimen Laboratory, Loma Linda University Cancer Center, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Geoffrey P Shouse
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11175 Campus Street, Chan Shun Pavilion 11015, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Qi Zhou
- Biospecimen Laboratory, Loma Linda University Cancer Center, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Saied Mirshahidi
- Biospecimen Laboratory, Loma Linda University Cancer Center, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Chien-Shing Chen
- Biospecimen Laboratory, Loma Linda University Cancer Center, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA. .,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11175 Campus Street, Chan Shun Pavilion 11015, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA.
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22
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Landry B, Gül-uludağ H, Plianwong S, Kucharski C, Zak Z, Parmar MB, Kutsch O, Jiang H, Brandwein J, Uludağ H. Targeting CXCR4/SDF-1 axis by lipopolymer complexes of siRNA in acute myeloid leukemia. J Control Release 2016; 224:8-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.12.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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23
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Chauhan L, Jenkins GD, Bhise N, Feldberg T, Mitra-Ghosh T, Fridley BL, Lamba JK. Genome-wide association analysis identified splicing single nucleotide polymorphism in CFLAR predictive of triptolide chemo-sensitivity. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:483. [PMID: 26121980 PMCID: PMC4485866 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1614-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Triptolide is a therapeutic diterpenoid derived from the Chinese herb Tripterygium wilfordii Hook f. Triptolide has been shown to induce apoptosis by activation of pro-apoptotic proteins, inhibiting NFkB and c-KIT pathways, suppressing the Jak2 transcription, activating MAPK8/JNK signaling and modulating the heat shock responses. Results In the present study, we used lymphoblast cell lines (LCLs) derived from 55 unrelated Caucasian subjects to identify genetic markers predictive of cellular sensitivity to triptolide using genome wide association study. Our results identified SNPs on chromosome 2 associated with triptolide IC50 (p < 0.0001). This region included biologically interesting genes as CFLAR, PPIl3, Caspase 8/10, NFkB and STAT6. Identification of a splicing-SNP rs10190751, which regulates CFLAR alternatively spliced isoforms predictive of the triptolide cytotoxicity suggests its role in triptolides action. Our results from functional studies in Panc-1 cell lines further demonstrate potential role of CFLAR in triptolide toxicity. Analysis of gene-expression with cytotoxicity identified JAK1 expression to be a significant predictor of triptolide sensitivity. Conclusions Overall out results identified genetic factors associated with triptolide chemo-sensitivity thereby opening up opportunities to better understand its mechanism of action as well as utilize these biomarkers to predict therapeutic response in patients. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1614-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lata Chauhan
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Gregory D Jenkins
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | - Neha Bhise
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Tanya Feldberg
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Taraswi Mitra-Ghosh
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Brooke L Fridley
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
| | - Jatinder K Lamba
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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24
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Morlé A, Garrido C, Micheau O. Hyperthermia restores apoptosis induced by death receptors through aggregation-induced c-FLIP cytosolic depletion. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1633. [PMID: 25675293 PMCID: PMC4669817 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
TRAIL is involved in immune tumor surveillance and is considered a promising anti-cancer agent owing to its limited side effects on healthy cells. However, some cancer cells display resistance, or become resistant to TRAIL-induced cell death. Hyperthermia can enhance sensitivity to TRAIL-induced cell death in various resistant cancer cell lines, including lung, breast, colon or prostate carcinomas. Mild heat shock treatment has been proposed to restore Fas ligand or TRAIL-induced apoptosis through c-FLIP degradation or the mitochondrial pathway. We demonstrate here that neither the mitochondria nor c-FLIP degradation are required for TRAIL-induced cell death restoration during hyperthermia. Our data provide evidence that insolubilization of c-FLIP, alone, is sufficient to enhance apoptosis induced by death receptors. Hyperthermia induced c-FLIP depletion from the cytosolic fraction, without apparent degradation, thereby preventing c-FLIP recruitment to the TRAIL DISC and allowing efficient caspase-8 cleavage and apoptosis. Hyperthermia-induced c-FLIP depletion was independent of c-FLIP DED2 FL chain assembly motif or ubiquitination-mediated c-FLIP degradation, as assessed using c-FLIP point mutants on lysine 167 and 195 or threonine 166, a phosphorylation site known to regulate ubiquitination of c-FLIP. Rather, c-FLIP depletion was associated with aggregation, because addition of glycerol not only prevented the loss of c-FLIP from the cytosol but also enabled c-FLIP recruitment within the TRAIL DISC, thus inhibiting TRAIL-induced apoptosis during hyperthermia. Altogether our results demonstrate that c-FLIP is a thermosensitive protein whose targeting by hyperthermia allows restoration of apoptosis induced by TNF ligands, including TRAIL. Our findings suggest that combining TRAIL agonists with whole-body or localized hyperthermia may be an interesting approach in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Morlé
- 1] INSERM, UMR866, Dijon, F-21079 France [2] Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Univ. Bourgogne, Dijon, F-21079 France
| | - C Garrido
- 1] INSERM, UMR866, Dijon, F-21079 France [2] Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Univ. Bourgogne, Dijon, F-21079 France [3] Centre Georges-François Leclerc, Dijon, F-21000 France
| | - O Micheau
- 1] INSERM, UMR866, Dijon, F-21079 France [2] Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Univ. Bourgogne, Dijon, F-21079 France [3] Centre Georges-François Leclerc, Dijon, F-21000 France
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Landry B, Valencia-serna J, Gul-uludag H, Jiang X, Janowska-wieczorek A, Brandwein J, Uludag H. Progress in RNAi-mediated Molecular Therapy of Acute and Chronic Myeloid Leukemia. Molecular Therapy - Nucleic Acids 2015; 4:e240. [DOI: 10.1038/mtna.2015.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Zheng Z, Cheng S, Wu W, Wang L, Zhao Y, Shen Y, Janin A, Zhao WL. c-FLIP is involved in tumor progression of peripheral T-cell lymphoma and targeted by histone deacetylase inhibitors. J Hematol Oncol 2014; 7:88. [PMID: 25477070 PMCID: PMC4261569 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-014-0088-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCLs) are often aggressive tumors and resistant to conventional chemotherapy. Dysregulation of extrinsic apoptosis plays an important role on tumor cell sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents. Cellular FLICE inhibitory protein (c-FLIP) is a key regulator of extrinsic apoptotic pathway. Methods c-FLIP expression was assessed by real-time PCR and compared according to clinical parameters in patients with PTCLs. The relation of c-FLIP to tumor cell apoptosis mediated by histone deacetylases inhibitors (HDACIs) and the possible mechanism were examined in T-lymphoma cell lines and in a murine xenograft model. Results c-FLIP was overexpressed and associated with decreased tumor TRAIL/DR5 expression, elevated serum lactate dehydrogenase level and high-risk International Prognostic Index of the patients. In vitro, molecular silencing of c-FLIP by specific small-interfering RNA increased TRAIL/DR5 expression, enhanced T-lymphoma cell apoptosis and sensitized cells to chemotherapeutic agents. However, HDACIs valproic acid (VPA) and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) could downregulate c-FLIP expression and triggered extrinsic apoptosis of T-lymphoma cells, through inhibiting NF-κB signaling and interrupting P50 interaction with c-FLIP promoter. As Class I HDACIs, both VPA and SAHA inhibited HDAC1, resulting in P50 inactivation and c-FLIP downregulation. In vivo, oral VPA treatment significantly retarded tumor growth and induced in situ apoptosis, consistent with inhibition of HDAC1/P50/c-FLIP axis and increase of TRAIL/DR5 expression. Conclusions c-FLIP overexpression in PTCLs protected tumor cells from extrinsic apoptosis and contributed to tumor progression. Although linking to chemoresistance, c-FLIP indicated tumor cell sensitivity to HDACIs, providing a potential biomarker of targeting apoptosis in treating PTCLs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13045-014-0088-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Shanghai Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Shu Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Shanghai Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Wen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Shanghai Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Shanghai Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China. .,Pôle de Recherches Sino-Français en Science du Vivant et Génomique, Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Shanghai Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Yang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Shanghai Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Anne Janin
- Pôle de Recherches Sino-Français en Science du Vivant et Génomique, Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Shanghai, China. .,U1165 Inserm/Université Paris 7, Hôpital Saint Louis, Pairs, France.
| | - Wei-Li Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Shanghai Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China. .,Pôle de Recherches Sino-Français en Science du Vivant et Génomique, Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Shanghai, China.
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Estlack LE, Roth CC, Thompson GL, Lambert WA, Ibey BL. Nanosecond pulsed electric fields modulate the expression of Fas/CD95 death receptor pathway regulators in U937 and Jurkat Cells. Apoptosis 2014; 19:1755-68. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-014-1041-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Venza I, Visalli M, Oteri R, Teti D, Venza M. Class I-specific histone deacetylase inhibitor MS-275 overrides TRAIL-resistance in melanoma cells by downregulating c-FLIP. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 21:439-46. [PMID: 24946096 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Tumor-necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) has selective killing effect toward malignant cells; however some human melanomas are intrinsically resistant. In this study, we have shown that class I-specific histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) MS-275 can synergize with TRAIL to induce apoptosis in TRAIL-resistant cell lines and to enhance susceptibility of sensitive cells. Conversely, class II-selective HDACi MC1575 has shown no effect on the resistance of melanoma cells and was able exclusively to increase TRAIL-induced cell death in responsive cells. Both the HDACis variably increased DR4, DR5, and procaspase 8 expression, regardless whether cells were TRAIL-sensitive or TRAIL-resistant. However, only MS-275 markedly decreased the expression levels of both the long and short c-FLIP isoforms. RNAi-mediated c-FLIP silencing resulted in caspase 8-dependent apoptosis in survivor cells which was comparable to that observed following MS-275 treatment. Accordingly, enforced expression of ectopic c-FLIP has abolished the cooperative induction of apoptosis by the combination of MS-275 and TRAIL. These data indicate that c-FLIP is a critical regulator of death ligand sensitivity in melanoma. Inhibition of class I HDAC isoenzymes 1, 2 and 3 has resulted to be functionally important for c-FLIP downregulation by MS-275. In contrast, knockdown of class II HDACs has had no effect on c-FLIP expression, thus explaining the dual incapacity of MC1575 to inhibit c-FLIP expression and sensitize cells resistant to TRAIL. The data reported here suggest that MS-275 represents a promising therapeutic approach in combination with TRAIL for treatment of cutaneous and uveal melanoma due to its ability to reduce c-FLIP expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Venza
- Department of Experimental Specialized Medical and Surgical and Odontostomatology Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Maria Visalli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Rosaria Oteri
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Diana Teti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
| | - Mario Venza
- Department of Experimental Specialized Medical and Surgical and Odontostomatology Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Riley JS, Hutchinson R, McArt DG, Crawford N, Holohan C, Paul I, Van Schaeybroeck S, Salto-Tellez M, Johnston PG, Fennell DA, Gately K, O'Byrne K, Cummins R, Kay E, Hamilton P, Stasik I, Longley DB. Prognostic and therapeutic relevance of FLIP and procaspase-8 overexpression in non-small cell lung cancer. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e951. [PMID: 24309938 PMCID: PMC3877552 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Non-small cell lung carcinoma remains by far the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Overexpression of FLIP, which blocks the extrinsic apoptotic pathway by inhibiting caspase-8 activation, has been identified in various cancers. We investigated FLIP and procaspase-8 expression in NSCLC and the effect of HDAC inhibitors on FLIP expression, activation of caspase-8 and drug resistance in NSCLC and normal lung cell line models. Immunohistochemical analysis of cytoplasmic and nuclear FLIP and procaspase-8 protein expression was carried out using a novel digital pathology approach. Both FLIP and procaspase-8 were found to be significantly overexpressed in tumours, and importantly, high cytoplasmic expression of FLIP significantly correlated with shorter overall survival. Treatment with HDAC inhibitors targeting HDAC1-3 downregulated FLIP expression predominantly via post-transcriptional mechanisms, and this resulted in death receptor- and caspase-8-dependent apoptosis in NSCLC cells, but not normal lung cells. In addition, HDAC inhibitors synergized with TRAIL and cisplatin in NSCLC cells in a FLIP- and caspase-8-dependent manner. Thus, FLIP and procaspase-8 are overexpressed in NSCLC, and high cytoplasmic FLIP expression is indicative of poor prognosis. Targeting high FLIP expression using HDAC1–3 selective inhibitors such as entinostat to exploit high procaspase-8 expression in NSCLC has promising therapeutic potential, particularly when used in combination with TRAIL receptor-targeted agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Riley
- Drug Resistance Group, Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
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Abstract
UNLABELLED Anti-tumour therapies based on the use pro-apoptotic receptor agonists, including TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) or monoclonal antibodies targeting TRAIL-R1 or TRAIL-R2, have been disappointing so far, despite clear evidence of clinical activity and lack of adverse events for the vast majority of these compounds, whether combined or not with conventional or targeted anti-cancer therapies. This brief review aims at discussing the possible reasons for the lack of apparent success of these therapeutic approaches and at providing hints in order to rationally design optimal protocols based on our current understanding of TRAIL signalling regulation or resistance for future clinical trials. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Emerging Therapeutic Aspects in Oncology. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2013.169.issue-8.
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Abstract
Cellular FLICE (FADD-like IL-1β-converting enzyme)-inhibitory protein (c-FLIP) is a major antiapoptotic protein and an important cytokine and chemotherapy resistance factor that suppresses cytokine- and chemotherapy-induced apoptosis. c-FLIP is expressed as long (c-FLIPL), short (c-FLIPS), and c-FLIPR splice variants in human cells. c-FLIP binds to FADD and/or caspase-8 or -10 and TRAIL receptor 5 (DR5). This interaction in turn prevents Death-Inducing Signaling Complex (DISC) formation and subsequent activation of the caspase cascade. c-FLIPL and c-FLIPS are also known to have multifunctional roles in various signaling pathways, as well as activating and/or upregulating several cytoprotective and pro-survival signaling proteins including Akt, ERK, and NF-κB. In addition to its role in apoptosis, c-FLIP is involved in programmed necroptosis (necrosis) and autophagy. Necroptosis is regulated by the Ripoptosome, which is a signaling intracellular cell death platform complex. The Ripoptosome contains receptor-interacting protein-1/Receptor-Interacting Protein-3 (RIP1), caspase-8, caspase-10, FADD, and c-FLIP isoforms involved in switching apoptotic and necroptotic cell death. c-FLIP regulates the Ripoptosome; in addition to its role in apoptosis, it is therefore also involved in necrosis. c-FLIPL attenuates autophagy by direct acting on the autophagy machinery by competing with Atg3 binding to LC3, thereby decreasing LC3 processing and inhibiting autophagosome formation. Upregulation of c-FLIP has been found in various tumor types, and its silencing has been shown to restore apoptosis triggered by cytokines and various chemotherapeutic agents. Hence, c-FLIP is an important target for cancer therapy. This review focuses on (1) the anti-apoptotic role of c-FLIP splice variants in preventing apoptosis and inducing cytokine and chemotherapy drug resistance, as well as its roles in necrosis and autophagy, and (2) modulation of c-FLIP expression as a means to enhance apoptosis and modulate necrosis and autophagy in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad R Safa
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, IN 46202, USA ; Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, IN 46202, USA
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