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Aun MA, Farnese F, Loram-Lourenço L, de Abreu IMPG, Silva BRA, Freitas JCE, Filho VMA, Silva FG, Franco AC, Hammond WM, Cochard H, Menezes-Silva PE. Evidence of combined flower thermal and drought vulnerabilities portends reproductive failure under hotter-drought conditions. Plant Cell Environ 2024; 47:1971-1986. [PMID: 38372066 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Despite the abundant evidence of impairments to plant performance and survival under hotter-drought conditions, little is known about the vulnerability of reproductive organs to climate extremes. Here, by conducting a comparative analysis between flowers and leaves, we investigated how variations in key morphophysiological traits related to carbon and water economics can explain the differential vulnerabilities to heat and drought among these functionally diverse organs. Due to their lower construction costs, despite having a higher water storage capacity, flowers were more prone to turgor loss (higher turgor loss point; ΨTLP) than leaves, thus evidencing a trade-off between carbon investment and drought tolerance in reproductive organs. Importantly, the higher ΨTLP of flowers also resulted in narrow turgor safety margins (TSM). Moreover, compared to leaves, the cuticle of flowers had an overall higher thermal vulnerability, which also resulted in low leakage safety margins (LSM). As a result, the combination of low TSMs and LSMs may have negative impacts on reproduction success since they strongly influenced the time to turgor loss under simulated hotter-drought conditions. Overall, our results improve the knowledge of unexplored aspects of flower structure and function and highlight likely threats to successful plant reproduction in a warmer and drier world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Alves Aun
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology Goiano, Rio Verde Campus, Rio Verde, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Farnese
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology Goiano, Rio Verde Campus, Rio Verde, Brazil
| | - Lucas Loram-Lourenço
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology Goiano, Rio Verde Campus, Rio Verde, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Fabiano Guimarães Silva
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology Goiano, Rio Verde Campus, Rio Verde, Brazil
| | - Augusto Cesar Franco
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - William M Hammond
- Department of Agronomy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Hervé Cochard
- Université Clermont-Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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2
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Castillo-Argaez R, Sapes G, Mallen N, Lippert A, John GP, Zare A, Hammond WM. Spectral ecophysiology: hyperspectral pressure-volume curves to estimate leaf turgor loss. New Phytol 2024; 242:935-946. [PMID: 38482720 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Turgor loss point (TLP) is an important proxy for plant drought tolerance, species habitat suitability, and drought-induced plant mortality risk. Thus, TLP serves as a critical tool for evaluating climate change impacts on plants, making it imperative to develop high-throughput and in situ methods to measure TLP. We developed hyperspectral pressure-volume curves (PV curves) to estimate TLP using leaf spectral reflectance. We used partial least square regression models to estimate water potential (Ψ) and relative water content (RWC) for two species, Frangula caroliniana and Magnolia grandiflora. RWC and Ψ's model for each species had R2 ≥ 0.7 and %RMSE = 7-10. We constructed PV curves with model estimates and compared the accuracy of directly measured and spectra-predicted TLP. Our findings indicate that leaf spectral measurements are an alternative method for estimating TLP. F. caroliniana TLP's values were -1.62 ± 0.15 (means ± SD) and -1.62 ± 0.34 MPa for observed and reflectance predicted, respectively (P > 0.05), while M. grandiflora were -1.78 ± 0.34 and -1.66 ± 0.41 MPa (P > 0.05). The estimation of TLP through leaf reflectance-based PV curves opens a broad range of possibilities for future research aimed at understanding and monitoring plant water relations on a large scale with spectral ecophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gerard Sapes
- Agronomy Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Nicole Mallen
- Agronomy Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Alston Lippert
- Agronomy Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Grace P John
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Alina Zare
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - William M Hammond
- Agronomy Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
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Krieg CP, Smith DD, Adams MA, Berger J, Layegh Nikravesh N, von Wettberg EJ. Greater ecophysiological stress tolerance in the core environment than in extreme environments of wild chickpea (Cicer reticulatum). Sci Rep 2024; 14:5744. [PMID: 38459248 PMCID: PMC10923935 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56457-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Global climate change and land use change underlie a need to develop new crop breeding strategies, and crop wild relatives (CWR) have become an important potential source of new genetic material to improve breeding efforts. Many recent approaches assume adaptive trait variation increases towards the relative environmental extremes of a species range, potentially missing valuable trait variation in more moderate or typical climates. Here, we leveraged distinct genotypes of wild chickpea (Cicer reticulatum) that differ in their relative climates from moderate to more extreme and perform targeted assessments of drought and heat tolerance. We found significance variation in ecophysiological function and stress tolerance between genotypes but contrary to expectations and current paradigms, it was individuals from more moderate climates that exhibited greater capacity for stress tolerance than individuals from warmer and drier climates. These results indicate that wild germplasm collection efforts to identify adaptive variation should include the full range of environmental conditions and habitats instead of only environmental extremes, and that doing so may significantly enhance the success of breeding programs broadly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mark A Adams
- Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, Australia
| | - Jens Berger
- CSIRO, Agriculture and Food, Perth, WA, Australia
| | | | - Eric J von Wettberg
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
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Zhang X, Ma S, Hu H, Li F, Bao W, Huang L. A trade-off between leaf hydraulic efficiency and safety across three xerophytic species in response to increased rock fragment content. Tree Physiol 2024; 44:tpae010. [PMID: 38245807 PMCID: PMC10918055 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpae010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Limited information is available on the variation of plant leaf hydraulic traits in relation to soil rock fragment content (RFC), particularly for xerophytes native to rocky mountain areas. In this study, we conducted a field experiment with four gradients of RFC (0, 25, 50 and 75% ν ν-1) on three different xerophytic species (Sophora davidii, Cotinus szechuanensis and Bauhinia brachycarpa). We measured predawn and midday leaf water potential (Ψleaf), leaf hydraulic conductance (Kleaf), Ψleaf induced 50% loss of Kleaf (P50), pressure-volume curve traits and leaf structure. A consistent response of hydraulic traits to increased RFC was observed in three species. Kleaf showed a decrease, whereas P50 and turgor loss point (Ψtlp) became increasingly negative with increasing RFC. Thus, a clear trade-off between hydraulic efficiency and safety was observed in the xerophytic species. In all three species, the reduction in Kleaf was associated with an increase in leaf mass per area. In S. davidii, alterations in Kleaf and P50 were driven by leaf vein density (VLA) and Ψtlp. In C. szechuanensis, Ψtlp and VLA drove the changes in Kleaf and P50, respectively. In B. brachycarpa, changes in P50 were driven by VLA, whereas changes in both Kleaf and P50 were simultaneously influenced by Ψtlp. Our findings suggest that adaptation to increased rockiness necessarily implies a trade-off between leaf hydraulic efficiency and safety in xerophytic species. Additionally, the trade-off between leaf hydraulic efficiency and safety among xerophytic species is likely to result from processes occurring in the xylem and the outside-xylem hydraulic pathways. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the survival strategies and mechanisms of xerophytes in rocky soils, and provide a theoretical basis for the persistence of xerophytic species in areas with stony substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiulong Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 9 Section 4 South Renmin Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Shaowei Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 9 Section 4 South Renmin Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hui Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 9 Section 4 South Renmin Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fanglan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 9 Section 4 South Renmin Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Weikai Bao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 9 Section 4 South Renmin Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Long Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 9 Section 4 South Renmin Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
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Baird AS, Taylor SH, Reddi S, Pasquet-Kok J, Vuong C, Zhang Y, Watcharamongkol T, John GP, Scoffoni C, Osborne CP, Sack L. Allometries of cell and tissue anatomy and photosynthetic rate across leaves of C 3 and C 4 grasses. Plant Cell Environ 2024; 47:156-173. [PMID: 37876323 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Allometric relationships among the dimensions of leaves and their cells hold across diverse eudicotyledons, but have remained untested in the leaves of grasses. We hypothesised that geometric (proportional) allometries of cell sizes across tissues and of leaf dimensions would arise due to the coordination of cell development and that of cell functions such as water, nutrient and energy transport, and that cell sizes across tissues would be associated with light-saturated photosynthetic rate. We tested predictions across 27 globally distributed C3 and C4 grass species grown in a common garden. We found positive relationships among average cell sizes within and across tissues, and of cell sizes with leaf dimensions. Grass leaf anatomical allometries were similar to those of eudicots, with exceptions consistent with the fewer cell layers and narrower form of grass leaves, and the specialised roles of epidermis and bundle sheath in storage and leaf movement. Across species, mean cell sizes in each tissue were associated with light-saturated photosynthetic rate per leaf mass, supporting the functional coordination of cell sizes. These findings highlight the generality of evolutionary allometries within the grass lineage and their interlinkage with coordinated development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alec S Baird
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Samuel H Taylor
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Sachin Reddi
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jessica Pasquet-Kok
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Christine Vuong
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Teera Watcharamongkol
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Kanchanaburi Rajabhat University, Kanchanaburi, Thailand
| | - Grace P John
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Christine Scoffoni
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Colin P Osborne
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Lawren Sack
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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6
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Luo D, Huang G, Zhang Q, Zhou G, Peng S, Li Y. Plasticity of mesophyll cell density and cell wall thickness and composition play a pivotal role in regulating plant growth and photosynthesis under shading in rapeseed. Ann Bot 2023; 132:963-978. [PMID: 37739395 PMCID: PMC10808032 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Plasticity of leaf growth and photosynthesis is an important strategy of plants to adapt to shading stress; however, their strategy of leaf development to achieve a simultaneous increase in leaf area and photosynthesis under shading remains unknown. METHODS In the present study, a pot experiment was conducted using three rapeseed genotypes of Huayouza 50 (HYZ50), Zhongshuang 11 (ZS11) and Huayouza 62 (HYZ62), and the responses of plant growth, leaf morphoanatomical traits, cell wall composition and photosynthesis to shading were investigated. KEY RESULTS Shading significantly increased leaf area per plant (LAplant) in all genotypes, but the increase in HYZ62 was greater than that in HYZ50 and ZS11. The greater increment of LAplant in HYZ62 was related to the larger decrease in leaf mass per area (LMA) and leaf density (LD), which were in turn related to less densely packed mesophyll cells and thinner cell walls (Tcw). Moreover, shading significantly increased photosynthesis in HYZ62 but significantly decreased it in HYZ50. The enhanced photosynthesis in HYZ62 was related to increased mesophyll conductance (gm) due primarily to thinner cell walls. CONCLUSIONS The data presented indicate that the different plasticity of mesophyll cell density, cell wall thickness and cell wall composition in response to shading can dramatically affect leaf growth and photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxu Luo
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Guanjun Huang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Qiangqiang Zhang
- Rice Ecophysiology and Precise Management Laboratory, College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Guangsheng Zhou
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Shaobing Peng
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Yong Li
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
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7
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Leverett A, Borland AM, Inge EJ, Hartzell S. Low internal air space in plants with crassulacean acid metabolism may be an anatomical spandrel. Ann Bot 2023; 132:811-817. [PMID: 37622678 PMCID: PMC10799988 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) is a photosynthetic adaptation found in at least 38 plant families. Typically, the anatomy of CAM plants is characterized by large photosynthetic cells and a low percentage of leaf volume consisting of internal air space (% IAS). It has been suggested that reduced mesophyll conductance (gm) arising from low % IAS benefits CAM plants by preventing the movement of CO2 out of cells and ultimately minimizing leakage of CO2 from leaves into the atmosphere during day-time decarboxylation. Here, we propose that low % IAS does not provide any adaptive benefit to CAM plants, because stomatal closure during phase III of CAM will result in internal concentrations of CO2 becoming saturated, meaning low gm will not have any meaningful impact on the flux of gases within leaves. We suggest that low % IAS is more likely an indirect consequence of maximizing the cellular volume within a leaf, to provide space for the overnight storage of malic acid during the CAM cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair Leverett
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Campus, Essex, CO4 3SQ, UK
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing St., Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Anne M Borland
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Emma J Inge
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Campus, Essex, CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Samantha Hartzell
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Portland State University, 1930 SW 124 Ave., Portland, OR, USA
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Nadal M, Quintanilla LG, Pons-Perpinyà J, Lima VF, Gago J, Aranda I. Leaf structure and water relations of an allotetraploid Mediterranean fern and its diploid parents. Physiol Plant 2023; 175:e14043. [PMID: 37882284 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Allopolyploidy is a common speciation mechanism in plants; however, its physiological and ecological consequences in niche partitioning have been scarcely studied. In this sense, leaf traits are good proxies to study the adaptive capacity of allopolyploids and diploid parents to their respective environmental conditions. In the present work, leaf water relations (assessed through pressure-volume curves) and structural and anatomical traits of the allotetraploid fern Oeosporangium tinaei and its diploid parents, Oeosporangium hispanicum and Oeosporangium pteridioides, were studied under controlled conditions in response to a water stress (WS) cycle. O. hispanicum showed the lowest osmotic potential at turgor loss point (πtlp ) and leaf capacitance, together with higher leaf mass per area (LMA), leaf thickness (LT), leaf density (LD), and leaf dry matter content (LDMC), whereas O. pteridioides presented the opposite set of traits (high πtlp and capacitance, and low LMA, LT, LD, and LDMC). O. tinaei showed an intermediate position for most of the studied traits. The responsiveness (osmotic and elastic adjustments) to WS was low, although most of the traits explained the segregation of the three species across a range of drought tolerance according to the rank: O. hispanicum > O. tinaei > O. pteridioides. These trait differences may underlie the niche segregation among coexisting populations of the three species in the Mediterranean basin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miquel Nadal
- Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Departamento de Sistemas Agrícolas, Forestales y Medio Ambiente, Zaragoza, Spain
- Agro-Environmental and Water Economics Institute (INAGEA), University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Luis G Quintanilla
- School of Environmental Sciences and Technology (ESCET), University Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Spain
| | - Joan Pons-Perpinyà
- Agro-Environmental and Water Economics Institute (INAGEA), University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Valéria F Lima
- LabPlant, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Jorge Gago
- Agro-Environmental and Water Economics Institute (INAGEA), University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Ismael Aranda
- Institute of Forest Sciences, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology, Spanish National Research Council (ICIFOR-INIA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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9
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Gardiner ES, Leininger TD, Connor KF, Devall MS, Hamel PB, Schiff NM, Wilson AD. Leaf acclimation to soil flooding and light availability underlies photosynthetic capacity of Lindera melissifolia, an endangered shrub of bottomland forests in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley, USA. Conserv Physiol 2023; 11:coad051. [PMID: 37476152 PMCID: PMC10356171 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coad051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Lindera melissifolia is an endangered shrub indigenous to the broadleaf forest of the Mississippi Alluvial Valley (MAV). In this region, extant colonies of the species are found in periodically ponded habitats where a diversity of broadleaf trees can form well-developed overstory and sub-canopies-these habitat characteristics suggest that soil flooding and light availability are primary drivers of L. melissifolia ecophysiology. To understand how these two factors affect its photosynthetic capacity, we quantified leaf characteristics and photosynthetic response of plants grown in a large-scaled, field setting of three distinct soil flooding levels (no flood, 0 day; short-term flood, 45 days; and extended flood, 90 days) each containing three distinct light availability levels (high light, 30% shade cloth; intermediate light, 63% shade cloth; and low light, 95% shade cloth). Lindera melissifolia leaves showed marked plasticity to interacting effects of flooding and light with lamina mass per unit area (Lm/a) varying 78% and total nitrogen content per unit area (Na) varying 63% from the maximum. Photosynthetic capacity (A1800-a) ranged 123% increasing linearly with Na from low to high light. Extended flooding decreased the slope of this relationship 99% through a reduction in N availability and metabolic depression of A1800-a relative to Na. However, neither soil flooding nor light imposed an additive limitation on photosynthetic capacity when the other factor was at its most stressful level, and the A1800-a-Na relationship for plants that experienced short-term flooding suggested post-flood acclimation in photosynthetic capacity was approaching the maximal level under respective light environments. Our findings provide evidence for wide plasticity and acclimation potential of L. melissifolia photosynthetic capacity, which supports active habitat management, such as manipulation of stand structure for improved understory light environments, to benefit long-term conservation of the species in the MAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emile S Gardiner
- Center for Bottomland Hardwoods Research, Southern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, 432 Stoneville Road,
Stoneville, MS 38776, USA
| | - Theodor D Leininger
- Center for Bottomland Hardwoods Research, Southern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, 432 Stoneville Road,
Stoneville, MS 38776, USA
| | - Kristina F Connor
- Formerly with the Center for Bottomland Hardwoods Research, Southern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, 432 Stoneville Road, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA
| | - Margaret S Devall
- Formerly with the Center for Bottomland Hardwoods Research, Southern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, 432 Stoneville Road, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA
| | - Paul B Hamel
- Formerly with the Center for Bottomland Hardwoods Research, Southern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, 432 Stoneville Road, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA
| | - Nathan M Schiff
- Formerly with the Center for Bottomland Hardwoods Research, Southern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, 432 Stoneville Road, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA
| | - A Dan Wilson
- Formerly with the Center for Bottomland Hardwoods Research, Southern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, 432 Stoneville Road, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA
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10
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Wang X, Wu T, Asim M, Ling A, Sun Y, Shi Y, Yan H. The asymmetric photosynthetic characteristics of the isobilateral sorghum leaves under the illumination of the diffuse light. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1218076. [PMID: 37521922 PMCID: PMC10374316 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1218076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
The difference between photosynthesis on the two leaf sides (dorsoventral asymmetry) of photosynthesis is important for light-use patterns, but the asymmetry is environment dependent. Its role in photosynthetic regulation has been intensively studied, but little is known about the impacts of direct and diffuse light on the asymmetry. Because of the current changing fraction of diffuse light in sky radiation, this study investigated the dorsoventral asymmetry of photosynthetic traits under direct and diffuse light conditions in an important food and energy crop, Sorghum bicolor L. A unique method was used to investigate the specific gas exchange of each leaf surface. Anatomical and morphological traits were different between the two surfaces of sorghum leaves, which might result in photosynthetic asymmetry. The variations in photosynthetic rates and stomatal conductance were significant between the two surfaces in direct and diffuse light, but the degree of dorsoventral asymmetry decreased in diffuse light. The integrated P N and G s of the adaxial illumination were significantly higher than that of abaxial illumination both in direct and diffuse light in sorghum leaves, but the ASI of the integrated P Nwas 2.83 in direct light, while significantly dropped to 1.69 in diffuse light. Significant morphological differences between the two surfaces might cause photosynthetic asymmetry in the sorghum leaves. The variations of specific gas exchange were significant between direct and diffuse light, including in the incident and self-transmitted light. Compared with direct light, diffuse light reduced the stomatal sensitivity, with the degree of decline being greater in the adaxial surface, which caused weak dorsoventral asymmetry in photosynthesis. The specific photosynthetic characteristics in sorghum leaves varied obviously in direct and diffuse light, including in the incident and self-transmitted light, which contributed to the different overall gas exchange. Compared with direct light, the decline of stomatal sensitivity, which showed positive correlation with stomatal density, caused weakened dorsoventral asymmetry in photosynthesis in diffuse light. The findings provide new insights into dorsoventral asymmetry and the impact of diffuse light on photosynthesis in isobilateral leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Wang
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Tao Wu
- Research and Development of Center, Liangshan Branch of Sichuan Tobacco Company, Xichang, China
| | - Muhammad Asim
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Aifen Ling
- Research and Development of Center, Liangshan Branch of Sichuan Tobacco Company, Xichang, China
| | - Yanguo Sun
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Yi Shi
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Huifeng Yan
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
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11
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Wong ACS, van Oosterom EJ, Godwin ID, Borrell AK. Integrating stay-green and PIN-FORMED genes: PIN-FORMED genes as potential targets for designing climate-resilient cereal ideotypes. AoB Plants 2023; 15:plad040. [PMID: 37448862 PMCID: PMC10337860 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plad040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant architecture modification (e.g. short-stature crops) is one of the key outcomes of modern crop breeding for high-yielding crop varieties. In cereals, delayed senescence, or stay-green, is an important trait that enables post-anthesis drought stress adaptation. Stay-green crops can prolong photosynthetic capacity during grain-filling period under post-anthesis drought stress, which is essential to ensure grain yield is not impacted under drought stress conditions. Although various stay-green quantitative trait loci have been identified in cereals, the underlying molecular mechanisms regulating stay-green remain elusive. Recent advances in various gene-editing technologies have provided avenues to fast-track crop improvement, such as the breeding of climate-resilient crops in the face of climate change. We present in this viewpoint the focus on using sorghum as the model cereal crop, to study PIN-FORMED (PIN) auxin efflux carriers as means to modulate plant architecture, and the potential to employ it as an adaptive strategy to address the environmental challenges posed by climate uncertainties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erik J van Oosterom
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, 306 Carmody Road, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Ian D Godwin
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, 306 Carmody Road, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Andrew K Borrell
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Hermitage Research Facility, 604 Yangan Road, Warwick, Queensland 4370, Australia
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12
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Browne M, Bartlett MK, Henry C, Jarrahi M, John G, Scoffoni C, Yardimci NT, Sack L. Low baseline intraspecific variation in leaf pressure-volume traits: Biophysical basis and implications for spectroscopic sensing. Physiol Plant 2023; 175:e13974. [PMID: 37403811 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Intra-specific trait variation (ITV) plays a role in processes at a wide range of scales from organs to ecosystems across climate gradients. Yet, ITV remains rarely quantified for many ecophysiological traits typically assessed for species means, such as pressure volume (PV) curve parameters including osmotic potential at full turgor and modulus of elasticity, which are important in plant water relations. We defined a baseline "reference ITV" (ITVref ) as the variation among fully exposed, mature sun leaves of replicate individuals of a given species grown in similar, well-watered conditions, representing the conservative sampling design commonly used for species-level ecophysiological traits. We hypothesized that PV parameters would show low ITVref relative to other leaf morphological traits, and that their intraspecific relationships would be similar to those previously established across species and proposed to arise from biophysical constraints. In a database of novel and published PV curves and additional leaf structural traits for 50 diverse species, we found low ITVref for PV parameters relative to other morphological traits, and strong intraspecific relationships among PV traits. Simulation modeling showed that conservative ITVref enables the use of species-mean PV parameters for scaling up from spectroscopic measurements of leaf water content to enable sensing of leaf water potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Browne
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Megan K Bartlett
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Christian Henry
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Mona Jarrahi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Grace John
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Christine Scoffoni
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Nezih Tolga Yardimci
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Lawren Sack
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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13
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Alonso-Forn D, Sancho-Knapik D, Fariñas MD, Nadal M, Martín-Sánchez R, Ferrio JP, de Dios VR, Peguero-Pina JJ, Onoda Y, Cavender-Bares J, Arenas TGÁ, Gil-Pelegrín E. Disentangling leaf structural and material properties in relationship to their anatomical and chemical compositional traits in oaks (Quercus L.). Ann Bot 2023; 131:789-800. [PMID: 36794926 PMCID: PMC10184456 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The existence of sclerophyllous plants has been considered an adaptive strategy against different environmental stresses. Given that it literally means 'hard-leaved', it is essential to quantify the leaf mechanical properties to understand sclerophylly. However, the relative importance of each leaf trait for mechanical properties is not yet well established. METHODS Genus Quercus is an excellent system to shed light on this because it minimizes phylogenetic variation while having a wide variation in sclerophylly. We measured leaf anatomical traits and cell wall composition, analysing their relationship with leaf mass per area and leaf mechanical properties in a set of 25 oak species. KEY RESULTS The upper epidermis outer wall makes a strong and direct contribution to the leaf mechanical strength. Moreover, cellulose plays a crucial role in increasing leaf strength and toughness. The principal component analysis plot based on leaf trait values clearly separates Quercus species into two groups corresponding to evergreen and deciduous species. CONCLUSIONS Sclerophyllous Quercus species are tougher and stronger owing to their thicker epidermis outer wall and/or higher cellulose concentration. Furthermore, section Ilex species share common traits, although they occupy different climates. In addition, evergreen species living in mediterranean-type climates share common leaf traits irrespective of their different phylogenetic origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Alonso-Forn
- Department of Agricultural and Forest Systems and the Environment, Agrifood Research and Technology Centre of Aragon (CITA), Avda. Montañana 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Domingo Sancho-Knapik
- Department of Agricultural and Forest Systems and the Environment, Agrifood Research and Technology Centre of Aragon (CITA), Avda. Montañana 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón – IA2 (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - María Dolores Fariñas
- Sensors and Ultrasonic Technologies Department, Information and Physics Technologies Institute, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miquel Nadal
- Department of Agricultural and Forest Systems and the Environment, Agrifood Research and Technology Centre of Aragon (CITA), Avda. Montañana 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Rubén Martín-Sánchez
- Department of Agricultural and Forest Systems and the Environment, Agrifood Research and Technology Centre of Aragon (CITA), Avda. Montañana 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Juan Pedro Ferrio
- Department of Agricultural and Forest Systems and the Environment, Agrifood Research and Technology Centre of Aragon (CITA), Avda. Montañana 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
- Aragon Agency for Research and Development (ARAID), E-50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Víctor Resco de Dios
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, Universitat de Lleida, E-25198 Lleida, Spain
- JRU CTFC-Agrotecnio-CERCA Center, E-25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - José Javier Peguero-Pina
- Department of Agricultural and Forest Systems and the Environment, Agrifood Research and Technology Centre of Aragon (CITA), Avda. Montañana 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón – IA2 (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Yusuke Onoda
- Division of Forest and Biomaterials Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Oiwake, Kitashirakawa, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | | | - Tomás Gómez Álvarez Arenas
- Sensors and Ultrasonic Technologies Department, Information and Physics Technologies Institute, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Eustaquio Gil-Pelegrín
- Department of Agricultural and Forest Systems and the Environment, Agrifood Research and Technology Centre of Aragon (CITA), Avda. Montañana 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
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14
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Young AR, Minocha R, Long S, Drake JE, Yanai RD. Patterns of physical, chemical, and metabolic characteristics of sugar maple leaves with depth in the crown and in response to nitrogen and phosphorus addition. Tree Physiol 2023:tpad043. [PMID: 37040317 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpad043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Few previous studies have described patterns of leaf characteristics in response to nutrient availability and depth in the crown. Sugar maple has been studied for both sensitivity to light, as a shade-tolerant species, and sensitivity to soil nutrient availability, as a species in decline due to acid rain. To explore leaf characteristics from the top to bottom of the canopy, we collected leaves along a vertical gradient within mature sugar maple crowns in a full-factorial nitrogen by phosphorus addition experiment in three forest stands in central New Hampshire, USA. Thirty-two of the 44 leaf characteristics had significant relationships with depth in the crown, with the effect of depth in the crown strongest for leaf area, photosynthetic pigments, and polyamines. Nitrogen addition had a strong impact on the concentration of foliar N, chlorophyll, carotenoids, alanine, and glutamate. For several other elements and amino acids, N addition changed patterns with depth in the crown. Phosphorus addition increased foliar P and B; it also caused a steeper increase of P and B with depth in the crown. Since most of these leaf characteristics play a direct or indirect role in photosynthesis, metabolic regulation, or cell division, studies that ignore the vertical gradient may not accurately represent whole-canopy performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander R Young
- SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry. Syracuse, NY, 13210
| | - Rakesh Minocha
- USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Durham, NH, 03824
| | - Stephanie Long
- USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Durham, NH, 03824
| | - John E Drake
- SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry. Syracuse, NY, 13210
| | - Ruth D Yanai
- SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry. Syracuse, NY, 13210
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15
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Nadal M, Clemente-Moreno MJ, Perera-Castro AV, Roig-Oliver M, Onoda Y, Gulías J, Flexas J. Incorporating pressure-volume traits into the leaf economics spectrum. Ecol Lett 2023; 26:549-562. [PMID: 36750322 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, attempts have been made in linking pressure-volume parameters and the leaf economics spectrum to expand our knowledge of the interrelationships among leaf traits. We provide theoretical and empirical evidence for the coordination of the turgor loss point and associated traits with net CO2 assimilation (An ) and leaf mass per area (LMA). We measured gas exchange, pressure-volume curves and leaf structure in 45 ferns and angiosperms, and explored the anatomical and chemical basis of the key traits. We propose that the coordination observed between mass-based An , capacitance and the turgor loss point (πtlp ) emerges from their shared link with leaf density (one of the components of LMA) and, specially, leaf saturated water content (LSWC), which in turn relates to cell size and nitrogen and carbon content. Thus, considering the components of LMA and LSWC in ecophysiological studies can provide a broader perspective on leaf structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miquel Nadal
- Departamento de Sistemas Agrícolas, Forestales y Medio Ambiente, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Institut d'Investigacions Agroambientals i d'Economia de l'Aigua (INAGEA) - Universitat de les Illes Balears (UIB), Palma, Spain
| | - María J Clemente-Moreno
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Institut d'Investigacions Agroambientals i d'Economia de l'Aigua (INAGEA) - Universitat de les Illes Balears (UIB), Palma, Spain
| | - Alicia V Perera-Castro
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Institut d'Investigacions Agroambientals i d'Economia de l'Aigua (INAGEA) - Universitat de les Illes Balears (UIB), Palma, Spain
- Department of Botany, Ecology and Plant Physiology, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), La Laguna, Spain
| | - Margalida Roig-Oliver
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Institut d'Investigacions Agroambientals i d'Economia de l'Aigua (INAGEA) - Universitat de les Illes Balears (UIB), Palma, Spain
| | - Yusuke Onoda
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Javier Gulías
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Institut d'Investigacions Agroambientals i d'Economia de l'Aigua (INAGEA) - Universitat de les Illes Balears (UIB), Palma, Spain
| | - Jaume Flexas
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Institut d'Investigacions Agroambientals i d'Economia de l'Aigua (INAGEA) - Universitat de les Illes Balears (UIB), Palma, Spain
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16
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Lei Z, Han J, Chen Y, Zhang W, Cai X, Liu F, Zhang Y. The effect of shift in physiological and anatomical traits on light use efficiency under cotton domestication. Physiol Plant 2023; 175:e13884. [PMID: 36852897 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The effect of crop domestication on photosynthetic productivity has been well-studied, but at present, none examines its impacts on leaf anatomy and, consequently, light use efficiency in cotton. We investigated leaf and vein anatomy traits, light use efficiency (LUE) and gas exchange in 26 wild and 30 domesticated genotypes of cotton grown under field conditions. The results showed that domestication resulted in a higher photosynthetic rate, higher stomatal conductance, and lower lamina mass per area. Higher LUE was underpinned by the thicker leaves, greater vein volume, elongated palisade and higher chlorophyll content, although there was no difference in the apparent quantum yield. The lower vein mass per area in domesticated genotypes contributed to the reduction of lamina mass per area, but there was no decrease in vein length per area. Our study suggests that domestication has triggered a considerable shift in physiological and anatomical traits to support the increase in LUE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangying Lei
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Shihezi University, Shihezi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jimei Han
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Shihezi University, Shihezi, People's Republic of China
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Soil and Crop Science Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Yunrui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Shihezi University, Shihezi, People's Republic of China
| | - Wangfeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Shihezi University, Shihezi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yali Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Shihezi University, Shihezi, People's Republic of China
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17
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Xiao Y, Sloan J, Hepworth C, Fradera‐Soler M, Mathers A, Thorley R, Baillie A, Jones H, Chang T, Chen X, Yaapar N, Osborne CP, Sturrock C, Mooney SJ, Fleming AJ, Zhu X. Defining the scope for altering rice leaf anatomy to improve photosynthesis: a modelling approach. New Phytol 2023; 237:441-453. [PMID: 36271620 PMCID: PMC10099902 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Leaf structure plays an important role in photosynthesis. However, the causal relationship and the quantitative importance of any single structural parameter to the overall photosynthetic performance of a leaf remains open to debate. In this paper, we report on a mechanistic model, eLeaf, which successfully captures rice leaf photosynthetic performance under varying environmental conditions of light and CO2 . We developed a 3D reaction-diffusion model for leaf photosynthesis parameterised using a range of imaging data and biochemical measurements from plants grown under ambient and elevated CO2 and then interrogated the model to quantify the importance of these elements. The model successfully captured leaf-level photosynthetic performance in rice. Photosynthetic metabolism underpinned the majority of the increased carbon assimilation rate observed under elevated CO2 levels, with a range of structural elements making positive and negative contributions. Mesophyll porosity could be varied without any major outcome on photosynthetic performance, providing a theoretical underpinning for experimental data. eLeaf allows quantitative analysis of the influence of morphological and biochemical properties on leaf photosynthesis. The analysis highlights a degree of leaf structural plasticity with respect to photosynthesis of significance in the context of attempts to improve crop photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xiao
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Plant Science, Institute of Plant Physiology and EcologyCASShanghai200032China
| | - Jen Sloan
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, BiosciencesUniversity of SheffieldWestern BankSheffieldS10 2TNUK
| | - Chris Hepworth
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, BiosciencesUniversity of SheffieldWestern BankSheffieldS10 2TNUK
| | - Marc Fradera‐Soler
- Division of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, School of BiosciencesUniversity of NottinghamSutton Bonington Campus, LoughboroughLeicestershireLE12 5RDUK
| | - Andrew Mathers
- Division of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, School of BiosciencesUniversity of NottinghamSutton Bonington Campus, LoughboroughLeicestershireLE12 5RDUK
| | - Rachel Thorley
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, BiosciencesUniversity of SheffieldWestern BankSheffieldS10 2TNUK
| | - Alice Baillie
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, BiosciencesUniversity of SheffieldWestern BankSheffieldS10 2TNUK
| | - Hannah Jones
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, BiosciencesUniversity of SheffieldWestern BankSheffieldS10 2TNUK
| | - Tiangen Chang
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Plant Science, Institute of Plant Physiology and EcologyCASShanghai200032China
| | - Xingyuan Chen
- Pacific Northwest National LaboratoryRichlandWA99354USA
| | - Nazmin Yaapar
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of AgricultureUniversiti Putra Malaysia43400SerdangMalaysia
| | - Colin P. Osborne
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, BiosciencesUniversity of SheffieldWestern BankSheffieldS10 2TNUK
| | - Craig Sturrock
- Division of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, School of BiosciencesUniversity of NottinghamSutton Bonington Campus, LoughboroughLeicestershireLE12 5RDUK
| | - Sacha J. Mooney
- Division of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, School of BiosciencesUniversity of NottinghamSutton Bonington Campus, LoughboroughLeicestershireLE12 5RDUK
| | - Andrew J. Fleming
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, BiosciencesUniversity of SheffieldWestern BankSheffieldS10 2TNUK
| | - Xin‐Guang Zhu
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Plant Science, Institute of Plant Physiology and EcologyCASShanghai200032China
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18
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Fletcher LR, Scoffoni C, Farrell C, Buckley TN, Pellegrini M, Sack L. Testing the association of relative growth rate and adaptation to climate across natural ecotypes of Arabidopsis. New Phytol 2022; 236:413-432. [PMID: 35811421 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ecophysiologists have reported a range of relationships, including intrinsic trade-offs across and within species between plant relative growth rate in high resource conditions (RGR) vs adaptation to tolerate cold or arid climates, arising from trait-based mechanisms. Few studies have considered ecotypes within a species, in which the lack of a trade-off would contribute to a wide species range and resilience to climate change. For 15 ecotypes of Arabidopsis thaliana in a common garden we tested for associations between RGR vs adaptation to cold or dry native climates and assessed hypotheses for its mediation by 15 functional traits. Ecotypes native to warmer, drier climates had higher leaf density, leaf mass per area, root mass fraction, nitrogen per leaf area and carbon isotope ratio, and lower osmotic potential at full turgor. Relative growth rate was statistically independent of the climate of the ecotype native range and of individual functional traits. The decoupling of RGR and cold or drought adaptation in Arabidopsis is consistent with multiple stress resistance and avoidance mechanisms for ecotypic climate adaptation and would contribute to the species' wide geographic range and resilience as the climate changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila R Fletcher
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Christine Scoffoni
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA
| | - Colin Farrell
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Thomas N Buckley
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Matteo Pellegrini
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Lawren Sack
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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19
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Rozentsvet O, Shuyskaya E, Bogdanova E, Nesterov V, Ivanova L. Effect of Salinity on Leaf Functional Traits and Chloroplast Lipids Composition in Two C 3 and C 4 Chenopodiaceae Halophytes. Plants (Basel) 2022; 11:2461. [PMID: 36235330 PMCID: PMC9572261 DOI: 10.3390/plants11192461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Salt stress is one of the most common abiotic kinds of stress. Understanding the key mechanisms of salt tolerance in plants involves the study of halophytes. The effect of salinity was studied in two halophytic annuals of Chenopodiaceae Salicornia perennans Willd. and Climacoptera crassa (Bied.) Botsch. These species are plants with C3 and C4-metabolism, respectively. We performed a comprehensive analysis of the photosynthetic apparatus of these halophyte species at different levels of integration. The C3 species S. perennans showed larger variation in leaf functional traits-both at the level of cell morphology and membrane system (chloroplast envelope and thylakoid). S. perennans also had larger photosynthetic cells, by 10-15 times, and more effective mechanisms of osmoregulation and protecting cells against the toxic effect of Na+. Salinity caused changes in photosynthetic tissues of C. crassa such as an increase of the mesophyll cell surface, the expansion of the interface area between mesophyll and bundle sheath cells, and an increase of the volume of the latter. These functional changes compensated for scarce CO2 supply when salinity increased. Overall, we concluded that these C3 and C4 Chenopodiaceae species demonstrated different responses to salinity, both at the cellular and subcellular levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Rozentsvet
- Samara Federal Research Scientific Center Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Ecology of Volga River Basin, Russian Academy of Sciences, 445003 Togliatti, Russia
| | - Elena Shuyskaya
- K. A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 127276 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena Bogdanova
- Samara Federal Research Scientific Center Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Ecology of Volga River Basin, Russian Academy of Sciences, 445003 Togliatti, Russia
| | - Viktor Nesterov
- Samara Federal Research Scientific Center Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Ecology of Volga River Basin, Russian Academy of Sciences, 445003 Togliatti, Russia
| | - Larisa Ivanova
- The Institute of Environmental and Agricultural Biology (X-BIO), Tyumen State University, 625003 Tyumen, Russia
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20
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Bartlett MK. Cycads defy expectations for the coordination between drought and mechanical resistance. A commentary on: 'Correlations between leaf economics, mechanical resistance and drought tolerance across 41 cycad species'. Ann Bot 2022; 130:ix-xi. [PMID: 35366305 PMCID: PMC9486914 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcac040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
This article comments on: Yi-Yi Meng, Wei Xiang, Yin Wen, Dong-Liu Huang, Kun-Fang Cao, and Shi-Dan Zhu, Correlations between leaf economics, mechanical resistance and drought tolerance across 41 cycad species, Annals of Botany, Volume 130, Issue 3, 1 September 2022, Pages 345–354 https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcab146
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21
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Koyama K, Smith DD. Scaling the leaf length-times-width equation to predict total leaf area of shoots. Ann Bot 2022; 130:215-230. [PMID: 35350072 PMCID: PMC9445601 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcac043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS An individual plant consists of different-sized shoots, each of which consists of different-sized leaves. To predict plant-level physiological responses from the responses of individual leaves, modelling this within-shoot leaf size variation is necessary. Within-plant leaf trait variation has been well investigated in canopy photosynthesis models but less so in plant allometry. Therefore, integration of these two different approaches is needed. METHODS We focused on an established leaf-level relationship that the area of an individual leaf lamina is proportional to the product of its length and width. The geometric interpretation of this equation is that different-sized leaf laminas from a single species share the same basic form. Based on this shared basic form, we synthesized a new length-times-width equation predicting total shoot leaf area from the collective dimensions of leaves that comprise a shoot. Furthermore, we showed that several previously established empirical relationships, including the allometric relationships between total shoot leaf area, maximum individual leaf length within the shoot and total leaf number of the shoot, can be unified under the same geometric argument. We tested the model predictions using five species, all of which have simple leaves, selected from diverse taxa (Magnoliids, monocots and eudicots) and from different growth forms (trees, erect herbs and rosette herbs). KEY RESULTS For all five species, the length-times-width equation explained within-species variation of total leaf area of a shoot with high accuracy (R2 > 0.994). These strong relationships existed despite leaf dimensions scaling very differently between species. We also found good support for all derived predictions from the model (R2 > 0.85). CONCLUSIONS Our model can be incorporated to improve previous models of allometry that do not consider within-shoot size variation of individual leaves, providing a cross-scale linkage between individual leaf-size variation and shoot-size variation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Duncan D Smith
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 430 Lincoln Dr., Madison, WI, USA
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22
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Lei Z, Westerband AC, Wright IJ, He Y, Zhang W, Cai X, Zhou Z, Liu F, Zhang Y. Leaf trait covariation and controls on leaf mass per area (LMA) following cotton domestication. Ann Bot 2022; 130:231-243. [PMID: 35849070 PMCID: PMC9445596 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcac086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The process of domestication has driven dramatic shifts in plant functional traits, including leaf mass per area (LMA). It remains unclear whether domestication has produced concerted shifts in the lower-level anatomical traits that underpin LMA and how these traits in turn affect photosynthesis. METHODS In this study we investigated controls of LMA and leaf gas exchange by leaf anatomical properties at the cellular, tissue and whole-leaf levels, comparing 26 wild and 31 domesticated genotypes of cotton (Gossypium). KEY RESULTS As expected, domesticated plants expressed lower LMA, higher photosynthesis and higher stomatal conductance, suggesting a shift towards the 'faster' end of the leaf economics spectrum. At whole-leaf level, variation in LMA was predominantly determined by leaf density (LD) both in wild and domesticated genotypes. At tissue level, higher leaf volume per area (Vleaf) in domesticated genotypes was driven by a simultaneous increase in the volume of epidermal, mesophyll and vascular bundle tissue and airspace, while lower LD resulted from a lower volume of palisade tissue and vascular bundles (which are of high density), paired with a greater volume of epidermis and airspace, which are of low density. The volume of spongy mesophyll exerted direct control on photosynthesis in domesticated genotypes but only indirect control in wild genotypes. At cellular level, a shift to larger but less numerous cells with thinner cell walls underpinned a lower proportion of cell wall mass, and thus a reduction in LD. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, cotton domestication has triggered synergistic shifts in the underlying determinants of LMA but also photosynthesis, at cell, tissue and whole-leaf levels, resulting in a marked shift in plant ecological strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangying Lei
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Shihezi University, Shihezi, P.R. China
- School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrea C Westerband
- School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
| | - Ian J Wright
- School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
- ARC Centre for Plant Success in Nature & Agriculture, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Yang He
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Shihezi University, Shihezi, P.R. China
| | - Wangfeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Shihezi University, Shihezi, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, P.R. China
| | - Zhongli Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, P.R. China
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23
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Cardoni M, Quero JL, Villar R, Mercado-blanco J. Physiological and Structural Responses of Olive Leaves Related to Tolerance/Susceptibility to Verticillium dahliae. Plants 2022; 11:2302. [PMID: 36079682 PMCID: PMC9459789 DOI: 10.3390/plants11172302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Verticillium wilt of olive (VWO), caused by the soil borne fungus Verticillium dahliae, is one of the most relevant diseases affecting this crop worldwide. One of the best VWO management strategies is the use of tolerant cultivars. Scarce information is available about physiological and structural responses in the leaves of olive cultivars displaying different levels of tolerance to VWO. To identify links between this phenotype and variations in functional characteristics of the leaves, this study examined the structural and physiological traits and the correlations among them in different olive varieties. This evaluation was conducted in the presence/absence of V. dahliae. On the one hand, no leaf trait but the area was related to VWO tolerance in the absence of the pathogen. On the other hand, after inoculation, susceptible cultivars showed lower leaf area and higher leaf mass per area and dry matter content. Furthermore, at the physiological level, these plants showed severe symptoms resembling water stress. Analyzing the relationships among physiological and structural traits revealed differences between tolerant and susceptible cultivars both in the absence and in the presence of V. dahliae. These results showed that olive leaves of VWO-tolerant and VWO-susceptible cultivars adopt different strategies to cope with the pathogen.
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24
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Earley AM, Temme AA, Cotter CR, Burke JM. Genomic regions associate with major axes of variation driven by gas exchange and leaf construction traits in cultivated sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Plant J 2022; 111:1425-1438. [PMID: 35815412 PMCID: PMC9545426 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Stomata and leaf veins play an essential role in transpiration and the movement of water throughout leaves. These traits are thus thought to play a key role in the adaptation of plants to drought and a better understanding of the genetic basis of their variation and coordination could inform efforts to improve drought tolerance. Here, we explore patterns of variation and covariation in leaf anatomical traits and analyze their genetic architecture via genome-wide association (GWA) analyses in cultivated sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Traits related to stomatal density and morphology as well as lower-order veins were manually measured from digital images while the density of minor veins was estimated using a novel deep learning approach. Leaf, stomatal, and vein traits exhibited numerous significant correlations that generally followed expectations based on functional relationships. Correlated suites of traits could further be separated along three major principal component (PC) axes that were heavily influenced by variation in traits related to gas exchange, leaf hydraulics, and leaf construction. While there was limited evidence of colocalization when individual traits were subjected to GWA analyses, major multivariate PC axes that were most strongly influenced by several traits related to gas exchange or leaf construction did exhibit significant genomic associations. These results provide insight into the genetic basis of leaf trait covariation and showcase potential targets for future efforts aimed at modifying leaf anatomical traits in sunflower.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley M. Earley
- Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgiaUSA
| | - Andries A. Temme
- Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgiaUSA
- Division of Intensive Plant Food SystemsHumboldt‐Universität zu Berlin10117BerlinGermany
| | | | - John M. Burke
- Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgiaUSA
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25
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Maenpuen P, Katabuchi M, Onoda Y, Zhou C, Zhang JL, Chen YJ. Sources and consequences of mismatch between leaf disc and whole-leaf leaf mass per area (LMA). Am J Bot 2022; 109:1242-1250. [PMID: 35862826 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Leaf mass per area (LMA), which is an important functional trait in leaf economic spectrum and plant growth analysis, is measured from leaf discs or whole leaves. Differences between the measurement methods may lead to large differences in the estimates of LMA values. METHODS We examined to what extent estimates of LMA based on whole leaves match those based on discs using 334 woody species from a wide range of biomes (tropics, subtropics, savanna, and temperate), whether the relationship varied by leaf morphology (tissue density, leaf area, leaf thickness), punch size (0.6- and 1.0-cm diameter), and whether the extent of intraspecifc variation for each species matches. RESULTS Disc-based estimates of species mean LMA matched the whole-leaf estimates well, and whole-leaf LMA tended to be 9.69% higher than leaf-disc LMA. The ratio of whole-leaf LMA to leaf-disc LMA was higher for species with higher leaf tissue density and larger leaves, and variance in the ratio was greater for species with lower leaf tissue density and thinner leaves. Estimates based on small leaf discs also inflated the ratio. The extent of the intraspecific variation only weakly matched between whole-leaf and disc-based estimates (R2 = 0.08). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that simple conversion between whole-leaf and leaf-disc LMA is difficult for species obtained with a small leaf punch, but it should be possible for species obtained with a large+ leaf punch. Accurately representing leaf traits will likely require careful selection between leaf-disc and whole-leaf traits depending on the objectives. Quantifying intraspecific variation using leaf discs should be also considered with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phisamai Maenpuen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Yunnan, 666303, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Center of Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yunnan, 666303, China
| | - Masatoshi Katabuchi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Yunnan, 666303, China
| | - Yusuke Onoda
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Cong Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Yunnan, 666303, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jiao-Lin Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Yunnan, 666303, China
- Center of Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yunnan, 666303, China
| | - Ya-Jun Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Yunnan, 666303, China
- Center of Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yunnan, 666303, China
- Savanna Ecosystem Research Station, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuanjiang, Yunnan, 6663300, China
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26
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Li Y, Liu C, Sack L, Xu L, Li M, Zhang J, He N. Leaf trait network architecture shifts with species-richness and climate across forests at continental scale. Ecol Lett 2022; 25:1442-1457. [PMID: 35397188 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Variation in the architecture of trait networks among ecosystems has been rarely quantified, but can provide high resolution of the contrasting adaptation of the whole phenotype. We constructed leaf trait networks (LTNs) from 35 structural, anatomical and compositional leaf traits for 394 tree species in nine forests from tropical to cold-temperate zones in China. Our analyses supported the hypothesis that LTNs would increase in modular complexity across forests in parallel with species-richness and climatic warmth and moisture, due to reduced phenotypic constraints and greater opportunities for niche differentiation. Additionally, we found that within LTNs, leaf economics traits including leaf thickness would have central importance, acting as hub traits with high connectivity due to their contributions to multiple functions. Across the continent, the greater species richness and trait diversity observed in forests under resource-rich climates enable greater complexity in whole phenotype structure and function as indicated by the trait network architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Congcong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lawren Sack
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Li Xu
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mingxu Li
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiahui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Nianpeng He
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, and Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Changchun, China
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27
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An N, Lu N, Fu B, Chen W, Keyimu M, Wang M. Evidence of Differences in Covariation Among Root Traits Across Plant Growth Forms, Mycorrhizal Types, and Biomes. Front Plant Sci 2022; 12:785589. [PMID: 35154176 PMCID: PMC8836870 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.785589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Fine roots play an important role in plant ecological strategies, adaptation to environmental constraints, and ecosystem functions. Covariation among root traits influence the physiological and ecological processes of plants and ecosystems. Root trait covariation in multiple dimensions at the global scale has been broadly discussed. How fine-root traits covary at the regional scale and whether the covariation is generalizable across plant growth forms, mycorrhizal types, and biomes are largely unknown. Here, we collected six key traits - namely root diameter (RD), specific root length (SRL), root tissue density (RTD), root C content (RCC), root N content (RNC), and root C:N ratio (RCN) - of first- and second-order roots of 306 species from 94 sampling sites across China. We examined the covariation in root traits among different plant growth forms, mycorrhizal types, and biomes using the phylogenetic principal component analysis (pPCA). Three independent dimensions of the covariation in root traits were identified, accounting for 39.0, 26.1, and 20.2% of the total variation, respectively. The first dimension was represented by SRL, RNC, RTD, and RCN, which was in line with the root economics spectrum (RES). The second dimension described a negative relationship between RD and SRL, and the third dimension was represented by RCC. These three main principal components were mainly influenced by biome and mycorrhizal type. Herbaceous and ectomycorrhizal species showed a more consistent pattern with the RES, in which RD, RTD, and RCN were negatively correlated with SRL and RNC within the first axis compared with woody and arbuscular mycorrhizal species, respectively. Our results highlight the roles of plant growth form, mycorrhizal type, and biome in shaping root trait covariation, suggesting that root trait relationships in specific regions may not be generalized from global-scale analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannan An
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bojie Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Weiliang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Maierdang Keyimu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Mengyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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28
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Hughes NM, George CO, Gumpman CB, Neufeld HS. Coevolution and photoprotection as complementary hypotheses for autumn leaf reddening: a nutrient-centered perspective. New Phytol 2022; 233:22-29. [PMID: 34738236 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Hughes
- Department of Biology, High Point University, 1 N University Pkwy, High Point, NC, 27268, USA
| | - Christian O George
- Department of Biology, High Point University, 1 N University Pkwy, High Point, NC, 27268, USA
| | - Corinne B Gumpman
- Department of Biology, High Point University, 1 N University Pkwy, High Point, NC, 27268, USA
| | - Howard S Neufeld
- Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, 287 Rivers St.,, Boone, NC, 28608, USA
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29
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de la Riva EG, Querejeta JI, Villar R, Pérez-Ramos IM, Marañón T, Galán Díaz J, de Tomás Marín S, Prieto I. The Economics Spectrum Drives Root Trait Strategies in Mediterranean Vegetation. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:773118. [PMID: 34887894 PMCID: PMC8649719 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.773118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Extensive research efforts are devoted to understand fine root trait variation and to confirm the existence of a belowground root economics spectrum (RES) from acquisitive to conservative root strategies that is analogous to the leaf economics spectrum (LES). The economics spectrum implies a trade-off between maximizing resource acquisition and productivity or maximizing resource conservation and longevity; however, this theoretical framework still remains controversial for roots. We compiled a database of 320 Mediterranean woody and herbaceous species to critically assess if the classic economics spectrum theory can be broadly extended to roots. Fine roots displayed a wide diversity of forms and properties in Mediterranean vegetation, resulting in a multidimensional trait space. The main trend of variation in this multidimensional root space is analogous to the main axis of LES, while the second trend of variation is partially determined by an anatomical trade-off between tissue density and diameter. Specific root area (SRA) is the main trait explaining species distribution along the RES, regardless of the selected traits. We advocate for the need to unify and standardize the criteria and approaches used within the economics framework between leaves and roots, for the sake of theoretical consistency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José Ignacio Querejeta
- Departamento de Conservación de Suelos y Agua, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura – Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CEBAS-CSIC), Murcia, Spain
| | - Rafael Villar
- Área de Ecología, Departamento de Botánica, Ecología y Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias, Córdoba, Spain
| | | | - Teodoro Marañón
- Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Seville (IRNAS), CSIC, Seville, Spain
| | | | | | - Iván Prieto
- Departamento de Conservación de Suelos y Agua, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura – Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CEBAS-CSIC), Murcia, Spain
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Biología y Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad de León, León, Spain
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30
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Ferguson JN, Fernandes SB, Monier B, Miller ND, Allen D, Dmitrieva A, Schmuker P, Lozano R, Valluru R, Buckler ES, Gore MA, Brown PJ, Spalding EP, Leakey ADB. Machine learning-enabled phenotyping for GWAS and TWAS of WUE traits in 869 field-grown sorghum accessions. Plant Physiol 2021; 187:1481-1500. [PMID: 34618065 PMCID: PMC9040483 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) is a model C4 crop made experimentally tractable by extensive genomic and genetic resources. Biomass sorghum is studied as a feedstock for biofuel and forage. Mechanistic modeling suggests that reducing stomatal conductance (gs) could improve sorghum intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE) and biomass production. Phenotyping to discover genotype-to-phenotype associations remains a bottleneck in understanding the mechanistic basis for natural variation in gs and iWUE. This study addressed multiple methodological limitations. Optical tomography and a machine learning tool were combined to measure stomatal density (SD). This was combined with rapid measurements of leaf photosynthetic gas exchange and specific leaf area (SLA). These traits were the subject of genome-wide association study and transcriptome-wide association study across 869 field-grown biomass sorghum accessions. The ratio of intracellular to ambient CO2 was genetically correlated with SD, SLA, gs, and biomass production. Plasticity in SD and SLA was interrelated with each other and with productivity across wet and dry growing seasons. Moderate-to-high heritability of traits studied across the large mapping population validated associations between DNA sequence variation or RNA transcript abundance and trait variation. A total of 394 unique genes underpinning variation in WUE-related traits are described with higher confidence because they were identified in multiple independent tests. This list was enriched in genes whose Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) putative orthologs have functions related to stomatal or leaf development and leaf gas exchange, as well as genes with nonsynonymous/missense variants. These advances in methodology and knowledge will facilitate improving C4 crop WUE.
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Affiliation(s)
- John N Ferguson
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61901, USA
| | - Samuel B Fernandes
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61901, USA
| | - Brandon Monier
- Institute for Genomic Diversity, Cornell University, Ithaca, New
York 14853, USA
| | - Nathan D Miller
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
53706, USA
| | - Dylan Allen
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61901, USA
| | - Anna Dmitrieva
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61901, USA
| | - Peter Schmuker
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61901, USA
| | - Roberto Lozano
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science,
Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Ravi Valluru
- Institute for Genomic Diversity, Cornell University, Ithaca, New
York 14853, USA
- Present address: Lincoln Institute for Agri-Food Technology,
University of Lincoln, Lincoln LN2 2LG, UK
| | - Edward S Buckler
- Institute for Genomic Diversity, Cornell University, Ithaca, New
York 14853, USA
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science,
Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Michael A Gore
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science,
Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Patrick J Brown
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61901, USA
- Present address: Section of Agricultural Plant Biology,
Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, California 95616,
USA
| | - Edgar P Spalding
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
53706, USA
| | - Andrew D B Leakey
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61901, USA
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61901, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61901, USA
- Author for communication: ,
Present address: Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA,
UK
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Wang QW, Liu C, Robson TM, Hikosaka K, Kurokawa H. Leaf density and chemical composition explain variation in leaf mass area with spectral composition among 11 widespread forbs in a common garden. Physiol Plant 2021; 173:698-708. [PMID: 34309027 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Leaf mass per area (LMA) is a key leaf functional trait correlated with plant strategies dictating morphology, physiology, and biochemistry. Although sunlight is generally accepted as a dominant factor driving LMA, the contribution of each spectral region of sunlight in shaping LMA is poorly understood. In the present study, we grew 11 widespread forb species in a common garden and dissected the traits underpinning differences in LMA, such as its morphological components (leaf density [LD] and leaf thickness [LT]), macroelement, and metabolite composition under five spectral-attenuation treatments: (1) transmitting c. 95% of the whole solar spectrum (> 280 nm), (2) attenuating ultraviolet-B radiation (UV-B), (3) attenuating both UV-A and UV-B radiation, (4) attenuating UV radiation and blue light, (5) attenuating UV radiation, blue, and green light. We found that LMA, LD, and chemical traits varied significantly across species depending on spectral treatments. LMA was significantly increased by UV-B radiation and green light, while LD was increased by UV-A but decreased by blue light. LMA positively correlated with LD across treatments but was only weakly related to LT, suggesting that LD was a better determinate of LMA for this specific treatment. Regarding leaf elemental and metabolite composition, carbon, nitrogen, and total phenolics were all positively correlated with LMA, whereas lignin, non-structural carbohydrates, and soluble sugars had negative relationships with LMA. These trends imply a tradeoff between biomass allocation to structural and metabolically functional components. In conclusion, sunlight can spectrally drive LMA mainly through modifying functional and structural support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Wei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
- Department of Forest Vegetation, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Chenggang Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, China
- Center for Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xishuangbanna, China
| | - Thomas Matthew Robson
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology, Viikki Plant Science Centre (ViPS), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kouki Hikosaka
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroko Kurokawa
- Department of Forest Vegetation, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan
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González-Rebeles G, Terrazas T, Méndez-Alonzo R, Paz H, Brodribb TJ, Tinoco-Ojanguren C. Leaf water relations reflect canopy phenology rather than leaf life span in Sonoran Desert trees. Tree Physiol 2021; 41:1627-1640. [PMID: 33611521 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plants from arid environments display covarying traits to survive or resist drought. Plant drought resistance and ability to survive long periods of low soil water availability should involve leaf phenology coordination with leaf and stem functional traits related to water status. This study tested correlations between phenology and functional traits involved in plant water status regulation in 10 Sonoran Desert tree species with contrasting phenology. Species seasonal variation in plant water status was defined by calculating their relative positions along the iso/anisohydric regulation continuum based on their hydroscape areas (HA)-a metric derived from the relationship between predawn and midday water potentials-and stomatal and hydraulic traits. Additionally, functional traits associated with plant water status regulation, including lamina vessel hydraulic diameter (DHL), stem-specific density (SSD) and leaf mass per area (LMA) were quantified per species. To characterize leaf phenology, leaf longevity (LL) and canopy foliage duration (FD) were determined. Hydroscape area was strongly correlated with FD but not with leaf longevity (LL); HA was significantly associated with SSD and leaf hydraulic traits (DHL, LMA) but not with stem hydraulic traits (vulnerability index, relative conductivity); and FD was strongly correlated with LMA and SSD. Leaf physiological characteristics affected leaf phenology when it was described as canopy FD better than when described as LL. Stem and leaf structure and hydraulic functions were not only relevant for categorizing species along the iso/anisohydric continuum but also allowed identifying different strategies of desert trees within the 'fast-slow' plant economics spectrum. The results in this study pinpoint the set of evolutionary pressures that shape the Sonoran Desert Scrub physiognomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina González-Rebeles
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Hermosillo, Luis Donaldo Colosio s/n, 83250 Los Arcos, Hermosillo, Sonora, México
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Unidad de Posgrado, Circuito de Posgrados, Ciudad Universitaria 04510 Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Teresa Terrazas
- Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Zona Deportiva S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Rodrigo Méndez-Alonzo
- Departamento de Biología de la Conservación, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana No. 3918, 22860 Zona Playitas, Ensenada, Baja California, México
| | - Horacio Paz
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro No. 8701, 58190 Ex Hacienda de San José de la Huerta, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Tim J Brodribb
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tasmania, 7005 Sandy Bay, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Clara Tinoco-Ojanguren
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Hermosillo, Luis Donaldo Colosio s/n, 83250 Los Arcos, Hermosillo, Sonora, México
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Lichstein JW, Peterson BT, Langebrake J, McKinley SA. Leaf Economics of Early- and Late-Successional Plants. Am Nat 2021; 198:347-359. [PMID: 34403314 DOI: 10.1086/715453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe leaf economics spectrum ranges from cheap, short-lived leaves to expensive, long-lived leaves. Species with low leaf mass per area (LMA) and short leaf life span tend to be fast growing and shade intolerant (early successional), whereas species with high LMA and long leaf life span tend to be slow growing and shade tolerant (late successional). However, we have limited understanding of how different leaf mass components (e.g., metabolically active photosynthetic components vs. structural toughness components) contribute to variation in LMA and other leaf economics spectrum traits. Here, we develop a model of plant community dynamics in which species differ in just two traits, photosynthetic and structural LMA components, and we identify optimal values of these traits for early- and late-successional species. Most of the predicted increase in LMA from early- to late-successional species was due to structural LMA. Photosynthetic LMA did not differ consistently between early- and late-successional species, but the photosynthetic LMA to structural LMA ratio declined from early- to late-successional species. Early-successional species had high rates of instantaneous return on leaf mass investment, whereas late-successional species had high lifetime return. Our results provide theoretical support for the primary role of structural (rather than photosynthetic) LMA variation in driving relationships among leaf economics spectrum traits.
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Liu M, Liu X, Du X, Korpelainen H, Niinemets Ü, Li C. Anatomical variation of mesophyll conductance due to salt stress in Populus cathayana females and males growing under different inorganic nitrogen sources. Tree Physiol 2021; 41:1462-1478. [PMID: 33554242 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Synergistic regulation in leaf architecture and photosynthesis is essential for salt tolerance. However, how plant sex and inorganic nitrogen sources alter salt stress-dependent photosynthesis remains unknown. Leaf anatomical characteristics and photosynthesis of Populus cathayana Rehder females and males were investigated under salt stress conditions combined with nitrate NO3- and ammonium NH4+ supplies to clarify the underlying mechanisms. In salt-stressed females, we observed an increased mesophyll spongy cell density, a reduced chloroplast density, a decreased surface area of chloroplasts adjacent to the intercellular air space (Sc/S) and an increased mesophyll cell area per transverse section width (S/W), consequently causing mesophyll conductance (gm) and photosynthesis inhibition, especially under NH4+ supply. Conversely, males with a greater mesophyll palisade tissue thickness and chloroplast density, but a lower spongy cell density had lower S/W and higher Sc/S, and higher gm and photosynthesis. NH4+-fed females had a lower CO2 conductance through cell wall and stromal conductance perpendicular to the cell wall, but a higher chloroplast conductance from the cell wall (gcyt1) than females supplied with NO3-, whereas males had a higher chloroplast conductance and lower CO2 conductance through cell wall when supplied with NO3- instead of NH4+ under salt stress. These findings indicate sex-specific strategies in coping with salt stress related to leaf anatomy and gm under both types of nitrogen supplies, which may contribute to sex-specific CO2 capture and niche segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Liu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Yuhangtang Road 2318, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Xiucheng Liu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Yuhangtang Road 2318, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Xuhua Du
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Bamboo Resources and Utilization, China National Bamboo Research Center, State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Wenyi Road 310, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Helena Korpelainen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, PO P.O. Box 27, Latokartanonkaari 5, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
- Estonian Academy of Sciences, Kohtu 6, 10130 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Chunyang Li
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Yuhangtang Road 2318, Hangzhou 311121, China
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Májeková M, Hájek T, Albert ÁJ, Bello F, Doležal J, Götzenberger L, Janeček Š, Lepš J, Liancourt P, Mudrák O. Weak coordination between leaf drought tolerance and proxy traits in herbaceous plants. Funct Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Májeková
- Institute of Evolution and Ecology University of Tübingen Tübingen Germany
- Department of Soil Science Comenius University Bratislava Slovak Republic
| | - Tomáš Hájek
- Faculty of Science University of South Bohemia České Budějovice Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany Czech Academy of Sciences Třeboň Czech Republic
| | - Ágnes J. Albert
- Institute of Botany Czech Academy of Sciences Třeboň Czech Republic
| | - Francesco Bello
- Faculty of Science University of South Bohemia České Budějovice Czech Republic
- CIDE‐CSIC Valencia Spain
| | - Jiří Doležal
- Faculty of Science University of South Bohemia České Budějovice Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany Czech Academy of Sciences Třeboň Czech Republic
| | - Lars Götzenberger
- Faculty of Science University of South Bohemia České Budějovice Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany Czech Academy of Sciences Třeboň Czech Republic
| | - Štěpán Janeček
- Faculty of Science Charles University Prague Czech Republic
| | - Jan Lepš
- Faculty of Science University of South Bohemia České Budějovice Czech Republic
| | - Pierre Liancourt
- Institute of Evolution and Ecology University of Tübingen Tübingen Germany
- Institute of Botany Czech Academy of Sciences Třeboň Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Mudrák
- Institute of Botany Czech Academy of Sciences Třeboň Czech Republic
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Baird AS, Taylor SH, Pasquet-Kok J, Vuong C, Zhang Y, Watcharamongkol T, Scoffoni C, Edwards EJ, Christin PA, Osborne CP, Sack L. Developmental and biophysical determinants of grass leaf size worldwide. Nature 2021; 592:242-7. [PMID: 33762735 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03370-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
One of the most notable ecological trends-described more than 2,300 years ago by Theophrastus-is the association of small leaves with dry and cold climates, which has recently been recognized for eudicotyledonous plants at a global scale1-3. For eudicotyledons, this pattern has been attributed to the fact that small leaves have a thinner boundary layer that helps to avoid extreme leaf temperatures4 and their leaf development results in vein traits that improve water transport under cold or dry climates5,6. However, the global distribution of leaf size and its adaptive basis have not been tested in the grasses, which represent a diverse lineage that is distinct in leaf morphology and that contributes 33% of terrestrial primary productivity (including the bulk of crop production)7. Here we demonstrate that grasses have shorter and narrower leaves under colder and drier climates worldwide. We show that small grass leaves have thermal advantages and vein development that contrast with those of eudicotyledons, but that also explain the abundance of small leaves in cold and dry climates. The worldwide distribution of leaf size in grasses exemplifies how biophysical and developmental processes result in convergence across major lineages in adaptation to climate globally, and highlights the importance of leaf size and venation architecture for grass performance in past, present and future ecosystems.
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Sancho-Knapik D, Escudero A, Mediavilla S, Scoffoni C, Zailaa J, Cavender-Bares J, Álvarez-Arenas TG, Molins A, Alonso-Forn D, Ferrio JP, Peguero-Pina JJ, Gil-Pelegrín E. Deciduous and evergreen oaks show contrasting adaptive responses in leaf mass per area across environments. New Phytol 2021; 230:521-534. [PMID: 33340114 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Increases in leaf mass per area (LMA) are commonly observed in response to environmental stresses and are achieved through increases in leaf thickness and/or leaf density. Here, we investigated how the two underlying components of LMA differ in relation to species native climates and phylogeny, across deciduous and evergreen species. Using a phylogenetic approach, we quantified anatomical, compositional and climatic variables from 40 deciduous and 45 evergreen Quercus species from across the Northern Hemisphere growing in a common garden. Deciduous species from shorter growing seasons tended to have leaves with lower LMA and leaf thickness than those from longer growing seasons, while the opposite pattern was found for evergreens. For both habits, LMA and thickness increased in arid environments. However, this shift was associated with increased leaf density in evergreens but reduced density in deciduous species. Deciduous and evergreen oaks showed fundamental leaf morphological differences that revealed a diverse adaptive response. While LMA in deciduous species may have diversified in tight coordination with thickness mainly modulated by aridity, diversification of LMA within evergreens appears to be dependent on the infrageneric group, with diversification in leaf thickness modulated by both aridity and cold, while diversification in leaf density is only modulated by aridity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domingo Sancho-Knapik
- Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Unidad de Recursos Forestales, Avda. Montañana 930, Zaragoza, 50059, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón - IA2 (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), Zaragoza, 50013, Spain
| | - Alfonso Escudero
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, 37071, Spain
| | - Sonia Mediavilla
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, 37071, Spain
| | - Christine Scoffoni
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA
| | - Joseph Zailaa
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA
| | | | | | - Arántzazu Molins
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Universitat de les Illes Balears-INAGEA, Ctra. Valldemossa km. 7.5, Palma, Illes Balears, 07122, Spain
| | - David Alonso-Forn
- Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Unidad de Recursos Forestales, Avda. Montañana 930, Zaragoza, 50059, Spain
| | - Juan Pedro Ferrio
- Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Unidad de Recursos Forestales, Avda. Montañana 930, Zaragoza, 50059, Spain
- Aragon Agency for Research and Development (ARAID), Zaragoza, E-50018, Spain
| | - José Javier Peguero-Pina
- Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Unidad de Recursos Forestales, Avda. Montañana 930, Zaragoza, 50059, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón - IA2 (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), Zaragoza, 50013, Spain
| | - Eustaquio Gil-Pelegrín
- Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Unidad de Recursos Forestales, Avda. Montañana 930, Zaragoza, 50059, Spain
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Bernado WDP, Rakocevic M, Santos AR, Ruas KF, Baroni DF, Abraham AC, Pireda S, Oliveira DDS, Cunha MD, Ramalho JC, Campostrini E, Rodrigues WP. Biomass and Leaf Acclimations to Ultraviolet Solar Radiation in Juvenile Plants of Coffea arabica and C. canephora. Plants (Basel) 2021; 10:plants10040640. [PMID: 33800618 PMCID: PMC8065693 DOI: 10.3390/plants10040640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Despite the negative impacts of increased ultraviolet radiation intensity on plants, these organisms continue to grow and produce under the increased environmental UV levels. We hypothesized that ambient UV intensity can generate acclimations in plant growth, leaf morphology, and photochemical functioning in modern genotypes of Coffea arabica and C. canephora. Coffee plants were cultivated for ca. six months in a mini greenhouse under either near ambient (UVam) or reduced (UVre) ultraviolet regimes. At the plant scale, C. canephora was substantially more impacted by UVam when compared to C. arabica, investing more carbon in all juvenile plant components than under UVre. When subjected to UVam, both species showed anatomic adjustments at the leaf scale, such as increases in stomatal density in C. canephora, at the abaxial and adaxial cuticles in both species, and abaxial epidermal thickening in C. arabica, although without apparent impact on the thickness of palisade and spongy parenchyma. Surprisingly, C. arabica showed more efficient energy dissipation mechanism under UVam than C. canephora. UVam promoted elevated protective carotenoid content and a greater use of energy through photochemistry in both species, as reflected in the photochemical quenching increases. This was associated with an altered chlorophyll a/b ratio (significantly only in C. arabica) that likely promoted a greater capability to light energy capture. Therefore, UV levels promoted different modifications between the two Coffea sp. regarding plant biomass production and leaf morphology, including a few photochemical differences between species, suggesting that modifications at plant and leaf scale acted as an acclimation response to actual UV intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wallace de Paula Bernado
- Setor de Fisiologia Vegetal, Laboratório de Melhoramento Genético Vegetal, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Parque Califórnia, Campos dos Goytacazes, 28013-602 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; (W.d.P.B.); (A.R.S.); (K.F.R.); (D.F.B.); (A.C.A.)
| | - Miroslava Rakocevic
- Setor de Fisiologia Vegetal, Laboratório de Melhoramento Genético Vegetal, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Parque Califórnia, Campos dos Goytacazes, 28013-602 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; (W.d.P.B.); (A.R.S.); (K.F.R.); (D.F.B.); (A.C.A.)
| | - Anne Reis Santos
- Setor de Fisiologia Vegetal, Laboratório de Melhoramento Genético Vegetal, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Parque Califórnia, Campos dos Goytacazes, 28013-602 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; (W.d.P.B.); (A.R.S.); (K.F.R.); (D.F.B.); (A.C.A.)
| | - Katherine Fraga Ruas
- Setor de Fisiologia Vegetal, Laboratório de Melhoramento Genético Vegetal, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Parque Califórnia, Campos dos Goytacazes, 28013-602 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; (W.d.P.B.); (A.R.S.); (K.F.R.); (D.F.B.); (A.C.A.)
| | - Danilo Força Baroni
- Setor de Fisiologia Vegetal, Laboratório de Melhoramento Genético Vegetal, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Parque Califórnia, Campos dos Goytacazes, 28013-602 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; (W.d.P.B.); (A.R.S.); (K.F.R.); (D.F.B.); (A.C.A.)
| | - Ana Cabrera Abraham
- Setor de Fisiologia Vegetal, Laboratório de Melhoramento Genético Vegetal, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Parque Califórnia, Campos dos Goytacazes, 28013-602 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; (W.d.P.B.); (A.R.S.); (K.F.R.); (D.F.B.); (A.C.A.)
| | - Saulo Pireda
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense–Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, 28013-602 RJ Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; (S.P.); (D.d.S.O.); (M.D.C.)
| | - Dhiego da Silva Oliveira
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense–Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, 28013-602 RJ Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; (S.P.); (D.d.S.O.); (M.D.C.)
| | - Maura Da Cunha
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense–Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, 28013-602 RJ Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; (S.P.); (D.d.S.O.); (M.D.C.)
| | - José Cochicho Ramalho
- PlantStress and Biodiversity Lab., Centro de Estudos Florestais (CEF), Instituto Superior de Agronomia (ISA), Universidade de Lisboa (ULisboa), Av. República, 2784-505 Oeiras, Portugal; or
- Unidade de Geobiociências, Geoengenharias e Geotecnologias (GeoBioTec), Faculdade de Ciências Tecnologia (FCT), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (UNL), 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Eliemar Campostrini
- Setor de Fisiologia Vegetal, Laboratório de Melhoramento Genético Vegetal, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Parque Califórnia, Campos dos Goytacazes, 28013-602 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; (W.d.P.B.); (A.R.S.); (K.F.R.); (D.F.B.); (A.C.A.)
| | - Weverton Pereira Rodrigues
- Setor de Fisiologia Vegetal, Laboratório de Melhoramento Genético Vegetal, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Parque Califórnia, Campos dos Goytacazes, 28013-602 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; (W.d.P.B.); (A.R.S.); (K.F.R.); (D.F.B.); (A.C.A.)
- Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Naturais e Letras, Universidade Estadual da Região Tocantina do Maranhão, Avenida Brejo do Pinto, S/N, 65975-000 Maranhão, Brazil
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Bachle S, Nippert JB. Microanatomical traits track climate gradients for a dominant C4 grass species across the Great Plains, USA. Ann Bot 2021; 127:451-459. [PMID: 32780105 PMCID: PMC7988519 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Andropogon gerardii is a highly productive C4 grass species with a large geographic range throughout the North American Great Plains, a biome characterized by a variable temperate climate. Plant traits are often invoked to explain growth rates and competitive abilities within broad climate gradients. For example, plant competition models typically predict that species with large geographic ranges benefit from variation in traits underlying high growth potential. Here, we examined the relationship between climate variability and leaf-level traits in A. gerardii, emphasizing how leaf-level microanatomical traits serve as a mechanism that may underlie variation in commonly measured traits, such as specific leaf area (SLA). METHODS Andropogon gerardii leaves were collected in August 2017 from Cedar Creek Ecosystem Science Reserve (MN), Konza Prairie Biological Station (KS), Platte River Prairie (NE) and Rocky Mountain Research Station (SD). Leaves from ten individuals from each site were trimmed, stained and prepared for fluorescent confocal microscopy to analyse internal leaf anatomy. Leaf microanatomical data were compared with historical and growing season climate data extracted from PRISM spatial climate models. KEY RESULTS Microanatomical traits displayed large variation within and across sites. According to AICc (Akaike's information criterion adjusted for small sample sizes) selection scores, the interaction of mean precipitation and temperature for the 2017 growing season was the best predictor of variability for the anatomical and morphological traits measured here. Mesophyll area and bundle sheath thickness were directly correlated with mean temperature (annual and growing season). Tissues related to water-use strategies, such as bulliform cell and xylem area, were significantly correlated with one another. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that (1) microanatomical trait variation exists within this broadly distributed grass species, (2) microanatomical trait variability appears likely to impact leaf-level carbon and water use strategies, and (3) microanatomical trait values vary across climate gradients, and may underlie variation in traits measured at larger ecological scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seton Bachle
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
- For correspondence. E-mail
| | - Jesse B Nippert
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
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Anderegg LDL, Loy X, Markham IP, Elmer CM, Hovenden MJ, HilleRisLambers J, Mayfield MM. Aridity drives coordinated trait shifts but not decreased trait variance across the geographic range of eight Australian trees. New Phytol 2021; 229:1375-1387. [PMID: 32638379 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Large intraspecific functional trait variation strongly impacts many aspects of communities and ecosystems, and is the medium upon which evolution works. Yet intraspecific trait variation is inconsistent and hard to predict across traits, species and locations. We measured within-species variation in leaf mass per area (LMA), leaf dry matter content (LDMC), branch wood density (WD), and allocation to stem area vs leaf area in branches (branch Huber value (HV)) across the aridity range of seven Australian eucalypts and a co-occurring Acacia species to explore how traits and their variances change with aridity. Within species, we found consistent increases in LMA, LDMC and WD and HV with increasing aridity, resulting in consistent trait coordination across leaves and branches. However, this coordination only emerged across sites with large climate differences. Unlike trait means, patterns of trait variance with aridity were mixed across populations and species. Only LDMC showed constrained trait variation in more xeric species and drier populations that could indicate limits to plasticity or heritable trait variation. Our results highlight that climate can drive consistent within-species trait patterns, but that patterns might often be obscured by the complex nature of morphological traits, sampling incomplete species ranges or sampling confounded stress gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leander D L Anderegg
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Xingwen Loy
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | | | - Christina M Elmer
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld, 4072, Australia
| | - Mark J Hovenden
- Biological Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, 7005, Australia
| | | | - Margaret M Mayfield
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld, 4072, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
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Machado R, Loram-Lourenço L, Farnese FS, Alves RDFB, de Sousa LF, Silva FG, Filho SCV, Torres-Ruiz JM, Cochard H, Menezes-Silva PE. Where do leaf water leaks come from? Trade-offs underlying the variability in minimum conductance across tropical savanna species with contrasting growth strategies. New Phytol 2021; 229:1415-1430. [PMID: 32964437 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Plants continue to lose water from their leaves even after complete stomatal closure. Although this minimum conductance (gleaf-res ) has substantial impacts on strategies of water use and conservation, little is known about the potential drivers underlying the variability of this trait across species. We thus untangled the relative contribution of water leaks from the cuticle and stomata in order to investigate how the variability in leaf morphological and anatomical traits is related to the variation in gleaf-res and carbon assimilation capacity across 30 diverse species from the Brazilian Cerrado. In addition to cuticle permeance, water leaks from stomata had a significant impact on gleaf-res . The differential pattern of stomata distribution in the epidermis was a key factor driving this variation, suggesting the existence of a trade-off between carbon assimilation and water loss through gleaf-res . For instance, higher gleaf-res , observed in fast-growing species, was associated with the investment in small and numerous stomata, which allowed higher carbon assimilation rates but also increased water leaks, with negative impacts on leaf survival under drought. Variation in cuticle structural properties was not linked to gleaf-res . Our results therefore suggest the existence of a trade-off between carbon assimilation efficiency and dehydration tolerance at foliar level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan Machado
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology Goiano, Campus Rio Verde, Rio Verde, 75901-970, Brazil
| | - Lucas Loram-Lourenço
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology Goiano, Campus Rio Verde, Rio Verde, 75901-970, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Santos Farnese
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology Goiano, Campus Rio Verde, Rio Verde, 75901-970, Brazil
| | - Rauander Douglas Ferreira Barros Alves
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology Goiano, Campus Rio Verde, Rio Verde, 75901-970, Brazil
| | - Letícia Ferreira de Sousa
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology Goiano, Campus Rio Verde, Rio Verde, 75901-970, Brazil
| | - Fabiano Guimarães Silva
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology Goiano, Campus Rio Verde, Rio Verde, 75901-970, Brazil
| | - Sebastião Carvalho Vasconcelos Filho
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology Goiano, Campus Rio Verde, Rio Verde, 75901-970, Brazil
| | - José M Torres-Ruiz
- INRAE, PIAF, Université Clermont-Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, 63000, France
| | - Hervé Cochard
- INRAE, PIAF, Université Clermont-Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, 63000, France
| | - Paulo Eduardo Menezes-Silva
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology Goiano, Campus Rio Verde, Rio Verde, 75901-970, Brazil
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Abstract
Reinforced elastic sheets surround us in daily life, from concrete shell buildings to biological structures such as the arthropod exoskeleton or the venation network of dicotyledonous plant leaves. Natural structures are often highly optimized through evolution and natural selection, leading to the biologically and practically relevant problem of understanding and applying the principles of their design. Inspired by the hierarchically organized scaffolding networks found in plant leaves, here we model networks of bending beams that capture the discrete and nonuniform nature of natural materials. Using the principle of maximal rigidity under natural resource constraints, we show that optimal discrete beam networks reproduce the structural features of real leaf venation. Thus, in addition to its ability to efficiently transport water and nutrients, the venation network also optimizes leaf rigidity using the same hierarchical reticulated network topology. We study the phase space of optimal mechanical networks, providing concrete guidelines for the construction of elastic structures. We implement these natural design rules by fabricating efficient, biologically inspired metamaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Ronellenfitsch
- Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Physics Department, Williams College, 33 Lab Campus Drive, Williamstown, Massachusetts 01267, USA
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43
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Yao G, Nie Z, Turner NC, Li F, Gao T, Fang X, Scoffoni C. Combined high leaf hydraulic safety and efficiency provides drought tolerance in Caragana species adapted to low mean annual precipitation. New Phytol 2021; 229:230-244. [PMID: 32749703 PMCID: PMC7754512 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Clarifying the coordination of leaf hydraulic traits with gas exchange across closely-related species adapted to varying rainfall can provide insights into plant habitat distribution and drought adaptation. The leaf hydraulic conductance (Kleaf ), stomatal conductance (gs ), net assimilation (A), vein embolism and abscisic acid (ABA) concentration during dehydration were quantified, as well as pressure-volume curve traits and vein anatomy in 10 Caragana species adapted to a range of mean annual precipitation (MAP) conditions and growing in a common garden. We found a positive correlation between Ψleaf at 50% loss of Kleaf (Kleaf P50 ) and maximum Kleaf (Kleaf-max ) across species. Species from low-MAP environments exhibited more negative Kleaf P50 and turgor loss point, and higher Kleaf-max and leaf-specific capacity at full turgor, along with higher vein density and midrib xylem per leaf area, and a higher ratio of Kleaf-max : maximum gs . Tighter stomatal control mediated by higher ABA accumulation during dehydration in these species resulted in an increase in hydraulic safety and intrinsic water use efficiency (WUEi ) during drought. Our results suggest that high hydraulic safety and efficiency combined with greater stomatal sensitivity triggered by ABA production and leading to greater WUEi provides drought tolerance in Caragana species adapted to low-MAP environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang‐Qian Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro‐ecosystemsSchool of Life SciencesLanzhou UniversityLanzhou730000China
| | - Zheng‐Fei Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro‐ecosystemsSchool of Life SciencesLanzhou UniversityLanzhou730000China
| | - Neil C. Turner
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro‐ecosystemsSchool of Life SciencesLanzhou UniversityLanzhou730000China
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture and UWA School of Agriculture and EnvironmentThe University of Western AustraliaM082, 35 Stirling HighwayCrawleyWA6009Australia
| | - Feng‐Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro‐ecosystemsSchool of Life SciencesLanzhou UniversityLanzhou730000China
| | - Tian‐Peng Gao
- The Engineering Research Center of Mining Pollution Treatment and Ecological Restoration of Gansu ProvinceLanzhou City UniversityLanzhou730070China
| | - Xiang‐Wen Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro‐ecosystemsSchool of Life SciencesLanzhou UniversityLanzhou730000China
| | - Christine Scoffoni
- Department of Biological SciencesCalifornia State University Los Angeles5151 State University DriveLos AngelesCA90032USA
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Xu H, Blonder B, Jodra M, Malhi Y, Fricker M. Automated and accurate segmentation of leaf venation networks via deep learning. New Phytol 2021; 229:631-648. [PMID: 32964424 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Leaf vein network geometry can predict levels of resource transport, defence and mechanical support that operate at different spatial scales. However, it is challenging to quantify network architecture across scales due to the difficulties both in segmenting networks from images and in extracting multiscale statistics from subsequent network graph representations. Here we developed deep learning algorithms using convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to automatically segment leaf vein networks. Thirty-eight CNNs were trained on subsets of manually defined ground-truth regions from >700 leaves representing 50 southeast Asian plant families. Ensembles of six independently trained CNNs were used to segment networks from larger leaf regions (c. 100 mm2 ). Segmented networks were analysed using hierarchical loop decomposition to extract a range of statistics describing scale transitions in vein and areole geometry. The CNN approach gave a precision-recall harmonic mean of 94.5% ± 6%, outperforming other current network extraction methods, and accurately described the widths, angles and connectivity of veins. Multiscale statistics then enabled the identification of previously undescribed variation in network architecture across species. We provide a LeafVeinCNN software package to enable multiscale quantification of leaf vein networks, facilitating the comparison across species and the exploration of the functional significance of different leaf vein architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Xu
- Department of Engineering Science, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Benjamin Blonder
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, 120 Mulford Hall, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Miguel Jodra
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK
| | - Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK
| | - Mark Fricker
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
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Blonder B, Both S, Jodra M, Xu H, Fricker M, Matos IS, Majalap N, Burslem DFRP, Teh YA, Malhi Y. Linking functional traits to multiscale statistics of leaf venation networks. New Phytol 2020; 228:1796-1810. [PMID: 32712991 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Leaf venation networks evolved along several functional axes, including resource transport, damage resistance, mechanical strength, and construction cost. Because functions may depend on architectural features at different scales, network architecture may vary across spatial scales to satisfy functional tradeoffs. We develop a framework for quantifying network architecture with multiscale statistics describing elongation ratios, circularity ratios, vein density, and minimum spanning tree ratios. We quantify vein networks for leaves of 260 southeast Asian tree species in samples of up to 2 cm2 , pairing multiscale statistics with traits representing axes of resource transport, damage resistance, mechanical strength, and cost. We show that these multiscale statistics clearly differentiate species' architecture and delineate a phenotype space that shifts at larger scales; functional linkages vary with scale and are weak, with vein density, minimum spanning tree ratio, and circularity ratio linked to mechanical strength (measured by force to punch) and elongation ratio and circularity ratio linked to damage resistance (measured by tannins); and phylogenetic conservatism of network architecture is low but scale-dependent. This work provides tools to quantify the function and evolution of venation networks. Future studies including primary and secondary veins may uncover additional insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Blonder
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Sabine Both
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 3FX, UK
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| | - Miguel Jodra
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK
| | - Hao Xu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Mark Fricker
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Ilaíne S Matos
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Noreen Majalap
- Forest Research Centre, Sabah Forestry Department, Sandakan, Sabah, 90175, Malaysia
| | - David F R P Burslem
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 3FX, UK
| | - Yit Arn Teh
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK
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Wang Y, Yang D, Wu H, Zhang Y, Zhang S, Zhang Y, Zhang J. Overlapping Water and Nutrient Use Efficiencies and Carbon Assimilation between Coexisting Simple- and Compound-Leaved Trees from a Valley Savanna. Water 2020; 12:3037. [DOI: 10.3390/w12113037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Identifying differences in ecophysiology between simple and compound leaves can help understand the adaptive significance of the compound leaf form and its response to climate change. However, we still know surprisingly little about differences in water and nutrient use, and photosynthetic capacity between co-occurring compound-leaved and simple-leaved tree species, especially in savanna ecosystems with dry-hot climate conditions. From July to September in 2015, we investigated 16 functional traits associated with water use, nutrients, and photosynthesis of six deciduous tree species (three simple-leaved and three compound-leaved species) coexisting in a valley-savanna in Southwest China. Our major objective was to test the variation in these functional traits between these two leaf forms. Overall, overlapping leaf mass per area (LMA), photosynthesis, as well as leaf nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations were found between these coexisting valley-savanna simple- and compound-leaved tree species. We didn’t find significant differences in water and photosynthetic nitrogen or phosphorus use efficiency between simple and compound leaves. Across these simple- and compound-leaved tree species, photosynthetic phosphorus use efficiencies were positively related to LMA and negatively correlated with phosphorus concentration per mass or area. Water use efficiency (intrinsic water use efficiency or stable carbon isotopic composition) was independent of all leaf traits. Similar ecophysiology strategies among these coexisting valley-savanna simple- and compound-leaved species suggested a convergence in ecological adaptation to the hot and dry environment. The overlap in traits related to water use, carbon assimilation, and stress tolerance (e.g., LMA) also suggests a similar response of these two leaf forms to a hotter and drier future due to the climate change.
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Abstract
Photosynthesis involves capturing light energy and, most often, converting it to chemical energy stored as reduced carbon. It is the source of food, fuel, and fiber and there is a resurgent interest in basic research on photosynthesis. Plants make excellent use of visible light energy; leaves are ideally suited to optimize light use by having a large area per amount of material invested and also having leaf angles to optimize light utilization. It is thought that plants do not use green light but in fact they use green light better than blue light under some conditions. Leaves also have mechanisms to protect against excess light and how these work in a stochastic light environment is currently a very active area of current research. The speed at which photosynthesis can begin when leaves are first exposed to light and the speed of induction of protective mechanisms, as well as the speed at which protective mechanisms dissipate when light levels decline, have recently been explored. Research is also focused on reducing wasteful processes such as photorespiration, when oxygen instead of carbon dioxide is used. Some success has been reported in altering the path of carbon in photorespiration but on closer inspection there appears to be unforeseen effects contributing to the good news. The stoichiometry of interaction of light reactions with carbon metabolism is rigid and the time constants vary tremendously presenting large challenges to regulatory mechanisms. Regulatory mechanisms will be the topic of photosynthesis research for some time to come.
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Lu Z, Ren T, Li J, Hu W, Zhang J, Yan J, Li X, Cong R, Guo S, Lu J. Nutrition-mediated cell and tissue-level anatomy triggers the covariation of leaf photosynthesis and leaf mass per area. J Exp Bot 2020; 71:6524-6537. [PMID: 32725164 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plants in nutrient-poor habitats converge towards lower rates of leaf net CO2 assimilation (Aarea); however, they display variability in leaf mass investment per area (LMA). How a plant optimizes its leaf internal carbon investment may have knock-on effects on structural traits and, in turn, affect leaf carbon fixation. Quantitative models were applied to evaluate the structural causes of variations in LMA and their relevance to Aarea in rapeseed (Brassica napus) based on their responses to nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and boron (B) deficiencies. Leaf carbon fixation decreased in response to nutrient deficiency, but the photosynthetic limitations varied greatly depending on the deficient nutrient. In comparison with Aarea, the LMA exhibited diverse responses, being increased under P or B deficiency, decreased under K deficiency, and unaffected under N deficiency. These variations were due to changes in cell- and tissue-level carbon investments between cell dry mass density (N or K deficiency) and cellular anatomy, including cell dimension and number (P deficiency), or both (B deficiency). However, there was a conserved pattern independent of nutrient-specific limitations-low nutrient availability reduced leaf carbon fixation but increased carbon investment in non-photosynthetic structures, resulting in larger but fewer mesophyll cells with a thicker cell wall but a lower chloroplast surface area appressed to the intercellular airspace, which reduced the mesophyll conductance and feedback-limited Aarea. Our results provide insight into the importance of mineral nutrients in balancing the leaf carbon economy by coordinating leaf carbon assimilation and internal distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifeng Lu
- Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China
| | - Tao Ren
- Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Li
- Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenshi Hu
- Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianglin Zhang
- Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinyao Yan
- Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaokun Li
- Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China
| | - Rihuan Cong
- Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China
| | - Shiwei Guo
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianwei Lu
- Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China
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Wang Y, Donovan LA, Temme AA. Plasticity and the role of mass-scaling in allocation, morphology, and anatomical trait responses to above- and belowground resource limitation in cultivated sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L.). Plant Direct 2020; 4:e00274. [PMID: 33103045 PMCID: PMC7576876 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In the face of resource limitations, plants show plasticity in multiple trait categories, including biomass allocation, morphology, and anatomy, yet inevitably also grow less. The extent to which passive mass-scaling plays a role in trait responses that contribute to increased potential for resource acquisition is poorly understood. Here, we assessed the role of mass-scaling on the direction, magnitude, and coordination of trait plasticity to light and/or nutrient limitation in cultivated sunflower (Helianthus annuus). We grew seedlings of 10 sunflower genotypes for 3 weeks in a factorial of light (50% shade) and nutrient (10% supply) limitation in the greenhouse and measured a suite of allocational, morphological, and anatomical traits for leaves, stems, fine roots, and tap roots. Under resource limitation, plants were smaller and more biomass was allocated to the organ capturing the most limiting resource, as expected. Traits varied in the magnitude of plasticity and the extent to which the observed response was passive (scaled with plant mass) and/or had an additional active component. None of the allocational responses were primarily passive. Plastic changes to specific leaf area and specific root length were primarily active, and adjusted toward more acquisitive trait values under light and nutrient limitation, respectively. For many traits, the observed response was a mixture of active and passive components, and for some traits, the active adjustment was antagonistic to the direction of passive adjustment, for example, stem height, and tap root and stem theoretical hydraulic conductance. Passive scaling with size played a major role in the coordinated response to light, but correcting for mass clarified that the active responses to both limitations were more similar in magnitude, although still resource and organ specific. Our results demonstrate that both passive plasticity and active plasticity can contribute to increased uptake capacity for limiting resources in a manner that is resource, organ, and trait specific. Indeed, passive adjustments (scaling with mass) of traits due to resource stress extend well beyond just mass allocation traits. For a full understanding of plants' response to environmental stress, both passive and active plasticity need to be taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- College of ForestryShandong Agriculture UniversityTaianShandongChina
- Department of Plant BiologyFranklin College of Arts and SciencesThe University of GeorgiaAthensGAUSA
| | - Lisa A. Donovan
- Department of Plant BiologyFranklin College of Arts and SciencesThe University of GeorgiaAthensGAUSA
| | - Andries A. Temme
- Department of Plant BiologyFranklin College of Arts and SciencesThe University of GeorgiaAthensGAUSA
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50
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Hu W, Lu Z, Meng F, Li X, Cong R, Ren T, Sharkey TD, Lu J. The reduction in leaf area precedes that in photosynthesis under potassium deficiency: the importance of leaf anatomy. New Phytol 2020; 227:1749-1763. [PMID: 32367581 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Synergistic improvement in leaf photosynthetic area and rate is essential for enhancing crop yield. However, reduction in leaf area occurs earlier than that in the photosynthetic rate under potassium (K) deficiency stress. The photosynthetic capacity and anatomical characteristics of oilseed rape (Brassica napus) leaves in different growth stages under different K levels were observed to clarify the mechanism regulating this process. Increased mesophyll cell size and palisade tissue thickness, in K-deficient leaves triggered significant enlargement of mesophyll cell area per transverse section width (S/W), in turn inhibiting leaf expansion. However, there was only a minor difference in chloroplast morphology, likely because of K redistribution from vacuole to chloroplast. As K stress increased, decreased mesophyll surface exposed to intercellular space and chloroplast density induced longer distances between neighbouring chloroplasts (Dchl-chl ) and decreased the chloroplast surface area exposed to intercellular space (Sc /S); conversely this induced a greater limitation imposed by the cytosol on CO2 transport, further reducing the photosynthetic rate. Changes in S/W associated with mesophyll cell morphology occurred earlier than changes in Sc /S and Dchl-chl , inducing a decrease in leaf area before photosynthetic rate reduction. Adequate K nutrition simultaneously increases photosynthetic area and rate, thus enhancing crop yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenshi Hu
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhifeng Lu
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Fanjin Meng
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xiaokun Li
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Rihuan Cong
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Tao Ren
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Thomas D Sharkey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Jianwei Lu
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, 430070, China
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