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Cao Y, Liu M, Zhang W, Zhang X, Li X, Wang C, Zhang W, Liu H, Wang X. Characterization and childhood exposure assessment of toxic heavy metals in household dust under true living conditions from 10 China cities. Sci Total Environ 2024; 925:171669. [PMID: 38494014 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Health hazards caused by metal exposure in household dust are concerning environmental health problems. Exposure to toxic metals in household dust imposes unclear but solid health risks, especially for children. In this multicenter cross-sectional study, a total of 250 household dust samples were collected from ten stratified cities in China (Panjin, Shijiazhuang, Qingdao, Lanzhou, Luoyang, Ningbo, Xi'an, Wuxi, Mianyang, Shenzhen) between April 2018 and March 2019. Questionnaire was conducted to gather information on individuals' living environment and health status in real-life situations. Multivariate logistic regression and principal component analysis were conducted to identify risk factors and determine the sources of metals in household dust. The median concentration of five metals in household dust from 10 cities ranged from 0.03 to 73.18 μg/g. Among the five heavy metals, only chromium in household dust of Mianyang was observed significantly both higher in the cold season and from the downwind households. Mercury, cadmium, and chromium were higher in the third-tier cities, with levels of 0.08, 0.30 and 97.28 μg/g, respectively. There were two sources with a contribution rate of 38.3 % and 25.8 %, respectively. Potential risk factors for increased metal concentration include long residence time, close to the motorway, decoration within five years, and purchase of new furniture within one year. Under both moderate and high exposure scenarios, chromium showed the highest level of exposure with 6.77 × 10-4 and 2.28 × 10-3 mg·kg-1·d-1, and arsenic imposed the highest lifetime carcinogenic risk at 1.67 × 10-4 and 3.17 × 10-4, respectively. The finding highlighted the priority to minimize childhood exposure of arsenic from household dust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Cao
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Mengmeng Liu
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Wenying Zhang
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Xiaotong Zhang
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Xu Li
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Chao Wang
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Weiyi Zhang
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Hang Liu
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Xianliang Wang
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China.
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Khajooee N, Modabberi S, Khoshmanesh Zadeh B, Razavian F, Gayà-Caro N, Sierra J, Rovira J. Contamination level, spatial distribution, and sources of potentially toxic elements in indoor settled household dusts in Tehran, Iran. Environ Geochem Health 2024; 46:56. [PMID: 38270787 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-023-01838-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Tehran, the capital city of Iran, has been facing air pollution for several decades due to rapid urbanization, population growth, improper vehicle use, and the low quality of fuels. In this study, 31 indoor dust samples were collected passively from residential and commercial buildings located in the central and densely populated districts of the city. These samples were analyzed after preparation to measure the concentration of elements (As, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se, Sr, V, Zn). Statistical data analyses were employed to compare their relationship across various uses, variations, and for source identification. Geochemical indices of contamination factor (CF) and pollution load index (PLI) were utilized to evaluate the degree of contamination. The mean concentrations of Zn, Cu, and Pb (938, 206, and 176 µg g-1, respectively) are 6, 5, and 3 times higher than their mean values in worldwide urban soils. Additionally, Cd, Mo, and Ni showed concentrations about 1.5 times higher, while As, Co, Cr, Mn, and Sr fell within the range of reference soils. Be, V, and Sb displayed remarkably lower mean values. Building use did not significantly influence element levels in indoor deposited dust except for Pb and Zn. A comparison of indoor concentrations with previously published data for outdoor dusts revealed higher enrichments of Mo, Cu, Pb, and Ni, while As, Cd, and Zn showed lower enrichments in street dust samples. The order of CF values indicated Hg > Zn > Cd > Pb > Cu > As > Ni > Cr > Co > V. For Hg, Zn, Pb, Cd, and Cu, all or almost all samples exhibited very high contamination. PLI values were consistently higher than 1, indicating contamination in all samples. Multivariate statistical analysis and Tehran's specific geological location suggested that mafic-intermediate volcanic rocks are primary sources for Cr, Cu, Fe, and Ni (PC1). As, Pb, and V (PC2) were attributed to fossil fuel combustion in vehicles and residential buildings. Pb is a legacy metal remaining from the use of leaded gasoline, which was phased out in the 1990s. Zn (PC3) is derived from vehicle tires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Khajooee
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, West Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soroush Modabberi
- School of Geology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Behnoush Khoshmanesh Zadeh
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, West Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Razavian
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, West Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nuria Gayà-Caro
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201, Reus, Catalonia, Spain
- Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), 43204, Reus, Catalonia, Spain
- Center of Environmental, Food and Toxicological Technology - TecnATox, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Jordi Sierra
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de Barcelona, Joan XXIII s/n Avenue, 08028, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Center of Environmental, Food and Toxicological Technology - TecnATox, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Joaquim Rovira
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201, Reus, Catalonia, Spain
- Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), 43204, Reus, Catalonia, Spain
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Paisos Catalans Avenue 26, 43007, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
- Center of Environmental, Food and Toxicological Technology - TecnATox, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
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Dwivedi S, Zehra F, Masih J, Gupta T, Lawrence A. Investigating the temporal dynamics of sub-micron particles and particle-bound transition metals in indoor air of a metropolitan city. Environ Geochem Health 2024; 46:49. [PMID: 38227135 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-023-01786-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
The present study portrays an association between particle-bound transition metals and children's health. The indoor air quality of the urban metropolitan city households was monitored for four PM sizes, namely PM1.0-2.5, PM0.50-1.0, PM0.25-0.50 and PM<0.25, in major seasons observed in the city; summer and winter. Further transition/heavy metals, viz. Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn, were analysed in PM1-2.5 samples. In order to evaluate the effect, health risk assessment was performed using mathematical and computational model for assessing dermal exposure and dose estimation (multiple path particle dosimetry model version3.0). The study principally targeted the children aged 2-15 years for the health risk assessment. According to the results, for the largest particle size i.e. PM1.0-2.5 the highest deposition was in the head region (49.1%) followed by pulmonary (43.6%) and tracheobronchial region (7.2%), whereas, for the smallest particle size i.e. PM<0.25 the highest deposition was obtained in the pulmonary region (73.0%) followed by the head (13.6%) and TB region (13.2%). Also, the most imperilled group of children with highest dose accumulation was found to be children aged 8-9 years for all particle sizes. Moreover, the dermal exposure dose as evaluated was found to be preeminent for Ni, Zn and Pb. Besides, seasonal variation gesticulated towards elevated concentrations in winter relative to the summer season. Altogether, the study will provide a conception to the researchers in the fields mounting season-specific guidelines and mitigation approaches. Conclusively, the study commends future work focussing on defining the effects of other chemical components on particles and associated transition metal composition along with proper extenuation of the same.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samridhi Dwivedi
- Department of Chemistry, Isabella Thoburn College, Lucknow, India
| | - Farheen Zehra
- Department of Chemistry, Isabella Thoburn College, Lucknow, India
| | - Jamson Masih
- Department of Chemistry, Wilson College, Mumbai, India
| | - Tarun Gupta
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India
| | - Alfred Lawrence
- Department of Chemistry, Isabella Thoburn College, Lucknow, India.
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Somsunun K, Prapamontol T, Kuanpan T, Santijitpakdee T, Kohsuwan K, Jeytawan N, Thongjan N. Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Indoor Household Dust in Urban and Rural Areas of Chiang Mai and Lamphun Provinces, Thailand. Toxics 2023; 11:1018. [PMID: 38133419 PMCID: PMC10747779 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11121018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Indoor exposure to heavy metals poses human health risks worldwide, but study reports from Thailand are still limited, particularly in rural and urban areas. We measured the heavy metals in a hundred indoor household dust samples collected from urban and rural areas in Chiang Mai and Lamphun provinces and found a significantly higher concentration of As in rural areas and Cd in urban areas with industrial activities. The source identification of the heavy metals showed significant enrichment from traffic emissions, paint, smoking, and mixed sources with natural soil. From health risk assessment models, children were more vulnerable to noncarcinogenic risks (HI = 1.45), primarily via ingestion (HQ = 1.39). Lifetime cancer risks (LCRs) due to heavy metal exposure were found in adults (LCR = 5.31 × 10-4) and children (LCR = 9.05 × 10-4). The cancer risks from As were higher in rural areas via ingestion, while Cr and Ni were higher in urban areas via inhalation and ingestion, respectively. This study estimated that approximately 5 out of 10,000 adults and 9 out of 10,000 children among the population may develop cancer in their lifetime from exposure to indoor heavy metals in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kawinwut Somsunun
- Environment and Health Research Group, Research Institute for Health Sciences (RIHES), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (K.S.); (T.K.); (T.S.); (K.K.); (N.J.); (N.T.)
- PhD Degree Program in Environmental Science, Environmental Science Research Center, Faculty of Science, Chiang University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Tippawan Prapamontol
- Environment and Health Research Group, Research Institute for Health Sciences (RIHES), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (K.S.); (T.K.); (T.S.); (K.K.); (N.J.); (N.T.)
| | - Todsabhorn Kuanpan
- Environment and Health Research Group, Research Institute for Health Sciences (RIHES), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (K.S.); (T.K.); (T.S.); (K.K.); (N.J.); (N.T.)
| | - Teetawat Santijitpakdee
- Environment and Health Research Group, Research Institute for Health Sciences (RIHES), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (K.S.); (T.K.); (T.S.); (K.K.); (N.J.); (N.T.)
| | - Kanyapak Kohsuwan
- Environment and Health Research Group, Research Institute for Health Sciences (RIHES), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (K.S.); (T.K.); (T.S.); (K.K.); (N.J.); (N.T.)
| | - Natwasan Jeytawan
- Environment and Health Research Group, Research Institute for Health Sciences (RIHES), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (K.S.); (T.K.); (T.S.); (K.K.); (N.J.); (N.T.)
| | - Nathaporn Thongjan
- Environment and Health Research Group, Research Institute for Health Sciences (RIHES), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (K.S.); (T.K.); (T.S.); (K.K.); (N.J.); (N.T.)
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Wang M, Xu X, Han Q, Lin X, Yuan H, Wang M, Jiang F, Wang W. Assessment of source-oriented health risk associated with the oral ingestion of heavy metals in dust within an iron/steel smelting-affected area of the North China Plain. Environ Res 2023; 237:117101. [PMID: 37689335 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals (HMs) from iron/steel smelting activities pose notable risks to human health, especially to those living around industrial facilities of North China Plain, the base of China's steel production. In this study, 78 outdoor windowsill dust samples were collected around a large-scale iron/steel smelter with more than 65 years of production history in the western North China Plain. Nine HMs were analysed to comprehensively assess the health risks by integrating Monte Carlo simulation, oral bioaccessibility, and source apportionment. Results showed serious pollution with Cd, Pb, and Zn based on their geo-accumulation index values and concentrations. Four potential sources including industrial sources (49.85%), traffic sources (21.78%), natural sources (20.58%), and coal combustion (7.79%) were quantitatively identified by multivariate statistical analysis. The oral bioaccessibilities of HMs determined by the physiologically based extraction test ranged from 0.02% to 65.16%. Zn, Mn, Cd, and Pb had higher bioaccessibilities than other HMs. After incorporating oral bioavailability adjustments, noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic risks were significantly reduced, especially for adults. The mean hazard index (HI) for children and adults was below the safety threshold (1.0), whereas the mean of the total carcinogenic risk (TCR) based on HM bioaccessibilities in the gastric phase remained above the acceptable level (1.0E-06) (children: 5.20E-06; adults: 1.16E-06). Traffic sources warranted increased concern as it substantially increased TCR. Cd was identified as the priority pollution in iron/steel smelting areas. Assessing source-oriented health risks associated with oral ingestion exposure can guide the management and control of HM contamination within iron/steel smelting-affected areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingya Wang
- College of Resource and Environment, Henan Polytechnic University, 454003, Jiaozuo, China
| | - Xiaohang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 550081, Guiyang, China; Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Colleage of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, 550025, Guiyang, China
| | - Qiao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 550081, Guiyang, China.
| | - Xihuang Lin
- Analysis and Test Center, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 361005, Xiamen, China
| | - Haijun Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 550081, Guiyang, China
| | - Mingshi Wang
- College of Resource and Environment, Henan Polytechnic University, 454003, Jiaozuo, China
| | - Fengcheng Jiang
- College of Resource and Environment, Henan Polytechnic University, 454003, Jiaozuo, China
| | - Wenju Wang
- College of Resource and Environment, Henan Polytechnic University, 454003, Jiaozuo, China
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Sharma B, Handique S, Jyethi DS. Elemental composition of rural household dust in Brahmaputra fluvial plain: insights from SEM-EDS, receptor model, and risk assessment. Environ Geochem Health 2023; 45:2447-2460. [PMID: 35995879 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-022-01361-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The study attempts to look into the morphological characteristics, elemental composition, contamination, source contributions, and associated health risks in household dust of Napaam, a rural region in the Brahmaputra flood plain in North East India. Morphological evidence suggests that most of the house dust particles were sourced from vehicle abrasion and soil. Three contamination indices-enrichment factor (EF), index of geo-accumulation (Igeo), and pollution load index (PLI) indicated that Cl and four trace elements (Cu, Zn, As, and Pb) are significantly enriched in house dust with extreme pollution load. Principal component analysis (PCA) and positive matrix factorization (PMF) revealed 3 potential major sources of elements in house dust-traffic + re-suspension of road dust (35.8%), soil dust (22.2%), and river sediment deposit (16.4%). Two minor sources-biomass burning (13.3%), and construction activities (12.3%) were also identified. Based on health risk assessment (HRA), both children and adult were found to be susceptible to non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijay Sharma
- Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal, India
- Department of Environmental Science, Tezpur University, Tezpur, Assam, India
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Mandi, Kamand, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Sumi Handique
- Department of Environmental Science, Tezpur University, Tezpur, Assam, India
| | - Darpa Saurav Jyethi
- Theoretical and Applied Sciences Unit, Physics and Earth Sciences Division, Indian Statistical Institute (ISI), North-East Centre, Tezpur, Assam, India.
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Huang D, Shen Z, Zhao S, Pei C, Jia N, Wang Y, Wu Y, Wang X, Shi S, He Y, Wang Z, Wang F. Sipeimine attenuates PM2.5-induced lung toxicity via suppression of NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis through activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 376:110448. [PMID: 36898572 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5), an environmental pollutant, significantly contributes to the incidence of and risk of mortality associated with respiratory diseases. Sipeimine (Sip) is a steroidal alkaloid in fritillaries that exerts antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects. However, protective effect of Sip for lung toxicity and its mechanism to date remains poorly understood. In the present study, we investigated the lung-protective effect of Sip via establishing the lung toxicity model of rats with orotracheal instillation of PM2.5 (7.5 mg/kg) suspension. Sprague-Dawley rats were intraperitoneally administered with Sip (15 mg/kg or 30 mg/kg) or vehicle daily for 3 days before instillation of PM2.5 suspension to establish the model of lung toxicity. The results found that Sip significantly improved pathological damage of lung tissue, mitigated inflammatory response, and inhibited lung tissue pyroptosis. We also found that PM2.5 activated the NLRP3 inflammasome as evidenced by the upregulation levels of NLRP3, cleaved-caspase-1, and ASC proteins. Importantly, PM2.5 could trigger pyroptosis by increased levels of pyroptosis-related proteins, including IL-1β, cleaved IL-1β, and GSDMD-N, membrane pore formation, and mitochondrial swelling. As expected, all these deleterious alterations were reversed by Sip pretreatment. These effects of Sip were blocked by the NLRP3 activator nigericin. Moreover, network pharmacology analysis showed that Sip may function via the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and animal experiment validate the results, which revealed that Sip inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis by suppressing the phosphorylation of PI3K and AKT. Our findings demonstrated that Sip inhibited NLRP3-mediated cell pyroptosis through activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway in PM2.5-induced lung toxicity, which has a promising application value and development prospect against lung injury in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demei Huang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China
| | - Zherui Shen
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China
| | - Sijing Zhao
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China
| | - Caixia Pei
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China
| | - Nan Jia
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China
| | - Yilan Wang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China
| | - Yongcan Wu
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China
| | - Xiaomin Wang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China
| | - Shihua Shi
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China
| | - Yacong He
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Zhenxing Wang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China.
| | - Fei Wang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China.
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Wang M, Lv Y, Lv X, Wang Q, Li Y, Lu P, Yu H, Wei P, Cao Z, An T. Distribution, sources and health risks of heavy metals in indoor dust across China. Chemosphere 2023; 313:137595. [PMID: 36563718 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The potential effects of heavy metals on human health have attracted increasing attention as most people spend up to 90% of their time indoors. Human exposure to heavy metals in indoor dust have only been characterised for limited regions in China, and full-scale data for different functional areas are not available. Therefore, this review analysed the concentrations, contamination characteristics, and potential health risks of seven heavy metals (including zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), arsenic (As), and cadmium (Cd)) in indoor dust at 3392 sampling sites in 55 cities across 27 provincial regions of China based on literature data. Results revealed that the median heavy metal concentrations in indoor dust throughout China decreased in the following order: Zn > Pb > Cu > Cr > Ni > As > Cd. Traffic emissions and decorative materials are the primary sources of heavy metal pollution in indoor dust. No considerable non-carcinogenic risk was found for Zn, Cu, Cr, Ni, and Cd in indoor dust, while Pb and As exhibited potential non-carcinogenic risks to children, primarily distributed in cities across Southern China. Meanwhile, the carcinogenic risks posed by Cr and Ni were higher than those posed by As and Cd, especially in Southern China. Therefore, effective measures in Southern China should prioritised for controlling Pb, Cr, Ni and As pollution in indoor dust to reduce human health risk. This review is useful for policy decision-making and protecting human from exposure to heavy metals in indoor dust across China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Wang
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yinyi Lv
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Xinyan Lv
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Qianhan Wang
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Yiyi Li
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ping Lu
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Hao Yu
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Pengkun Wei
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Zhiguo Cao
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China.
| | - Taicheng An
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Naimabadi A, Ghasemi A, Mohtashami M, Saeidi J, Bakaeian M, Haddad Mashadrizeh A, Azimi-Nezhad M, Mohammadi AA. Heavy metal analysis in of indoor and outdoor dust extracts and cytotoxicity evaluation and inflammation factors on lung, gastric and skin cell lines. Heliyon 2022; 8:e12414. [PMID: 36593833 PMCID: PMC9803783 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dust particles (DPs) are one of the most important public health concerns in the urban environment. The presence of heavy metals (HMs) on the surface of DPs might increase the health risk of exposure to the DPs. Accordingly, The purpose of this study was to examine the content of HMs in the outdoor and indoor DPs in Neyshabur city and assess the cytotoxic effects of DPs exposure on lung, gastric, and skin cell lines. To this end, the city was divided into three areas, high-traffic, medium-traffic, and low-traffic (rural). The average concentration of the HMs in the indoor DPs were as follows, 655.5 μg g-1 for Zn, 114.6 μg g-1 for Cu, 77.7 μg g-1 for Cr, 108.6 μg g-1 for Ni, 52 μg g-1 for Pb, 12 μg g-1 for Co, and 3.3 μg g-1 for Cd, while the average concentration of Zn, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, Co, Cd in the outdoor DPs were 293.7 μg g-1, 200.6 μg g-1, 100.7 μg g-1, 68.4 μg g-1, 44.7 μg g-1, 18.6 μg g-1, 0.25 μg g-1, respectively. A higher concentration of HMs, as well as cytotoxicity, were revealed in the indoor samples compared to outdoor ones. The degree of cytotoxicity of DPs collected from high-traffic areas was higher than that of low and medium-traffic ones. In addition, treatment of AGS and L929 cells with indoor dust samples induced the expression level of inflammatory agents such as TNFα, IL6, and, CYP1A1 genes more than in outdoor dust samples (P < 0.05). Briefly, a higher level of HMs concentration and cytotoxicity effect on the given cell lines was observed in the samples taken from indoor environments and high-traffic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abolfazl Naimabadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
| | - Ahmad Ghasemi
- Healthy Ageing Research Centre, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
| | - Mahnaz Mohtashami
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Science, Neyshabur Brench, Islamic Azad University, Neyshabur, Iran
| | - Jafar Saeidi
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Science, Neyshabur Brench, Islamic Azad University, Neyshabur, Iran
| | - Mehdi Bakaeian
- Instructor of Psychiatric Nursing, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
| | - Aliakbar Haddad Mashadrizeh
- Industrial Biotechnology Research Group, Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohsen Azimi-Nezhad
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences Research, Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran,Corresponding author.
| | - Ali Akbar Mohammadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran,Corresponding author.
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Zhou L, Liu G, Shen M, Liu Y. Potential ecological and health risks of heavy metals for indoor and corresponding outdoor dust in Hefei, Central China. Chemosphere 2022; 302:134864. [PMID: 35537633 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The harm caused by indoor dust has received increasing attention in recent years. However, current studies have ignored comparisons with the corresponding outdoor dust. This study aimed to investigate the distribution of heavy metals in indoor and corresponding outdoor dust and the ecological and health risks they pose in Hefei, Central China. We analyzed O/I (outdoor/indoor concentration ratios) values, background comparison, and correlation analysis (heavy metal concentrations vs. particle size) and found that Cu, Zn, and Cd mainly existed in indoor sources, while V, Co, and As mainly existed in outdoor sources, and both family sizes and floor number influenced the variation of O/I. Through a new potential ecological risk assessment method, we determined that Cd risk levels in indoor and outdoor dust were extreme and high to extreme, respectively. Additionally, the carcinogenic risks of Ni, As, and Cr were not negligible. The risk of indoor dust was higher than that of outdoor dust for the heavy metals studied, implying a poor indoor environment. Notably, indoor dust from families with smaller sizes, lower floors, and smokers had higher ecological and carcinogenic risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710075, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP), Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China; Suzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Guijian Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710075, China.
| | - Mengchen Shen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
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Gao F, Zhan F, Li S, Antwi-mensah P, Niu L, Wang Q. Dual signal-based electrochemical aptasensor for simultaneous detection of Lead(II) and Mercury(II) in environmental water samples. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 209:114280. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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12
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Abdulraheem MO, Adeniran JA, Ameen HA, Odediran ET, Yusuf MNO, Abdulraheem KA. Source identification and health risk assessments of heavy metals in indoor dusts of Ilorin, North central Nigeria. J Environ Health Sci Eng 2022; 20:315-330. [PMID: 35669800 PMCID: PMC9163253 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-021-00778-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Exposure to heavy metals (HMs) in indoor dusts is a serious public concern that is linked to a myriad of deleterious health outcomes. The objectives of this study are to estimate the contamination levels of HMs in indoor dusts of different residential areas in Ilorin, Nigeria; identify HMs sources in different residential areas; and evaluate human health risks of HMs in selected residential areas. METHODS Indoor dust sampling was conducted in ten randomly selected from low, medium and high population density residential areas of Ilorin, Nigeria. Ten HMs concentration levels, their health risk implication and the associated potential ecological risks were evaluated. RESULTS The mean concentration levels measured for Fe, Pb, Zn, As, Co, Cr, Cu, Cd, Mn and Ni were 38.99, 5.74, 3.99, 0.08, 2.82, 2.13, 0.47, 0.60, 6.45 and 1.09 mg/kg, respectively. Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model was applied to ascertain sources of HMs in sampled indoor dust. Percentage contribution from oil-based cooking (29.82%) and transportation (29.77%) represented the highest source to HM concentrations among the six factors identified. The results of the various pollution indices employed showed that Pb, Zn, As, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn and Ni contributed moderately to HMs concentration levels in the sampled dusts. Cd had highest potential ecological risk factor E r i of between 160 and 320. The average values of Enrichment Factors (EFs) obtained aside from Fe used as the reference metal, ranged between 8.46 (As) and 2521.61(Cd). Health risk assessment results revealed that children are the most susceptible to the risks associated with HMs bound indoor dust than the adults. The percentage risk contributions of Hazard Quotient via ingestion route (HQing) in Hazard Index (HI) for non-cancer risk of indoor HMs were 93.17% and 69.87% in children and adults, respectively. Likewise, the percentage cancer risks contribution through ingestion pathway (CRing) were higher than cancer risks through inhalation and dermal pathways (CRinh and CRdermal), accounting for 99.84% and 97.04% of lifetime cancer risk in children and adults, respectively. The contamination level of Cd recorded is of great concern and signifies very strong contribution from anthropogenic sources. CONCLUSION This study has further revealed the levels of HMs in typical African residential settings that could be used by relevant stakeholders and policy makers in developing lasting control measures. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40201-021-00778-8.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jamiu Adetayo Adeniran
- Environmental Engineering Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Hafsat Abolore Ameen
- Department of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Emmanuel Toluwalope Odediran
- Environmental Engineering Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Muhammad-Najeeb O. Yusuf
- Environmental Engineering Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
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Dahmardeh Behrooz R, Tashakor M, Asvad R, Esmaili-sari A, Kaskaoutis DG. Characteristics and Health Risk Assessment of Mercury Exposure via Indoor and Outdoor Household Dust in Three Iranian Cities. Atmosphere 2022; 13:583. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13040583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to increase our current knowledge on the concentration of particulate-bound mercury (PBM) in urban environments of three Iranian cities, where high concentrations of dust particles can act as carriers for mercury transport and deposition. A total of 172 dust samples were collected from Ahvaz, Asaluyeh, and Zabol residential houses and in outdoor air and were analyzed for total mercury content. Ahvaz is a highly industrialized city with large metallurgical plants, refineries, and major oil-related activities, which were assumed to contribute to elevated contents of PBM in this city. Very high levels of Hg contamination in Ahvaz indoor dust samples were calculated (Contamination Factor: CF > 6). Sampling sites in Asaluyeh are influenced by Hg emissions from the South Pars Gas Field. However, the results revealed a relatively lower concentration of PBM in Asaluyeh, with a low-to-moderate level of Hg contamination. This is likely ascribed to the lower content of total mercury in hydrocarbon gases than crude oil, in addition to the absence of metal smelting plants in this city compared to Ahvaz. Zabol, as a city devoid of industrial activity, presented the lowest levels of PBM concentration and contamination. Indoor dust in Ahvaz showed considerable potential to cause a non-carcinogenic health risk for children, mainly through the inhalation of PBM, while the health risk for other cities was below safe limits. The trend of health risk was found in the order of indoor > outdoor and children > adults in all studied cities.
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Alotaibi MO, Albedair LA, Alotaibi NM, Elobeid MM, Al-swadi HA, Alasmary Z, Ahmad M. Pollution Indexing and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy-Metals-Laden Indoor and Outdoor Dust in Elementary School Environments in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Atmosphere 2022; 13:464. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13030464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of potentially toxic heavy metals (HMs)-bearing dust in the environment is posing serious health risks to humans. Therefore, the occurrence of HMs in indoor and outdoor dust samples of elementary school’s environment in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, were reported, and associated potential human health risks were estimated in this study. Dust samples were collected from outdoor and indoor environments from eighteen elementary schools using a soft plastic brush. The mean concentrations of Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn in collected indoor dust samples were much higher (0.08, 3.45, 59.20, 15.20, 4.99, and 94.10 mg kg−1, respectively) than that of outdoor dust samples (0.07, 3.07, 42.20, 13.60, 4.57, and 62.40 mg kg−1, respectively), due to fans operation, opened windows, and resuspension of dust by children’s activities. The values of estimated enrichment factor revealed that both the outdoor and indoor dusts were moderately contaminated with Zn and Cu, while highly contaminated with Cd and Pb. However, the estimated potential ecological risks associated with HMs were lower. Health risks (non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic) calculations exhibited no potential risks of HMs in the schools’ dust toward children. However, health risks for children were determined in the following order: up to 6 years > 6–12 years > adults. Therefore, assessing the potential health risks posed by HM-contaminated dust in school environments is necessary to avoid any possible children’s health concerns.
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Levesque C, Rasmussen PE. Determination of Total Mercury and Carbon in a National Baseline Study of Urban House Dust. Geosciences 2022; 12:52. [DOI: 10.3390/geosciences12020052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) is one of the top ten chemicals of concern for public health, according to the World Health Organization. This study investigates Hg concentrations in house dust collected from urban single family homes, to better understand typical indoor residential exposures. Using direct solid sample analysis, total Hg and carbon (TC) were determined in the <80 µm fraction of settled dust samples collected under the Canadian House Dust Study. Hg concentrations displayed a log-normal distribution with median/geomean of 0.68/0.70 mg/kg (n = 995). A small subset (<1%) of homes exhibited anomalously high dust Hg concentrations (>9.0 mg/kg). A comparison of Hg concentrations in fresh dust and household vacuum dust collected from the same homes indicated no significant difference in the two sampling methods. Total carbon concentrations displayed a median/geomean of 29.3/28.5% (n = 1011). A significant correlation between total Hg and TC in house dust (p < 0.00001) reflects the association between Hg and organic carbon previously observed in soil and sediments. The results of this study indicate a 10-fold enrichment in house dust compared with the average background concentrations reported for soil and sediments (0.07 mg/kg). The observed enrichment is attributable to Hg emissions from indoor sources and/or Hg carried home from occupational sources.
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Cao S, Wen D, Chen X, Duan X, Zhang L, Wang B, Qin N, Wei F. Source identification of pollution and health risks to metals in household indoor and outdoor dust: A cross-sectional study in a typical mining town, China. Environ Pollut 2022; 293:118551. [PMID: 34813887 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Dust is regarded as an important pathway of heavy metal(loid)s to the human body. Health risks posed by metal(loid)s from household dust are of particular concern. However, the contamination and sources of heavy metal(loid)s in household dust environments, as well as source identification of health risks related to heavy metal(loid)s from household dust for vulnerable populations such as children, have not been thoroughly studied in China, particularly for the areas involved with industrial activities such as ore mining. Thus, a cross-sectional study was conducted in a rural area famous for Pb/Zn ore mining, to assess the pollution sources and health risks of heavy metal(loid)s from household indoor and outdoor dust and to identify the contribution of household dust to the health risks for children. The results indicated that household environment was heavily contaminated by metal(loid)s, which were mainly attributed to mining activity. Meanwhile, the indoor/outdoor ratio and the redundancy analysis indicated that there were other pollution sources in indoor environments such as coal combustion, materials for interior building and decoration. Vapor inhalation was the main exposure pathway for Hg, while ingestion was the predominant pathway for other metal(loid)s. Although the cancer risks were relatively low, the HIt from household indoor and outdoor dust (2.19) was about twice the acceptable limit (1) and was primarily from Pb (64.52%) and As (23.42%). Outdoor dust was a larger contributor to the HI of Sb, As, Cr, Cd, Zn and Pb, which accounted for 51.37%, 58.63%, 52.14%, 59.66%, 52.87% and 64.47%, respectively, and the HIt was mainly from outdoor dust (60.76%). These results indicated that non-cancer health risks were largely from outdoor dust exposure, and strengthened the notion that concern should be given to the potential health risks from metal(loid)s in household dust both originating from mining activity and indoor environmental sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzhen Cao
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Dongsen Wen
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xing Chen
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xiaoli Duan
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Linlin Zhang
- China National Environmental Monitoring Center, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Beibei Wang
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Ning Qin
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Fusheng Wei
- China National Environmental Monitoring Center, Beijing, 100012, China
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Rasmussen PE, Levesque C, Butler O, Chénier M, Gardner HD. Selection of metric for indoor-outdoor source apportionment of metals in PM 2.5 : mg/kg versus ng/m 3. Indoor Air 2022; 32:e12924. [PMID: 34418165 PMCID: PMC9292266 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Trends in the elemental composition of fine particulate matter (PM2.5 ) collected from indoor, outdoor, and personal microenvironments were investigated using two metrics: ng/m3 and mg/kg. Pearson correlations that were positive using one metric commonly disappeared or flipped to become negative when the other metric was applied to the same dataset. For example, the correlation between Mo and S in the outdoor microenvironment was positive using ng/m3 (p < 0.05) but negative using mg/kg (p < 0.05). In general, elemental concentrations (mg/kg) within PM2.5 decreased significantly (p < 0.05) as PM2.5 concentrations (µg/m3 ) increased-a dilution effect that was observed in all microenvironments and seasons. An exception was S: in the outdoor microenvironment, the correlation between wt% S and PM2.5 flipped from negative in the winter (p < 0.01) to positive (p < 0.01) in the summer, whereas in the indoor microenvironment, this correlation was negative year-round (p < 0.05). Correlation analyses using mg/kg indicated that elemental associations may arise from Fe-Mn oxyhydroxide sorption processes that occur as particles age, with or without the presence of a common anthropogenic source. Application of mass-normalized concentration metrics (mg/kg or wt%), enabled by careful gravimetric analysis, revealed new evidence of the importance of indoor sources of elements in PM2.5 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Pat E. Rasmussen
- Environmental Health Science and Research BureauHealthy Environments and Consumer Safety BranchHealth CanadaOttawaONCanada
- Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of OttawaOttawaONCanada
| | - Christine Levesque
- Environmental Health Science and Research BureauHealthy Environments and Consumer Safety BranchHealth CanadaOttawaONCanada
| | | | - Marc Chénier
- Environmental Health Science and Research BureauHealthy Environments and Consumer Safety BranchHealth CanadaOttawaONCanada
| | - H. David Gardner
- Environmental Health Science and Research BureauHealthy Environments and Consumer Safety BranchHealth CanadaOttawaONCanada
- Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of OttawaOttawaONCanada
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Kismelyeva S, Khalikhan R, Torezhan A, Kumisbek A, Akimzhanova Z, Karaca F, Guney M. Potential Human Exposure to Mercury (Hg) in a Chlor-Alkali Plant Impacted Zone: Risk Characterization Using Updated Site Assessment Data. Sustainability 2021; 13:13816. [DOI: 10.3390/su132413816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Industrial activities have resulted in severe environmental contamination that may expose rural and urban populations to unacceptable health risks. For example, chlor-alkali plants (CAPs) have historically contributed mercury (Hg) contamination in different environmental compartments. One such site (a burden from the Soviet Union) is located in an industrial complex in Pavlodar, Kazakhstan. Earlier studies showed the CAP operating in the second half of the twentieth century caused elevated Hg levels in soil, water, air, and biota. However, follow-up studies with thorough risk characterization are missing. The present study aims to provide a detailed risk characterization based on the data from a recent site assessment around the former CAP. The ⅀HI (hazard index) ranged from 9.30 × 10−4 to 0.125 (deterministic method) and from 5.19 × 10−4 to 2.54 × 10−2 (probabilistic method). The results indicate acceptable excess human health risks from exposure to Hg contamination in the region, i.e., exposure to other Hg sources not considered. Air inhalation and soil ingestion pathways contributed to the highest ⅀HI values (up to 99.9% and 92.0%, respectively). The residential exposure scenario (among four) presented the greatest human health risks, with ⅀HI values ranging from 1.23 × 10−2 to 0.125. Although the local urban and rural population is exposed to acceptable risks coming from exposure to Hg-contaminated environmental media, an assessment of contamination directly on the former CAP site on the industrial complex could not be performed due to access prohibition. Furthermore, the risks from ingesting contaminated fish were not covered as methyl-Hg was not targeted. An additional assessment may be needed for the scenarios of exposure of workers on the industrial complex and of the local population consuming fish from contaminated Lake Balkyldak. Studies on the fate and transport of Hg in the contaminated ecosystem are also recommended considering Hg methylation and subsequent bioaccumulation in the food chain.
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Wang YL, Tsou MCM, Pan KH, Özkaynak H, Dang W, Hsi HC, Chien LC. Estimation of Soil and Dust Ingestion Rates from the Stochastic Human Exposure and Dose Simulation Soil and Dust Model for Children in Taiwan. Environ Sci Technol 2021; 55:11805-11813. [PMID: 34388337 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c00706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study focuses on estimating the probabilistic soil and dust ingestion rates for children under 3 years old by the Stochastic Human Exposure and Dose Simulation Soil and Dust (SHEDS-S/D) model developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The health risk of children's exposure to heavy metals through soil and dust ingestion and dermal absorption was then assessed in three exposure scenarios. In the exposure scenario of direct contact with soil, the average soil and dust ingestion rates for children aged 24 to 36 months were 90.7 and 29.8 mg day-1 in the sand and clay groups, respectively. Hand-to-mouth soil ingestion was identified as the main contributor to soil and dust ingestion rates, followed by hand-to-mouth dust ingestion and object-to-mouth dust ingestion. The soil-to-skin adherence factor was the most influential factor increasing the soil and dust ingestion rate based on a sensitivity analysis in the SHEDS-S/D model. Furthermore, the modeled soil and dust ingestion rates based on the SHEDS-S/D model were coincident with results calculated by the tracer element method. Our estimates highlight the soil ingestion rate as the key parameter increasing the risk for children, while a higher frequency of hand washing could potentially reduce the risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Lin Wang
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 1 Roosevelt Rd., Sec. 4, Da'an Dist., Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chien Mark Tsou
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Building, No.128, Section 2, Academia Road, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Hsuan Pan
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 1 Roosevelt Rd., Sec. 4, Da'an Dist., Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Halûk Özkaynak
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (D205-05), RTP, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Winston Dang
- School of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing St., Xinyi Dist., Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Hsing-Cheng Hsi
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 1 Roosevelt Rd., Sec. 4, Da'an Dist., Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Ling-Chu Chien
- School of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing St., Xinyi Dist., Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Neuroscience Research Center, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing St., Xinyi Dist., Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Nutrition Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, 252 Wuxing St., Xinyi Dist., Taipei 11031, Taiwan
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Kaonga CC, Kosamu IBM, Utembe WR. A Review of Metal Levels in Urban Dust, Their Methods of Determination, and Risk Assessment. Atmosphere 2021; 12:891. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12070891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This review gives insights into the levels of metals in urban dust, their determination methods, and risk assessment. Urban dust harbors a number of pollutants, including heavy metals. There are various methods used for the sampling of urban dust for heavy-metal analysis and source-apportionment purposes, with the predominant one being the use of plastic sampling materials to avoid prior contamination. There are also various methods for the determination of metals, which include: atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), among others. Studies have shown that pollutants in urban dust are mainly derived from industrial activities and coal combustion, whereas traffic emissions are also an important, but not a predominant source of pollution. The varying particle-size distribution of urban dust and its large surface area makes it easier for the deposition and transport of heavy metals. Risk-assessment studies have shown that metals in urban dust could cause such problems as human pulmonary toxicity and reduction of invertebrate populations. The risk levels seem to be higher in children than adults, as some studies have shown. It is therefore important that studies on metals in urban dust should always incorporate risk assessment as one of the main issues.
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Liu B, Huang F, Yu Y, Li X, He Y, Gao L, Hu X. Heavy Metals in Indoor Dust Across China: Occurrence, Sources and Health Risk Assessment. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2021; 81:67-76. [PMID: 33944965 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-021-00849-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the occurrence of heavy metals including cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) was investigated in indoor dust samples collected from 33 urban and rural areas in 11 provinces, China. The concentrations of the selected heavy metals were determined by an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The mean concentrations of Zn (166 mg kg-1), Pb (40.7 mg kg-1), Cr (19.8 mg kg-1), Cu (16.9 mg kg-1), and Cd (2.29 mg kg-1) in indoor dust are in low or moderate levels compared with other countries or regions. Cd was significantly enriched with the highest enrichment factor of 23.7, followed by Zn, Pb, Cu, and Cr, which were all lower than 3. The concentrations of Pb from Northern China (61.4 mg kg-1) were significantly higher than those from Southern China (8.88 mg kg-1). The concentrations of heavy metals in indoor dusts from rural areas were higher than those from urban areas except for Cu. The multivariate analysis of variance revealed that wall cover, fuel types, and air conditioning were dominant factors influencing the levels of heavy metals in indoor dust. Principal component analysis showed that outdoor dust and wall paint were main factors for the high concentrations of Cd, Pb, and Cr, accounting for 40.6% of the total contribution; traffic sources contributed to the high levels of Cu and Zn explained 20.6% of the total variance. The hazard indexes of selected heavy metals were less than 1 and carcinogenic risk value of Cr were between 1.01 × 10-6 and 1 × 10-4, indicating minor noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic risks from heavy metals in indoor dust for residents in China. Pb contributed 72.0% and 86.9% to the sum of noncarcinogenic risk values of selected heavy metals for adults and children, respectively. The carcinogenic risk value of Cr was approximately 13-fold higher than that of Cd for both adults and children. Children endured higher risks from heavy metals in indoor dust compared with adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baolin Liu
- College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, 130032, China.
| | - Fei Huang
- Technology Center Laboratory, Jilin Tobacco Industrial Co. Ltd., Changchun, 130031, China
| | - Yong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, China
| | - Xuedong Li
- College of Geographical Science, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, 130032, China
| | - Yaowei He
- College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, 130032, China
| | - Lei Gao
- College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, 130032, China
| | - Xin Hu
- College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, 130032, China
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22
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Song S, Li Y, Liu QS, Wang H, Li P, Shi J, Hu L, Zhang H, Liu Y, Li K, Zhao X, Cai Z. Interaction of mercury ion (Hg 2+) with blood and cytotoxicity attenuation by serum albumin binding. J Hazard Mater 2021; 412:125158. [PMID: 33540265 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Blood mercury reflects the amount available from tissues, which is an indication of the exposure level. Here we confirm that Hg2+ caused hemolytic effects at high concentrations; while at light concentrations, most of the ions were bound to human serum albumin (HSA). The binding mechanism of Hg2+ to HSA has been investigated, which indicated that the presence of Hg2+ significantly perturbed the structure of HSA and quenched the fluorescence of protein in a hybrid dynamic and static mode. Hg2+ was preferably bound to cysteine and cystine, where the R‒S‒S‒R structure is responsible for maintaining the protein's structure by stabilizing the α-helical bundles. The metal-protein interaction mitigated the cellular toxicity as concealed by A498 cell lines. The fundamental and comprehensive data in this work is beneficial to elucidating and understanding the identification and binding mechanisms of heavy metals with proteins, as well as possible risks on human beings and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanjun Song
- National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100013, China
| | - Yiling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Qian S Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Huiyu Wang
- National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100013, China
| | - Penghui Li
- Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Jianbo Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Ligang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Yuanchen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Xingchen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Zongwei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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23
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Ji W, Li X, Wang C. Composition and exposure characteristics of PM 2.5 on subway platforms and estimates of exposure reduction by protective masks. Environ Res 2021; 197:111042. [PMID: 33753077 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
There is limited information on exposure to metallic constituents of fine particulate matter in subway stations. We characterized the concentrations and composition of airborne fine particulate pollution on six subway platforms in Nanjing, China in both summer and winter of 2019. A microenvironment exposure model was used to evaluate the concentrations of elements in fine particulate matter and the contribution of exposure duration (time spent in the subway station) to overall daily exposure of subway workers and commuters with and without the use of N95 respirators, surgical masks, and cotton masks. We found that airborne fine particulate pollution on station platforms was much higher than in an urban reference site of ambient air, and the same was true for metallic constituents of the particles, such as iron, copper, manganese, strontium, and vanadium. Subway workers were exposed to higher levels of these airborne metals than commuters. The average daily exposure concentration of fine particulate matter was 73.5 μg/m3 for subway workers and 61.8 μg/m3 for commuters, while the average daily exposure to iron was 15.5 μg/m3 for subway workers and 2.0 μg/m3 for commuters. Subway workers were exposed to iron, copper, manganese, and strontium/vanadium at levels approximately eight-fold, four-fold, three-fold, and two-fold greater than the exposure sustained by commuters, respectively. We calculated that wearing N95 respirators or surgical masks can reduce the exposure to these airborne metallic particles significantly for both subway workers and commuters. Overall, we estimate that personal exposure to airborne fine particulate matter on subway platforms can be reduced through the use of N95 respirators or properly fitting masks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Ji
- School of Civil and Resource Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- Department of Building Science, School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Chunwang Wang
- Department of Building Science, School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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24
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Shen G, Ainiwaer S, Zhu Y, Zheng S, Hou W, Shen H, Chen Y, Wang X, Cheng H, Tao S. Quantifying source contributions for indoor CO 2 and gas pollutants based on the highly resolved sensor data. Environ Pollut 2020; 267:115493. [PMID: 33254594 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Household air pollution is the dominant contributor to population air pollutant exposure, but it is often of less concern compared with ambient air pollution. One of the major knowledge gaps in this field are detailed quantitative source contributions of indoor pollutants, especially for gaseous compounds. In this study, temporally, spatially, and vertically resolved monitoring for typical indoor gases including CO2, CO, formaldehyde, methane, and the total volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was conducted to address pollution dynamics and major sources in an urban apartment. The indoor concentrations were significantly higher than the simultaneously measured outdoor concentrations. A new statistic approach was proposed to quantitatively estimate contributions of different sources. It was estimated that outdoor CO2 contributed largely to the indoor CO2, while main indoor sources were human metabolism and cooking. Outdoor infiltration and cooking contributed almost equally to the indoor CO. The contribution of outdoor infiltration to methane was much higher than that to formaldehyde. Cooking contributed to 24%, 19%, and 25% of indoor formaldehyde, methane, and VOCs, whereas the other unresolved indoor sources contributed 61%, 19%, and 35% of these pollutants, respectively. Vertical measurements showed that the uplifting of hot air masses led to relatively high concentrations of the pollutants in the upper layer of the kitchen and in the other rooms to a lesser extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guofeng Shen
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Subinuer Ainiwaer
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yaqi Zhu
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Shuxiu Zheng
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Weiying Hou
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Huizhong Shen
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, 30332, USA
| | - Yilin Chen
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, 30332, USA
| | - Xilong Wang
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Hefa Cheng
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Shu Tao
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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25
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Zhao Y, Zhang K, Xu X, Shen H, Zhu X, Zhang Y, Hu Y, Shen G. Substantial Changes in Nitrate Oxide and Ozone after Excluding Meteorological Impacts during the COVID-19 Outbreak in Mainland China. Environ Sci Technol Lett 2020; 7:402-408. [PMID: 37566301 PMCID: PMC7241735 DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.0c00304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 outbreak in China led to dramatic changes in human activities resulting from the sudden infection prevention and control measures. Here, we use ground-level observations and model simulations to examine the nationwide spatial-temporal variations of six air pollutants before and after the initiation of First-Level Public Health Emergency Response. The level of ambient NO2 declined significantly, and in most cities, the decline was dominated by reduced emissions. Meanwhile, the level of O3 increased significantly during this period, and the nonmeteorological factors explained the increase. For the other air pollutants (PM2.5, SO2, and CO), the observed declines on the national scale were obviously affected by the meteorological conditions. In Wuhan, significant declines were found for air pollutants except O3 and emissions dominated the changes, while in Beijing during the same period, only the level of NO2 significantly declined. This study clearly shows that the meteorological changes contributed substantially to the observed changes in most air pollutants, and this must be considered in evaluating the impacts of pollutant source changes on air quality during the specific event and in assessing source-oriented risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbin Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering,
Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai
200240, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control
and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering,
Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai
200240, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control
and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xiaotian Xu
- School of Atmosphere, Nanjing
University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Huizhong Shen
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering,
Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30318,
United States
| | - Xi Zhu
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences,
Peking University, Beijing 100871,
China
| | - Yanxu Zhang
- School of Atmosphere, Nanjing
University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yongtao Hu
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering,
Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30318,
United States
| | - Guofeng Shen
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences,
Peking University, Beijing 100871,
China
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