1
|
Middelkoop A, Kettunen H, Guan X, Vuorenmaa J, Tichelaar R, Gambino M, Rydal MP, Molist F. Effect of dietary tall oil fatty acids and hydrolysed yeast in SNP2-positive and SNP2-negative piglets challenged with F4 enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2060. [PMID: 38267615 PMCID: PMC10808182 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52586-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Reduction of post-weaning diarrhoea caused by ETEC is a principal objective in pig farming in terms of welfare benefits. This study determined the effects of genetic susceptibility and dietary strategies targeting inflammation and fimbriae adherence on F4-ETEC shedding and diarrhoea in weaned piglets in an experimental challenge model. A DNA marker test targeting single nucleotide polymorphism 2 (SNP2) identified piglets as heterozygous (SNP2+, susceptible) or homozygous (SNP2-, resistant) to developing F4ac-ETEC diarrhoea. A total of 50 piglets, 25 SNP2+ and 25 SNP2-, were weaned at 30 days of age and equally distributed to different treatments (n = 10): Positive control (PC): piglets fed with a negative control diet and provided with colistin via drinking water; Negative control (NC): piglets fed with a negative control diet; Tall oil fatty acids (TOFA): piglets fed with a negative control diet + 1.0 g TOFA/kg feed; Yeast hydrolysate (YH): piglets fed with a negative control diet + 1.5 g YH/kg feed derived from Saccharomyces cerevisiae; and Combination (COM): piglets fed with a negative control diet + 1.0 g TOFA and 1.5 g YH/kg feed. On day 10 post-weaning, all piglets were infected with F4-ETEC by oral administration. Piglets fed with PC, TOFA, YH or COM had a lower faecal shedding of F4-ETEC than NC piglets (P < 0.001), which was also shorter in duration for PC and TOFA piglets than for NC piglets (P < 0.001). Piglets in PC, TOFA, YH and COM had a shorter diarrhoea duration versus NC when classified as SNP2+ (P = 0.02). Furthermore, PC, TOFA and YH piglets grew more than NC and COM piglets in the initial post-inoculation period (P < 0.001). In addition, the level of faecal F4-ETEC shedding and the percentage of pigs that developed F4-ETEC diarrhoea (72 vs. 32%, P < 0.01) following infection were higher, and the duration of F4-ETEC diarrhoea longer (2.6 vs. 0.6 days, P < 0.001), in SNP2+ piglets than in SNP2- piglets, and led to reduced growth performance (P = 0.03). In conclusion, piglets fed with TOFA, YH or their combination, irrespective of their SNP2 status, are more resilient to F4-ETEC infection. Moreover, SNP2+ piglets show a higher level of F4-ETEC shedding and diarrhoea prevalence than SNP2- piglets, confirming an association between SNP2 and F4ac-ETEC susceptibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xiaonan Guan
- Schothorst Feed Research B.V., 8218 NA, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ramon Tichelaar
- Schothorst Feed Research B.V., 8218 NA, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Michela Gambino
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Martin Peter Rydal
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Francesc Molist
- Schothorst Feed Research B.V., 8218 NA, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lee CB, Hosseindoust A, Ha SH, Mun JY, Moturi JN, Tajudeen H, Park MJ, Yang JS, Lee SC, Kim JS. Improvement of weanling pigs immune status and metabolic condition using ultraweak light. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2024; 108:72-80. [PMID: 37571835 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Weaning stress is the most common issue in swine farms, which increases mortality and morbidity. The use of artificial light is an option for modifying the immune system and metabolic pathways. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of ultraweak light (Photonia) on growth performance, immune system and metabolism of weanling pigs, and the carry-over effect on the growth performance in postweanling growing stages. A total of 30 weaned pigs with an average initial body weight of 7.06 ± 0.11 kg (age: 21 days) were allotted two treatments (Control and Photonia) with 15 replicates. The pelleted form diets were prepared for pigs in three phases including phase 1 (Days 0-14), phase 2 (Days 15-28) and phase 3 (Days 29-48). The gain-to-feed ratio (G:F) of pigs was significantly greater in the Photonia treatment. On Day 28, a higher concentration of immunoglobin A (IgA) (p < 0.01) and IgG (p < 0.01) was observed in the Photonia pigs. On Day 48, the Photonia treatment showed a greater serum IgA (p < 0.01) and IgG (p < 0.05). The concentration of interleukin (IL)-6 was decreased (p < 0.05) in the Photonia treatment. At Day 48, the concentrations of tumour necrotic factor-α, IL-1β and IL-6 in serum were decreased (p < 0.05) in pigs in the Photonia treatment. Metabolic pathways analysis showed that the Photonia treatment increased the d-glutamine, d-glutamate, alanine, aspartate, glutamate and phenylalanine compared with the control treatment. In conclusion, the use of Photonia for weanling pigs is recommended due to improved G:F, immune status and activation of amino acids metabolic pathways including d-glutamine, d-glutamate, alanine, aspartate, glutamate and phenylalanine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chang Beon Lee
- Department of Animal Industry Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Abdolreza Hosseindoust
- Department of Animal Industry Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hun Ha
- Department of Animal Industry Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Young Mun
- Department of Animal Industry Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Joseph N Moturi
- Department of Animal Industry Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Habeeb Tajudeen
- Department of Animal Industry Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Jung Park
- Biolight Corporation, Hanam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Su Yang
- Biolight Corporation, Hanam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Jin Soo Kim
- Department of Animal Industry Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Maggiolino A, Centoducati G, Casalino E, Elia G, Latronico T, Liuzzi MG, Macchia L, Dahl GE, Ventriglia G, Zizzo N, De Palo P. Use of a commercial feed supplement based on yeast products and microalgae with or without nucleotide addition in calves. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:4397-4412. [PMID: 37080790 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
The use of feed additives with antioxidant and immune response modulatory activity could be a useful strategy in suckling calves to reduce morbidity and mortality. This strategy is based on several feed additives tested for these purposes. The aim of the paper is the examination of a commercial feed additive for adult cows for use in calves, with and without nucleotide supplementation. Seventy-five Holstein Friesian male calves were divided in 3 groups, with each calf randomly assigned to a group according to birth order. All calves received 2 L of pooled colostrum within 2 h of birth. The commercial feed supplement group was orally administered with 5 g/head of Decosel (dried brewer's yeast lysate (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), brewer's yeast walls (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), diatoms, spirulina, barley flour, calcium carbonate; Agroteam srl, Torrimpietra, Italy) and the nucleotides + commercial feed supplement group was orally administered with 5 g/head of an additive containing 2.5 g of Decosel and 2.5 g of nucleotides once daily from birth to 25 d. The control group was orally administered 20 mL of fresh water/head once daily. Calves that received the supplement and the nucleotides showed lower rates of protein and metabolizable energy conversion, with longer villi and greater crypt depth in duodenum. Moreover, the commercial feed supplement alone increased antioxidant capacity [2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) and ferric-reducing antioxidant power] in plasma some activity of antioxidant liver enzymes, and peripheral blood mononuclear cell viability after in vitro concanavalin A and H2O2 stimuli. Dietary supplementation with a commercial feed supplement containing yeast products (yeast cell walls and hydrolyzed yeast) and microalgae enhanced the redox balance and gut morphology in calves, allowing calves to improve their immune response, increasing resistance to stress. Moreover, these beneficial effects were strongly potentiated when dietary nucleotides were added to the supplement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aristide Maggiolino
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari A. Moro, 70010 Valenzano, Italy
| | - Gerardo Centoducati
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari A. Moro, 70010 Valenzano, Italy.
| | - Elisabetta Casalino
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari A. Moro, 70010 Valenzano, Italy
| | - Gabriella Elia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari A. Moro, 70010 Valenzano, Italy
| | - Tiziana Latronico
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Aldo Moro, 70026 Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Liuzzi
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Aldo Moro, 70026 Bari, Italy
| | - Luigi Macchia
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, School and Chair of Allergology and Clinical Immunology, University of Bari, Aldo Moro, 70010 Bari, Italy
| | - Geoffrey E Dahl
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608
| | - Gianluca Ventriglia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari A. Moro, 70010 Valenzano, Italy
| | - Nicola Zizzo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari A. Moro, 70010 Valenzano, Italy
| | - Pasquale De Palo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari A. Moro, 70010 Valenzano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Patterson R, Rogiewicz A, Kiarie EG, Slominski BA. Yeast derivatives as a source of bioactive components in animal nutrition: A brief review. Front Vet Sci 2023; 9:1067383. [PMID: 36686164 PMCID: PMC9853299 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1067383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
With a long history of inclusion within livestock feeding programs, yeast and their respective derivatives are well-understood from a nutritional perspective. Originally used as sources of highly digestible protein in young animal rations in order to offset the use of conventional protein sources such as soybean and fish meal, application strategies have expanded in recent years into non-nutritional uses for all animal categories. For the case of yeast derivatives, product streams coming from the downstream processing of nutritional yeast, the expansion in use cases across species groups has been driven by a greater understanding of the composition of each derivative along with deeper knowledge of mechanistic action of key functional components. From improving feed efficiency, to serving as alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters and supporting intestinal health and immunity while mitigating pathogen shedding, new use cases are driven by a recognition that yeast derivatives contain specific bioactive compounds that possess functional properties. This review will attempt to highlight key bioactive categories within industrially applicable yeast derivatives and provide context regarding identification and characterization and mechanisms of action related to efficacy within a range of experimental models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rob Patterson
- CBS BioPlatforms Inc., Calgary, AB, Canada,*Correspondence: Rob Patterson
| | - Anna Rogiewicz
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Elijah G. Kiarie
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang H, Long W, Chadwick D, Zhang X, Zhang S, Piao X, Hou Y. Dietary acidifiers as an alternative to antibiotics for promoting pig growth performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
6
|
Budzyńska S, Siwulski M, Gąsecka M, Magdziak Z, Kalač P, Niedzielski P, Mleczek M. Biofortification of Three Cultivated Mushroom Species with Three Iron Salts—Potential for a New Iron-Rich Superfood. Molecules 2022; 27:2328. [PMID: 35408727 PMCID: PMC9000346 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mushrooms fortified with iron (Fe) can offer a promising alternative to counter the worldwide deficiency problem. However, the factors that may influence the efficiency of fortification have not yet been fully investigated. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of three Fe forms (FeCl3 6H2O, FeSO4 7H2O, or FeHBED) in three concentrations (5, 10, or 50 mM) for three mushroom species (Pleurotus eryngii, P. ostreatus, or Pholiota nameko) on their chemical composition, phenolic compounds, and organic acid production. The most effective metal accumulation of all the investigated species was for the 50 mM addition. FeCl3 6H2O was the most favorable additive for P. eryngii and P. nameko (up to 145 and 185% Fe more than in the control, respectively) and FeHBED for P. ostreatus (up to 108% Fe more than in control). Additionally, P. nameko showed the highest Fe accumulation among studied species (89.2 ± 7.51 mg kg−1 DW). The creation of phenolic acids was generally inhibited by Fe salt supplementation. However, an increasing effect on phenolic acid concentration was observed for P. ostreatus cultivated at 5 mM FeCl3 6H2O and for P. eryngii cultivated at 5 mM FeCl3 6H2O and 5 mM FeSO4 7H2O. In the case of organic acids, a similar situation was observed. For P. ostreatus, FeSO4 7H2O and FeHBED salts increased the formation of the determined organic acids in fruiting bodies. P. eryngii and P. nameko were characterized by a much lower content of organic acids in the systems supplemented with Fe. Based on the obtained results, we recommend starting fortification by preliminarily indicating which form of the element is preferred for the species of interest for supplementation. It also seems that using an additive concentration of 50 mM or higher is most effective.
Collapse
|
7
|
Namted S, Poungpong K, Loongyai W, Rakangthong C, Bunchasak C. Improving growth performance and blood profile by feeding autolyzed yeast to improve pork carcass and meat quality. Anim Sci J 2021; 92:e13666. [PMID: 34873796 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The 63 commercial pigs were divided into three groups consisting of seven replicates of three piglets each. The experimental diets were (1) control diet, (2) diet with autolyzed yeast (AY) 0.5%, and (3) diet with AY 1.0%. Compared to the control group, using AY 0.5% in the diet reduced average daily feed intake (ADFI) and improved feed conversion ratio (FCR) (p < 0.05). The blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (N/L) in blood decreased with the addition of AY 0.5% (p < 0.05). The pH at 6-h postmortem of meat in the 0.5% AY diet group was higher than for the control group (p < 0.05). Backfat thickness (p = 0.09) and P2-backfat thickness (p = 0.07) tended to decrease, while the fat free index (FFI; p = 0.07) tended to increase with 0.5% AY supplementation. The protein percentage (p = 0.07) and the a* value (redness) (p = 0.08) in the meat tended to increase, and the springiness increased with 0.5% AY supplementation (p < 0.05). An appropriate level of AY supplementation can impact positively on the physiological functions in swine with a consequent seems to improve in qualitative traits of the meat quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siriporn Namted
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kanokporn Poungpong
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wiriya Loongyai
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Choawit Rakangthong
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chaiyapoom Bunchasak
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Muniyappan M, Palanisamy T, Kim IH. Effect of microencapsulated organic acids on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood profile, fecal gas emission, fecal microbial, and meat-carcass grade quality of growing-finishing pigs. Livest Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2021.104658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
9
|
Correa F, Luise D, Archetti I, Bosi P, Trevisi P. Investigation of Early Supplementation of Nucleotides on the Intestinal Maturation of Weaned Piglets. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:1489. [PMID: 34064055 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Nucleotides represent a group of bioactive compounds essential for the development of the gastrointestinal tract and immune function. This study aimed to evaluate the short-term effect of oral administration of nucleotides before and after weaning on growth performance, health, development of the intestinal immunity and microbiome of piglet. A nucleotide-based product (NU) was orally given four times before weaning and once after to one group of piglets, while a second group was used as a control (CO). The NU pigs did not grow more than the control until 12 days post-weaning but had increased hemoglobin and hematocrit values. At weaning, feces of NU piglets had a microbial profile more typical of growing pigs, while those of CO were more representative of suckling pigs. The upregulation of genes in the blood of control pigs at weaning was indicative of more activation towards an inflammatory response, while genes of erythropoiesis were more active in NU pigs post-weaning. NU supplementation stimulated genes for proliferative activity in the intestinal immune system, a sign of possible anticipated maturation. NU supplementation did not influence the growth performance of piglets but may have expressed a positive effect on pig microbiota anticipating its maturation at weaning, with possible immunostimulant activity on the intestinal immune system. Abstract Nucleotides are essential for the development of the gastrointestinal tract and immune function, but their intake with milk by piglets could be insufficient. The effect of nucleotides on growth and health was tested on 98 piglets divided into two groups: NU, orally administrated with 4 mL of a nucleotide-based product (SwineMOD®) at 10, 15, 18, 21, 27 days, or not (CO). Blood and feces were sampled at weaning (26 d, T1), and at 38 d (T2). Per each group and time-point, eight piglets were slaughtered and jejunal Peyer’s patches (JPPs) were collected. NU increased hemoglobin content and hematocrit, but not growth. At weaning, the NU fecal microbiota was characterized by the abundance of Campylobacteraceae, more typical of the growing phase, compared to CO, with a greater abundance of Streptococcaceae. For the blood transcriptome, an initial greater inflammatory activation was seen in CO, while at T2, NU enriched gene sets related to erythropoiesis. The activation of gene groups ranging from epigenetic response to transcriptional regulation evidenced an intense proliferative activity in NU JPPs. NU supplementation did not influence the growth performance of piglets but could have expressed a positive effect on pig microbiota anticipating its maturation at weaning. This immunostimulant activity in the JPPs could moderate the inflammation in the immediate pre-weaning.
Collapse
|
10
|
Kumar A, Toghyani M, Kheravii SK, Pineda L, Han Y, Swick RA, Wu SB. Potential of blended organic acids to improve performance and health of broilers infected with necrotic enteritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 7:440-449. [PMID: 34258432 PMCID: PMC8245907 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2020.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Organic acids (OA) and their blends have been shown to positively affect performance and health of broilers. However, the data in the literature are not consistent. This study examined the potential of blended short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) with medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA) as alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) on performance, health and welfare of broilers infected with necrotic enteritis (NE). The additives used were: A) a blend of SCFA, MCFA, and a phenolic compound (SMP); B) a blend of free and buffered SCFA with MCFA (SMF); C) a blend of free and buffered SCFA with a high concentration of MCFA (SHM). A total of 1,404 Ross 308 one-day-old male parental chicks were randomly distributed into 78-floor pens with 13 replicates of 18 birds each. Six treatments were the following: T1, unchallenged control (UCC); T2, challenged control (CHC); T3, challenged group plus zinc bacitracin (BAC); T4, challenged group plus additive SMP; T5, challenged group plus additive SMF; T6, challenged group plus additive SHM. Challenged birds were gavaged with Eimeria spp. on d 9 and Clostridium perfringens EHE-NE18 on d 14. Post NE challenge and cumulatively, BWG, FCR, and nutrient digestibility of birds were compromised (P < 0.05) by NE challenge indicating a successful induction of sub-clinical NE. Additive SHM had higher BWG compared to CHC and BAC groups (P = 0.001; d 10 to 24) but not different from SMP and SMF groups (P > 0.05). All the 3 additive groups had lower FCR compared to CHC (P = 0.001; d 0 to 35), and exhibited similar jejunal lesions (d 16) compared to BAC and apparent ileal protein digestibility (d 21) compared to UCC and BAC groups (P > 0.05). Birds in additive SHM group had a higher concentration of serum IgA compared to all groups (P = 0.001) except additive SMF (P > 0.05; d 21). All the additive groups had lower footpad dermatitis and hock burns compared to CHC (P < 0.05). The findings suggest the potential of blended OA as alternatives to BAC to protect broilers from NE indicated by improved FCR, immunity, digestibility, and bird welfare.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alip Kumar
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - Mehdi Toghyani
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - Sarbast K Kheravii
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - Lane Pineda
- Trouw Nutrition R & D, Stationsstraat 77, 3811 MH, Amersfoort, the Netherlands
| | - Yanming Han
- Trouw Nutrition R & D, Stationsstraat 77, 3811 MH, Amersfoort, the Netherlands
| | - Robert A Swick
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - Shu-Biao Wu
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lee JS, Kim TH, Song MH, Oh HJ, Yun W, Lee JH, Kim YJ, Lee BK, Kim HB, Cho JH. Effects of microencapsulated organic acids on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, fecal microbial counts, and blood profiles in weaning pigs. J Anim Sci Technol 2021; 63:104-113. [PMID: 33987588 PMCID: PMC7882838 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2021.e16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the efficiency of a microencapsulated
mixture of organic acids (MOA) with low protein in piglet feed on growth
performance, diarrhea score, nutrient digestibility, fecal microbial counts, and
blood profiles in weaning pigs. A total of 80 pigs [(Landrace ×
Yorkshire) × Duroc; 6.8 ± 0.48 kg] were randomly assigned to four
dietary treatment groups: high protein (HP); low protein (LP); MOA1, LP + 0.2%
MOA; and MOA2, LP + 0.3% MOA. The MOA2 group had higher average daily weight
gains (during days 0–14 and days 0–28), diarrhea score (during
days 0–14, during days 14–28 and days 0–28) and greater
digestibility of dry matter (days 14 and 28) compared to the LP group
(p < 0.05). However, there were no significant
differences (p > 0.05) between the pigs fed diets with
the MOA1 and MOA2 in blood profiles and fecal microflora. In conclusion, this
study indicates that piglets fed 0.3% MOA in low protein diets maintained
similar growth performance and nutrient digestibility, but alleviated the
incidence of diarrhea compared to piglets fed high protein diets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Soeng Lee
- Division of Food and Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Tae Heon Kim
- Division of Food and Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Min Ho Song
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Han Jin Oh
- Division of Food and Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Won Yun
- Division of Food and Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Ji Hwan Lee
- Division of Food and Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Yong Ju Kim
- Division of Food and Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | | | - Hyeun Bum Kim
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Jin Ho Cho
- Division of Food and Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Xu B, Fu J, Zhu L, Li Z, Jin M, Wang Y. Overall assessment of antibiotic substitutes for pigs: a set of meta-analyses. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2021; 12:3. [PMID: 33413687 PMCID: PMC7792336 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-020-00534-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Antibiotic growth promoters are widely used to improve weight gain. However, the abuse of antibiotics can have many negative effects on people. Developing alternatives to antibiotics is an urgent need in livestock production. We aimed to perform a meta-analysis and network meta-analysis (NMA) to investigate the effects of feed additives as potential antibiotic substitutes (ASs) on bacteriostasis, growth performance, intestinal morphology and immunity. Furthermore, the primary, secondary, and tertiary ASs were defined by comparing their results with the results of antibiotics. Results Among 16,309 identified studies, 37 were summarized to study the bacteriostasis effects of feed additives, and 89 were included in the meta-analysis and NMA (10,228 pigs). We summarized 268 associations of 57 interventions with 32 bacteria. The order of bacteriostasis effects was as follows: antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) ≈ antibiotics>organic acids>plant extracts>oligosaccharides. We detected associations of 11 feed additives and 11 outcomes. Compared with a basal diet, plant extract, AMPs, probiotics, microelements, organic acids, bacteriophages, lysozyme, zymin, and oligosaccharides significantly improved growth performance (P < 0.05); organic acids, probiotics, microelements, lysozyme, and AMPs remarkably increased the villus height:crypt depth ratio (V/C) (P < 0.05); and plant extracts, zymin, microelements, probiotics, and organic acids notably improved immunity (P < 0.05). The optimal AMP, bacteriophage, lysozyme, microelements, oligosaccharides, organic acids, plants, plant extracts, probiotics, and zymin doses were 0.100%, 0.150%, 0.012%, 0.010%, 0.050%, 0.750%, 0.20%, 0.040%, 0.180%, and 0.100%, respectively. Compared with antibiotics, all investigated feed additives exhibited no significant difference in effects on growth performance, IgG, and diarrhoea index/rate (P > 0.05); AMPs and microelements significantly increased V/C (P < 0.05); and zymin significantly improved lymphocyte levels (P < 0.05). Furthermore, linear weighting sum models were used to comprehensively estimate the overall impact of each feed additive on pig growth and health. Conclusions Our findings suggest that AMPs and plant extracts can be used as primary ASs for weaned piglets and growing pigs, respectively. Bacteriophages, zymin, plants, probiotics, oligosaccharides, lysozyme, and microelements can be regarded as secondary ASs. Nucleotides and organic acids can be considered as tertiary ASs. Future studies should further assess the alternative effects of combinational feed additives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bocheng Xu
- National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Fu
- National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Luoyi Zhu
- National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Li
- National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingliang Jin
- National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yizhen Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Han Y, Zhan T, Zhao Q, Tang C, Zhang K, Han Y, Zhang J. Effects of mixed organic acids and medium chain fatty acids as antibiotic alternatives on the performance, serum immunity, and intestinal health of weaned piglets orally challenged with Escherichia coli K88. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2020; 269:114617. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
14
|
Holanda DM, Kim SW. Efficacy of Mycotoxin Detoxifiers on Health and Growth of Newly-Weaned Pigs under Chronic Dietary Challenge of Deoxynivalenol. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E311. [PMID: 32397551 PMCID: PMC7290511 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12050311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of yeast-based mycotoxin detoxifiers on health and growth performance of newly-weaned pigs (27-d-old) fed diets naturally contaminated with deoxynivalenol was investigated. Sixty pigs were individually assigned to five treatments for 34 d: NC (negative control, 1.2 mg/kg of deoxynivalenol); PC (positive control, 3.2 mg/kg of deoxynivalenol); CYC (PC + clay/yeast culture-based product, 0.2%); CYE (PC + clay/yeast cell wall/plant extracts/antioxidants-based product, 0.2%); and CYB (PC + clay/inactivated yeast/botanicals/antioxidants-based product, 0.2%). Blood and jejunal mucosa were sampled, and data were analyzed using Proc Mixed of SAS with pre-planned contrasts. Deoxynivalenol reduced the average daily gain (ADG) in phase 3. Pigs fed CYC had greater overall ADG, average daily feed intake during phase 3, and gain to feed ratio during phase 2 than PC. At d 14, deoxynivalenol reduced blood urea nitrogen/creatinine and tended to reduce blood urea nitrogen. Pigs fed CYB tended to have greater aspartate aminotransferase than PC. At d 34, pigs fed CYC and CYB tended to have lower serum creatine phosphokinase than PC. Pigs fed CYE had lower blood urea nitrogen/creatinine than PC. In jejunal mucosa, deoxynivalenol tended to increase malondialdehydes and decrease glutathione. Pigs fed CYE and CYB had lower malondialdehydes, pigs fed CYB had greater glutathione and tended to have lower immunoglobulin A than PC. Pigs fed CYC and CYE tended to have lower interleukin 8 than PC. In summary, deoxynivalenol challenge (1.2 vs. 3.2 mg/kg) mildly compromised growth performance and increased the oxidative stress of pigs. Mycotoxin detoxifiers could partially overcome deoxynivalenol toxicity enhancing liver health, whereas CYE and CYB reduced oxidative stress, and CYC and CYB reduced immune activation. In conclusion, yeast-based detoxifiers with functional components as clay/inactivated yeast/botanicals/antioxidants had increased detoxifying properties in newly-weaned pigs challenged with deoxynivalenol, potentially by enhancing adsorbability, immune function, gut health, and reducing oxidative stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sung Woo Kim
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Perricone V, Comi M, Bontempo V, Lecchi C, Ceciliani F, Crestani M, Ferrari A, Savoini G, Agazzi A. Effects of nucleotides administration on growth performance and immune response of post-weaning piglets. Italian Journal of Animal Science 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2020.1738966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vera Perricone
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie per la Salute, la Produzione Animale e la Sicurezza Alimentare (VESPA), University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Marcello Comi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie per la Salute, la Produzione Animale e la Sicurezza Alimentare (VESPA), University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Valentino Bontempo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie per la Salute, la Produzione Animale e la Sicurezza Alimentare (VESPA), University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Cristina Lecchi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria (DIMEVET), University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Ceciliani
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria (DIMEVET), University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Maurizio Crestani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandra Ferrari
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Giovanni Savoini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie per la Salute, la Produzione Animale e la Sicurezza Alimentare (VESPA), University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandro Agazzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie per la Salute, la Produzione Animale e la Sicurezza Alimentare (VESPA), University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wang Z, Hu J, Zheng W, Yang T, Wang X, Xie C, Yan X. Lactobacillus frumenti mediates energy production via fatty acid β-oxidation in the liver of early-weaned piglets. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2019; 10:95. [PMID: 31827788 PMCID: PMC6894312 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-019-0399-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Early-weaning of piglets is often accompanied by severe disorders, especially diarrhea. The gut microbiota and its metabolites play a critical role in the maintenance of the physiologic and metabolic homeostasis of the host. Our previous studies have demonstrated that oral administration of Lactobacillus frumenti improves epithelial barrier functions and confers diarrhea resistance in early-weaned piglets. However, the metabolic response to L. frumenti administration remains unclear. Then, we conducted simultaneous serum and hepatic metabolomic analyses in early-weaned piglets administered by L. frumenti or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Results A total of 100 6-day-old crossbred piglets (Landrace × Yorkshire) were randomly divided into two groups and piglets received PBS (sterile, 2 mL) or L. frumenti (suspension in PBS, 108 CFU/mL, 2 mL) by oral administration once per day from 6 to 20 days of age. Piglets were weaned at 21 days of age. Serum and liver samples for metabolomic analyses were collected at 26 days of age. Principal components analysis (PCA) showed that L. frumenti altered metabolism in serum and liver. Numerous correlations (P < 0.05) were identified among the serum and liver metabolites that were affected by L. frumenti. Concentrations of guanosine monophosphate (GMP), inosine monophosphate (IMP), and uric acid were higher in serum of L. frumenti administration piglets. Pathway analysis indicated that L. frumenti regulated fatty acid and amino acid metabolism in serum and liver. Concentrations of fatty acid β-oxidation related metabolites in serum (such as 3-hydroxybutyrylcarnitine, C4-OH) and liver (such as acetylcarnitine) were increased after L. frumenti administration. Conclusions Our findings suggest that L. frumenti regulates lipid metabolism and amino acid metabolism in the liver of early-weaned piglets, where it promotes fatty acid β-oxidation and energy production. High serum concentrations of nucleotide intermediates, which may be an alternative strategy to reduce the incidence of diarrhea in early-weaned piglets, were further detected. These findings broaden our understanding of the relationships between the gut microbiota and nutrient metabolism in the early-weaned piglets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhichang Wang
- 1State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China.,Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pig Precision Feeding and Feed Safety Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China
| | - Jun Hu
- 1State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China.,Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pig Precision Feeding and Feed Safety Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China
| | - Wenyong Zheng
- 1State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China.,Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pig Precision Feeding and Feed Safety Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China
| | - Tao Yang
- 1State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China.,Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pig Precision Feeding and Feed Safety Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China
| | - Xinkai Wang
- 1State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China.,Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pig Precision Feeding and Feed Safety Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China
| | - Chunlin Xie
- 1State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China.,Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pig Precision Feeding and Feed Safety Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China
| | - Xianghua Yan
- 1State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China.,Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pig Precision Feeding and Feed Safety Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Yang Y, Lee K, Kim I. Effects of dietary protected organic acids on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, fecal microflora, diarrhea score, and fecal gas emission in weanling pigs. Can J Anim Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2018-0159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y. Yang
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungnam 31116, South Korea
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungnam 31116, South Korea
| | - K.Y. Lee
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungnam 31116, South Korea
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungnam 31116, South Korea
| | - I.H. Kim
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungnam 31116, South Korea
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungnam 31116, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Patterson R, Heo J, Wickramasuriya S, Yi Y, Nyachoti C. Dietary nucleotide rich yeast extract mitigated symptoms of colibacillosis in weaned pigs challenged with an enterotoxigenic strain of Escherichia coli. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2019.114204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
19
|
Jiao Y, Kim IH. Effects of nucleotide supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and immune blood profiles related to foot-and-mouth disease in vaccinated growing pigs. Can J Anim Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2018-0087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A 6 wk trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of nucleotide supplementation in improving performance, nutrient digestibility, and immune blood profiles so as to reduce foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccine stress in growing pigs. A total of 120 growing pigs [(Yorkshire × Landrace) × Duroc] with an average body weight (BW) of 25.76 ± 1.83 kg were used. Pigs were allocated to one of three treatments (eight pens per treatment; three barrows and two gilts per pen) based on BW and sex. Pigs were injected with FMD vaccine at 84 d of age (2 wk after experiment started). Dietary treatments consisted of (1) CON: corn–soybean-meal-based diet, (2) NUC1: CON + 0.5% nucleotide, and (3) NUC2: CON + 1.0% nucleotide. In the current study, the growth performance of gain:feed ratio (G:F), the apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter and nitrogen was linearly (P < 0.05) increased with the increasing level of nucleotide. After injection, the concentration of cortisol and epinephrine was decreased (P < 0.05) linearly in nucleotide treatments. In conclusion, nucleotide supplementation to FMD vaccinated pigs showed positive effects on improving performance, immune system health, and reducing vaccine stress in growing pigs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Jiao
- Department of Animal Resource & Science, Dankook University, #29 Anseodong, Cheonan, Choognam 330-714, Korea
- Department of Animal Resource & Science, Dankook University, #29 Anseodong, Cheonan, Choognam 330-714, Korea
| | - In Ho Kim
- Department of Animal Resource & Science, Dankook University, #29 Anseodong, Cheonan, Choognam 330-714, Korea
- Department of Animal Resource & Science, Dankook University, #29 Anseodong, Cheonan, Choognam 330-714, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Li S, Zheng J, Deng K, Chen L, Zhao XL, Jiang X, Fang Z, Che L, Xu S, Feng B, Li J, Lin Y, Wu Y, Han Y, Wu D. Supplementation with organic acids showing different effects on growth performance, gut morphology, and microbiota of weaned pigs fed with highly or less digestible diets. J Anim Sci 2018; 96:3302-3318. [PMID: 29762726 PMCID: PMC6095257 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Two studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of organic acid (OA) supplementation in a highly digestible (Exp. 1) or a less digestible diet (Exp. 2) on the growth performance and intestinal health of weaned pigs. In Exp. 1, a total of 240 pigs weaned at day 21 were assigned to one of five dietary treatments: negative control (NC) (basal diet, 3,000 ppm zinc oxide (ZnO) in the first 2 wk only); positive control (PC) (NC plus 10 mg/kg zinc bacitracin, 5 mg/kg colistin sulfate, and 5 mg/kg olaquindox); OA1 (NC plus a 0.2% blend of encapsulated butyrate, medium-chain fatty acids [MCFA], OA, and phenolics); OA2 (NC plus 0.3% blend of free and buffered short-chain fatty acids [SCFA] combined with MCFA); and OA1 plus OA2 (NC plus 0.2% OA1 plus 0.3% OA2) for 49 d. All treatments in Exp. 1 used the same highly digestible basal diet. At day 28, eight pigs from each group were sacrificed, to collect intestinal and digesta samples for biochemical analysis. Growth performance and intestinal morphology were not affected by the treatments. However, pigs subjected to the OA2 treatment had lower levels of Escherichia coli (P < 0.05) in the colon. In addition, the OA1 and OA2 treatments, and their combination resulted in higher concentrations of acetate and propionic acid in the cecum and colon (P < 0.01) in comparison to the NC. A less digestible diet without high levels of ZnO was used in Exp. 2. A similar design was used with the exception of the replacement of OA2 with another OA blend (OA3, a blend of free and buffered OA). In comparison to the NC, supplementation with OA1 and OA3 in a less digestible diet improved the ADG and the F:G ratio in the seventh week post-weaning (P < 0.01); reduced the diarrhea index of pigs during the first 3 wk post-weaning (P < 0.05); increased the ileal villus height (P < 0.05), and acetic and propionic acid concentrations in colon contents (P < 0.05). Moreover, the genus Prevotella was increased in the colon and the microbial community structure was significantly altered in the OA1 + OA3 treatment. The present research indicated that dietary supplementation with OA improved intestinal health. The OA blends showed a similar growth-promoting effect as antibiotics in the less digestible diet, to which high levels of ZnO had not been added.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Li
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Kai Deng
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Chen
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xilun L Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuemei Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhengfeng Fang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liangqiang Che
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shengyu Xu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bin Feng
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jian Li
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Lin
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wu
- Trouw Nutrition R&D, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - Yanming Han
- Trouw Nutrition R&D, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - De Wu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Han Y, Tang C, Zhao Q, Zhan T, Zhang K, Han Y, Zhang J. Effects of dietary supplementation with combinations of organic and medium chain fatty acids as replacements for chlortetracycline on growth performance, serum immunity, and fecal microbiota of weaned piglets. Livest Sci 2018; 216:210-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2018.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
22
|
Lan R, Kim I. Effects of organic acid and medium chain fatty acid blends on the performance of sows and their piglets. Anim Sci J 2018; 89:1673-1679. [PMID: 30270486 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
This study was aimed to evaluate the effects of organic acid (OA) and medium-chain fatty acid (MCFA) blends on production performance of sows and their litters. A total of 36 sows (Landrace × Yorkshire, average parity is 3.3, SE = 0.2) were randomly allocated to three treatments with 12 replicates. Dietary treatments were as follows: CON, basal diet; MC1, CON + 0.1% OA, and MCFA blends; MC2, CON + 0.2% OA, and MCFA blends. During lactation, no differences were observed in body weight (BW) loss, average daily feed intake, backfat thickness, digestibility of dry matter, nitrogen, or energy of sows. There were linear increase (p < 0.05) in BW and average daily gain of sucking piglets. On parturition and weaning day, there was a linear increase (p < 0.05) in fecal Lactobacillus counts, as well as a linear decrease (p < 0.05) in fecal Escherichia coli counts of sows on weaning day. The sucking piglets also had a linear increase (p < 0.05) in fecal Lactobacillus counts and a linear decrease (p < 0.05) in fecal E. coli counts. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of OA and MCFA blends in sows exerts beneficial effects to sows shifted fecal microbiota by increasing Lactobacillus and decreased E. coli counts. It also improved the performance of piglets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruixia Lan
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China.,Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea
| | - Inho Kim
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Hossain M, Jayaraman B, Kim S, Lee K, Kim I, Nyachoti C. Effects of a matrix-coated organic acids and medium-chain fatty acids blend on performance, and in vitro fecal noxious gas emissions in growing pigs fed in-feed antibiotic-free diets. Can J Anim Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2017-0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the efficacy of a matrix-coated organic acids and medium-chain fatty acids blend (MCOFA) in growing pigs. Ninety six pigs [(Yorkshire × Landrace) × Duroc] with an average body weight (BW) of 47.71 ± 3.73 kg were used in a 6 wk experiment. Pigs were allotted to diets containing 0 or 2 g kg−1 of MCOFA, and 0 or 2.5 g kg−1 of antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) according to a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Pigs fed diets supplemented with MCOFA had improved growth efficiency compared with those fed a diet without MCOFA (P < 0.05). Pigs receiving the diets supplemented with both AGP and MCOFA had higher apparent total tract digestibility of crude protein, dry matter, fat, and gross energy (P < 0.05). Pigs fed AGP × MCOFA diet had increased serum urea nitrogen (P < 0.05). Pigs fed diets supplemented with AGP had reduced fecal ammonia (NH3) gas emissions compared with those fed without AGP (P < 0.05). Moreover, pigs fed diets supplemented with MCOFA had reduced fecal NH3 and acetic acid gas emissions compared with those fed without MCOFA (P < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary supplementation with MCOFA improved performance in growing pigs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M.M. Hossain
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - B. Jayaraman
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - S.C. Kim
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, No. 29 Anseodong, Cheonan, Choongnam 330-714, South Korea
| | - K.Y. Lee
- Morningbio Co., Ltd., Cheonan 331-963, South Korea
| | - I.H. Kim
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, No. 29 Anseodong, Cheonan, Choongnam 330-714, South Korea
| | - C.M. Nyachoti
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Yan J, Liu P, Xu L, Huan H, Zhou W, Xu X, Shi Z. Effects of exogenous inosine monophosphate on growth performance, flavor compounds, enzyme activity, and gene expression of muscle tissues in chicken. Poult Sci 2018; 97:1229-1237. [PMID: 29361047 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this experiment was to examine effects of diets supplemented with exogenous inosine monophosphate (IMP) on the growth performance, flavor compounds, enzyme activity and gene expression of chicken. A total of 1,500 healthy, 1-day-old male 3-yellow chickens were used for a 52-d experimental period. Individuals were randomly divided into 5 groups (group I, II, III, IV, V) with 6 replicates per group, and fed a basal diet supplemented with 0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3% IMP, respectively. There was no significant response to the increasing dietary IMP level in average daily feed intake (ADFI), average daily gain (ADG), and feed:gain ratio (F/G) (P ≥ 0.05). IMP content of the breast and thigh muscle showed an exponential and linear response to the increasing dietary IMP level (P < 0.05), the highest IMP content was obtained when the diet with 0.3% and 0.2% exogenous IMP was fed. There were significant effects of IMP level in diet on free amino acids (FAA) (exponential, linear and quadratic effect, P < 0.05) and delicious amino acids (DAA) (quadratic effect, P < 0.01) content in breast muscle. FAA and DAA content in thigh muscle showed an exponential and linear response (P < 0.05), and quadratic response (P < 0.01) to the increasing dietary IMP level, the highest FAA and DAA content was obtained when the diet with 0.2% exogenous IMP was fed. Dietary IMP supplementation had a quadratic effect on 5΄-NT and the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) enzyme activity in the breast muscle (P < 0.05), and the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) enzyme activity in the thigh muscles increased exponentially and linearly with increasing IMP level in diet (exponential effect, P = 0.061; linear effect, P = 0.059). Cyclohydrolase (ATIC) gene expression in thigh muscle had a quadratic response to the increasing dietary IMP level (P < 0.05), 0.2% exogenous IMP group had the highest (AMPD1) gene expression of the breast muscle and ATIC gene expression of the thigh muscle. These results indicate that dietary IMP did not affect the growth performance of chicken, the diet with 0.2 to 0.3% exogenous IMP is optimal to improve the meat flavor quality in chicken.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junshu Yan
- Laboratory of Animal Improvement and Reproduction, Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanging, 210014 China
| | - Peifeng Liu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030 China
| | - Liangmei Xu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030 China
| | - Hailin Huan
- Laboratory of Animal Improvement and Reproduction, Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanging, 210014 China
| | - Weiren Zhou
- Laboratory of Animal Improvement and Reproduction, Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanging, 210014 China
| | - Xiaoming Xu
- Laboratory of Animal Improvement and Reproduction, Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanging, 210014 China
| | - Zhendan Shi
- Laboratory of Animal Improvement and Reproduction, Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanging, 210014 China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Keimer B, Kröger S, Röhe I, Pieper R, Simon A, Zentek J. Influence of differently processed yeast (Kluyveromyces fragilis) on feed intake and gut physiology in weaned pigs. J Anim Sci 2018; 96:194-205. [PMID: 29385459 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skx031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Two feeding trials were conducted to investigate the effects of hydrolyzed (HY) or non-hydrolyzed (NHY) yeast (Kluyveromyces fragilis) in isoenergetic and isonitrogeneous diets in the postweaning period. In experiment 1, a total of 550 unsexed pigs (6.5 ± 0.5 kg BW), weaned at 24 ± 2 d of age, were allocated to five treatment groups, receiving either a control diet (CON) or diets with 1%, 3%, and 5% HY (groups HY1, HY3, and HY5, respectively), or a diet with 3% NHY (group NHY3). In experiment 2, a total of 48 male and female pigs (6.2 ± 0.3 kg BW, weaned at d 25) were allocated to three dietary groups (n = 8 replicates with two pigs) receiving a control diet (CON) or diets with 1% NHY or 1% HY. Eight animals were sacrificed 2 wk after weaning for histological investigations in the jejunum and colon, determination of apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of CP and ether extract (EE), and electrophysiological measurements in the jejunal tissue after addition of carbachol or l-glutamine using Ussing chambers. In experiment 1, different treatments had no significant effect on pig performance, but diet HY1 tended to increase ADG and G:F in wk 2 after weaning (P < 0.1). In experiment 2, diet HY1 increased feed intake in wk 2 (P < 0.05), whereas NHY yeast had no effect on feed intake. Villus height, villus/crypt ratio in jejunum (P < 0.05), and crypt depth in colon (P < 0.01) were increased in group HY1. Crypt depth in jejunum and small intestinal length were not affected by different treatments. The AID of CP and EE tended to increase in group HY1 (P < 0.1) compared with groups CON and NHY. In the Ussing chamber experiments, no changes in basal electrophysiological parameters were observed, and the reactions of the treatment groups to carbachol and l-glutamine were comparable. ADFI was positively correlated with different parameters of intestinal morphology (villus height, villus/crypt ratio, crypt depth in colon, length of small intestine), AID of CP, EE, and performance. The results suggest that a supplementation of 1% HY based on K. fragilis to pig diets may positively influence ADFI and intestinal morphology in pig in the early postweaning period (d 1 to 14).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Keimer
- Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Department of Crop and Animal Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Biochem Zusatzstoffe GmbH, D-Lohne, Germany
| | - S Kröger
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - I Röhe
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - R Pieper
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - A Simon
- Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Department of Crop and Animal Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - J Zentek
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Liu Y, Espinosa CD, Abelilla JJ, Casas GA, Lagos LV, Lee SA, Kwon WB, Mathai JK, Navarro DM, Jaworski NW, Stein HH. Non-antibiotic feed additives in diets for pigs: A review. Anim Nutr 2018; 4:113-125. [PMID: 30140751 PMCID: PMC6103469 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A number of feed additives are marketed to assist in boosting the pigs' immune system, regulate gut microbiota, and reduce negative impacts of weaning and other environmental challenges. The most commonly used feed additives include acidifiers, zinc and copper, prebiotics, direct-fed microbials, yeast products, nucleotides, and plant extracts. Inclusion of pharmacological levels of zinc and copper, certain acidifiers, and several plant extracts have been reported to result in improved pig performance or improved immune function of pigs. It is also possible that use of prebiotics, direct-fed microbials, yeast, and nucleotides may have positive impacts on pig performance, but results have been less consistent and there is a need for more research in this area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Liu
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95817, USA
| | | | | | - Gloria A. Casas
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Animal Production, College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Colombia, Bogota 111321, Colombia
| | - L. Vanessa Lagos
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Su A. Lee
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Woong B. Kwon
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - John K. Mathai
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | | | | | - Hans H. Stein
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Long S, Xu Y, Pan L, Wang Q, Wang C, Wu J, Wu Y, Han Y, Yun C, Piao X. Mixed organic acids as antibiotic substitutes improve performance, serum immunity, intestinal morphology and microbiota for weaned piglets. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
28
|
Daneshmand A, Kermanshahi H, Danesh Mesgaran M, King A, Ibrahim S. Effects of pyrimidine nucleosides on growth performance, gut morphology, digestive enzymes, serum biochemical indices and immune response in broiler chickens. Livest Sci 2017; 204:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
29
|
Daneshmand A, Kermanshahi H, Mesgaran MD, King AJ, Ibrahim SA, Klasing KC. Combination of purine and pyrimidine nucleosides influences growth performance, gut morphology, digestive enzymes, serum biochemical indices and immune functions in broiler chickens. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2017; 228:186-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
|
30
|
Amorim AB, Berto DA, Saleh MAD, Miassi GM, Ducatti C. Dietary glutamine, glutamic acid and nucleotides increase the carbon turnover (δ 13C) on the intestinal mucosa of weaned piglets. Animal 2017; 11:1472-81. [PMID: 28183385 DOI: 10.1017/S1751731117000192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed at evaluating the influence of dietary glutamine, glutamic acid and nucleotides on duodenal and jejunal carbon turnover, and on mucosa morphometry of piglets weaned at an age of 21 days. The diets were: additive-free diet - control (C); 1% of glutamine (G); 1% of glutamic acid (GA); and 1% of nucleotides (N). In intestinal mucosa morphometry trial, 65 animals were used. At day 0 (baseline), five animals were slaughtered to determine the villus height (VH), crypt depth (CD), VH : CD ratio and villi density (VD). The remaining 60 animals were allocated into a randomized block design with 4×3 factorial arrangement (four diets: C - control, G - glutamine, GA - glutamic acid and N - nucleotides; three slaughter ages: 7, 14 and 21 days post-weaning) with five piglets slaughtered per treatment. In carbon turnover trial, 123 animals were used. At day 0 (baseline), three animals were slaughtered to quantify the δ 13C half-life (T50%) and the 99% carbon substitution (T99%) on intestinal mucosa. The remaining 120 animals were blocked by three weight categories (light, medium and heavy) and, randomly assigned to pen with the same four diets from the previous trial with one piglet slaughtered per weight category per treatment at days 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 9, 13, 20, 27 and 49 after weaning. Morphometric analyses have yielded no consistent results regarding the action of the evaluated additives, and few reproducible age-related effects. The N diets determined lower T50% values (5.18 days) and T99% (17.21 days) than G and C diets (T50%=7.29, 7.58 days and T99%=24.22, 25.17 days, respectively) in the duodenal mucosa. In jejunum, the N, GA and G diets determined the lowest T50% means (4.9, 6.2 and 6.7 days, respectively) and T99% means (15.34, 21.10 and 21.84 days, respectively) in comparison with C diets (T50%=7.44 and T99%=24.72 days). The inclusion of the additives in the diets of piglets accelerated the carbon turnover in piglets during the post-weaning period. The stable isotopes technique (δ 13C) is an important methodology in studies of additives with trophic effects on the intestinal mucosa of the piglets.
Collapse
|
31
|
Che L, Hu L, Liu Y, Yan C, Peng X, Xu Q, Wang R, Cheng Y, Chen H, Fang Z, Lin Y, Xu S, Feng B, Chen D, Wu D. Dietary Nucleotides Supplementation Improves the Intestinal Development and Immune Function of Neonates with Intra-Uterine Growth Restriction in a Pig Model. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157314. [PMID: 27304828 PMCID: PMC4909294 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The current study aimed to determine whether dietary nucleotides supplementation could improve growth performance, intestinal development and immune function of intra-uterine growth restricted (IUGR) neonate using pig as animal model. A total of 14 pairs of normal birth weight (NBW) and IUGR piglets (7 days old) were randomly assigned to receive a milk-based control diet (CON diet) or diet supplemented with nucleotides (NT diet) for a period of 21 days. Blood samples, intestinal tissues and digesta were collected at necropsy and analyzed for morphology, digestive enzyme activities, microbial populations, peripheral immune cells, expression of intestinal innate immunity and barrier-related genes and proteins. Compared with NBW piglets, IUGR piglets had significantly lower average daily dry matter intake and body weight gain (P<0.05). Moreover, IUGR markedly decreased the villous height and villi: crypt ratio in duodenum (P<0.05), as well as the maltase activity in jejunum (P<0.05). In addition, IUGR significantly decreased the serum concentrations of IgA, IL-1βand IL-10 (P<0.05), as well as the percentage of peripheral lymphocytes (P<0.05). Meanwhile, the down-regulation of innate immunity-related genes such as TOLLIP (P<0.05), TLR-9 (P = 0.08) and TLR-2 (P = 0.07) was observed in the ileum of IUGR relative to NBW piglets. Regardless of birth weight, however, feeding NT diet markedly decreased (P<0.05) feed conversion ratio, increased the villous height in duodenum (P<0.05), activities of lactase and maltase in jejunum (P<0.05), count of peripheral leukocytes (P<0.05), serum concentrations of IgA and IL-1β as well as gene expressions of TLR-9, TLR-4 and TOLLIP in ileum (P<0.05). In addition, expressions of tight junction proteins (Claudin-1 and ZO-1) in ileum were markedly increased by feeding NT diet relative to CON diet (P<0.05). These results indicated that IUGR impaired growth performance, intestinal and immune function, but dietary nucleotides supplementation improved nutrients utilization, intestinal function and immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lianqiang Che
- Institute of Animal Nutrition,Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail:
| | - Liang Hu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition,Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Liu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition,Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chuan Yan
- Institute of Animal Nutrition,Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xie Peng
- Institute of Animal Nutrition,Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qin Xu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition,Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ru Wang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition,Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanfang Cheng
- Institute of Animal Nutrition,Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of livestock nutrition, Tongwei group Co., Ltd., No. 588, Tianfu Road, Gaoxin District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong Chen
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhengfeng Fang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition,Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Lin
- Institute of Animal Nutrition,Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shengyu Xu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition,Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bin Feng
- Institute of Animal Nutrition,Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, People’s Republic of China
| | - Daiwen Chen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition,Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, People’s Republic of China
| | - De Wu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition,Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Ferrara F, Tedin L, Pieper R, Meyer W, Zentek J. Influence of medium-chain fatty acids and short-chain organic acids on jejunal morphology and intra-epithelial immune cells in weaned piglets. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2016; 101:531-540. [PMID: 26919402 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA) and short-chain organic acids (SOA) are often used as feed additives in piglet diets. There are limited studies in pigs describing the impact of MCFA or SOA on gut morphology and the local immune system. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the supplementation of SOA (0.41% fumaric acid and 0.32% lactic acid), or the combination of SOA with MCFA (0.15% caprylic and capric acid) would have effects on gut morphology and intestinal immune cells in weaned piglets. A total number of 72 weaned piglets were randomly allocated into three experimental groups. Tissue samples of six animals per group were used to investigate the potential impact of the feed additives on villus length and crypt depth of the jejunum and to quantify intra-epithelial lymphocytes (IEL). CD3-positive IEL were determined via immunohistochemistry (IHC) and flow cytometry (FC), whereas CD2-, CD5-, CD8β-, CD16- and γδ TCR-positive IEL were only analysed by FC. The supplementation of MCFA and SOA did not significantly affect morphometric data. The FC data indicated that SOA significantly increased the quantity of CD2- CD8- γδ T cells in the jejunum epithelium. Both IHC and FC analyses of pig jejunum confirmed that the majority of IEL expressed the surface marker CD3 and could be classified as cytotoxic T lymphocytes. In conclusion, the data indicated that SOA increased the proportion of CD2- CD8- γδ T cells in the jejunal epithelium. Thus, SOA might enable a beneficial effect on the local immunity by increasing the constitutive number of potential effector cells to defeat infectious diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Ferrara
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Charité University Hospital and Center of Cardiovascular Research Berlin, Germany
| | - L Tedin
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - R Pieper
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - W Meyer
- Institute of Anatomy, Foundation, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - J Zentek
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Li H, Zhao P, Lei Y, Li T, Kim I. Response to an Escherichia coli K88 oral challenge and productivity of weanling pigs receiving a dietary nucleotides supplement. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2015; 6:49. [PMID: 26635958 PMCID: PMC4668697 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-015-0049-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary nucleotides, considered as antibiotics alternative, were shown to have positive effects on intestinal hyperaemia, systemic immunity, small-intestinal growth, and hepatic composition in pigs. However, there is no previous research on nucleotide supplementation in weanling pigs under an oral challenged E. coli K88. Therefore, 2 experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of dietary nucleotides on weanling pig growth performance, nutrient digestibility, fecal score, and blood profile after being orally challenged with E. coli K88. METHODS In Exp. 1, a total of 140 weanling pigs [8.33 ± 0.33 kg of body weight (BW), 28-d old] were used in this 42-d feeding trial. Pigs were distributed into 1 of 4 treatments, 5 pigs/pen (3 barrows and 2 gilts) and 7 pens/treatment. Treatments were a control basal diet (CON) or the CON supplemented with 150 (R150), 220 (R220), or 275 (R275) mg/kg to give the three treatment diets. In Exp. 2, 28 weanling pigs (BW = 8.40 ± 0.22 kg, 28-d old) were distributed into 1 of 4 treatments to give 1 pig/pen and 7 pens/treatment in a 42-d feeding and challenge trial. Dietary treatments were the same as in Exp. 1. On d 14, all those pigs (BW = 13.3 ± 0.15 kg, 42-d old) were orally dosed with 1.5 mL suspension containing 10(10) cfu/mL of E. coli K88. Twenty four hours after challenge, blood and excreta samples were collected from each pigs for analysis. Fecal scores were measured on d 7, 14, 21, and 28 of the study. RESULTS In Exp. 1, overall BW, average daily gain (ADG), gain/feed (G/F) ratio, and nutrient digestibilities were lower (P < 0.05) in CON group compared with the nucleotides fed pigs. In Exp. 2, after challenge, IgA, IgM, and IGF-I were higher (P < 0.05) in the nucleotide groups compared with CON. However, the nucleotide groups had lower (P < 0.05) cortisol and TNF-α compared with CON. Fecal E. coli counts and fecal score for the nucleotide groups were lower (P < 0.05) than for CON. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, dietary nucleotides supplementation could improve growth performance, nutrient digestibility, immune status, microbial balance, reduce diarrhea, and provide protection against enterotoxigenic E. coli K88 infection in weanling pigs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanlin Li
- Department of Animal Resource & Science, Dankook University, No. 29 Anseodong, Cheonan, Choongnam, 330-714 South Korea
| | - Pinyao Zhao
- Department of Animal Resource & Science, Dankook University, No. 29 Anseodong, Cheonan, Choongnam, 330-714 South Korea
| | - Yan Lei
- Department of Animal Resource & Science, Dankook University, No. 29 Anseodong, Cheonan, Choongnam, 330-714 South Korea
| | - Tianshui Li
- Department of Animal Resource & Science, Dankook University, No. 29 Anseodong, Cheonan, Choongnam, 330-714 South Korea
| | - InHo Kim
- Department of Animal Resource & Science, Dankook University, No. 29 Anseodong, Cheonan, Choongnam, 330-714 South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abd El-Gha WAEG, Ahmed Tony M, Mohamed S. Influence of Feed Sanitation on Zootechnical Performance, Prevalence, Immune Status and Carcass Trait of Salmonella typhimurium Infected Broiler Chickens. Asian J of Animal Sciences 2015; 9:306-317. [DOI: 10.3923/ajas.2015.306.317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
|
35
|
Waititu SM, Heo JM, Patterson R, Nyachoti CM. Dose-response effects of in-feed antibiotics on growth performance and nutrient utilization in weaned pigs fed diets supplemented with yeast-based nucleotides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 1:166-169. [PMID: 29767165 PMCID: PMC5945938 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Dietary nucleotides are bioactive compounds with the potential to mitigate weaning-associated challenges in piglets. An experiment was conducted to determine the interaction effect of antimicrobial growth promoters (AGP) and a nucleotide-rich yeast extract (NRYE) on growth performance and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and gross energy (GE), and to establish whether NRYE supplementation may completely or partially replace AGP in diets for weaned pigs. In phase 1 and 2, corn, wheat, canola meal and soybean meal based diets, which were formulated to contain 0.0 or 0.1% NRYE with 0, 25, 50, 75 or 100% of the recommended AGP dosage, were fed to 108 twenty-one day old piglets (initial body weight 7.11 ± 0.9 kg; mean ± SD) from d 1 to 14 and 15 to 28, respectively. Overall, increasing AGP level in NRYE supplemented diets linearly decreased average daily gain (ADG) (P = 0.002) and gain-to-feed ratio (G:F) (P = 0.007); and quadratically decreased ATTD of DM (P = 0.001), CP (P = 0.003) and G:F (P = 0.017) during phase 2. Compared with control and pigs fed NRYE with 100% of recommended AGP dosage, pigs fed 0.1% NRYE without AGP had greater (P < 0.05) ADG and G:F in phase 2 and overall. In conclusion, supplementing 0.1% NRYE improved growth performance of pigs but this beneficial effect was reduced by increasing dietary AGP dosage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel M Waititu
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Jung M Heo
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejon 305-764, South Korea
| | | | - Charles M Nyachoti
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg R3T 2N2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Upadhaya SD, Lee KY, Kim IH. Effect of protected organic acid blends on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and faecal micro flora in growing pigs. Journal of Applied Animal Research 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2015.1031775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
37
|
Abstract
The transition from liquid to solid feed during weaning results in morphological, histological and microbial changes in the young animal's intestinal tract and often is associated with diarrhoea. The ban of in-feed antibiotics in pig production in the European Union has led to increasing interest in alternatives to overcome weaning-associated problems. Among others, nucleotides may have the potential to alleviate health impairments due to weaning. Nucleotides are natural components of the non-protein fraction of milk and have important effects on the maintenance of health in young animals. Nucleotides and their related metabolic products play key roles in many biological processes and become essential dietary components when endogenous supply is insufficient for normal function. The present review summarises nucleotide composition of milk from different species, the biology of nucleotides and possible effects of dietary nucleotides on intestinal morphology and function, intestinal microbiota, immune function, nutrient metabolism, hepatic morphology and function as well as growth performance. Special attention is given to data available for pigs, and suggestions are made for inclusion of nucleotides in the diet to benefit piglets' health and reduce the consequences accompanying early weaning.
Collapse
|
38
|
Upadhaya SD, Lee KY, Kim IH. Protected organic Acid blends as an alternative to antibiotics in finishing pigs. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci 2014; 27:1600-7. [PMID: 25358320 PMCID: PMC4213705 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2014.14356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A total of 120 finishing pigs ([Yorkshire×Landrace]×Duroc) with an average body weight (BW) of 49.72 ±1.72 kg were used in 12-wk trial to evaluate the effects of protected organic acids on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, fecal micro flora, meat quality and fecal gas emission. Pigs were randomly allotted to one of three dietary treatments (10 replication pens with 4 pigs per pen) in a randomly complete block design based on their initial BW. Each dietary treatment consisted of: Control (CON/basal diet), OA1 (basal diet+0.1% organic acids) and OA2 (basal diet+0.2% organic acids). Dietary treatment with protected organic acid blends linearly improved (p<0.001) average daily gain during 0 to 6 week, 6 to 12 week as well as overall with the increase in their inclusion level in the diet. The dry matter, N, and energy digestibility was higher (linear effect, p<0.001) with the increase in the dose of protected organic acid blends during 12 week. During week 6, a decrease (linear effect, p = 0.01) in fecal ammonia contents was observed with the increase in the level of protected organic acid blends on d 3 and d 5 of fermentation. Moreover, acetic acid emission decreased linearly (p = 0.02) on d7 of fermentation with the increase in the level of protected organic acid blends. During 12 weeks, linear decrease (p<0.001) in fecal ammonia on d 3 and d 5 and acetic acid content on d 5 of fermentation was observed with the increase in the level of protected organic acid blends. Supplementation of protected organic acid blends linearly increased the longissimus muscle area with the increasing concentration of organic acids. Moreover, color of meat increased (linear effect, quadratic effect, p<0.001, p<0.002 respectively) and firmness of meat showed quadratic effect (p = 0.003) with the inclusion of increasing level of protected organic acid in the diet. During the 6 week, increment in the level of protected organic acid blends decreased (linear effect, p = 0.01) Escherichia coli (E. coli) counts and increased (linear effect, p = 0.004) Lactobacillus counts. During 12-wk of experimental trial, feces from pigs fed diet supplemented with organic acid blends showed linear reduction (p<0.001) of E. coli counts and the tendency of linear increase (p = 0.06) in Lactobacillus count with the increase in the level of organic acid blends. In conclusion, 0.2% protected organic acids blends positively affected growth performance, nutrient digestibility, fecal gas emission and meat quality in finishing pigs without any adverse effects on blood parameters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - K Y Lee
- Morningbio Co., LTD., Cheonan 331-963, Korea
| | - I H Kim
- Morningbio Co., LTD., Cheonan 331-963, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Liu S, Hou W, Cheng S, Shi B, Shan A. Effects of dietary citric acid on performance, digestibility of calcium and phosphorus, milk composition and immunoglobulin in sows during late gestation and lactation. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2014.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
40
|
Weaver AC, Kim SW. Supplemental nucleotides high in inosine 5'-monophosphate to improve the growth and health of nursery pigs. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:645-51. [PMID: 24398830 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-6564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the ability of a supplemental nucleotide mixture high in inosine 5'-monophosphate (5'IMP) to enhance pig growth and health after weaning. Pigs (n = 120 and 7.3 ± 0.1 kg) were allotted at weaning to phase 1 diets (3.3 Mcal ME/kg, 22.4% CP, and 1.34% standardize ileal digestible [SID] Lys) supplemented with 0.0, 0.2, 0.5, or 1.0 g/kg of a nucleotide additive. After 7 d, pigs were fed phase 2 diets (3.3 Mcal ME/kg, 21.3% CP, and 1.20% SID Lys) for 21 d with the same additive levels. Growth performance was measured, blood samples were collected for analysis of immune responses and oxidative stress, and fecal scoring was completed. During phase 1, ADG, ADFI, and G:F linearly increased (P < 0.05) as dietary nucleotides increased. During phase 2, ADFI increased linearly (P < 0.05). Over the entire 28-d trial, ADG and ADFI increased linearly (P < 0.05) as nucleotide content increased. Immune responses were not altered during phase 1. At the end of phase 2, IgA showed a quadratic effect (P < 0.05) with the lowest concentrations at 0.2 and 0.5 g/kg of the nucleotide additive whereas IgM changed cubically (P < 0.05) with the lowest concentration at 0.5 g/kg. The cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α tended to decrease linearly (P = 0.093) as nucleotide content increased whereas the marker for oxidative DNA damage, 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine, tended to have a quadratic effect (P = 0.064) with the lowest levels of damage in pigs fed 0.5 g/kg. On d 8 after changing from the phase 1 to phase 2 diets, fecal diarrhea scores tended to be lowest (P = 0.072) when pigs were fed 0.5 g/kg of the nucleotide additive. Overall, 1.0 g/kg of the nucleotide additive provided the most benefit to the growth performance of nursery pigs. However, 0.5 g/kg of the nucleotide additive reduced immune responses and oxidative stress. In conclusion, the addition of a nucleotide mixture high in 5'IMP to the diet of young pigs may be beneficial to enhance growth performance and reduce postweaning stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A C Weaver
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Jensen K, Damgaard B, Andresen L, Jørgensen E, Carstensen L. Prevention of post weaning diarrhoea by a Saccharomyces cerevisiae-derived product based on whole yeast. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2013.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
42
|
Sauer N, Eklund M, Bauer E, Gänzle MG, Field CJ, Zijlstra RT, Mosenthin R. The effects of pure nucleotides on performance, humoral immunity, gut structure and numbers of intestinal bacteria of newly weaned pigs. J Anim Sci 2012; 90:3126-34. [PMID: 22859755 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-4417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Weaning is often stressful for piglets and accompanied by morphological, histological, microbial, and immunological changes along the digestive tract. Dietary nucleotides are bioactive compounds which have the potential to diminish weaning-associated challenges. The experiment was carried out with 5 litters each of 7 pigs (mixed sex), weaned at 20 d of age. One baseline pig per litter was slaughtered at d 0. The remaining 30 pigs were housed individually and randomly allocated to 2 dietary treatments: the control diet or the control diet supplemented with a mixture of nucleotides. Measurements of growth performance traits included ADFI, ADG, G:F, and BW. At d 17, fresh fecal samples were taken to determine bacterial numbers. On d 19 and 20, pigs were slaughtered and blood samples were analyzed for plasma immunoglobulins and intestinal samples were assessed for morphological traits. Digesta from the jejunum and cecum were collected for analysis of the microbiome. The ADFI was greater in the nucleotide treatment compared with the control treatment (P < 0.05), but ADG, G:F, and BW did not differ between treatments. Plasma IgA concentrations increased with age and were greater in the nucleotide (P < 0.05) compared with the control group. There were no treatment differences in plasma IgG and IgM, gut morphology, or intestinal and fecal bacterial counts. Supplemental nucleotides may increase ADFI but without having any impact on growth performance of the pigs. Greater plasma IgA concentrations indicate that adding nucleotides in the weaning diet supported humoral immunity. However, there was no effect of dietary nucleotide supplementation on the composition of the bacterial community in parts of the small and large intestine. Further research is warranted before the use of nucleotide as a feed additive in pig diet can be recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Sauer
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Sauer N, Eklund M, Roth S, Rink F, Jezierny D, Bauer E, Mosenthin R. Short-term effect of dietary yeast nucleotide supplementation on small intestinal enzyme activities, bacterial populations and metabolites and ileal nutrient digestibilities in newly weaned pigs. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2011; 96:700-8. [PMID: 21797935 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2011.01198.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In previous studies, dietary nucleotides have been shown to improve performance in single-stomached animals by promoting the renewal of small intestine epithelial cells and by influencing the activity and composition of the microbial community in the digestive tract. The present experiment was carried out with 12 barrows weaned at the age of 18 days and fitted with a simple T-cannula at the distal ileum. To determine short-term effects of dietary yeast nucleotides, the piglets received a grain-soybean meal-based basal diet with or without supplementation of 1 g/kg of a dried yeast product containing free nucleotides. Dietary supplementation with yeast did not affect bacterial numbers in the ileum as well as ileal concentrations of individual short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), total SCFA and total lactic acid (p > 0.05). Moreover, there was no effect of supplemental yeast nucleotides on ileal α-amylase, leucine amino peptidase, maltase and lactase activities (p > 0.05), as well as on ileal dry matter, crude protein and crude fibre digestibilities (p > 0.05). In conclusion, short-term supplementation with dietary yeast nucleotides did not affect microbial metabolite concentrations, bacterial numbers and enzyme activities in the ileal digesta as well as ileal nutrient digestibilities of newly weaned pigs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Sauer
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Moore K, Mullan B, Pluske J, Kim J, D'Souza D. The use of nucleotides, vitamins and functional amino acids to enhance the structure of the small intestine and circulating measures of immune function in the post-weaned piglet. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2010.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|