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Grabia M, Perkowski J, Socha K, Markiewicz-Żukowska R. Female Athlete Triad and Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs): Nutritional Management. Nutrients 2024; 16:359. [PMID: 38337644 PMCID: PMC10857508 DOI: 10.3390/nu16030359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The female athlete triad (TRIAD) is a spectrum of disorders involving low energy availability (LEA), low bone mineral density, and menstrual disorders. It is increasingly common to use the term 'relative energy deficiency in sport' (RED), emphasising the extensive impact of LEA on the body. The aim of this narrative review was to gather original research encompassing female athletes across various sports as well as to collect findings on the potential of a nutrition-focused approach to prevent or treat the aforementioned disorders. A comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed and Scopus. Several challenges were identified regarding the adequacy of the energy availability, protein, and carbohydrate requirements in the diets of female athletes. Moreover, insufficient intake of vitamin D has been observed across all athlete groups studied. This insufficiency also extends to the average requirement for Ca, Mg, the Ca/P ratio, Zn, and Fe. To address those concerns, a nutritional approach is proposed in the latter part of this review. The factors that can improve the absorption of micronutrients have also been discussed. The TRIAD/REDs affect an ever-growing number of women and require appropriate therapeutic management, particularly through nutritional care. Therefore, cooperation within an interdisciplinary team comprising a physician, nutritionist, physiotherapist, and psychologist is crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Grabia
- Department of Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Białystok, 2D Mickiewicza Street, 15-222 Białystok, Poland (K.S.)
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Saedmocheshi S, Amiri E, Mehdipour A, Stefani GP. The Effect of Vitamin D Consumption on Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines in Athletes: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. Sports (Basel) 2024; 12:32. [PMID: 38251306 PMCID: PMC10821273 DOI: 10.3390/sports12010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D is essential for the optimal health of the skeletal system. However, this vitamin also plays a role in other functions of the human body, such as muscle, immune, and inflammatory functions. Some studies have reported that adequate levels of vitamin D improve immune system function by reducing the levels of certain pro-inflammatory cytokines, which can protect against the risk of post-exercise illness. This systematic review aims to investigate the effects of vitamin D supplementation on pro-inflammatory cytokines in athletes. This study was conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. A literature search was conducted in SPORTDiscus, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar up to 1 October 2023. The quality of the articles was evaluated using the Risk of Bias 2 Tool. After searching the databases, a total of 7417 studies were identified, 6 of which met the eligibility criteria, and their outcomes were presented. The six studies included 176 participants. All six studies are randomized control trials, including a total of 176 subjects, primarily men (81%). Regarding the types of athletes, most participants were endurance athletes. Our investigation in this systematic review demonstrated that out of the six studies, only two of them reported significant changes in IL-6 and TNF-α levels after taking high-dose vitamin D. Other studies did not present any significant changes after vitamin D supplementation in athletes with respect to IL-6 and TNF-α levels. Further studies are needed to determine the effectiveness of vitamin D supplementation for athletes as a disease-prone community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saber Saedmocheshi
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj 6617715175, Iran; (S.S.)
| | - Ehsan Amiri
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj 6617715175, Iran; (S.S.)
| | - Aref Mehdipour
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj 6617715175, Iran; (S.S.)
| | - Giuseppe Potrick Stefani
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90619-900, Brazil
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Wyatt PB, Reiter CR, Satalich JR, O’Neill CN, Edge C, Cyrus JW, O’Connell RS, Vap AR. Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation in Elite Athletes: A Systematic Review. Orthop J Sports Med 2024; 12:23259671231220371. [PMID: 38188620 PMCID: PMC10768611 DOI: 10.1177/23259671231220371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Deficiency in vitamin D has been shown to increase the risk of injury. Purpose To synthesize current placebo-controlled randomized trials investigating the effect of vitamin D supplementation in elite athletes on (1) aerobic capacity; (2) anaerobic measures, such as strength, speed, and anaerobic power; (3) serum biomarkers of inflammation; and (4) bone health. Study Design Systematic review; Level of evidence, 1. Methods A literature search was conducted on November 30, 2022, according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Included were randomized, placebo-controlled studies of longer than 2 weeks on subjects with active participation in organized sport. Excluded were nonrandomized controlled trial study designs, vitamin D administration routes other than oral, studies that did not use vitamin D supplementation as the sole intervention, and studies with nonathletic or military populations. Results Out of 2331 initial studies, 14 studies (482 athletes) were included. Of the 3 studies that assessed aerobic capacity, 2 demonstrated significantly greater improvements in maximal oxygen uptake and physical working capacity-170 (P < .05) in supplemented versus nonsupplemented athletes. Measurements of anaerobic power and strength were consistently increased in supplemented groups compared with nonsupplemented groups in 5 out of the 7 studies that assessed this. Of the 6 studies that assessed sprint speed, 4 found no significant difference between supplemented and nonsupplemented groups. Aside from 1 study that found significantly lower interleukin-6 levels in supplemented athletes, measures of other inflammatory cytokines were not affected consistently by supplementation. The 4 studies that assessed markers of bone health were conflicting regarding benefits of supplementation. One study found demonstrated improvements in bone mineral density in response to supplementation (P = .02) compared with control whereas another found no significant difference between supplemented and nonsupplemented groups. However, in 3 other studies, serum biomarkers of bone turnover such as bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, parathyroid hormone, and N-terminal telopeptide appeared to be higher in subjects with lower serum vitamin D levels (P < .05). Conclusion Results of this systematic review indicated that the greatest benefit of vitamin D supplementation in elite athletes may be improving aerobic endurance, anaerobic power, and strength. More research is needed to determine the effect of vitamin D supplementation on bone health and injury risk in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip B. Wyatt
- Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Charles R. Reiter
- Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - James R. Satalich
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University Health System, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Conor N. O’Neill
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University Health System, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Carl Edge
- Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - John W. Cyrus
- Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Robert S. O’Connell
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University Health System, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Alexander R. Vap
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University Health System, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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Rakovac M, Sajković D. VITAMIN D AND INJURIES IN DANCERS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW. Acta Clin Croat 2023; 62:214-223. [PMID: 38304359 PMCID: PMC10829964 DOI: 10.20471/acc.2023.62.01.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D is involved in many different functions in the human body. Despite the well-known benefits of vitamin D and increasing trends of testing and supplementation, there is still a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency worldwide, present in the general but also in the highly-active population such as athletes and dancers. Dancers are at a higher risk of vitamin D deficiency due to their long working hours spent indoors, without exposure to sunlight. The high level of workload and physical demands also put dancers at a high risk of injuries. The aim of this review was to systematically analyze the existing evidence on the association of vitamin D (serum level and supplementation) and injuries in dancers. Medline, Scopus, SportDiscus and Web of Science were searched to identify the available peer-reviewed articles. Five articles met the inclusion criteria (two interventional and three observational studies), three of which additionally investigated the relationship between vitamin D and muscle function. The reported results on positive influence of vitamin D serum level or vitamin D supplementation effect on reduced injury occurrence and enhanced muscular function in adolescent and elite professional ballet dancers are promising but the evidence is limited due to a low number of studies, small samples, and methodological limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Rakovac
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Kinesiology, Zagreb, Croatia
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Kazemian E, Pourali A, Sedaghat F, Karimi M, Basirat V, Sajadi Hezaveh Z, Davoodi SH, Holick MF. Effect of supplemental vitamin D3 on bone mineral density: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Rev 2022; 81:511-530. [PMID: 36308775 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuac068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Context
There is still controversy over the effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on bone health.
Objective
The effects of vitamin D3 supplementation on bone mineral density (BMD) and markers of bone turnover, as well as the dose-response relationship between vitamin D3 and bone health in adults, were evaluated.
Data Sources
The PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, Web of Science, and AGRIS databases were searched for articles published through April 30, 2022. Thirty-nine of the 6409 records identified met the inclusion criteria
Data Extraction
Data were extracted from articles by 2 authors, and data extraction was cross-checked independently. A random-effects model was used to estimate the pooled effect size and the associated 95%CI for the effect of vitamin D3 for each outcome. A one-stage random-effects dose-response model was used to estimate the dose-response relationship between vitamin D3 supplementation and BMD.
Data Analysis
Results of meta-analysis showed a beneficial effect of vitamin D3 at the lumbar spine (standardized mean difference [SMD] = 0.06; 95%CI, 0.01–0.12) and femoral neck (SMD = 0.25; 95%CI, 0.09–0.41). Dose-response analysis revealed a linear relationship between vitamin D3 supplementation doses and BMD at the femoral neck, lumbar spine, and total hip sites. No significant effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on whole-body or total hip BMD was observed (P > 0.05). Vitamin D3 supplementation significantly decreased BMD at both proximal and distal forearm (SMD = −0.16; 95%CI, −0.26 to −0.06). The variables of ethnicity, age, baseline 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D), menopause status, vitamin D3 dosing frequency, and bone health status (P interaction = 0.02) altered the effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on BMD. Additionally, a nonlinear relationship between vitamin D3 supplement doses and markers of bone turnover was found.
Conclusion
A protective effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on BMD of the lumbar spine, femoral neck, and total hip is implicated.
Systematic Review Registration
PROSPERO registration number CRD42017054132.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Kazemian
- Alborz University of Medical Sciences Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, , Karaj, Iran
| | - Ali Pourali
- Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences Faculty of Medicine, , Sari, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sedaghat
- National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, , Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Karimi
- Department of Public Health, Khoy University of Medical Sciences , Khoy, West Azerbaijan, Iran
| | - Vahid Basirat
- Isfahan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, , Isfahan, Iran
| | - Zohreh Sajadi Hezaveh
- Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Cancer Research Center, , Tehran, Iran
- National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, , Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sayed Hossein Davoodi
- National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, , Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Michael F Holick
- is with the Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Weight Management, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Hew-Butler T, Aprik C, Byrd B, Sabourin J, VanSumeren M, Smith-Hale V, Blow A. Vitamin D supplementation and body composition changes in collegiate basketball players: a 12-week randomized control trial. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2022; 19:34-48. [PMID: 35599918 PMCID: PMC9116404 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2022.2046444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vitamin D promotes bone and muscle growth in non-athletes, suggesting supplementation may be ergogenic in athletes. Our primary aim was to determine if modest Vitamin D supplementation augments favorable body composition changes (increased bone and lean mass and decreased fat mass) and performance in collegiate basketball players following 12 weeks of standardized training. Methods Members of a men’s and women’s NCAA D1 Basketball team were recruited. Volunteers were randomized to receive either a weekly 4000 IU Vitamin D3 supplement (D3) or placebo (P) over 12 weeks of standardized pre-season strength training. Pre- and post-measurements included 1) serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25(OH)D); 2) body composition variables (total body lean, fat, and bone mass) using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans and 3) vertical jump test to assess peak power output. Dietary intake was assessed using Food Frequency questionnaires. Main outcome measures included changes (∆: post-intervention minus pre-intervention) in 25(OH)D, body composition, and performance. Results Eighteen of the 23 players completed the trial (8 females/10 males). Eight received the placebo (20 ± 1 years; 3 females) while ten received Vitamin D3 (20 ± 2 years; 5 females). Weekly Vitamin D3 supplementation induced non-significant increases (∆) in 25(OH)D (2.6 ± 7.2 vs. −3.5 ± 5.3 ng/mL; p = 0.06), total body bone mineral content (BMC) (73.1 ± 62.5 vs. 84.1 ± 46.5 g; p = 0.68), and total body lean mass (2803.9 ± 1655.4 vs. 4474.5 ± 11,389.8 g; p = 0.03), plus a non-significant change in body fat (−0.5 ± 0.8 vs. −1.1 ± 1.2%; p = 0.19) (Vitamin D3 vs. placebo supplementation groups, respectively). Pre 25(OH)D correlated with both Δ total fat mass (g) (r = 0.65; p = 0.003) and Δ total body fat% (r = 0.56; p = 0.02). No differences were noted in peak power output ∆ between the D3 vs. P group (−127.4 ± 335.4 vs. 50.9 ± 9 W; NS). Participants in the D3 group ingested significantly fewer total calories (−526.2 ± 583.9 vs. −10.0 ± 400 kcals; p = 0.02) than participants in the P group. Conclusions Modest (~517 IU/day) Vitamin D3 supplementation did not enhance favorable changes in total body composition or performance, over 3 months of training, in collegiate basketball players. Weight training provides a robust training stimulus for bone and lean mass accrual, which likely predominates over isolated supplement use with adequate caloric intakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Hew-Butler
- Exercise Science and Athletics Departments, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, USA
- Division of Kinesiology, Health and Sport Studies, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Carrie Aprik
- Exercise Science and Athletics Departments, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, USA
| | - Brigid Byrd
- Division of Kinesiology, Health and Sport Studies, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Jordan Sabourin
- Division of Kinesiology, Health and Sport Studies, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Matthew VanSumeren
- Division of Kinesiology, Health and Sport Studies, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Valerie Smith-Hale
- Division of Kinesiology, Health and Sport Studies, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Andrew Blow
- Precision, Fuel & Hydration, Minneapolis, Mn, USA
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Bello HJ, Caballero-García A, Pérez-Valdecantos D, Roche E, Noriega DC, Córdova-Martínez A. Effects of Vitamin D in Post-Exercise Muscle Recovery. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2021; 13:4013. [PMID: 34836268 DOI: 10.3390/nu13114013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D is a key micronutrient modulating function and health in skeletal muscle. Therefore, we sought to systematically review the role of vitamin D in muscle recovery. A search in different databases (PubMed/MEDLINE, WOS, Google Scholar, and Scopus) was carried out following PRISMA® and PICOS. The search period was from inception to April 2020. Changes in post-exercise muscle damage were quantified comparing experimental group vs. placebo in each study by using number of participants, standardized mean difference (SMD), and standard error of the SMD. Hedges’s g was used to calculate the SMDs for each study group and biased by the inverse of variance that allows calculating an overall effect and the 95% confidence interval (CI). The net vitamin D supplementation effect was calculated by subtracting the placebo SMD from SMD of the experimental group. The DerSimonian and Laird method was used as a random effect model, taking into account that the effect of vitamin D on muscular damage may vary according to the dose administered and additional moderators. Six studies were selected. In conclusion, regarding circulating levels of muscle biomarkers and additional limitations of the studies, it cannot be concluded that vitamin D supplementation exerts an effect in post-exercise muscle recovery. Likely, the anti-inflammatory action of vitamin D is quicker than the recovery of tissue structure and function. This aspect is pending verification in future research.
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Millet GP, Brocherie F, Burtscher J. Olympic Sports Science-Bibliometric Analysis of All Summer and Winter Olympic Sports Research. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:772140. [PMID: 34746779 PMCID: PMC8564375 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.772140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The body of scientific literature on sports and exercise continues to expand. The summer and winter Olympic games will be held over a 7-month period in 2021-2022. Objectives: We took this rare opportunity to quantify and analyze the main bibliometric parameters (i.e., the number of articles and citations) across all Olympic sports to weigh and compare their importance and to assess the structure of the "sport sciences" field. The present review aims to perform a bibliometric analysis of Olympic sports research. We quantified the following topics: (1) the most investigated sports; (2) the main journals in which the studies are published; (3) the main factors explaining sport-specific scientific attractiveness; (4) the influence of being in the Olympic programme, economic weight, and local influences on research output; and (5) which research topic is the most investigated across sports. Methods: We searched 116 sport/exercise journals on PubMed for the 40 summer and 10 winter Olympic sports. A total of 34,038 articles were filtered for a final selection of 25,003 articles (23,334 articles on summer sports and 1,669 on winter sports) and a total of 599,820 citations. Results and Discussion: Nine sports [football (soccer), cycling, athletics, swimming, distance & marathon running, basketball, baseball, tennis, and rowing] were involved in 69% of the articles and 75% of the citations. Football was the most cited sport, with 19.7 and 26.3% of the total number of articles and citations, respectively. All sports yielded some scientific output, but 11 sports (biathlon, mountain biking, archery, diving, trampoline, skateboarding, skeleton, modern pentathlon, luge, bobsleigh, and curling) accumulated a total of fewer than 50 publications. While ice hockey is the most prominently represented winter sport in the scientific literature, winter sports overall have produced minor scientific output. Further analyses show a large scientific literature on team sports, particularly American professional sports (i.e., baseball, basketball, and ice hockey) and the importance of inclusion in the Olympic programme to increasing scientific interest in "recent" sports (i.e., triathlon and rugby sevens). We also found local/cultural influence on the occurrence of a sport in a particular "sport sciences" journal. Finally, the relative distribution of six main research topics (i.e., physiology, performance, training and testing, injuries and medicine, biomechanics, and psychology) was large across sports and reflected the specific performance factors of each sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégoire P Millet
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Franck Brocherie
- Laboratory Sport Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French Institute of Sport, Paris, France
| | - Johannes Burtscher
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Iolascon G, Moretti A, Paoletta M, Liguori S, Di Munno O. Muscle Regeneration and Function in Sports: A Focus on Vitamin D. Medicina (Kaunas) 2021; 57:medicina57101015. [PMID: 34684052 PMCID: PMC8537590 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57101015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Muscle is one of the main targets for the biological effects of vitamin D. This hormone modulates several functions of skeletal muscles, from development to tissue repair after injury, through genomic and non-genomic mechanisms. Vitamin D deficiency and supplementation seem to significantly affect muscle strength in different populations, including athletes, although optimal serum 25(OH)D3 level for sport performance has not been defined so far. Additionally, vitamin D deficiency results in myopathy characterized by fast-twitch fiber atrophy, fatty infiltration, and fibrosis. However, less is known about regenerative effects of vitamin D supplementation after sport-related muscle injuries. Vitamin D receptor (VDR) is particularly expressed in the embryonic mesoderm during intrauterine life and in satellite cells at all stages of life for recovery of the skeletal muscle after injury. Vitamin D supplementation enhances muscle differentiation, growth, and regeneration by increasing the expression of myogenic factors in satellite cells. The objective of this narrative review is to describe the role of vitamin D in sport-related muscle injury and tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Iolascon
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties and Dentistry, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via de Crecchio, 6, 80138 Naples, Italy; (G.I.); (M.P.); (S.L.)
| | - Antimo Moretti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties and Dentistry, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via de Crecchio, 6, 80138 Naples, Italy; (G.I.); (M.P.); (S.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0815665537
| | - Marco Paoletta
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties and Dentistry, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via de Crecchio, 6, 80138 Naples, Italy; (G.I.); (M.P.); (S.L.)
| | - Sara Liguori
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties and Dentistry, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via de Crecchio, 6, 80138 Naples, Italy; (G.I.); (M.P.); (S.L.)
| | - Ombretta Di Munno
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy;
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Hew-butler T, Aprik C, Byrd B, Landis-piwowar K, Smith-hale V, Vansumeren M, Sabourin J, Byrd G, Martin J. Paradoxical Relationships between Serum 25(OH)D and Ferritin with Body Composition and Burnout: Variation by Sex and Sports Team. Endocrines 2021; 2:320-33. [DOI: 10.3390/endocrines2030030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Adequate serum vitamin D and iron levels are thought to influence physical training adaptations and mood positively. The primary purpose of this prospective, observational study was to investigate relationships between serum 25-OH vitamin D/25(OH)D and serum ferritin levels with body composition and athlete burnout symptoms. Seventy-three collegiate athletes (female: n = 49; male: n = 24) from indoor (swimming, basketball) and outdoor (soccer, cross-country) sports were tested pre-season and post-season for serum 25(OH)D and serum ferritin (nutrient biomarkers) via venipuncture; body composition (total lean mass, bone mineral density/BMD, and % body fat) via dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans; and athlete burnout symptoms (post-season) via the athlete burnout questionnaire (ABQ). When male and female cohorts were combined, significant correlations (Pearson’s r) were noted between pre-season serum 25(OH)D versus the change (∆: post-season minus pre-season) in both BMD (r = −0.34; p = 0.0003) and % body fat (r = −0.28; p = 0.015). Serum ferritin ∆ was significantly associated with lean mass ∆ (r = −0.34; p = 0.003). For burnout symptoms, serum 25(OH)D ∆ significantly explained 20.6% of the variance for devaluation of the sport in the male cohort only. Across time, serum 25(OH)D levels decreased while serum ferritin levels increased, non-significantly, in both males and females. Relationships between nutrient biomarkers and body composition were opposite of physiological expectations.
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Jakobsen MM, Nygaard RH, Hojbjerg JA, Larsen JB. The association between vitamin D status and overuse sport injuries: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Transl Sports Med 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/tsm2.269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Munk Jakobsen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry Aarhus University Hospital Aarhus Denmark
| | - Rie Harboe Nygaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry Aarhus University Hospital Aarhus Denmark
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Maghsoumi-Norouzabad L, Zare Javid A, Mansoori A, Dadfar M, Serajian A. The effects of Vitamin D3 supplementation on Spermatogram and endocrine factors in asthenozoospermia infertile men: a randomized, triple blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2021; 19:102. [PMID: 34225767 PMCID: PMC8256550 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-021-00789-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Evaluate the effects of vitamin D3 (VD3) on sperm parameters and endocrine markers in infertile men with asthenozoospermia. MATERIALS AND METHODS This randomized, triple-masking, placebo-controlled clinical trial conducted on 86 asthenozoospermia infertile men with serum 25 hydroxy vitamin D3 (25(OH)VD3) < 30 ng/ml in the infertility clinic of Ahvaz Jahad daneshgahi, Iran. Patients were randomly allocated to groups A and B, who received daily 4000 IU VD3 and matching placebo respectively for 3 months. Demographic data, dietary intake, physical activity, sun exposure, anthropometric indices, serum 25(OH)VD3, luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), total testosterone (T), estradiol (E2),, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), free androgen index (FAI = T/SHBG. 100), T/LH and T/E2 ratios, prolactin (PRO), parathyroid hormone (PTH), osteocalcin (OCN), phosphorus and sperm parameters were assessed. RESULTS Three months VD3 supplementation with 4000 IU/day had no significant effects body weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), body fat (BF), serum, OCN, LH, FSH, T, E2, SHBG, PRO, T/E2 ratio, FAI, semen volume, sperm count and normal sperm morphology. It increases serum 25(OH)VD3, PTH and phosphorus and seminal and serum calcium, T/LH ratio and total and progressive sperm motility and decreased significantly compared to the baseline and placebo group. CONCLUSION VD3 supplementation may affect sperm motility in men with asthenozoospermia and serum 25(OH)VD3 < 30 ng/ml. TRIAL REGISTRATION Iran Clinical Trials Registry, ID: IRCT20151128025274N4, registered on 28 March 2018, URL of trial registry record: https://www.irct.ir/trial/29983.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Maghsoumi-Norouzabad
- Department of Nutrition, School of Allied Medical Sciences and Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Zare Javid
- Department of Nutrition, School of Allied Medical Sciences and Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Anahita Mansoori
- Department of Nutrition, School of Allied Medical Sciences and Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Dadfar
- Department of Urology, Imam Khomeini Hospital, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Vermeulen TF, Boyd LA, Spriet LL. Dietary Macronutrient and Micronutrient Intake over a 7-Day Period in Female Varsity Ice Hockey Players. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13072262. [PMID: 34208963 PMCID: PMC8308293 DOI: 10.3390/nu13072262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the energy, macronutrient, and micronutrient intakes of female ice hockey players over a 7-d period including game, practice, and rest days. Twenty-three female varsity players (19.0 ± 1.1 yr, 167.1 ± 6.5 cm, 67.0 ± 8.0 kg) volunteered for the study. Average total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) was estimated over the 7-day period. Average 7-day energy intake (EI) and TDEE were 2354 ± 353 and 2304 ± 204 kcal. The majority (n = 19) of athletes had an EI ≥ 90% of their estimated TDEE. Macronutrient intake was 52% carbohydrate (CHO), 32% fat, and 16% protein of total EI, although CHO intake was slightly below recommendations (5 g/kg BM/d) on game and practice (4.8 ± 1.4 and 4.5 g/kg BM/d) days. Game day EI was greater than practice and rest days. Recommended micronutrient intakes were not met by most athletes for iron, calcium, vitamin D, and potassium, and intakes were similar between game, practice, and rest days. In summary, the average EI for female varsity ice hockey players appeared adequate to meet their energy needs over a weekly cycle of game, practice, and rest days. However, these female athletes would benefit from increasing CHO intake on game and practice days and selecting foods that are rich in vitamins and minerals.
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Knechtle B, Jastrzębski Z, Hill L, Nikolaidis PT. Vitamin D and Stress Fractures in Sport: Preventive and Therapeutic Measures-A Narrative Review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 57:223. [PMID: 33804459 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57030223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
There are numerous risk factors for stress fractures that have been identified in literature. Among different risk factors, a prolonged lack of vitamin D (25(OH)D) can lead to stress fractures in athletes since 25(OH)D insufficiency is associated with an increased incidence of a fracture. A 25(OH)D value of <75.8 nmol/L is a risk factor for a stress fracture. 25(OH)D deficiency is, however, only one of several potential risk factors. Well-documented risk factors for a stress fracture include female sex, white ethnicity, older age, taller stature, lower aerobic fitness, prior physical inactivity, greater amounts of current physical training, thinner bones, 25(OH)D deficiency, iron deficiency, menstrual disturbances, and inadequate intake of 25(OH)D and/or calcium. Stress fractures are not uncommon in athletes and affect around 20% of all competitors. Most athletes with a stress fracture are under 25 years of age. Stress fractures can affect every sporty person, from weekend athletes to top athletes. Stress fractures are common in certain sports disciplines such as basketball, baseball, athletics, rowing, soccer, aerobics, and classical ballet. The lower extremity is increasingly affected for stress fractures with the locations of the tibia, metatarsalia and pelvis. Regarding prevention and therapy, 25(OH)D seems to play an important role. Athletes should have an evaluation of 25(OH)D -dependent calcium homeostasis based on laboratory tests of 25-OH-D3, calcium, creatinine, and parathyroid hormone. In case of a deficiency of 25(OH)D, normal blood levels of ≥30 ng/mL may be restored by optimizing the athlete’s lifestyle and, if appropriate, an oral substitution of 25(OH)D. Very recent studies suggested that the prevalence of stress fractures decreased when athletes are supplemented daily with 800 IU 25(OH)D and 2000 mg calcium. Recommendations of daily 25(OH)D intake may go up to 2000 IU of 25(OH)D per day.
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Abstract
ABSTRACT Giffin, KL, Knight, KB, Bass, MA, and Valliant, MW. Predisposing risk factors and stress fractures in collegiate cross-country runners. J Strength Cond Res 35(1): 227-232, 2021-The purpose of this study was to explore factors associated with increased stress fractures in collegiate cross-country runners. Subjects in this study were 42 male and female cross-country runners at a Division I university. Each athlete completed a questionnaire regarding smoking status, vitamin/mineral intake, previous stress fracture history, birth control usage, menstrual status, and demographic information. Nutritional assessment using a 3-day food record and measurements of whole body, lumbar spine, and hip bone mineral densities (BMDs) were also conducted on each athlete. Results indicated that 40% of the female and 35% of the male runners reported a history of stress fracture, and that all of them did not meet the recommended daily energy intake or adequate intakes for calcium or vitamin D required for their amount of training. Two-tailed t-test found statistically higher incidences of lumbar spine BMD in male and female runners whose daily calcium and vitamin D intakes were below minimum requirements as well as for women whose caloric intake was below the required level. When data on the lumbar spine was evaluated, 31% of subjects (31.8% of the male and 30% of the female runners) were identified as having osteopenia and 4.8% with osteoporosis. Results warrant a need for future longitudinal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaci L Griffin
- Department of Nutrition and Hospitality Management, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi; and
| | - Kathy B Knight
- Department of Nutrition and Hospitality Management, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi; and
| | - Martha A Bass
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi
| | - Melinda W Valliant
- Department of Nutrition and Hospitality Management, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi; and
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Ammerman BM, Ling D, Callahan LR, Hannafin JA, Goolsby MA. Prevalence of Vitamin D Insufficiency and Deficiency in Young, Female Patients With Lower Extremity Musculoskeletal Complaints. Sports Health 2020; 13:173-180. [PMID: 33301353 DOI: 10.1177/1941738120953414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low levels of vitamin D have well-known impacts on bone health, but vitamin D also has a more global role throughout many tissues, including skeletal muscle. The high prevalence of hypovitaminosis D and the vast physiological features of vitamin D have led researchers to examine the influence of vitamin D on physical performance and injury. Because of the critical role of vitamin D in maintaining musculoskeletal health and function, a high rate of hypovitaminosis D among female patients with a variety of musculoskeletal issues could be of high clinical relevance. HYPOTHESIS There is a high prevalence of low vitamin D in female patients with both acute and overuse sports-related issues of both soft tissue and bone. STUDY DESIGN Prospective cohort study. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 3. METHODS Female patients, aged 16 to 40 years, presenting with lower extremity injury diagnosed within the past 4 weeks, no use of multivitamin or vitamin D supplement, and no history of malabsorption syndrome met the inclusion criteria. Vitamin D levels were assessed and categorized as normal (≥32 ng/mL) and low, which includes insufficient (20.01-31.9 ng/mL) and deficient (≤20 ng/mL). RESULTS Of the 105 patients enrolled, 65.7% had low vitamin D. Within the low vitamin D cohort, 40.6% were deficient and 59.4% were insufficient. Injuries were grouped into overuse or acute with 74 overuse injuries and 31 acute injuries, exhibiting low vitamin D prevalence of 60.8% and 77.4%, respectively. Patients with ligamentous/cartilaginous injuries exhibited the highest percentage of low vitamin D (76.5%), followed by those with patellofemoral-related complaints (71.0%), muscle/tendon injuries (54.6%), and bone stress injuries (45.5%). In univariable analysis, older age, non-White race, less physical activity, less high-intensity interval training days, less endurance training days, and more rest days showed an association with low vitamin D, but none showed an independent association in multivariable analysis. CONCLUSION The prevalence of low vitamin D in female patients with various musculoskeletal complaints was high. Clinicians should evaluate for low vitamin D in both acute and overuse injuries. CLINICAL RELEVANCE In addition to screening, this study suggests that clinicians should evaluate for low vitamin D levels beyond bone stress injuries in the setting of acute and overuse injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daphne Ling
- Sports Medicine Institute, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York
| | - Lisa R Callahan
- Sports Medicine Institute, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York.,Women's Sports Medicine Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York
| | - Jo A Hannafin
- Sports Medicine Institute, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York.,Women's Sports Medicine Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York
| | - Marci A Goolsby
- Sports Medicine Institute, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York.,Women's Sports Medicine Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York
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Żebrowska A, Sadowska-Krępa E, Stanula A, Waśkiewicz Z, Łakomy O, Bezuglov E, Nikolaidis PT, Rosemann T, Knechtle B. The effect of vitamin D supplementation on serum total 25(OH) levels and biochemical markers of skeletal muscles in runners. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2020; 17:18. [PMID: 32272973 PMCID: PMC7144051 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-020-00347-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The beneficial adaptation of skeletal muscle function to strenuous exercise is partially attributable to the improvement of vitamin D status. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of a 3-week vitamin D supplementation on serum 25(OH)D levels and skeletal muscle biomarkers (i.e. troponin, myoglobin, creatine kinase and lactic dehydrogenase) of endurance runners. Methods A double-blind placebo-controlled study design was used and vitamin D supplementation was compared to a non-treatment control group. Twenty-four runners, competitors of the ultra-marathons held during the National Running Championships, were randomly assigned into two groups supplemented with the dose of 2000 IU vitamin D or placebo for three weeks. All subjects participated in three exercise protocols: (a) incremental exercise test (to determine the maximum oxygen uptake and the intensity of eccentric exercise), (b) eccentric exercise before and (c) after two dietary protocols. Venous blood samples were drawn at rest, immediately after the exercise and after 1 h and 24 h of recovery in order to estimate serum 25(OH)D levels, skeletal muscle biomarkers, proinflammatory cytokines and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels. A two-way ANOVA was used to test main effects and their interactions and Pearson correlation coefficients were analyzed to determine the effects of inter-variable relationships. Results Significant differences between pre- and post-intervention in baseline 25(OH)D levels were observed (34.9 ± 4.7 versus 40.3 ± 4.9 ng/ml, p = 0.02) in supplemented group. A higher post intervention 25(OH)D level was observed after vitamin D diet compared to placebo (40.3 ± 4.9 versus 31.8 ± 4.2 ng/mL, respectively; p < 0.05). The vitamin D supplementation decreased post-exercise (TN max) and 1 h post-exercise troponin (p = 0.004, p = 0.03, respectively), 1 h post-exercise myoglobin concentration (p = 0.01) and TNF-α levels(p < 0.03). 24 h post exercise creatine kinase activity was significantly lower in supplemented group compared to placebo (p < 0.05). A negative correlation was observed between post exercise 25(OH)D levels and myoglobin levels (r = − 0.57; p = 0.05), and 25(OH)D levels and TNFα (r = − 0.58; p = 0.05) in vitamin D supplemented group. Conclusions Three weeks of vitamin D supplementation had a positive effect on serum 25(OH)D levels in endurance trained runners and it caused a marked decrease in post-exercise biomarkers levels. We concluded that vitamin D supplementation might play an important role in prevention of skeletal muscle injuries following exercise with eccentric muscle contraction in athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Żebrowska
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Mikołowska Street 72a, 40-065, Katowice, Poland
| | - Ewa Sadowska-Krępa
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Mikołowska Street 72a, 40-065, Katowice, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Stanula
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Mikołowska Street 72a, 40-065, Katowice, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Waśkiewicz
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Mikołowska Street 72a, 40-065, Katowice, Poland.,Department of Sport Medicine and Medical Rehabilitation, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Łakomy
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Mikołowska Street 72a, 40-065, Katowice, Poland
| | - Eduard Bezuglov
- Department of Sport Medicine and Medical Rehabilitation, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Thomas Rosemann
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. .,Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, Vadianstrasse 26, 9001, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
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Wilson‐Barnes SL, Hunt JEA, Lanham‐New SA, Manders RJF. Effects of vitamin D on health outcomes and sporting performance: Implications for elite and recreational athletes. NUTR BULL 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/nbu.12413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. L. Wilson‐Barnes
- Department of Nutritional Sciences Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences School of Biosciences and Medicine University of Surrey Guildford UK
| | - J. E. A. Hunt
- Department of Nutritional Sciences Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences School of Biosciences and Medicine University of Surrey Guildford UK
| | - S. A. Lanham‐New
- Department of Nutritional Sciences Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences School of Biosciences and Medicine University of Surrey Guildford UK
| | - R. J. F. Manders
- Department of Nutritional Sciences Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences School of Biosciences and Medicine University of Surrey Guildford UK
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Williams K, Askew C, Mazoue C, Guy J, Torres-McGehee TM, Jackson Iii JB. Vitamin D3 Supplementation and Stress Fractures in High-Risk Collegiate Athletes - A Pilot Study. Orthop Res Rev 2020; 12:9-17. [PMID: 32161507 PMCID: PMC7051810 DOI: 10.2147/orr.s233387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Vitamin D is paramount to bone health and little is known about vitamin D’s role in the prevention of stress fractures in high-risk athletes. This study consists of a prospective, cross-sectional analysis accompanied by a retrospective review for control comparison of vitamin D3 supplementation in high-risk athletes. Our hypothesis is that supplemental vitamin D3 treatment will decrease the occurrence of stress fractures in high-risk collegiate athletes. Materials and Methods A total of 118 NCAA Division I athletes were recruited from 6 high-risk collegiate teams. Blood draws in August and February established baseline 25(OH)D levels. Subjects with serum 25(OH)D <30 ng/mL were supplemented with 50,000 IU of vitamin D3/week for 8 weeks. Treated subjects were re-tested to ensure serum 25(OH)D levels rose to sufficient status. All enrolled subjects were monitored for the development of stress fractures. A 5-year retrospective chart review of athletes from the same sports teams was conducted to determine the incidence of any reported stress fractures in the past. Results Prospective: 112 of the 118 enrolled subjects were tested in August. Sixty-one demonstrated vitamin D sufficiency (40.2 ng/mL ±8.28) and 51 were either insufficient or deficient (22.7 ng/mL ±4.89). Of the 118 enrolled subjects, 104 were tested in February. Fifty-six demonstrated vitamin D sufficiency (40.7 ng/mL ±9.47) and 48 were insufficient or deficient (21.6 ng/mL ±5.87). Two stress fractures were diagnosed amongst our cohort of 118 student athletes (1.69%). Retrospective: 34 stress fractures were diagnosed in 453 subjects from 01/2010-05/2015 (7.51%). Amongst our athletic teams, the cross-country team specifically demonstrated a statistically significant decrease in stress fracture incidence (p<0.05). We also found a statistically significant reduction in stress fracture incidence amongst the current overall cohort compared to our retrospective cohort (p<0.05). Conclusion In our population, almost half of the tested athletes proved to be vitamin D deficient. Hypovitaminosis D was prevalent throughout the winter months compared with the summer. With vitamin D3 supplementation, the stress fracture rate in our overall cohort demonstrated a statistically significant decrease from 7.51% to 1.65% (p=0.009).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Williams
- University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Christian Askew
- University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Christopher Mazoue
- University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Jeffrey Guy
- University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Columbia, SC, USA
| | | | - J Benjamin Jackson Iii
- University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Columbia, SC, USA
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Wilson-Barnes SL, Hunt JEA, Williams EL, Allison SJ, Wild JJ, Wainwright J, Lanham-New SA, Manders RJF. Seasonal variation in vitamin D status, bone health and athletic performance in competitive university student athletes: a longitudinal study. J Nutr Sci 2020; 9:e8. [PMID: 32166023 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2020.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency has been commonly reported in elite athletes, but the vitamin D status of UK university athletes in different training environments remains unknown. The present study aimed to determine any seasonal changes in vitamin D status among indoor and outdoor athletes, and whether there was any relationship between vitamin D status and indices of physical performance and bone health. A group of forty-seven university athletes (indoor n 22, outdoor n 25) were tested during autumn and spring for serum vitamin D status, bone health and physical performance parameters. Blood samples were analysed for serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (s-25(OH)D) status. Peak isometric knee extensor torque using an isokinetic dynamometer and jump height was assessed using an Optojump. Aerobic capacity was estimated using the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test. Peripheral quantitative computed tomography scans measured radial bone mineral density. Statistical analyses were performed using appropriate parametric/non-parametric testing depending on the normality of the data. s-25(OH)D significantly fell between autumn (52·8 (sd 22·0) nmol/l) and spring (31·0 (sd 16·5) nmol/l; P < 0·001). In spring, 34 % of participants were considered to be vitamin D deficient (<25 nmol/l) according to the revised 2016 UK guidelines. These data suggest that UK university athletes are at risk of vitamin D deficiency. Thus, further research is warranted to investigate the concomitant effects of low vitamin D status on health and performance outcomes in university athletes residing at northern latitudes.
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Rockwell MS, Frisard MI, Rankin JW, Zabinsky JS, Mcmillan RP, You W, Davy KP, Hulver MW. Effects of Seasonal Vitamin D3 Supplementation on Strength, Power, and Body Composition in College Swimmers. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2020;:1-9. [PMID: 32023539 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2019-0250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of fall season vitamin D3 supplementation on strength/power, body composition, and anabolic hormones in swimmers with optimal vitamin D status at summer's end. Male and female National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I swimmers (N = 19) with optimal 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] randomly received 5,000 IU of vitamin D3 (VITD) or placebo (PLA) daily for 12 weeks while participating in swimming and strength and conditioning training (August-November). Before and after the intervention, the participants underwent blood sampling for analysis of serum 25(OH)D, parathyroid hormone, total testosterone, free testosterone, sex hormone-binding globulin, and insulin-like growth factor 1, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and strength/power testing (bench press, squat, dead lift, standing broad jump, vertical jump, and dips and pull-ups). Sex was used as a covariate for analyses. The 25(OH)D was decreased by 44% in PLA (p < .05) and increased by 8% in VITD over the 12 weeks. Fat-free mass increased in VITD (56.4-59.1 kg; p < .05), but not PLA (59.4-59.7 kg; p < .01). Significant Group × Time interaction effects were observed for dead lift (F = 21.577, p < .01) and vertical jump (F = 11.219, p < .01), but no other strength/power tests. Total testosterone decreased similarly in both groups, but free testosterone decreased and sex hormone-binding globulin increased only in PLA (p < .01). There were no group differences or changes in insulin-like growth factor 1 with the intervention. The findings suggest that vitamin D supplementation is an efficacious strategy to maintain 25(OH)D during the fall season training and to enhance some aspects of strength/power and fat-free mass in swimmers. Further research on the relationship between vitamin D and anabolic hormones is needed.
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Abbott A, Bird M, Brown SM, Wild E, Stewart G, Mulcahey MK. Part II: presentation, diagnosis, classification, treatment, and prevention of stress fractures in female athletes. PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 2020; 48:25-32. [PMID: 31295036 DOI: 10.1080/00913847.2019.1636546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: Stress fractures (SFx) occur as the result of repetitive loads over short periods of time, which leads to micro-damage of the bone through cortical resorption, ultimately leading to fracture. They are a common injury in female athletes and often cause significant morbidity. The goal of this study is to review the presentation, diagnosis, classification, treatment, and prevention of SFx in female athletes.Results: A thorough history, physical exam, and appropriate imaging can facilitate early diagnosis of stress fracture (SFx) and faster resolution of symptoms with more conservative management. The female athlete triad is an especially important factor that contributes to the increased risk of SFx in females. The continuum of stress injuries ranges from mild microfailure to complete fracture, which has resulted in the development of newer grading schemas through MRI and radiographic findings. Stress fractures are also classified as low- or high-risk according to anatomic location, as blood supply and applied forces at different locations affect the likelihood of fracture propagation, displacement, delayed union, or non-union.Conclusions: The ability to screen for at-risk athletes is paramount in preventing SFx. Recognition and prompt treatment of the female athlete triad requires a multidisciplinary approach in order to restore energy balance, correct menstrual irregularities, and improve bone health. This review provides a basis for understanding how to identify and treat stress fractures, which may allow treating physicians to diagnose this condition earlier and minimize any associated morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Abbott
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mackenzie Bird
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Symone M Brown
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Emily Wild
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Greg Stewart
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Mary K Mulcahey
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
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Ramezani Ahmadi A, Mohammadshahi M, Alizadeh A, Ahmadi Angali K, Jahanshahi A. Effects of vitamin D3 supplementation for 12 weeks on serum levels of anabolic hormones, anaerobic power, and aerobic performance in active male subjects: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Eur J Sport Sci 2020; 20:1355-1367. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2020.1713218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amirhossein Ramezani Ahmadi
- Department of Nutrition, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Department of Nutrition, Hyperlipidemia Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Majid Mohammadshahi
- Department of Nutrition, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Department of Nutrition, Hyperlipidemia Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Aliakbar Alizadeh
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of sports sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Kambiz Ahmadi Angali
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Alireza Jahanshahi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Golestan Hospital & Diabetes Research Center, Research Institute of Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Han Q, Li X, Tan Q, Shao J, Yi M. Effects of vitamin D3 supplementation on serum 25(OH)D concentration and strength in athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2019; 16:55. [PMID: 31771586 PMCID: PMC6878631 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-019-0323-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to investigate the effects of vitamin D3 supplementation on skeletal muscle strength in athletes. Vitamin D3 supplements or vitamin D3 fortified foods always have claims for bringing people health benefits including bone and muscle health. An up-to-date rigorous systematic review and meta-analysis is important to better understand the effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on muscle strength. Methods English written randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that looked at effects of vitamin D3 supplementation on muscle strength in healthy athletes were searched using three databases (PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library). Serum 25(OH)D above 30 ng/mL is considered to be sufficient in this systematic review and meta-analysis. Results Five RCTs with 163 athletes (vitamin D3 n = 86, placebo n = 77) met inclusion criteria. Fourteen athletes were lost to follow-up and 149 athletes (vitamin D3 n = 80, placebo n = 69) were documented with complete result. Among athletes with baseline serum 25(OH)D values suggesting insufficiency, vitamin D3 daily dosage at 5000 IU for over 4 weeks led to a serum 25(OH)D concentration of 31.7 ng/mL. Athletes with sufficient serum 25(OH)D level at baseline were recruited in only one study, and the participants of which were assigned to either vitamin D3 at a daily dosage of 3570 IU or placebo for 12 weeks, their serum 25(OH)D sufficiency (VD: 37.2 ± 7.6 vs. 45.6 ± 7.6; PL: 38 ± 6.8 vs. 32 ± 8.4) was well maintained above the cut-off boundary. One repetition maximum Bench Press (1-RM BP) was not improved significantly (SMD 0.07, 95% CI: − 0.32 to 0.47, P = 0.72) and there was no significant increase in maximal quadriceps contraction (SMD -2.14, 95% CI: − 4.87 to 0.59, P = 0.12). Furthermore, there was no significant overall effect of vitamin D3 intervention on muscle strength in this meta-analysis (SMD -0.75, 95% CI: − 1.82 to 0.32, P = 0.17). Conclusion Although, serum 25(OH)D concentrations after supplementation reached sufficiency was observed, muscle strength did not significantly improve at this point of current meta-analysis. Additional well-designed RCTs with large number of participants examined for the effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on serum 25(OH)D concentrations, muscle strength in a variety of sports, latitudes and diverse multicultural populations are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Han
- National Research Institute of Sports Medicine, Beijing, China. .,Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China.
| | - Xueyang Li
- Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China, Beijing, China
| | - Qiushi Tan
- National Research Institute of Sports Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Shao
- National Research Institute of Sports Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Muqing Yi
- National Research Institute of Sports Medicine, Beijing, China.,Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
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Rockwell M, Hulver M, Eugene E. Vitamin D Practice Patterns in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I Collegiate Athletics Programs. J Athl Train 2019; 55:65-70. [PMID: 31729892 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-21-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Vitamin D status has been associated with performance, health, and well-being in athletic populations. The measurement of vitamin D status via 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] testing has increased in the general population, as has vitamin D supplement use. It is unclear if similar patterns exist in collegiate athletics programs. OBJECTIVE To describe the clinical care related to the prevention, evaluation, and treatment of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency used by sports medicine providers with National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I programs. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Population-based online survey. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS All NCAA Division I head athletic trainers. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Information related to 25(OH)D testing, vitamin D supplementation, vitamin D-related protocols and procedures, and characteristics of athletic programs and participants. RESULTS We received 249 responses (72% response rate). Use of 25(OH)D testing was described by 68% of participants, with the most common indicators being health status/history (78%) and injury status/history (74%). One-fifth of participants stated that vitamin D testing was conducted as screening (without a specific cause or indication). Target blood vitamin D concentrations were highly variable. A range of 8 to 1660 annual vitamin D blood tests was reported at a cost of <$50 (8%), $51 to $100 (51%), $101 to $150 (20%), and >$150 (10%). Forty-two percent of programs covered the cost of vitamin D supplements. More than half of the participants indicated that vitamin D blood testing and supplements were not a good use of program funds. In comparison with Football Championship Subdivision programs, Football Bowl Subdivision programs were more likely to conduct vitamin D testing and pay for vitamin D supplements, and their providers were more likely to believe that testing and supplements were a good use of program funds. CONCLUSIONS A great deal of variability was present in vitamin D-related clinical practices among NCAA Division I athletics programs, which reflects existing contradictions and uncertainty in research, recommendations, and guidelines. Knowledge of current practice patterns is important in evaluating and establishing best practices, policies, and procedures for sports medicine and sports nutrition professionals in the collegiate setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Rockwell
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg.,Center for Transformative Research on Health Behaviors, Virginia Tech Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Roanoke
| | - Matthew Hulver
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg.,Center for Transformative Research on Health Behaviors, Virginia Tech Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Roanoke
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Larson-Meyer DE, Douglas CS, Thomas JJ, Johnson EC, Barcal JN, Heller JE, Hollis BW, Halliday TM. Validation of a Vitamin D Specific Questionnaire to Determine Vitamin D Status in Athletes. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11112732. [PMID: 31717985 PMCID: PMC6893639 DOI: 10.3390/nu11112732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The study objective was to validate a food frequency and lifestyle questionnaire (FFLQ) to assess vitamin D intake and lifestyle factors affecting status. Methods: Data collected previously during the fall (n = 86), winter (n = 49), and spring (n = 67) in collegiate-athletes (Study 1) and in active adults (n = 123) (Study 2) were utilized. Study 1: Vitamin D intake and ultraviolet B exposure were estimated using the FFLQ and compared to serum 25(OH)D concentrations via simple correlation and linear regression modeling. Study 2: Vitamin D intake from food was estimated using FFLQ and compared to vitamin D intake reported in 7-Day food diaries via paired t-test and Bland–Altman analysis. Results: Study 1: Serum 25(OH)D was not associated with vitamin D intake from food, food plus supplements, or sun exposure, but was associated with tanning bed use (r = 0.39) in spring, supplement use in fall (r = 0.28), and BMI (body mass index) (r = −0.32 to −0.47) across all seasons. Serum 25(OH)D concentrations were explained by BMI, tanning bed use, and sun exposure in fall, (R = 0.42), BMI in winter (R = 0.32), and BMI and tanning bed use in spring (R = 0.52). Study 2: Estimated Vitamin D intake from food was 186.4 ± 125.7 via FFLQ and 148.5 ± 228.2 IU/day via food diary. There was no association between intake estimated by the two methodologies (r = 0.12, p < 0.05). Conclusions: FFLQ-estimated vitamin D intake was not associated with serum 25(OH)D concentration or food-record-estimated vitamin D intake. Results highlight the difficulty of designing/utilizing intake methodologies for vitamin D, as its status is influenced by body size and both endogenous and exogenous (dietary) sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Enette Larson-Meyer
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA;
- Division of Kinesiology & Health, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82017, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-307-766-4378; Fax: +1-307-766-5686
| | - Corey S. Douglas
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA;
- Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Erie, PA 16509, USA
| | - Joi J. Thomas
- University of Minnesota Athletics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | - Evan C. Johnson
- Division of Kinesiology & Health, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82017, USA;
| | | | - Jenna E. Heller
- Wellness Department, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA;
| | - Bruce W. Hollis
- Dr Bruce Hollis’ Laboratory, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA;
| | - Tanya M. Halliday
- Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Recreation, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA;
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Bellver M, Del Rio L, Jovell E, Drobnic F, Trilla A. Bone mineral density and bone mineral content among female elite athletes. Bone 2019; 127:393-400. [PMID: 31271933 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Exercise is a protective factor for the appearance of osteoporosis, but not all physical activities have the same effect on bones. Low-impact sports, like swimming, may a have a negative or no effect. The aim of the present study is to evaluate bone mineral density (BMD, g/cm2) and bone mineral content (BMC, kg) among female high performance athletes from aquatic and non-aquatic sports and to assess possible differences with sedentary controls. METHODS Participants are elite female athletes over 18 years, from the Spanish Olympic teams, with at least 12-15 h of weekly training on aquatic sports: swimming (n = 19), synchronized swimming (n = 24) and water polo (n = 14), and elite female athletes from non-aquatic sports: professional football players of Futbol Club Barcelona team (n = 92), Spanish national volleyball (n = 26) and field hockey teams (n = 29) as well as sedentary controls (n = 126). Bone mineral density scans was performed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry for whole body, segmental analysis, proximal femur and lumbar spine. RESULTS Non-aquatic female athletes have total and segments BMC and BMD values higher than those of aquatic athletes, that in turn show similar BMD values compared to controls. BMD in lumbar spine and proximal femur was higher in non-aquatic sports compared to aquatic sports athletes and both were higher than controls. CONCLUSION BMD is not negatively compromised by the practice of aquatic sports at a highly competitive level. However, non-aquatic female athletes show a higher BMD. Time training out of the water improves BMD. Our findings suggest that swimming and synchronized swimming should be combined with weight-bearing, impact or strength activities, as they do not seem to be osteogenic sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montse Bellver
- Centro de Alto Rendimiento (CAR), Av. Alcalde Barnils s/n, 08173 Sant Cugat del Valles, Barcelona, Spain; Consorcio Sanitario de Terrassa, Carretera de Torrebonica s/n, 08227 Terrassa, Spain.
| | - Luis Del Rio
- CETIR Centre Medic, c/Londres, 6, 08029 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esther Jovell
- Consorcio Sanitario de Terrassa, Carretera de Torrebonica s/n, 08227 Terrassa, Spain
| | - Franchek Drobnic
- Centro de Alto Rendimiento (CAR), Av. Alcalde Barnils s/n, 08173 Sant Cugat del Valles, Barcelona, Spain; Futbol Club Barcelona (FCB), Av. Onze de Setembre, s/n, 08970 Sant Joan Despí, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Trilla
- Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, c/Villarroel 170, 08036 Barcelona, (Spain)
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Smyth EA, Newman P, Waddington G, Weissensteiner JR, Drew MK. Injury prevention strategies specific to pre-elite athletes competing in Olympic and professional sports — A systematic review. J Sci Med Sport 2019; 22:887-901. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Mo M, Wang S, Chen Z, Muyiduli X, Wang S, Shen Y, Shao B, Li M, Chen D, Chen Z, Yu Y. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the response of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration to vitamin D supplementation from RCTs from around the globe. Eur J Clin Nutr 2019; 73:816-34. [PMID: 30872787 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-019-0417-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Optimal doses of vitamin D (VitD) supplement in different populations are unclear. We aim to evaluate the relationship between VitD supplementation and post-intervention serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentration, to provide a recommended dosage of VitD for achieving an optimal 25(OH)D concentration for different populations. SUBJECTS/METHODS Literature search was conducted in Embase, etc. Randomized controlled trials about VitD supplemental intakes and their effect on 25(OH)D concentration were enrolled. The effect on 25(OH)D concentration between different supplementation doses in each population group was compared by meta-analysis. Multivariate meta-regression model is utilized to establish reference intake dosage of VitD. RESULTS A total of 136 articles were included about children (3-17 years), adults (18-64 years), postmenopausal women, the elderly ( >64 years), pregnant, or lactating women. Overall, intervention groups obtained higher 25(OH)D concentration than controls and there was obvious dose-response effect between intake dose and 25(OH)D concentration. Baseline 25(OH)D concentration and age were significant indicators for 25(OH)D concentration. To reach sufficient 25(OH)D concentration (75 nmol/L), the recommended VitD supplemental intakes was 1340 and 2250 IU/day for children and pregnant women, 2519 and 797 IU/day for European adults aged 18-64 and 65-85 years, 729, 2026, and 1229 IU/day for adults in North America, Asia and Middle East and Africa, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Regional- and age-specific recommended dosages of VitD supplements for population to achieve optimal 25(OH)D concentrations have been suggested.
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Abstract
Vitamin D is a lipophilic prohormone integral to musculoskeletal, autoimmune, oncologic, cardiovascular, and mental health. Of particular importance to the orthopedic surgeon is the role of vitamin D in the regulation of bone mass, muscle strength, and physical performance. Although vitamin D-related skeletal pathologies are rare in industrialized nations, emerging research in the field has shown that most American adults have inadequate levels of vitamin D. Even among athletes, there is a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency, which may place competitors at risk of stress fractures, illness, and delayed muscle recovery. Adequately identifying vitamin D-deficient individuals in need of supplementation is important to help optimize performance and prevent future injury. The goal of this review is to describe the epidemiology of vitamin D deficiency and its effects on athletic performance and musculoskeletal health. Future double-blinded studies of vitamin D supplementation in athletes are needed. We recommend treating athletes who have insufficient or deficient vitamin D levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Sikora-Klak
- Orthopedist for the University of California, San Diego Health System.
| | - Steven J Narvy
- Orthopedist at the Providence Little Company of Mary Medical Center in Torrance, CA.
| | - Justin Yang
- Orthopedist at the Sunset Medical Center in Los Angeles, CA.
| | - Eric Makhni
- Orthopedist at the Kerlan-Jobe Orthopaedic Clinic in Los Angeles, CA.
| | | | - Nima Mehran
- Orthopedist at the Sunset Medical Center in Los Angeles, CA.
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Farrokhyar F, Sivakumar G, Savage K, Koziarz A, Jamshidi S, Ayeni OR, Peterson D, Bhandari M. Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation on Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations and Physical Performance in Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Sports Med 2018; 47:2323-2339. [PMID: 28577257 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-017-0749-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is currently no systematic review examining the effects of vitamin D supplementation among athletes. A rigorous systematic review and meta-analysis is important to provide a balanced view of current knowledge on the effect of vitamin D on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations and physical performance. OBJECTIVES This systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluated the effects of oral vitamin D supplementation on serum 25(OH)D concentrations and physical performance in athletes. METHODS Multiple electronic databases were searched, and study eligibility, methodological quality assessment, and data extraction were completed independently and in duplicate. Studies were stratified by baseline vitamin D sufficiency, season, and latitude. A cut-off of 30 ng/ml (75 nmol/l) of 25(OH)D was used for sufficiency. Absolute mean differences (AMDs) between vitamin D and placebo using random effects analysis, and heterogeneity using Q statistic and I 2 index, were calculated. AMD with 95% confidence interval (CI), p value, and I 2 are reported. RESULTS In total, 13 RCTs (2005-2016) with 532 athletes (vitamin D 311, placebo 221) were eligible. A total of 433 athletes (vitamin D 244, placebo 189) had complete outcome data. Among athletes with baseline values suggesting insufficiency, vitamin D supplementation led to significant increases from 3000 IU (AMD 15.2 ng/ml; 95% CI 10.7-19.7, p < 0.0001, I 2 = 0%) and 5000 IU (AMD 27.8 ng/ml; 95% CI 16.9-38.8, p < 0.0001, I 2 = 78%) per day at >45° latitudes. Both doses led to sufficiency concentrations during winter months. Among athletes with baseline vitamin D suggesting sufficiency, serum 25(OH)D sufficiency was maintained from different doses at both latitudes. Of 13 included trials, only seven measured different physical performances and none demonstrated a significant effect of vitamin D supplementation during 12 weeks of follow-up. CONCLUSION Despite achieving sufficiency in vitamin D concentrations from ≥3000 IU supplementation, physical performance did not significantly improve. Between-study heterogeneity was large, and well-designed RCTs examining the effect of vitamin D supplementation on serum 25(OH)D concentrations, physical performance, and injuries in different sports, latitudes, ethnicities, and vitamin D status are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forough Farrokhyar
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
- Department of Health, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
- , 39 Charlton Avenue East, Hamilton, ON, L8N 1Y3, Canada.
| | | | - Katey Savage
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Alex Koziarz
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | | - Olufemi R Ayeni
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Health, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Devin Peterson
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Mohit Bhandari
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Health, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Hind K, Slater G, Oldroyd B, Lees M, Thurlow S, Barlow M, Shepherd J. Interpretation of Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry-Derived Body Composition Change in Athletes: A Review and Recommendations for Best Practice. J Clin Densitom 2018; 21:429-443. [PMID: 29754949 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocd.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is a medical imaging device which has become the method of choice for the measurement of body composition in athletes. The objectives of this review were to evaluate published longitudinal DXA body composition studies in athletic populations for interpretation of "meaningful" change, and to propose a best practice measurement protocol. An online search of PubMed and CINAHL via EBSCO Host and Web of Science enabled the identification of studies published until November 2016. Those that met the inclusion criteria were reviewed independently by 2 authors according to their methodological quality and interpretation of body composition change. Twenty-five studies published between 1996 and November 2016 were reviewed (male athletes: 13, female athletes: 3, mixed: 9) and sample sizes ranged from n = 1 to 212. The same number of eligible studies was published between 2013 and 2016, as over the 16 yr prior (between 1996 and 2012). Seven did not include precision error, and fewer than half provided athlete-specific precision error. There were shortfalls in the sample sizes on which precision estimates were based and inconsistencies in the level of pre-scan standardization, with some reporting full standardization protocols and others reporting only single (e.g., overnight fast) or no control measures. There is a need for standardized practice and reporting in athletic populations for the longitudinal measurement of body composition using DXA. Based on this review and those of others, plus the official position of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry, our recommendations and protocol are proposed as a guide to support best practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Hind
- Bone and Body Composition Research Group. Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Headingley Campus, Leeds, United Kingdom.
| | - Gary Slater
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
| | - Brian Oldroyd
- Bone and Body Composition Research Group. Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Headingley Campus, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Lees
- Bone and Body Composition Research Group. Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Headingley Campus, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Shane Thurlow
- Bone and Body Composition Research Group. Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Headingley Campus, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Barlow
- Bone and Body Composition Research Group. Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Headingley Campus, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - John Shepherd
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California at San Francisco, CA, USA
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Abstract
Athletes have specific needs based on sex, size, sport, exercise intensity, duration of activity, phase of training, and the season in which the sport is played. Nutritionally, the female athlete is unique, with needs that may vary based on hormonal fluctuations related to the menstrual cycle. This article provides an overview of the distinct nutritional needs and concerns of the physically active female, including energy availability, macronutrient needs, micronutrient needs, hydration, supplements, and other nutritional issues. Although there is some research focusing specifically on the female athlete and her exceptional nutritional concerns, further gender-specific exploration is needed in all areas.
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Malihi Z, Wu Z, MM Lawes C, Scragg R. Noncalcemic adverse effects and withdrawals in randomized controlled trials of long-term vitamin D2 or D3 supplementation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Rev 2017; 75:1007-1034. [DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nux059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Thomas DT, Erdman KA, Burke LM. American College of Sports Medicine Joint Position Statement. Nutrition and Athletic Performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 48:543-68. [PMID: 26891166 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 494] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
It is the position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, Dietitians of Canada, and the American College of Sports Medicine that the performance of, and recovery from, sporting activities are enhanced by well-chosen nutrition strategies. These organizations provide guidelines for the appropriate type, amount, and timing of intake of food, fluids, and supplements to promote optimal health and performance across different scenarios of training and competitive sport. This position paper was prepared for members of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, Dietitians of Canada (DC), and American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM), other professional associations, government agencies, industry, and the public. It outlines the Academy's, DC's and ACSM's stance on nutrition factors that have been determined to influence athletic performance and emerging trends in the field of sports nutrition. Athletes should be referred to a registered dietitian/nutritionist for a personalized nutrition plan. In the United States and in Canada, the Certified Specialist in Sports Dietetics (CSSD) is a registered dietitian/nutritionist and a credentialed sports nutrition expert.
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Barcal JN, Thomas JT, Hollis BW, Austin KJ, Alexander BM, Larson-Meyer DE. Vitamin D and Weight Cycling: Impact on Injury, Illness, and Inflammation in Collegiate Wrestlers. Nutrients 2016; 8:E775. [PMID: 27916879 DOI: 10.3390/nu8120775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study explored the link between vitamin D status and frequency of skin infections, inflammation, and injury in college wrestlers during an academic year. Methods: Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) (n = 19), plasma cytokine (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10) (n = 18) concentrations, and body weight/composition were measured and injury/illness/skin infection data were collected in fall, winter, and spring. Results: In the fall, 74% of wrestlers had vitamin D concentrations <32 ng/mL which increased to 94% in winter and spring. Wrestlers lost an average of 3.4 ± 3.9 kg (p < 0.001) during the season with corresponding decreases in fat mass and increases in lean mass (p < 0.01). An inverse association between 25(OH)D concentrations and total body mass and body fat percentage was observed at all-time points (p < 0.01). Concentrations of cytokines were highly variable among individuals and did not change across time (p > 0.05). Correlations between vitamin D status, cytokines, or frequency of illness, injury, or skin infections were not observed. Conclusions: A high prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency (<32 ng/mL) and deficiency (<20 ng/mL) was observed in wrestlers and was associated with higher adiposity. It remains unclear if higher vitamin D status would reduce injury, illness, and skin infection risk.
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Todd JJ, McSorley EM, Pourshahidi LK, Madigan SM, Crowe W, Laird EJ, Healy M, McNeilly A, Magee PJ. Oral spray wintertime vitamin D 3 supplementation has no impact on inflammation in Gaelic footballers. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2016; 27:1300-1307. [PMID: 27704631 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D inadequacy [total 25(OH)D <50 nmol/L] is widespread in athletes. The biologically active metabolite, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, may be involved in regulating inflammation although in vitro findings have not been consistently replicated in human intervention trials. This study, conducted at a latitude of 55°N, aimed to assess inflammatory biomarkers in Gaelic footballers before and after a wintertime vitamin D3 intervention. Samples from a 12-week double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial, in which 42 Gaelic footballers received 3000 IU (75 μg) vitamin D3 daily or placebo via oral spray solutions, were analysed for a range of inflammatory biomarkers. Cytokines (interleukin-8 and tumor necrosis factor-α), cathelicidin and high sensitivity C-reactive protein were quantified by multiplex assay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and clinical biochemistry, respectively. White blood cell, lymphocyte, and neutrophil concentrations were determined by full blood profile. Data on total 25-hydroxyvitamin D, measured by LC-MS/MS, were available from the previous study. Vitamin D3 supplementation significantly increased mean total 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations from 47 to 84 nmol/L (P = 0.006); yet this had no effect on white blood cell count (P = 0.699), lymphocyte (P = 0.694), neutrophil (P = 0.594), interleukin-8 (P = 0.334), tumor necrosis factor-α (P = 0.587), cathelicidin (P = 0.745) or high sensitivity C-reactive protein concentration (P = 0.621) compared to placebo. 12-weeks vitamin D3 supplementation did not impact the immune profile of Gaelic footballers. This is likely because biomarkers were within their respective normal range or at a concentration similar to that of the general population at baseline. Future studies are encouraged to use inflammation as their primary outcome measure and recruit athletes at risk of compromised immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Todd
- Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland
| | - E M McSorley
- Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland
| | - L K Pourshahidi
- Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland
| | | | - W Crowe
- Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland
| | - E J Laird
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - M Healy
- Department of Biochemistry, Central Pathology Laboratory, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - A McNeilly
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, University of Ulster, Jordanstown, Northern Ireland
| | - P J Magee
- Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland
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Thomas DT, Erdman KA, Burke LM. Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, Dietitians of Canada, and the American College of Sports Medicine: Nutrition and Athletic Performance. J Acad Nutr Diet 2016; 116:501-528. [PMID: 26920240 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 544] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
It is the position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (Academy), Dietitians of Canada (DC), and the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) that the performance of, and recovery from, sporting activities are enhanced by well-chosen nutrition strategies. These organizations provide guidelines for the appropriate type, amount, and timing of intake of food, fluids, and supplements to promote optimal health and performance across different scenarios of training and competitive sport. This position paper was prepared for members of the Academy, DC, and ACSM, other professional associations, government agencies, industry, and the public. It outlines the Academy's, DC's, and ACSM's stance on nutrition factors that have been determined to influence athletic performance and emerging trends in the field of sports nutrition. Athletes should be referred to a registered dietitian nutritionist for a personalized nutrition plan. In the United States and in Canada, the Certified Specialist in Sports Dietetics is a registered dietitian nutritionist and a credentialed sports nutrition expert.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Travis Thomas
- College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington
| | - Kelly Anne Erdman
- Canadian Sport Institute Calgary/University of Calgary Sport Medicine Centre, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Louise M Burke
- AIS Sports Nutrition/Australian Institute of Sport Australia and Mary MacKillop Institute of Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
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Abstract
Fat mass is inversely associated with vitamin D status, and athletes with the most adipose tissue may have the greatest risk for insufficient (25(OH)D 20-32 ng mL(-1)) or deficient (25(OH)D < 20 ng ml(-1)) status. The effects of fat and lean mass on 25(OH)D change in response to vitamin D supplementation have yet to be elucidated in athletes. In addition, vitamin D has a known role in bone health yet a link between short-term changes in 25(OH)D and bone turnover in indoor athletes have not yet been described. Thirty-two collegiate swimmers and divers (19 male, 13 female; 19 (1) years) participated in a 6-month randomized controlled trial and consumed either 4000 IU d(-1) of vitamin D3 (n = 19) or placebo (PLA; n = 13). Anthropometry and blood collection of 25(OH)D, bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (B-ALP) and N-terminal telopeptide (NTx) occurred at three time points. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry measured body composition analysis at baseline and endpoint. In the vitamin D group, BMI was negatively correlated with 6-month 25(OH)D change (R = -0.496; P = .03) and a stronger predictor of 25(OH)D change (P = .04) than ultraviolet B exposure and fat mass change. Athletes in the high bone turnover group showed significantly greater losses of 25(OH)D over 6-months compared to athletes in the low bone turnover group (P = .03). These results suggest athletes within the normal BMI category experience a diminished response to 4000 IU d(-1) of vitamin D3 supplementation, and periods of high bone turnover may be an additional risk factor for developing compromised vitamin D status in athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan P Cassity
- a Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine , University of Kentucky , Lexington , KY , USA
| | - Maja Redzic
- b Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences , University of Kentucky , Lexington , KY , USA
| | - Cassidy R Teager
- c College of Health Sciences , University of Kentucky , Lexington , KY , USA
| | - D Travis Thomas
- c College of Health Sciences , University of Kentucky , Lexington , KY , USA
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Farrokhyar F, Tabasinejad R, Dao D, Peterson D, Ayeni OR, Hadioonzadeh R, Bhandari M. Prevalence of vitamin D inadequacy in athletes: a systematic-review and meta-analysis. Sports Med 2015; 45:365-78. [PMID: 25277808 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-014-0267-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin D is essential for maintaining optimal bone health. The prevalence of vitamin D inadequacy in athletes is currently unclear. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to determine the prevalence of vitamin D inadequacy in athletes. METHODS We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis. Multiple databases were searched and studies assessing serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] status in athletes were identified. Serum 25(OH)D is measured to clinically determine vitamin D status. Reviewers independently selected the eligible articles, assessed the methodological quality, and extracted data. Disagreements were resolved by consensus. Weighted proportions of vitamin D inadequacy [serum 25(OH)D <32 ng/mL] were calculated (DerSimonian-Laird random-effects model) and compared using Chi-squared (χ (2)) test. Subgroup analyses were conducted and risk ratios (RRs) with 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) were reported. RESULTS Twenty-three studies with 2,313 athletes [mean (standard deviation) age 22.5 (5.0) years, 76 % male] were included. Of 2,313 athletes, 56 % (44-67 %) had vitamin D inadequacy that significantly varied by geographical location (p < 0.001). It was significantly higher in the UK and in the Middle East. The risk significantly increased for winter and spring seasons (RR 1.85; 95 % CI 1.27-2.70), indoor sport activities (RR 1.19; 95 % CI 1.09-1.30), and mixed sport activities (RR 2.54; 95 % CI 1.03-6.26). The risk was slightly higher for >40°N latitude [RR 1.14 (95 % CI 0.91-1.44)] but it increased significantly [RR 1.85 (1.35-2.53)] after excluding the Middle East as an outlier. Seven studies with 359 athletes reported injuries. The prevalence of injuries in athletes was 43 % (95 % CI 20-68) [bone related = 19 % (95 % CI 7-36); muscle and soft-tissue = 37.5 % (95 % CI 11.5-68.5)]. CONCLUSION Despite the limitations of the current evidence, the prevalence of vitamin D inadequacy in athletes is prominent. The risk significantly increases in higher latitudes, in winter and early spring seasons, and for indoor sport activities. Regular investigation of vitamin D status using reliable assays and supplementation is essential to ensure healthy athletes. The prevalence of injuries in athletes is notable but its association with vitamin D status is unclear. A well-designed longitudinal study is needed to answer this possible association.
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FITZGERALD JOHNS, PETERSON BENJ, WILSON PATRICKB, RHODES GREGS, INGRAHAM STACYJ. Vitamin D Status Is Associated with Adiposity in Male Ice Hockey Players. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2015; 47:655-61. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
Many patients suffering from pain and dysfunction attributable to musculoskeletal conditions will use some form of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). Unfortunately, there is a paucity of both the quantity and quality of CAM treatments for specific musculoskeletal conditions. Many CAM treatments are used for a variety of musculoskeletal conditions, but may be more commonly used for specific conditions. This article addresses the use of CAM for specific musculoskeletal conditions, followed by a review of other CAM treatments and their potential indications for a multitude of conditions, based on the current medical literature and traditional use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Malone
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
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