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Drygiannakis I, Kolios G, Filidou E, Bamias G, Valatas V. Intestinal Stromal Cells in the Turmoil of Inflammation and Defective Connective Tissue Remodeling in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2024:izae066. [PMID: 38581412 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izae066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
In steady state, intestinal subepithelial myofibroblasts form a thin layer below the basement membrane. Unlike the rest of the stromal cells in the lamina propria, they express tensile proteins, guide epithelial regeneration, and sense luminal microbiota. Upon inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), they express activation markers, accept trophic signaling by infiltrating neutrophils and macrophages, and are activated by cytokines from helper T cells to produce a narrow spectrum of cytokines and a wider spectrum of chemokines, attract cells of innate and adaptive immunity, orchestrate inflammatory responses, and qualitatively and quantitatively modify the extracellular matrix. Thus, beyond being structural tissue components, they assume active roles in the pathogenesis of complicated IBD. Discrimination between myofibroblasts and fibroblasts may be an oversimplification in light of single-cell sequencing data unveiling the complexity of multiple phenotypes of stromal cells with distinct roles and plasticity. Spatial transcriptomics revealed distinct phenotypes by histologic localization and, more intriguingly, the assembly of mucosal neighborhoods that support spatially distinct functions. Current IBD treatments target inflammation but fail in fibrostenotic or fistulizing disease. Baseline and recent findings on stromal cells, molecules, and pathways involved in disrupted extracellular matrix homeostasis are reviewed to provide relevant pharmacologic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Drygiannakis
- Gastroenterology Research Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
- Gastroenterology Clinic, University Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, Greece
| | - George Kolios
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Eirini Filidou
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Giorgos Bamias
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Third Academic Department of Internal Medicine, Sotiria Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Vassilis Valatas
- Gastroenterology Research Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
- Gastroenterology Clinic, University Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, Greece
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2
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Wierzbicki J, Bednarz-Misa I, Lewandowski Ł, Lipiński A, Kłopot A, Neubauer K, Krzystek-Korpacka M. Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins (MIPs) Contribute to Malignant Potential of Colorectal Polyps and Modulate Likelihood of Cancerization Associated with Standard Risk Factors. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1383. [PMID: 38338661 PMCID: PMC10855842 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Better understanding of molecular changes leading to neoplastic transformation is prerequisite to optimize risk assessment and chemopreventive and surveillance strategies. Data on macrophage inflammatory proteins (MIPs) in colorectal carcinogenesis are scanty and their clinical relevance remains unknown. Therefore, transcript and protein expression of CCL3, CCL4, CXCL2, and CCL19 were determined in 173 and 62 patients, respectively, using RT-qPCR and immunohistochemistry with reference to polyps' characteristics. The likelihood of malignancy was modeled using probit regression. With the increasing malignancy potential of hyperplastic-tubular-tubulo-villous-villous polyps, the expression of CCL3, CCL4, and CCL19 in lesions decreased. CCL19 expression decreased also in normal mucosa while that of CXCL2 increased. Likewise, lesion CCL3 and lesion and normal mucosa CCL19 decreased and normal CXCL2 increased along the hyperplasia-low-high dysplasia grade. The bigger the lesion, the lower CCL3 and higher CXCL2 in normal mucosa. Singular polyps had higher CCL3, CCL4, and CCL19 levels in normal mucosa. CCL3, CCL4 and CXCL2 modulated the likelihood of malignancy associated with traditional risk factors. There was no correlation between the protein and mRNA expression of CCL3 and CCL19. In summary, the polyp-adjacent mucosa contributes to gaining potential for malignancy by polyps. MIPs may help in specifying cancerization probability estimated based on standard risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarosław Wierzbicki
- Department of Minimally Invasive Surgery and Proctology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Iwona Bednarz-Misa
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; (I.B.-M.); (Ł.L.); (A.K.)
| | - Łukasz Lewandowski
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; (I.B.-M.); (Ł.L.); (A.K.)
| | - Artur Lipiński
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Anna Kłopot
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; (I.B.-M.); (Ł.L.); (A.K.)
| | - Katarzyna Neubauer
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Małgorzata Krzystek-Korpacka
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; (I.B.-M.); (Ł.L.); (A.K.)
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3
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Yang YL, Li XF, Song B, Wu S, Wu YY, Huang C, Li J. The Role of CCL3 in the Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Rheumatol Ther 2023; 10:793-808. [PMID: 37227653 PMCID: PMC10326236 DOI: 10.1007/s40744-023-00554-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease of unexplained causes. Its pathological features include synovial tissue hyperplasia, inflammatory cell infiltration in joint cavity fluid, cartilage bone destruction, and joint deformation. C-C motif chemokine ligand 3 (CCL3) belongs to inflammatory cell chemokine. It is highly expressed in inflammatory immune cells. Increasingly, studies have shown that CCL3 can promote the migration of inflammatory factors to synovial tissue, the destruction of bone and joint, angiogenesis, and participate in the pathogenesis of RA. These symptoms indicate that the expression of CCL3 is highly correlated with RA disease. Therefore, this paper reviews the possible mechanism of CCL3 in the pathogenesis of RA, which may provide some new insights for the diagnosis and treatment of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Li Yang
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Disease Laboratory of Anhui Province, The Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Li
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Disease Laboratory of Anhui Province, The Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Biao Song
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Sha Wu
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Disease Laboratory of Anhui Province, The Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Wu
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Disease Laboratory of Anhui Province, The Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Disease Laboratory of Anhui Province, The Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
| | - Jun Li
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Disease Laboratory of Anhui Province, The Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
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Albalawi GA, Albalawi MZ, Alsubaie KT, Albalawi AZ, Elewa MAF, Hashem KS, Al-Gayyar MMH. Curative effects of crocin in ulcerative colitis via modulating apoptosis and inflammation. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 118:110138. [PMID: 37030122 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory bowel disease with characteristic inflammation to mucosal cells in rectum and colon leading to lesions in mucosa and submucosa. Moreover, crocin is a carotenoid compound among active constituents of saffron with many pharmacological effects as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities. Therefore, we aimed to investigate therapeutic effects of crocin against UC through affecting the inflammatory and apoptotic pathways. For induction of UC in rats, intracolonic 2 ml of 4% acetic acid was used. After induction of UC, part of rats was treated with 20 mg/kg crocin. cAMP was measured using ELISA. Moreover, we measured gene and protein expression of B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2), BCL2-associated X (BAX), caspase-3/8/9, NF-κB, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and IL-1β/4/6/10. Colon sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and Alcian blue or immune-stained with anti-TNF-α antibodies. Microscopic images of colon sections in UC group revealed destruction of intestinal glands associated with infiltration of inflammatory cell and severe hemorrhage. While images stained with Alcian blue showed damaged and almost absent intestinal glands. Crocin treatment ameliorated morphological changes. Finally, crocin significantly reduced expression levels of BAX, caspase-3/8/9, NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6, associated with increased levels of cAMP and expression of BCL2, IL-4 and IL-10. In conclusion, protective of action of crocin in UC is proved by restoration of normal weight and length of colon as well as improvement of morphological structure of colon cells. The mechanism of action of crocin in UC is indicated by activation of anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghadeer A Albalawi
- PharmD Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha Z Albalawi
- PharmD Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kunuz T Alsubaie
- PharmD Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Mohammed A F Elewa
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 33516, Egypt
| | - Khalid S Hashem
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Mohammed M H Al-Gayyar
- Dept. of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt; Dept. of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia.
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Bagalagel A, Diri R, Noor A, Almasri D, Bakhsh HT, Kutbi HI, Al-Gayyar MMH. The therapeutic effects of cycloastragenol in ulcerative colitis by modulating SphK/MIP-1α/miR-143 signalling. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2022; 131:406-419. [PMID: 36029292 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) experience diarrhoea, hematochezia, and abdominal pain. UC is a well-known health challenge affecting 200-250 per 100,000 individuals worldwide, with a similar prevalence in both sexes and elevated upon activation of gut immune responses. We evaluated the potential therapeutic effects of cycloastragenol in experimentally-induced UC rats and examined the modulation of sphingosine kinase (SphK), macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α, and miR-143. We treated UC rats with 30 mg/kg cycloastragenol and assessed gene and protein expression levels of SphK, MIP-1α, B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2), BCL2-associated X (BAX), miR-143, NF-κB, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and active caspase-3. Colon sections were examined using electron microscopy; additional sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin or immunostained with anti-TNF-α and anti-caspase-3 antibodies. Electron microscopy of UC specimens revealed dark distorted goblet cell nuclei with disarranged mucus granules and a non-distinct brush border with atypical microvilli. Hematoxylin-eosin staining showed damaged intestinal glands, severe hemorrhage, and inflammatory cell infiltration. Cycloastragenol treatment improved the induced morphological changes. In UC rats, cycloastragenol significantly reduced expression levels of SphK, MIP-1α, BAX, NF-κB, TNF-α, and active caspase-3, associated with BCL2 and miR-143 overexpression. Therefore, cycloastragenol protects against UC by modulating SphK/MIP-1α/miR-143, subsequently deactivating inflammatory and apoptotic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Bagalagel
- Dept. of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reem Diri
- Dept. of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Noor
- Dept. of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Deina Almasri
- Dept. of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hussain T Bakhsh
- Dept. of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hussam I Kutbi
- Dept. of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed M H Al-Gayyar
- Dept. of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.,Dept. of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
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6
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Donnelly EL, Céspedes N, Hansten G, Wagers D, Briggs AM, Lowder C, Schauer J, Haapanen L, Van de Water J, Luckhart S. The Basophil IL-18 Receptor Precisely Regulates the Host Immune Response and Malaria-Induced Intestinal Permeability and Alters Parasite Transmission to Mosquitoes without Effect on Gametocytemia. Immunohorizons 2022; 6:630-641. [PMID: 35985797 PMCID: PMC9977167 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2200057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We have recently demonstrated that basophils are protective against intestinal permeability during malaria and contribute to reduced parasite transmission to mosquitoes. Given that IL-18 is an early cytokine/alarmin in malaria and has been shown to activate basophils, we sought to determine the role of the basophil IL-18R in this protective phenotype. To address this, we infected control [IL18r flox/flox or basoIL-18R (+)] mice and mice with basophils lacking the IL-18R [IL18r flox/flox × Basoph8 or basoIL-18R (-)] with Plasmodium yoelii yoelii 17XNL, a nonlethal strain of mouse malaria. Postinfection (PI), intestinal permeability, ileal mastocytosis, bacteremia, and levels of ileal and plasma cytokines and chemokines were measured through 10 d PI. BasoIL-18R (-) mice exhibited greater intestinal permeability relative to basoIL-18R (+) mice, along with increased plasma levels of proinflammatory cytokines at a single time point PI, day 4 PI, a pattern not observed in basoIL-18R (+) mice. Surprisingly, mosquitoes fed on basoIL-18R (-) mice became infected less frequently than mosquitoes fed on basoIL-18R (+) mice, with no difference in gametocytemia, a pattern that was distinct from that observed previously with basophil-depleted mice. These findings suggest that early basophil-dependent protection of the intestinal barrier in malaria is mediated by IL-18, and that basophil IL-18R-dependent signaling differentially regulates the inflammatory response to infection and parasite transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erinn L Donnelly
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID
| | - Nora Céspedes
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID; and
| | - Gretchen Hansten
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID; and
| | - Delaney Wagers
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID
| | - Anna M Briggs
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID; and
| | - Casey Lowder
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID; and
| | - Joseph Schauer
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Lori Haapanen
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Judy Van de Water
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Shirley Luckhart
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID; .,Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID; and
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Vukelic I, Buljevic S, Baticic L, Barisic K, Franovic B, Detel D. CD26 Deficiency Controls Macrophage Polarization Markers and Signal Transducers during Colitis Development and Resolution. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5506. [PMID: 35628317 PMCID: PMC9141856 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a multifactorial condition characterized by a destructive immune response that failed to be attenuated by common regulatory mechanisms which reduce inflammation and promote mucosa healing. The inhibition of CD26, a multifunctional glycoprotein that controls the immune response via its dipeptidyl peptidase (DP) 4 enzyme activity, was proven to have beneficial effects in various autoimmune inflammatory diseases. The polarization of macrophages into either pro-inflammatory M1 or anti-inflammatory M2 subclass is a key intersection that mediates the immune-inflammatory process in UC. Hence, we hypothesized that the deficiency of CD26 affects that process in the dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced model of UC. We found that mRNA expression of M2 markers arginase 1 and Fizz were increased, while the expression of M1 marker inducible NO synthase was downregulated in CD26−/− mice. Decreased STAT1 mRNA, as well as upregulated pSTAT6 and pSTAT3, additionally support the demonstrated activation of M2 macrophages under CD26 deficiency. Finally, we investigated DP8 and DP9, proteins with DP4-like activity, and found that CD26 deficiency is not a key factor for the noted upregulation of their expression in UC. In conclusion, we demonstrate that CD26 deficiency regulates macrophage polarization toward the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype, which is driven by STAT6/STAT3 signaling pathways. This process is additionally enhanced by the reduction of M1 differentiation via the suppression of proinflammatory STAT1. Therefore, further studies should investigate the clinical potential of CD26 inhibitors in the treatment of UC.
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Ma H, Li M, Pagare PP, Wang H, Nassehi N, Santos EJ, Negus SS, Selley DE, Zhang Y. Novel bivalent ligands carrying potential antinociceptive effects by targeting putative mu opioid receptor and chemokine receptor CXCR4 heterodimers. Bioorg Chem 2022; 120:105641. [PMID: 35093692 PMCID: PMC9187593 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.105641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The functional interactions between opioid and chemokine receptors have been implicated in the pathological process of chronic pain. Mounting studies have indicated the possibility that a MOR-CXCR4 heterodimer may be involved in nociception and related pharmacologic effects. Herein we have synthesized a series of bivalent ligands containing both MOR agonist and CXCR4 antagonist pharmacophores with an aim to investigate the functional interactions between these two receptors. In vitro studies demonstrated reasonable recognition of designed ligands at both respective receptors. Further antinociceptive testing in mice revealed compound 1a to be the most promising member of this series. Additional molecular modeling studies corroborated the findings observed. Taken together, we identified the first bivalent ligand 1a showing promising antinociceptive effect by targeting putative MOR-CXCR4 heterodimers, which may serve as a novel chemical probe to further develop more potent bivalent ligands with potential application in analgesic therapies for chronic pain management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongguang Ma
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 E Leigh Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Mengchu Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 E Leigh Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Piyusha P. Pagare
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 E Leigh Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Huiqun Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 E Leigh Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Nima Nassehi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 410 North 12th Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Edna J. Santos
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 410 North 12th Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - S. Stevens Negus
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 410 North 12th Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Dana E. Selley
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 410 North 12th Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 E Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23298, United States.
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Lewandowska P, Szczuka I, Bednarz-Misa I, Szczęśniak-Sięga BM, Neubauer K, Mierzchała-Pasierb M, Zawadzki M, Witkiewicz W, Krzystek-Korpacka M. Modulating Properties of Piroxicam, Meloxicam and Oxicam Analogues against Macrophage-Associated Chemokines in Colorectal Cancer. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26237375. [PMID: 34885960 PMCID: PMC8659253 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying the antineoplastic effects of oxicams have not been fully elucidated. We aimed to assess the effect of classic and novel oxicams on the expression/secretion of macrophage-associated chemokines (RTqPCR/Luminex xMAP) in colorectal adenocarcinoma cells, and on the expression of upstream the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-activated genes NAG1, NFKBIA, MYD88, and RELA, as well as at the chemokine profiling in colorectal tumors. Meloxicam downregulated CCL4 9.9-fold, but otherwise the classic oxicams had a negligible/non-significant effect. Novel analogues with a thiazine ring substituted with arylpiperazine and benzoyl moieties significantly modulated chemokine expression to varying degree, upregulated NAG1 and NFKBIA, and downregulated MYD88. They inhibited CCL3 and CCL4, and their effect on CCL2 and CXCL2 depended on the dose and exposure. The propylene linker between thiazine and piperazine nitrogens and one arylpiperazine fluorine substituent characterized the most effective analogue. Only CCL19 and CXCL2 were not upregulated in tumors, nor was CXCL2 in tumor-adjacent tissue compared to normal mucosa. Compared to adjacent tissue, CCL4 and CXCL2 were upregulated, while CCL2, CCL8, and CCL19 were downregulated in tumors. Tumor CCL2 and CCL7 increased along with advancing T and CCL3, and CCL4 along with the N stage. The introduction of arylpiperazine and benzoyl moieties into the oxicam scaffold yields effective modulators of chemokine expression, which act by upregulating NAG1 and interfering with NF-κB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Lewandowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; (P.L.); (I.S.); (I.B.-M.); (M.M.-P.)
| | - Izabela Szczuka
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; (P.L.); (I.S.); (I.B.-M.); (M.M.-P.)
| | - Iwona Bednarz-Misa
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; (P.L.); (I.S.); (I.B.-M.); (M.M.-P.)
| | | | - Katarzyna Neubauer
- Department and Clinics of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Magdalena Mierzchała-Pasierb
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; (P.L.); (I.S.); (I.B.-M.); (M.M.-P.)
| | - Marek Zawadzki
- Department of Oncological Surgery, Regional Specialist Hospital, 51-124 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.Z.); (W.W.)
- Department of Physiotherapy, Wroclaw Medical University, 51-618 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Witkiewicz
- Department of Oncological Surgery, Regional Specialist Hospital, 51-124 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.Z.); (W.W.)
- Research and Development Centre, Regional Specialist Hospital, 51-124 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Krzystek-Korpacka
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; (P.L.); (I.S.); (I.B.-M.); (M.M.-P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-71-784-1370
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Miyagawa S, Kodama T, Matsuura R, Lo PC, Sakai R, Toyama C, Takama Y, Ihara Y, Kakuta Y, Yamanaka K, Matsunami K, Eguchi H, Maeda A, Okuyama H. A study of the mechanisms responsible for the action of new immunosuppressants and their effects on rat small intestinal transplantation. Transpl Immunol 2021; 70:101497. [PMID: 34785307 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2021.101497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In a series of studies, using an identical rat intestinal transplantation model, we evaluated the effects of several drugs. FK-506 caused a significant attenuation in the proliferation of allogeneic CD4+ T cells and IFN-γ secreting effector functions. FYT720 resulted in a marked reduction in the numbers of lymphocytes, associated with a reduction of T cell recruitment, in grafts. An anti-MAdCAM antibody was next reported to significantly down-regulate CD4+ T cell infiltration in intestinal grafts by blocking the adhesion molecule, and could be useful as an induction therapy. Concerning TAK-779, this CCR5 and CXCR3 antagonist diminished the number of graft-infiltrating cells by suppressing the expression of their receptors in the graft. As a result, it reduced the total number of recipient T cells involved in graft rejection. As the next step, we focused on the participation of monocytes/ macrophages in this field. PQA-18 has been the focus of a novel immunosuppressant that attenuates not only the production of various cytokines, such as IL-2 & TNF-α, on T cells, but the differentiation of macrophages by inhibiting PAK2 as well. In this report, we summarize our previous studies not only regarding the above drugs, but on an anti-complement drug and a JAK inhibitor as well.
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11
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Ungaro RC, Hu L, Ji J, Nayar S, Kugathasan S, Denson LA, Hyams J, Dubinsky MC, Sands BE, Cho JH. Machine learning identifies novel blood protein predictors of penetrating and stricturing complications in newly diagnosed paediatric Crohn's disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2021; 53:281-290. [PMID: 33131065 PMCID: PMC7770008 DOI: 10.1111/apt.16136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a need for improved risk stratification in Crohn's disease. AIM To identify novel blood protein biomarkers associated with future Crohn's disease complications METHODS: We performed a case-cohort study utilising a paediatric inception cohort, the Risk Stratification and Identification of Immunogenetic and Microbial Markers of Rapid Disease Progression in Children with Crohn's disease (RISK) study. All patients had inflammatory disease (B1) at baseline. Outcomes were development of stricturing (B2) or penetrating (B3) complications. We assayed 92 inflammation-related proteins in baseline plasma using a proximity extension assay (Olink Proteomics). An ensemble machine learning technique, random survival forests (RSF), selected variables predicting B2 and B3 complications. Selected analytes were compared to clinical variables and serology only models. We examined selected proteins in a single-cell sequencing cohort to analyse differential cell expression in blood and ileum. RESULTS We included 265 patients with mean age 11.6 years (standard deviation [SD] 3.2). Seventy-three and 34 patients, respectively, had B2 and B3 complications within mean 1123 (SD 477) days for B2 and 1251 (442) for B3. A model with 5 protein markers predicted B3 complications with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.79 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.76-0.82) compared to 0.69 (95% CI 0.66-0.72) for serologies and 0.74 (95% CI 0.71-0.77) for clinical variables. A model with 4 protein markers predicted B2 complications with an AUC of 0.68 (95% CI 0.65-0.71) compared to 0.62 (95% CI 0.59-0.65) for serologies and 0.52 (95% CI 0.50-0.55) for clinical variables. B2 analytes were highly expressed in ileal stromal cells while B3 analytes were prominent in peripheral blood and ileal T cells. CONCLUSIONS We identified novel blood proteomic markers, distinct for B2 and B3, associated with progression of paediatric Crohn's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C. Ungaro
- The Henry D. Janowitz Division of Gastroenterology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Liangyuan Hu
- Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jiayi Ji
- Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shikha Nayar
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Subra Kugathasan
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lee A. Denson
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jeffrey Hyams
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Connecticut Children’s Medical Center, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - Marla C. Dubinsky
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bruce E. Sands
- The Henry D. Janowitz Division of Gastroenterology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Judy H. Cho
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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12
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Shafik NM, Gaber RA, Mohamed DA, Ebeid AM. Hesperidin modulates dextran sulfate sodium‐induced ulcerative colitis in rats: Targeting sphingosine kinase‐1‐ sphingosine 1 phosphate signaling pathway, mitochondrial biogenesis, inflammation, and apoptosis. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2019; 33:e22312. [DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Noha M. Shafik
- Department of Medical BiochemistryFaculty of Medicine, Tanta University Egypt
| | - Rasha A. Gaber
- Department of Medical BiochemistryFaculty of Medicine, Tanta University Egypt
| | - Darin A. Mohamed
- Department of HistopathologyFaculty of Medicine, Tanta University Egypt
| | - Abla M. Ebeid
- Department of Clinical PharmacyFaculty of Pharmacy, Al‐Delta UniversityGamasa Egypt
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13
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Nunes NS, Kim S, Sundby M, Chandran P, Burks SR, Paz AH, Frank JA. Temporal clinical, proteomic, histological and cellular immune responses of dextran sulfate sodium-induced acute colitis. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:4341-4355. [PMID: 30344419 PMCID: PMC6189848 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i38.4341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the temporal clinical, proteomic, histological and cellular immune profiles of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced acute colitis.
METHODS Acute colitis was induced in C57Bl/6 female mice by administration of 1%, 2% or 3% DSS in drinking water for 7 d. Animals were monitored daily for weight loss, stool consistency and blood in the stool, while spleens and colons were harvested on day 8. A time course analysis was performed in mice ingesting 3% DSS, which included colon proteomics through multiplex assay, colon histological scoring by a blinded investigator, and immune response through flow cytometry or immunohistochemistry of the spleen, mesenteric lymph node and colon.
RESULTS Progressive worsening of clinical colitis was observed with increasing DSS from 1% to 3%. In mice ingesting 3% DSS, colon shortening and increase in pro-inflammatory factors starting at day 3 was observed, with increased spleen weights at day 6 and day 8. This coincided with cellular infiltration in the colon from day 2 to day 8, with progressive accumulation of macrophages F4/80+, T helper CD4+ (Th), T cytotoxic CD8+ (Tcyt) and T regulatory CD25+ (Treg) cells, and progressive changes in colonic pathology including destruction of crypts, loss of goblet cells and depletion of the epithelial barrier. Starting on day 4, mesenteric lymph node and/or spleen presented with lower levels of Treg, Th and Tcyt cells, suggesting an immune cell tropism to the gut.
CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that the severity of experimental colitis is dependent on DSS concentration, correlated with clinical, proteomic, histological and cellular immune response on 3% DSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Schneider Nunes
- Frank Laboratory, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Sciences Graduate Program, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-093, Brazil
| | - Saejeong Kim
- Frank Laboratory, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Maggie Sundby
- Frank Laboratory, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Parwathy Chandran
- Frank Laboratory, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Scott Robert Burks
- Frank Laboratory, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Ana Helena Paz
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Sciences Graduate Program, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-093, Brazil
| | - Joseph Alan Frank
- Frank Laboratory, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
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14
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Song M, Sasazuki S, Camargo MC, Shimazu T, Charvat H, Yamaji T, Sawada N, Kemp TJ, Pfeiffer RM, Hildesheim A, Pinto LA, Rabkin CS, Tsugane S. Circulating inflammatory markers and colorectal cancer risk: A prospective case-cohort study in Japan. Int J Cancer 2018; 143:2767-2776. [PMID: 30132835 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Blood levels of inflammation-related markers may reveal molecular pathways contributing to carcinogenesis. To date, prospective associations with colorectal cancer (CRC) risk have been based on few studies with limited sets of analytes. We conducted a case-cohort study within the Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study Cohort II, comparing 457 incident CRC cases during median 18 years follow-up with a random subcohort of 774 individuals. Baseline plasma levels of 62 cytokines, soluble receptors, acute-phase proteins, and growth factor markers were measured using Luminex bead-based assays. We estimated hazard ratios (HRs) associating each marker with CRC risk by Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for potential confounders. Subanalyses compared cases by years after blood draw (<5 vs. ≥5) and anatomical subsite (colon vs. rectum). Linear trends in quantiles of four C-C motif ligand (CCL) chemokines, one C-X-C motif ligand (CXCL) chemokine, and a soluble receptor were nominally associated with CRC risk based on ptrend < 0.05, but none met false discovery rate corrected statistical significance. HRs for the 4th vs. 1st quartile were: 1.69 for CCL2/MCP1, 1.61 for soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor 2, 1.39 for CCL15/MIP1D, 1.35 for CCL27/CTACK, 0.70 for CXCL6/GCP2 and 0.61 for CCL3/MIP1A. Among cases diagnosed 5+ years after enrollment, CCL2/MCP1, CCL3/MIP1A and CXCL6/GCP2 retained nominal statistical significance. There were no significant differences in associations between colon and rectum. Our findings implicate chemokine alterations in colorectal carcinogenesis, but require replication for confirmation. Noninvasive chemokine assays may have potential application in colorectal cancer screening and etiologic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minkyo Song
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Shizuka Sasazuki
- Epidemiology and Prevention Division, Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Constanza Camargo
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Taichi Shimazu
- Epidemiology and Prevention Division, Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hadrien Charvat
- Epidemiology and Prevention Division, Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taiki Yamaji
- Epidemiology and Prevention Division, Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norie Sawada
- Epidemiology and Prevention Division, Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Troy J Kemp
- HPV Immunology Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD
| | - Ruth M Pfeiffer
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Allan Hildesheim
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Ligia A Pinto
- HPV Immunology Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD
| | - Charles S Rabkin
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Shoichiro Tsugane
- Epidemiology and Prevention Division, Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
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Tomlinson ML, Butelli E, Martin C, Carding SR. Flavonoids from Engineered Tomatoes Inhibit Gut Barrier Pro-inflammatory Cytokines and Chemokines, via SAPK/JNK and p38 MAPK Pathways. Front Nutr 2017; 4:61. [PMID: 29326940 PMCID: PMC5741681 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2017.00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids are a diverse group of plant secondary metabolites, known to reduce inflammatory bowel disease symptoms. How they achieve this is largely unknown. Our study focuses on the gut epithelium as it receives high topological doses of dietary constituents, maintains gut homeostasis, and orchestrates gut immunity. Dysregulation leads to chronic gut inflammation, via dendritic cell (DC)-driven immune responses. Tomatoes engineered for enriched sets of flavonoids (anthocyanins or flavonols) provided a unique and complex naturally consumed food matrix to study the effect of diet on chronic inflammation. Primary murine colonic epithelial cell-based inflammation assays consist of chemokine induction, apoptosis and proliferation, and effects on kinase pathways. Primary murine leukocytes and DCs were used to assay effects on transmigration. A murine intestinal cell line was used to assay wound healing. Engineered tomato extracts (enriched in anthocyanins or flavonols) showed strong and specific inhibitory effects on a set of key epithelial pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Chemotaxis assays showed a resulting reduction in the migration of primary leukocytes and DCs. Activation of epithelial cell SAPK/JNK and p38 MAPK signaling pathways were specifically inhibited. The epithelial wound healing-associated STAT3 pathway was unaffected. Cellular migration, proliferation, and apoptosis assays confirmed that wound healing processes were not affected by flavonoids. We show flavonoids target epithelial pro-inflammatory kinase pathways, inhibiting chemotactic signals resulting in reduced leukocyte and DC chemotaxis. Thus, both anthocyanins and flavonols modulate epithelial cells to become hyporesponsive to bacterial stimulation. Our results identify a viable mechanism to explain the in vivo anti-inflammatory effects of flavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L. Tomlinson
- Gut Health and Food Safety Research Programme, Quadram Institute, Norwich, United Kingdom
- Martin Laboratory, The John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Eugenio Butelli
- Martin Laboratory, The John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Cathie Martin
- Martin Laboratory, The John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Simon R. Carding
- Gut Health and Food Safety Research Programme, Quadram Institute, Norwich, United Kingdom
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
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16
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Souza-Fonseca-Guimaraes F, Krasnova Y, Putoczki T, Miles K, MacDonald KP, Town L, Shi W, Gobe GC, McDade L, Mielke LA, Tye H, Masters SL, Belz GT, Huntington ND, Radford-Smith G, Smyth MJ. Granzyme M has a critical role in providing innate immune protection in ulcerative colitis. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2302. [PMID: 27441655 PMCID: PMC4973354 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an immunoregulatory disorder, associated with a chronic and inappropriate mucosal immune response to commensal bacteria, underlying disease states such as ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) in humans. Granzyme M (GrzM) is a serine protease expressed by cytotoxic lymphocytes, in particular natural killer (NK) cells. Granzymes are thought to be involved in triggering cell death in eukaryotic target cells; however, some evidence supports their role in inflammation. The role of GrzM in the innate immune response to mucosal inflammation has never been examined. Here, we discover that patients with UC, unlike patients with CD, display high levels of GrzM mRNA expression in the inflamed colon. By taking advantage of well-established models of experimental UC, we revealed that GrzM-deficient mice have greater levels of inflammatory indicators during dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced IBD, including increased weight loss, greater colon length reduction and more severe intestinal histopathology. The absence of GrzM expression also had effects on gut permeability, tissue cytokine/chemokine dynamics, and neutrophil infiltration during disease. These findings demonstrate, for the first time, that GrzM has a critical role during early stages of inflammation in UC, and that in its absence colonic inflammation is enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Souza-Fonseca-Guimaraes
- Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.,Division of Molecular Immunology, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Y Krasnova
- Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - T Putoczki
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - K Miles
- Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - K P MacDonald
- Antigen Presentation and Immunoregulation Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - L Town
- Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - W Shi
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - G C Gobe
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research, School of Medicine, University of Queensland at Translational Research Institute, St Lucia, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - L McDade
- Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - L A Mielke
- Division of Molecular Immunology, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - H Tye
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - S L Masters
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - G T Belz
- Division of Molecular Immunology, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - N D Huntington
- Division of Molecular Immunology, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - G Radford-Smith
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia.,Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - M J Smyth
- Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4006, Australia
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17
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Martelli S, Pender SLF, Larbi A. Compartmentalization of immunosenescence: a deeper look at the mucosa. Biogerontology 2015; 17:159-76. [PMID: 26689202 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-015-9628-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Developments in medical care and living conditions led to an astonishing increase in life-span perspective and subsequently a rise in the old population. This can be seen as a success for public health policies but it also challenges society to adapt, in order to cope with the potentially overwhelming cost for the healthcare system. A fast-growing number of older people lose their ability to live independently because of diseases and disabilities, frailty or cognitive impairment. Many require long-term care, including home-based nursing, communities and hospital-based care. Immunosenescence, an age-related deterioration in immune functions, is considered a major contributory factor for the higher prevalence and severity of infectious diseases and the poor efficacy of vaccination in the elderly. When compared with systemic immunosenescence, alterations in the mucosal immune system with age are less well understood. For this reason, this area deserves more extensive and intensive research and support. In this article, we provide an overview of age-associated changes occurring in systemic immunity and discuss the distinct features of mucosal immunosenescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Martelli
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Aging and Immunity Program, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sylvia L F Pender
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Anis Larbi
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Aging and Immunity Program, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore.
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18
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Ahuja V, Subodh S, Tuteja A, Mishra V, Garg SK, Gupta N, Makharia G, Acharya SK. Genome-wide gene expression analysis for target genes to differentiate patients with intestinal tuberculosis and Crohn's disease and discriminative value of FOXP3 mRNA expression. Gastroenterol Rep (Oxf) 2015; 4:59-67. [PMID: 25969456 PMCID: PMC4760064 DOI: 10.1093/gastro/gov015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Crohn's disease (CD) and intestinal tuberculosis (ITB) are both chronic granulomatous conditions with similar phenotypic presentations. Hence, there is need for a biomarker to differentiate between both these two diseases. This study aimed at genome-wide gene expression analysis of colonic biopsies from confirmed cases of ITB and CD in comparison with controls. To evaluate the role of T regulatory cells, forkhead box P3 (FOXP3) mRNA expression was quantified in serum as well as in colonic biopsies from patients with ITB and with the controls. METHODS Paired samples, including serum and colonic biopsies, were taken from 33 study subjects (CD, ITB and controls), and total RNA was extracted. Human whole genome gene expression microarray analysis was performed using the Illumina HumanWG-6 BeadChip Kit with six total RNA samples of the three groups in duplicates. Real-time PCR for FOXP3 mRNA expression was analyzed in serum samples and colonic biopsy samples (4-CD, 5-ITB, 4-controls). RESULTS In CD and ITB there was 1.5-fold upregulation of 92 and 382 genes and 1.5-fold downregulation of 91 and 256 genes, respectively. Peroxisome proliferators via the PPARγ pathway were most significantly downregulated (P < 0.005) in CD. Additionally, the IL4/5/6 signaling pathways and Toll-like receptor signaling pathway were identified as significantly differentially regulated (P < 0.005) at > 2-fold change. In ITB, the complement activation pathway, specifically the classical pathway, was the most significantly upregulated. FOXP3 mRNA expression was significantly elevated in colonic biopsies obtained from ITB patients as compared with CD cases (4.70 ± 2.21 vs 1.48 ± 0.31, P = 0.016). CONCLUSIONS FOXP3 mRNA expression in colonic mucosa could be a discriminatory marker between ITB and CD. Upregulation of the complement activation pathway in ITB suggests that pathogenetic mechanisms for ITB are similar to those of pulmonary tuberculosis. In CD, downregulation of PPARγ was seen in colonic tissue, suggesting that restoration of PPARγ-dependent anti-microbial barrier function may be a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineet Ahuja
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India, and
| | - Swati Subodh
- The Centre for Genomic Application (An IGIB-IMM collaboration), New Delhi, India
| | - Amit Tuteja
- The Centre for Genomic Application (An IGIB-IMM collaboration), New Delhi, India
| | - Veena Mishra
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India, and
| | - Sushil Kumar Garg
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India, and
| | - Neha Gupta
- The Centre for Genomic Application (An IGIB-IMM collaboration), New Delhi, India
| | - Govind Makharia
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India, and
| | - S K Acharya
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India, and
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19
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Jiao L, Gan-Schreier H, Tuma-Kellner S, Stremmel W, Chamulitrat W. Sensitization to autoimmune hepatitis in group VIA calcium-independent phospholipase A2-null mice led to duodenal villous atrophy with apoptosis, goblet cell hyperplasia and leaked bile acids. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1852:1646-57. [PMID: 25957555 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chronic bowel disease can co-exist with severe autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) in an absence of primary sclerosing cholangitis. Genetic background may contribute to this overlap syndrome. We previously have shown that the deficiency of iPLA2β causes an accumulation of hepatocyte apoptosis, and renders susceptibility for acute liver injury. We here tested whether AIH induction in iPLA2β-null mice could result in intestinal injury, and whether bile acid metabolism was altered. Control wild-type (WT) and female iPLA2β-null (iPLA2β(-/-)) mice were intravenously injected with 10mg/kg concanavalinA (ConA) or saline for 24h. ConA treatment of iPLA2β(-/-) mice caused massive liver injury with increased liver enzymes, fibrosis, and necrosis. While not affecting WT mice, ConA treatment of iPLA2β(-/-) mice caused severe duodenal villous atrophy concomitant with increased apoptosis, cell proliferation, globlet cell hyperplasia, and endotoxin leakage into portal vein indicating a disruption of intestinal barrier. With the greater extent than in WT mice, ConA treatment of iPLA2β(-/-) mice increased jejunal expression of innate response cytokines CD14, TNF-α, IL-6, and SOCS3 as well as chemokines CCL2 and the CCL3 receptor CCR5. iPLA2β deficiency in response to ConA-induced AIH caused a significant decrease in hepatic and biliary bile acids, and this was associated with suppression of hepatic Cyp7A1, Ntcp and ABCB11/Bsep and upregulation of intestinal FXR/FGF15 mRNA expression. The suppression of hepatic Ntcp expression together with the loss of intestinal barrier could account for the observed bile acid leakage into peripheral blood. Thus, enteropathy may result from acute AIH in a susceptible host such as iPLA2β deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Jiao
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University of Heidelberg Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongying Gan-Schreier
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University of Heidelberg Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sabine Tuma-Kellner
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University of Heidelberg Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Stremmel
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University of Heidelberg Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Walee Chamulitrat
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University of Heidelberg Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Kriegel C, Amiji MM. Dual TNF-α/Cyclin D1 Gene Silencing With an Oral Polymeric Microparticle System as a Novel Strategy for the Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Clin Transl Gastroenterol. 2011;2:e2. [PMID: 23237848 PMCID: PMC3365667 DOI: 10.1038/ctg.2011.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: RNA silencing utilizing short interfering RNA (siRNA) offers a new and exciting means to overcome the limitations of current treatment options of many diseases. However, delivery of these molecules still poses a great challenge to date. METHODS: In the present study, a multicompartmental biodegradable polymer-based nanoparticles-in-microsphere oral system (NiMOS) using gelatin nanoparticles encapsulating a combination of siRNA duplexes specifically targeted against tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and cyclin D1 (Ccnd1) was employed to study its effects on a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced acute colitis mouse model mimicking inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). DSS colitis-bearing animals were divided into several control and treatment groups and received either no treatment, blank NiMOS, NiMOS-encapsulating inactive (scrambled), active TNF-α silencing, CyD1 silencing siRNA, or a combination of both active siRNAs by repeated oral administration of three NiMOS doses. RESULTS: Successful gene silencing with the aid of dual siRNA treatment led to decreased colonic levels of TNF-α or CyD1, suppressed expression of certain pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1α and -β, interferon-γ), an increase in body weight, and reduced tissue myeloperoxidase activity, while the silencing effect of CyD1 siRNA or the dual treatment was more potent than that of TNF-α siRNA alone. CONCLUSION: Results of this study demonstrate the therapeutic potential of a NiMOS-based oral combined TNF-α and CyD1 gene silencing system for the treatment of IBD as shown in an acute colitis model.
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Larmonier C, Midura-Kiela M, Ramalingam R, Laubitz D, Janikashvili N, Larmonier N, Ghishan F, Kiela P. Modulation of neutrophil motility by curcumin: implications for inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2011; 17:503-15. [PMID: 20629184 PMCID: PMC2958245 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neutrophils (PMN) are the first cells recruited at the site of inflammation. They play a key role in the innate immune response by recognizing, ingesting, and eliminating pathogens and participate in the orientation of the adaptive immune responses. However, in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) transepithelial neutrophil migration leads to an impaired epithelial barrier function, perpetuation of inflammation, and tissue destruction via oxidative and proteolytic damage. Curcumin (diferulolylmethane) displays a protective role in mouse models of IBD and in human ulcerative colitis, a phenomenon consistently accompanied by a reduced mucosal neutrophil infiltration. METHODS We investigated the effect of curcumin on mouse and human neutrophil polarization and motility in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS Curcumin attenuated lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated expression and secretion of macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2, interleukin (IL)-1β, keratinocyte chemoattractant (KC), and MIP-1α in colonic epithelial cells (CECs) and in macrophages. Curcumin significantly inhibited PMN chemotaxis against MIP-2, KC, or against conditioned media from LPS-treated macrophages or CEC, a well as the IL-8-mediated chemotaxis of human neutrophils. At nontoxic concentrations, curcumin inhibited random neutrophil migration, suggesting a direct effect on neutrophil chemokinesis. Curcumin-mediated inhibition of PMN motility could be attributed to a downregulation of PI3K activity, AKT phosphorylation, and F-actin polymerization at the leading edge. The inhibitory effect of curcumin on neutrophil motility was further demonstrated in vivo in a model of aseptic peritonitis. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that curcumin interferes with colonic inflammation partly through inhibition of the chemokine expression and through direct inhibition of neutrophil chemotaxis and chemokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C.B. Larmonier
- Department of Pediatrics, Steele Children’s Research Center, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, Arizona
| | - M.T. Midura-Kiela
- Department of Pediatrics, Steele Children’s Research Center, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, Arizona
| | - R. Ramalingam
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, Arizona
| | - D. Laubitz
- Department of Pediatrics, Steele Children’s Research Center, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, Arizona
| | - N. Janikashvili
- Department of Pediatrics, Steele Children’s Research Center, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, Arizona
| | - N. Larmonier
- Department of Pediatrics, Steele Children’s Research Center, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, Arizona, Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, Arizona
| | - F.K. Ghishan
- Department of Pediatrics, Steele Children’s Research Center, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, Arizona
| | - P.R. Kiela
- Department of Pediatrics, Steele Children’s Research Center, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, Arizona, Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, Arizona
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Kriegel C, Amiji M. Oral TNF-α gene silencing using a polymeric microsphere-based delivery system for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. J Control Release 2010; 150:77-86. [PMID: 20959130 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2010.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2010] [Revised: 08/31/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate down-regulation of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α by oral RNA interference therapy. Control (scrambled sequence) or TNF-α specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) was encapsulated in type B gelatin nanoparticles and further entrapped in poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL) microspheres to form a nanoparticles-in-microsphere oral system (NiMOS). Upon confirmation of the dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced acute colitis model, mice were divided into several treatment groups receiving no treatment, blank NiMOS, NiMOS with scramble siRNA, or NiMOS with TNF-α silencing siRNA by oral administration. Successful gene silencing led to decreased colonic levels of TNF-α, suppressed expression of other pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., interleukin (IL)-1β, interferon (IFN)-γ) and chemokines (MCP-1), an increase in body weight, and reduced tissue myeloperoxidase activity. Results of this study established the clinical potential of a NiMOS-based oral TNF-α gene silencing system for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease as demonstrated in an acute colitis model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Kriegel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, 110 Mugar Life Sciences Building, Boston, MA 02115, United States
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Maltby S, Wohlfarth C, Gold M, Zbytnuik L, Hughes MR, McNagny KM. CD34 is required for infiltration of eosinophils into the colon and pathology associated with DSS-induced ulcerative colitis. Am J Pathol 2010; 177:1244-54. [PMID: 20696776 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.100191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophil migration into the gut and the release of granular mediators plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases, including ulcerative colitis. We recently demonstrated that eosinophil migration into the lung requires cell surface expression of the sialomucin CD34 on mast cells and eosinophils in an asthma model. Based on these findings, we investigated a similar role for CD34 in the migration of eosinophils and other inflammatory cells into the colon as well as explored the effects of CD34 ablation on disease development in a dextran sulfate sodium-induced model of ulcerative colitis. Our findings demonstrate decreased disease severity in dextran sulfate sodium-treated Cd34(-/-) mice, as assessed by weight loss, diarrhea, bleeding, colon shortening and tissue pathology, compared with wild-type controls. CD34 was predominantly expressed on eosinophils within inflamed colon tissues, and Cd34(-/-) animals exhibited drastically reduced colon eosinophil infiltration. Using chimeric animals, we demonstrated that decreased disease pathology resulted from loss of CD34 from bone marrow-derived cells and that eosinophilia in Cd34(-/-)IL5(Tg) animals was sufficient to overcome protection from disease. In addition, we demonstrated a decrease in peripheral blood eosinophil numbers following dextran sulfate sodium treatment. These findings demonstrate that CD34 was expressed on colon-infiltrating eosinophils and played a role in eosinophil migration. Further, our findings suggest CD34 is required for efficient eosinophil migration, but not proliferation or expansion, in the development of ulcerative colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Maltby
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Roffê E, Oliveira F, Souza ALS, Pinho V, Souza DG, Souza PRS, Russo RC, Santiago HC, Romanha AJ, Tanowitz HB, Valenzuela JG, Teixeira MM. Role of CCL3/MIP-1alpha and CCL5/RANTES during acute Trypanosoma cruzi infection in rats. Microbes Infect 2010; 12:669-76. [PMID: 20452453 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2010.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2009] [Revised: 03/30/2010] [Accepted: 04/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Chagas' disease is caused by Trypanosoma cruzi infection and is characterized by chronic fibrogenic inflammation and heart dysfunction. Chemokines are produced during infection and drive tissue inflammation. In rats, acute infection is characterized by intense myocarditis and regression of inflammation after control of parasitism. We investigated the role of CCL3 and CCL5 during infection by using DNA vaccination encoding for each chemokine separately or simultaneously. MetRANTES treatment was used to evaluate the role of CCR1 and CCR5, the receptors for CCL3 and CCL5. Vaccination with CCL3 or CCL5 increased heart parasitism and decreased local IFN-gamma production, but did not influence intensity of inflammation. Simultaneous treatment with both plasmids or treatment with MetRANTES enhanced cardiac inflammation, fibrosis and parasitism. In conclusion, chemokines CCL3 and CCL5 are relevant, but not essential, for control of T. cruzi infection in rats. On the other hand, combined blockade of these chemokines or their receptors enhanced tissue inflammation and fibrosis, clearly contrasting with available data in murine models of T. cruzi infection. These data reinforce the important role of chemokines during T. cruzi infection but suggest that caution must be taken when expanding the therapeutic modulation of the chemokine system in mice to the human infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Roffê
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Ali S, O'Boyle G, Hepplewhite P, Tyler JR, Robertson H, Kirby JA. Therapy with nonglycosaminoglycan-binding mutant CCL7: a novel strategy to limit allograft inflammation. Am J Transplant 2010; 10:47-58. [PMID: 19951286 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2009.02868.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines are immobilized by binding to glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). A non-GAG-binding mutant CCL7 (mtCCL7) was developed that retained its affinity for chemokine receptors. This mtCCL7 induced leukocyte chemotaxis in diffusion gradients but did not stimulate trans-endothelial migration (p<0.01). Unlike wild-type CCL7, mtCCL7 persisted in the circulation of BALB/c mice for more than 6 h and prevented leukocyte infiltration of skin isografts (p<0.05). Treatment with mtCCL7 marginally increased the survival of C57BL/6 to BALB/c skin allografts and reduced graft infiltration by CD3+ cells (p<0.05). Importantly, mtCCL7 promoted long-term (>40 day) graft survival following minor histocompatibility (HY) antigen mismatched C57BL/6 skin transplantation; control grafts were rejected by day 24. Treatment with mtCCL7 produced a significant decrease in the frequency of IFN-gamma producing donor-reactive splenic T cells, reduced CCR2 expression by circulating leukocytes for 6 h (p<0.01) and blocked the normal increase in affinity of alpha4beta1 integrins for VCAM-1 following transient chemokine stimulation. These data suggest that mtCCL7 persists in the circulation and reduces both specific T-cell priming and the capacity of circulating immune cells to respond to GAG-bound chemokine at sites of developing inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ali
- Applied Immunobiology and Transplantation Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Medical School, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
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Banerjee S, Oneda B, Yap LM, Jewell DP, Matters GL, Fitzpatrick LR, Seibold F, Sterchi EE, Ahmad T, Lottaz D, Bond JS. MEP1A allele for meprin A metalloprotease is a susceptibility gene for inflammatory bowel disease. Mucosal Immunol 2009; 2:220-31. [PMID: 19262505 PMCID: PMC2670347 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2009.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The MEP1A gene, located on human chromosome 6p (mouse chromosome 17) in a susceptibility region for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), encodes the alpha-subunit of metalloproteinase meprin A, which is expressed in the intestinal epithelium. This study shows a genetic association of MEP1A with IBD in a cohort of ulcerative colitis (UC) patients. There were four single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the coding region (P=0.0012-0.04), and one in the 3'-untranslated region (P=2 x 10(-7)) that displayed associations with UC. Moreover, meprin-alpha mRNA was decreased in inflamed mucosa of IBD patients. Meprin-alpha knockout mice exhibited a more severe intestinal injury and inflammation than their wild-type counterparts following oral administration of dextran sulfate sodium. Collectively, the data implicate MEP1A as a UC susceptibility gene and indicate that decreased meprin-alpha expression is associated with intestinal inflammation in IBD patients and in a mouse experimental model of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Banerjee
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - B Oneda
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - LM Yap
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Alfred, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - DP Jewell
- Gastroenterology Unit, Radcliffe Infirmary, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - GL Matters
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - LR Fitzpatrick
- Department of Pharmacology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - F Seibold
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - EE Sterchi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - T Ahmad
- Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK
| | - D Lottaz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Rheumatology, Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - JS Bond
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
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Alex P, Zachos NC, Nguyen T, Gonzales L, Chen TE, Conklin LS, Centola M, Li X. Distinct cytokine patterns identified from multiplex profiles of murine DSS and TNBS-induced colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2009; 15:341-52. [PMID: 18942757 PMCID: PMC2643312 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.20753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 567] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cytokine network in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a complex, dynamic system that plays an important role in regulating mucosal innate and adaptive immune responses. While several studies have been done to evaluate immunomodulatory profiles in murine IBD, they have been limited to a relatively small number of cytokines that do not take into account its dependency of the interplay of multiple factors, and therefore the diagnostic potential of their cytokine profiles have been inconclusive. METHODS A novel approach of comprehensive serum multiplex cytokine profiling with biometric immunosandwich ELISA's was used to describe the modulation of 16 Th1, Th2, Th17 cytokines and chemokines in both acute and chronic murine models of DSS and TNBS-induced colitis. Advanced multivariate discriminant functional analyses (DFA) was used to identify statistically interrelated sets of variables with the most significant power to discriminate among the groups. Profiles of multiple cytokines seen systemically were also validated locally in colonic mucosa using Western blot analysis and fluorescent immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Distinctive disease-specific cytokine profiles were identified with significant correlations to disease activity and duration of disease. TNBS colitis exhibits heightened Th1-Th17 response (increased IL-12 and IL-17) as the disease becomes chronic. In contrast, DSS colitis switches from a Th1-Th17-mediated acute inflammation (increased TNF-alpha, IL6, IL-17, and KC) to a predominant Th2-mediated inflammatory response (increase in IL-4 and IL-10 and concomitant decrease in TNF-alpha, IL6, IL-17, and KC) in the chronic state. Moreover, DFA identified discriminatory cytokine profiles that can be sufficiently used to distinguish unaffected controls from diseases, and one disease type from another. IL-6 and IL-12 stratified gender-associated disease activity in chronic colitis. CONCLUSIONS Our studies provide insight into disease immunopathogenesis and illustrate the significant potential of utilizing multiplex cytokine profiles and bioinformatics as diagnostic tools in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Alex
- Div of Gastroenterology, Dept of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Nicholas C. Zachos
- Div of Gastroenterology, Dept of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Thuan Nguyen
- Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Liberty Gonzales
- Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Tian E. Chen
- Div of Gastroenterology, Dept of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Laurie S. Conklin
- Div of Gastroenterology, Dept of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Michael Centola
- Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Xuhang Li
- Div of Gastroenterology, Dept of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD,Address correspondence to: Xuhang Li, Ph.D. Gastroenterology, Dept of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 1120 Ross, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, MD 21205, Tel: 443-287-4804, Fax: 410-955-9677
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Andou A, Hisamatsu T, Okamoto S, Chinen H, Kamada N, Kobayashi T, Hashimoto M, Okutsu T, Shimbo K, Takeda T, Matsumoto H, Sato A, Ohtsu H, Suzuki M, Hibi T. Dietary histidine ameliorates murine colitis by inhibition of proinflammatory cytokine production from macrophages. Gastroenterology 2009; 136:564-74.e2. [PMID: 19027739 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.09.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2008] [Revised: 09/12/2008] [Accepted: 09/25/2008] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Elemental diet (ED) is effective for human Crohn's disease (CD). Although some of this effectiveness may be due to its low antigenic load and low fat content, the mechanisms remain unclear. We sought to assess the role of histidine, one of the constituent amino acids of ED, in controlling colitis. METHODS The interleukin (IL)-10-deficient (IL-10(-/-)) cell transfer model of colitis was used. SCID mice with colitis induced by transfer of IL-10(-/-) cells were maintained on experimented diets containing either single amino acids or a mixture. The severity of colitis was assessed by wet colon weight. Colonic tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha messenger RNA (mRNA) expression was detected by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. Mouse peritoneal macrophages were stimulated by lipopolysaccharides (LPS), with or without amino acids. The concentration of cytokines in the supernatant was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Inhibitor of nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB-alpha and nuclear p65 were confirmed by immunoblotting. RESULTS In the IL-10(-/-) transfer model, dietary histidine, but not alanine, reduced histologic damage and colon weight and TNF-alpha mRNA expression. Histidine inhibited LPS-induced TNF-alpha and IL-6 production by mouse macrophages in a concentration-dependent manner, whereas alanine or histidine-related metabolites had no such effect. Histidine inhibited LPS-induced NF-kappaB in macrophages. CONCLUSIONS These results showed that histidine could be a novel therapeutic agent for CD by inhibition of NF-kappaB activation, following down-regulation of proinflammatory cytokine production by macrophages. Thus, our studies provided new insights into the roles of amino acid metabolism in the pathophysiology of CD and for therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayatoshi Andou
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
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Li K, Wang B, Sui H, Liu S, Yao S, Guo L, Mao D. Polymorphisms of the macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha and ApoE genes are associated with ulcerative colitis. Int J Colorectal Dis 2009; 24:13-7. [PMID: 18762952 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-008-0575-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/15/2008] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS An increased production of macrophage inflammatory proteins 1 alpha (MIP-1alpha) has been reported to be associated with ulcerative colitis (UC). We investigated whether a polymorphism site in MIP-1alpha was associated with UC in a Chinese population. Additionally, considering the abnormal lipoprotein metabolism in subjects with UC, we also sought to determine whether genetic variation in the apolipoprotein E (ApoE) gene may play a role in the development of UC. MATERIALS AND METHODS We examined the MIP-1alpha -906 (TA)(4)/(TA)(6) polymorphism and the ApoE polymorphism in a cohort of 162 unrelated UC patients and 220 healthy controls by using restriction fragment length polymorphism assay. RESULTS A significantly increased frequency of the MIP-1alpha -906 (TA)(6)/(TA)(6) genotype (P = 0.0031, odds ratio [OR] = 1.851, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.228-2.791), as well as of the ApoE epsilon4+ genotype (P < 0.001, OR = 2.869, 95% CI 1.768-4.657), in patients with UC was proven. Moreover, the carriage of both MIP-1alpha -906 (TA)(6)/(TA)(6) genotype and ApoE epsilon4+ genotype confers greater risk for the development of UC (P < 0.001, OR = 5.432, 95% CI 2.761-10.689). CONCLUSION These findings suggest that variation in the MIP-1alpha and ApoE genes and their interaction may increase susceptibility to UC. Identifying these novel susceptibility genes, as well as their interactions, will help our understanding of the disease mechanisms of UC and may identify targets for developing novel treatment measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keshen Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, 150001, China
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Xu H, Firdawes S, Yamamoto A, Zhao Y, Ihara Y, Uehara S, Matsunami K, Otsuka H, Fukuzawa M, Miyagawa S. Effects of Blocking the Chemokine Receptors, CCR5 and CXCR3, With TAK-779 in a Rat Small Intestinal Transplantation Model. Transplantation 2008; 86:1810-7. [DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e31818fe7fe] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) includes Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Although the precise etiopathogenesis of IBD remains unclear, dysfunctions of the immune system has been seen as an important factor. Participation of immuno-regulatory cells and multiple cytokines in immunoreactions and inflammatory process has nowadays become one of the hot spots in research into the immunopathogenesis of IBD. This paper reviewed the function of immuno-regulatory cells in IBD.
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Shiraishi K, Ishiwata Y, Nakagawa K, Yokochi S, Taruki C, Akuta T, Ohtomo K, Matsushima K, Tamatani T, Kanegasaki S. Enhancement of antitumor radiation efficacy and consistent induction of the abscopal effect in mice by ECI301, an active variant of macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:1159-66. [PMID: 18281550 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-4485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We studied whether i.v. administration of a chemokine after local tumor site irradiation could prevent remaining, as well as distant, nonirradiated tumor cell growth by leukocyte recruitment. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Tumors were implanted s.c. in the right or both flanks. After local irradiation at the right flank, ECI301, a human macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha variant was injected i.v. Tumor volumes were measured every 3 days after treatment. RESULTS In Colon26 adenocarcinoma-bearing BALB/c mice, repeated daily administration (over 3-5 consecutive days) of 2 mug per mouse ECI301 after local irradiation of 6 Gy prolonged survival without significant toxicity, and in about half of the treated mice, the tumor was completely eradicated. Three weekly administrations of ECI301 after local irradiation also led to significant, although less effective, antitumor radiation efficacy. ECI301 also inhibited growth of other syngenic tumor grafts, including MethA fibrosarcoma (BALB/c) and Lewis lung carcinoma (C57BL/6). Importantly, tumor growth at the nonirradiated site was inhibited, indicating that ECI301 potentiated the abscopal effect of radiation. This abscopal effect observed in BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice was tumor-type independent. Leukocyte depletion studies suggest that CD8+ and CD4+ lymphocytes and NK1.1 cells were involved. CONCLUSIONS Marked inhibition of tumor growth at the irradiated site, with complete tumor eradication and consistent induction of the abscopal effect, was potentiated by i.v. administration of ECI301. The results of this study may offer a new concept for cancer therapy, namely chemokine administration after local irradiation, leading to development of novel therapeutics for the treatment of advanced metastatic cancer.
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Ando Y, Inaba M, Sakaguchi Y, Tsuda M, Quan GK, Omae M, Okazaki K, Ikehara S. Subcutaneous adipose tissue-derived stem cells facilitate colonic mucosal recovery from 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis in rats. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2008; 14:826-38. [PMID: 18253953 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.20382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ADSCs) can be easily obtained from subcutaneous adipose tissue, and ADSCs can be demonstrated to display multilineage developmental plasticity. In this study, using TNBS-induced colitis rats, we show the feasibility of repairing injured intestinal mucosa with adipose tissue-derived stem cells. METHODS The subcutaneous adipose tissue of F344 rats was obtained and digested by collagenase. The digested tissue was cultured in DMEM containing 10% FBS for 1 month. ADSCs were confirmed to differentiate under appropriate conditions into various lineages of cells, including bone, neural cells, adipocytes, and epithelial cells. HGF, VEGF, TGF-beta, and adiponectin in the culture supernatants of ADSCs were determined by ELISA. ADSCs (10(7) cells) were injected into the submucosa of the colon to examine their capacity to repair intestinal mucosa injured by TNBS. RESULTS In the experimental colitis model, the injection of ADSCs facilitated colonic mucosal repair and reduced the infiltration of inflammatory cells. High levels of HGF, VEGF, and adiponectin were detected in the culture supernatants of ADSCs. Moreover, injected ADSCs distributed to several layers of the colon, and some of them differentiated into mesodermal lineage cells. CONCLUSIONS ADSCs can accelerate the regeneration of injured regions in experimental colitis. HGF, VEGF, and adiponectin might be responsible for the regeneration of injured regions in the colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yugo Ando
- First Department of Pathology, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
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Bhavsar MD, Amiji MM. Oral IL-10 gene delivery in a microsphere-based formulation for local transfection and therapeutic efficacy in inflammatory bowel disease. Gene Ther 2008; 15:1200-9. [DOI: 10.1038/gt.2008.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Kawada M, Arihiro A, Mizoguchi E. Insights from advances in research of chemically induced experimental models of human inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol 2007; 13:5581-93. [PMID: 17948932 PMCID: PMC4172737 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v13.i42.5581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), the most important being Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, results from chronic dysregulation of the mucosal immune system in the gastrointestinal tract. Although the pathogenesis of IBD remains unclear, it is widely accepted that genetic, environmental, and immunological factors are involved. Recent studies suggest that intestinal epithelial defenses are important to prevent inflammation by protecting against microbial pathogens and oxidative stresses. To investigate the etiology of IBD, animal models of experimental colitis have been developed and are frequently used to evaluate new anti-inflammatory treatments for IBD. Several models of experimental colitis that demonstrate various pathophysiological aspects of the human disease have been described. In this manuscript, we review the characteristic features of IBD through a discussion of the various chemically induced experimental models of colitis (e.g., dextran sodium sulfate-, 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-, oxazolone-, acetic acid-, and indomethacin-induced models). We also summarize some regulatory and pathogenic factors demonstrated by these models that can, hopefully, be exploited to develop future therapeutic strategies against IBD.
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Menard LC, Minns LA, Darche S, Mielcarz DW, Foureau DM, Roos D, Dzierszinski F, Kasper LH, Buzoni-Gatel D. B cells amplify IFN-gamma production by T cells via a TNF-alpha-mediated mechanism. J Immunol 2007; 179:4857-66. [PMID: 17878385 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.7.4857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aside from being the precursors of the Ab-secreting cells, B cells are engaged in other immune functions such as Ag presentation to T cells or cytokine production. These functions may contribute to the pathogenic role of B cells in a wide range of autoimmune diseases. We demonstrate that B cells acquire the capacity to amplify IFN-gamma production by CD4 and CD8 T cells during the course of the Th1 inflammatory response to Toxoplasma gondii infection. Using the two following different strategies, we observed that B cells from T. gondii-infected mice, but not from naive mice, induce higher IFN-gamma expression by splenic host T cells: 1) reconstitution of B cell-deficient mice with B cells expressing an alloantigen different from the recipients, and 2) adoptive transfer of B and T cells into RAG-/- mice. In vitro assays allowing the physical separation of T and B cells demonstrate that Ag-primed B cells enhance IFN-gamma production by T cells in a contact-dependent fashion. Using an OVA-transgenic strain of T. gondii and OVA-specific CD4 T cells, we observed that the proinflammatory effect of B cells is neither Ag specific nor requires MHCII expression. However, TNF-alpha expressed on the surface of B cells appears to mediate in part the up-regulation of IFN-gamma by the effector T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence C Menard
- Department of Microbiology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
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Abstract
There is no standard practice in the induction of colitis by 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid. In this review the current practice in 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid colitis is studied using 20 recently published articles. We compare the different protocols, discuss the mechanism of disease and give recommendations for the future use of the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anje A te Velde
- Centre for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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