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Ledesma-Feliciano C, Troyer RM, Zheng X, Miller C, Cianciolo R, Bordicchia M, Dannemiller N, Gagne R, Beatty J, Quimby J, Löchelt M, VandeWoude S. Feline Foamy Virus Infection: Characterization of Experimental Infection and Prevalence of Natural Infection in Domestic Cats with and without Chronic Kidney Disease. Viruses 2019; 11:E662. [PMID: 31330990 PMCID: PMC6669521 DOI: 10.3390/v11070662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Foamy viruses (FVs) are globally prevalent retroviruses that establish apparently apathogenic lifelong infections. Feline FV (FFV) has been isolated from domestic cats with concurrent diseases, including urinary syndromes. We experimentally infected five cats with FFV to study viral kinetics and tropism, peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) phenotype, urinary parameters, and histopathology. A persistent infection of primarily lymphoid tropism was detected with no evidence of immunological or hematologic perturbations. One cat with a significant negative correlation between lymphocytes and PBMC proviral load displayed an expanded FFV tissue tropism. Significantly increased blood urea nitrogen and ultrastructural kidney changes were noted in all experimentally infected cats, though chemistry parameters were not outside of normal ranges. Histopathological changes were observed in the brain, large intestine, and other tissues. In order to determine if there is an association of FFV with Chronic Kidney Disease, we additionally screened 125 Australian pet cats with and without CKD for FFV infection and found that FFV is highly prevalent in older cats, particularly in males with CKD, though this difference was not statistically significant compared to controls. Acute FFV infection was clinically silent, and while some measures indicated mild changes, there was no overt association of FFV infection with renal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Ledesma-Feliciano
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 E. 19th Ave., Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Ryan M Troyer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Xin Zheng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Craig Miller
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74075, USA
| | - Rachel Cianciolo
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Matteo Bordicchia
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Nicholas Dannemiller
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Roderick Gagne
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Julia Beatty
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Jessica Quimby
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University Veterinary Medical Center, 601 Vernon Tharpe Street, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Martin Löchelt
- Department of Viral Transformation Mechanisms, Research Program Infection, Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sue VandeWoude
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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Parys M, Yuzbasiyan-Gurkan V, Kruger JM. Serum Cytokine Profiling in Cats with Acute Idiopathic Cystitis. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32:274-279. [PMID: 29356123 PMCID: PMC5787166 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Feline idiopathic cystitis (FIC) is a common lower urinary tract disorder of domestic cats that resembles interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome (IC/PBS) in humans. Diagnosis of FIC is based on clinical signs and exclusion of other disorders because of a lack of specific pathologic findings or other objective biomarkers. Cytokines are potential noninvasive biomarkers to define the presence, severity, and progression of disease, and response to treatment. OBJECTIVES The objective of this pilot study was to determine concentrations of selected cytokines in serum from healthy cats and cats with acute FIC. ANIMALS Serum samples from 13 healthy cats and from 12 cats with nonobstructive acute FIC were utilized. METHODS Multiplex analysis of 19 cytokines (CCL2, CCL5, CXCL1, CXCL12, CXCL8, Flt3L, GM-CSF, IFN-γ, IL-12 (p40), IL-13, IL-18, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, PDGF-BB, SCF, sFas, and TNF-α) was performed with a commercially available feline-specific multiplex bead-based assay. RESULTS Mean serum concentrations of IL-12 (p40; P < 0.0001), CXCL12 (P = 0.002), IL-18 (P = 0.032), and Flt3L (P = 0.0024) were significantly increased in FIC cats compared to healthy cats. GM-CSF, IL-1b, IL-2, and PDGF-BB were undetectable or detected in an insufficient number of cats to allow meaningful comparisons. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE We have identified increased serum concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines CXCL12, IL-12, IL-18, and Flt3L in FIC-affected cats. These findings suggest potential candidates for noninvasive biomarkers for diagnosis, staging, and therapeutic outcome monitoring of affected cats and provide additional insight into the etiopathogenesis of FIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Parys
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - V Yuzbasiyan-Gurkan
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - J M Kruger
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
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Chiu E, Troyer RM, Lappin MR, VandeWoude S. Bovine herpesvirus 4 DNA is not detected in free-ranging domestic cats from California, Colorado or Florida. J Feline Med Surg 2016; 19:235-239. [PMID: 26450623 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x15607586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Objectives Several studies have reported that domestic cats can be naturally infected with bovine herpesvirus 4 (BHV4). Cats experimentally inoculated with BHV4 developed clinical signs involving the urinary tract, leading to the hypothesis that natural infection with BHV4 may be associated with feline lower urinary tract diseases. However, the question of whether BHV4 infection is common in cats remains equivocal. In this study, we sought to determine whether BHV4 is a common natural infection of domestic cats in the USA. Methods We used a sensitive nested PCR protocol specific to the BHV4 thymidine kinase gene to screen free-ranging domestic cat blood DNA samples (n = 101) collected from California, Colorado and Florida. Results Cats within this cohort were positive for seven other common pathogens of domestic cats, demonstrating the relatively high exposure of this population to endemic feline infections. In contrast, all domestic cat blood samples were negative for BHV4, while BHV4-containing tissue culture extracts were strongly positive. Conclusions and relevance BHV4 has been detected in tissues of latently infected cattle, though viral DNA is typically also detected in peripheral blood cells throughout infection. Our results suggest that persistent presence of BHV4 DNA in the blood of domestic cats is either rare or non-existent. We thus conclude that BHV4 is unlikely to be a major pathogen of cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliott Chiu
- 1 Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Ryan M Troyer
- 1 Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Michael R Lappin
- 2 Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Sue VandeWoude
- 1 Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Lund HS, Rimstad E, Eggertsdóttir AV. Prevalence of viral infections in Norwegian cats with and without feline lower urinary tract disease. J Feline Med Surg 2012; 14:895-9. [DOI: 10.1177/1098612x12459644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of various viral infections was examined in primary accession cases of feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD) and healthy control cats in Norway. Urine samples from 102 cats with clinical signs of FLUTD and 73 healthy control cats were tested for the presence of feline calicivirus (FCV), feline coronavirus (FCoV) and feline herpesvirus-1 (FHV-1) by polymerase chain reaction. All urinary samples were negative for FCV and FCoV. One (1%) of the FLUTD cats was found to be positive for FHV-1. The results did not indicate an association between the viral infections examined and signs of FLUTD in the study sample.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Espen Rimstad
- Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway
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Abstract
Consistently effective treatment and prevention of nonobstructive idiopathic lower urinary tract disease (LUTD) in male and female cats remains an enigma. Because clinical signs associated with this form are frequently self-limiting, considerable debate exists about the efficacy of various symptomatic therapies advocated for management of idiopathic feline LUTD. Any form of therapy might appear to be beneficial, as long as it was not harmful. The self-limiting nature of some forms of idiopathic feline LUTD underscores the need for controlled prospective double-blind clinical studies to prove the value of various forms of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Kruger
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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Abstract
The exact cause of hematuria, dysuria, and urethral obstruction remains unknown in a large percentage of naturally occurring cases of feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD). One attractive hypothesis implicates viruses as the cause of some idiopathic forms of FLUTD; supporting this hypothesis is the fact that a gamma herpesvirus, a calicivirus, and a retrovirus have been isolated from urine and tissues obtained from cats with this type of disease. Although the clinical course and laboratory findings of cats with idiopathic FLUTD are suggestive of an infectious cause, the question of whether viruses have a pathologic role in some forms of naturally acquired FLUTDs has not been completely answered.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Kruger
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
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Abstract
Bacterial, fungal, and parasitic uropathogens have small but significant roles as causative agents in naturally occurring feline lower urinary tract disease. However, the exact cause of hematuria, dysuria, and/or urethral obstruction remains unknown in a large percentage of cats. Feline calicivirus, feline syncytia-forming virus, bovine herpesvirus-4, mycoplasmas, and ureaplasmas are potential uropathogens whose etiopathogenic roles in idiopathic feline lower urinary tract disease remain, as of yet, unresolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Kruger
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University College of Veterinary Medicine, East Lansing
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Barsanti JA, Shotts EB, Crowell WA, Finco DR, Brown J. Effect of therapy on susceptibility to urinary tract infection in male cats with indwelling urethral catheters. Vet Med (Auckl) 1992; 6:64-70. [PMID: 1588543 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.1992.tb03153.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Indwelling urinary catheters with a closed urine collection system were maintained in 30 male cats for 3 days after induction of irritant cystitis. All cats received subcutaneous fluids during the 3 days the catheters were in place. The effects of four different treatment regimens on urinary tract infection rates, incidence of urethral obstruction, and development of urinary tract lesions over a 10-day period were compared with results in a nontreated group. Treatments were 1) amoxicillin for 5 days PO; 2) prednisolone for 5 days PO; 3) both amoxicillin and prednisolone for 5 days PO; and 4) dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) for 3 days intravesicularly. Euthanasia was done before the end of the 10-day experimental period if the cats had two bouts of urethral obstruction or if the cats became uremic for causes unrelated to urethral obstruction. Seven cats were euthanatized before the conclusion of the experiment. These cats had been treated with prednisolone, prednisolone and amoxicillin, or DMSO. All cats that received amoxicillin alone or no therapy survived the 10-day period. Mortality was due to repeated urethral obstruction or to uremia associated with pyelonephritis or papillitis. Urinary tract infection rate was similar in all groups. The group treated with prednisolone alone had the highest incidence of renal infection. Inflammatory lesions in the lower urinary tract were similar in all groups. In conclusion, persistent urinary tract infection often develops in cats with cystitis after indwelling urethral catheterization even when closed systems of urine drainage are used.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Barsanti
- Department of Small Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens 30602
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Abstract
Viruses have been implicated as causative agents in the etiopathogenesis of some forms of feline lower urinary tract disease (LUTD). This hypothesis was supported by isolation of feline calicivirus, bovine herpesvirus 4 (strain FeCAHV), and feline syncytia-forming virus from cats with naturally occurring LUTD, and by experimental studies of induced viral urinary tract infection. Results of early clinical studies yielded contradictory results concerning the role of viruses in feline LUTD. However, recent detection of bovine herpesvirus 4 antibodies in feline serum samples and discovery of calicivirus-like particles in crystalline/matrix urethral plugs obtained from cats with naturally occurring LUTD, suggests the need to reexamine the etiopathologic role of viruses using contemporary methods of virus identification and localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Kruger
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul
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Martens JG, McConnell S, Swanson CL. The role of infectious agents in naturally occurring feline urologic syndrome. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 1984; 14:503-11. [PMID: 6330960 DOI: 10.1016/s0195-5616(84)50057-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Osborne CA, Johnston GR, Polzin DJ, Kruger JM, Poffenbarger EM, Bell FW, Feeney DA, Goyal S, Fletcher TF, Newman JA. Redefinition of the feline urologic syndrome: feline lower urinary tract disease with heterogeneous causes. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 1984; 14:409-38. [PMID: 6429924 DOI: 10.1016/s0195-5616(84)50051-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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