1
|
Bralewska M, Pietrucha T, Sakowicz A. The Role of Catestatin in Preeclampsia. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2461. [PMID: 38473713 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Preeclampsia (PE) is a unique pregnancy disorder affecting women across the world. It is characterized by the new onset of hypertension with coexisting end-organ damage. Although the disease has been known for centuries, its exact pathophysiology and, most importantly, its prevention remain elusive. The basis of its associated molecular changes has been attributed to the placenta and the hormones regulating its function. One such hormone is chromogranin A (CgA). In the placenta, CgA is cleaved to form a variety of biologically active peptides, including catestatin (CST), known inter alia for its vasodilatory effects. Recent studies indicate that the CST protein level is diminished both in patients with hypertension and those with PE. Therefore, the aim of the present paper is to review the most recent and most relevant in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies to provide an overview of the proposed impact of CST on the molecular processes of PE and to consider the possibilities for future experiments in this area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michalina Bralewska
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752 Lodz, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Pietrucha
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752 Lodz, Poland
| | - Agata Sakowicz
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752 Lodz, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kaltsas A, Zikopoulos A, Moustakli E, Zachariou A, Tsirka G, Tsiampali C, Palapela N, Sofikitis N, Dimitriadis F. The Silent Threat to Women's Fertility: Uncovering the Devastating Effects of Oxidative Stress. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1490. [PMID: 37627485 PMCID: PMC10451552 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12081490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress (OS), which arises through an imbalance between the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant defenses, plays a key role in the pathophysiology of female infertility, with the latter constituting just one of a number of diseases linked to OS as a potential cause. The aim of the present article is to review the literature regarding the association between OS and female infertility. Among the reproductive diseases considered are endometriosis and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), while environmental pollutants, lifestyle variables, and underlying medical conditions possibly resulting in OS are additionally examined. Current evidence points to OS likely contributing to the pathophysiology of the above reproductive disorders, with the amount of damage done by OS being influenced by such variables as duration and severity of exposure and the individual's age and genetic predisposition. Also discussed are the processes via which OS may affect female fertility, these including DNA damage and mitochondrial dysfunction. Finally, the last section of the manuscript contains an evaluation of treatment options, including antioxidants and lifestyle modification, capable of minimizing OS in infertile women. The prime message underlined by this review is the importance of considering OS in the diagnosis and treatment of female infertility. Further studies are, nevertheless required to identify the best treatment regimen and its ideal duration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aris Kaltsas
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (A.K.); (A.Z.); (A.Z.); (N.S.)
| | - Athanasios Zikopoulos
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (A.K.); (A.Z.); (A.Z.); (N.S.)
| | - Efthalia Moustakli
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics in Clinical Practice, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (E.M.); (G.T.)
| | - Athanasios Zachariou
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (A.K.); (A.Z.); (A.Z.); (N.S.)
| | - Georgia Tsirka
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics in Clinical Practice, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (E.M.); (G.T.)
| | | | - Natalia Palapela
- Medical Faculty, Medical University of Sofia, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Nikolaos Sofikitis
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (A.K.); (A.Z.); (A.Z.); (N.S.)
| | - Fotios Dimitriadis
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Stenhouse C, Bazer FW, Ashworth CJ. Sexual dimorphism in placental development and function: Comparative physiology with an emphasis on the pig. Mol Reprod Dev 2023; 90:684-696. [PMID: 35466463 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Across mammalian species, it has been demonstrated that sex influences birth weight, with males being heavier than females; a characteristic that can be observed from early gestation. Male piglets are more likely to be stillborn and have greater preweaning mortality than their female littermates, despite the additional maternal investment into male fetal growth. Given the conserved nature of the genome between the sexes, it is hypothesized that these developmental differences between males and females are most likely orchestrated by differential placental adaptation. This review summarizes the current understanding of fetal sex-specific differences in placental and endometrial structure and function, with an emphasis on pathways found to be differentially regulated in the pig including angiogenesis, apoptosis, and proliferation. Given the importance of piglet sex in agricultural enterprises, and the potential for skewed litter sex ratios, it is imperative to improve understanding of the relationship between fetal sex and molecular signaling in both the placenta and endometria across gestation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Stenhouse
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
- Functional Genetics and Development Division, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Fuller W Bazer
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Cheryl J Ashworth
- Functional Genetics and Development Division, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu Z, Yu Y, Zhang X, Wang C, Pei J, Gu W. Transcriptomic profiling in hypoxia-induced trophoblast cells for preeclampsia. Placenta 2023; 136:8-17. [PMID: 37001424 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2023.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to identify the expression profile of mRNAs and analyze the associated pathways in hypoxia-induced trophoblast cells to understand the effect of hypoxia on the pathophysiology of preeclampsia (PE). We downloaded two gene expression datasets (GSE47187 and GSE60432) from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets to identify altered transcriptomes. GEO2R, gene ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks were used to reveal the functional roles and regulatory networks of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs). In total, 224 DEGs (91 upregulated and 133 downregulated) were identified, and the "HIF-1 signaling pathway" was activated in placentas from patients with PE. We validated the expression levels of five proteins in the plasma of NP and PE patients during early or late pregnancy using western blotting. In primary trophoblast cells cultured under hypoxic conditions, 754 DEGs were identified, including 362 upregulated and 392 downregulated genes. These DEGs were associated with the "HIF-1signaling pathway," "response to hypoxia," and several glucose metabolism pathways. In addition, a PPI network was constructed, and an important module, including 18 hub genes, was identified. Finally, we validated 18 hub genes using qRT-PCR. Furthermore, we performed microarray profiling of hypoxia-treated HTR8/SVneo cells (immortalized human first-trimester extravillous trophoblast cells) to validate the DEGs and pathways identified in hypoxia-induced primary trophoblast cells. Our results stress the differential expression profiles of mRNAs in hypoxia-induced trophoblast cells, which provide potential pathophysiological mechanisms for preeclampsia.
Collapse
|
5
|
Liu X, Jiang L, Pang J, Wu Y, Pi Y, Zang J, Wang J, Han D. Maternal Dietary Supplementation with γ-Aminobutyric Acid Alleviated Oxidative Stress in Gestating Sows and Their Offspring by Regulating GABRP. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12192539. [PMID: 36230278 PMCID: PMC9558543 DOI: 10.3390/ani12192539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Sows usually suffer oxidative stress during gestation, and this limits the growth of fetuses via placenta. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a functional nonessential amino acid engaged in regulating the physiological status of animals. However, the effects of GABA on the oxidative homeostasis of sows and their offspring remain unclear. Eighteen late gestating sows (85 d) were divided into the CON and GABA groups and fed the basal diet and the GABA diet (200 mg/kg GABA), respectively, until farrowing. At parturition, the sows’ litter characteristics, the plasma antioxidant parameters of sows, and their offspring were evaluated. The results showed that GABA supplementation had no marked effect on the reproductive performance of sows (p > 0.10) but had a trend of reducing the amount of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) in piglets (0.05 < p < 0.10). At the same time, the addition of GABA elevated the plasma superoxide dismutase (SOD) level of sows and enhanced the glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity of newborn piglets (p < 0.05). Based on the H2O2-induced oxidative stress in pTr-2 cells, GABA elevated intracellular GSH-Px, SOD, catalase (CAT), and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC, p < 0.01) and upregulated the gene expressions of CAT, gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor (GABRP), and nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) in H2O2-treated pTr-2 cells (p < 0.05). Taken together, GABA improved the antioxidant capacity of sows and alleviated the placental oxidative stress by upregulating the GABRP and Nrf2 genes, which have the potential to promote oxidative homeostasis in newborn piglets.
Collapse
|
6
|
Huang C, Li H, Powell JS, Ouyang Y, Wendell SG, Suresh S, Hsia KJ, Sadovsky Y, Quinn D. Assessing hypoxic damage to placental trophoblasts by measuring membrane viscosity of extracellular vesicles. Placenta 2022. [PMID: 35245720 PMCID: PMC9010367 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2022.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION As highly sophisticated intercellular communication vehicles in biological systems, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been investigated as both promising liquid biopsy-based disease biomarkers and drug delivery carriers. Despite tremendous progress in understanding their biological and physiological functions, mechanical characterization of these nanoscale entities remains challenging due to the limited availability of proper techniques. Especially, whether damage to parental cells can be reflected by the mechanical properties of their EVs remains unknown. METHODS In this study, we characterized membrane viscosities of different types of EVs collected from primary human trophoblasts (PHTs), including apoptotic bodies, microvesicles and small extracellular vesicles, using fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM). The biochemical origin of EV membrane viscosity was examined by analyzing their phospholipid composition, using mass spectrometry. RESULTS We found that different EV types derived from the same cell type exhibit different membrane viscosities. The measured membrane viscosity values are well supported by the lipidomic analysis of the phospholipid compositions. We further demonstrate that the membrane viscosity of microvesicles can faithfully reveal hypoxic injury of the human trophoblasts. More specifically, the membrane of PHT microvesicles released under hypoxic condition is less viscous than its counterpart under standard culture condition, which is supported by the reduction in the phosphatidylethanolamine-to-phosphatidylcholine ratio in PHT microvesicles. DISCUSSION Our study suggests that biophysical properties of released trophoblastic microvesicles can reflect cell health. Characterizing EV's membrane viscosity may pave the way for the development of new EV-based clinical applications.
Collapse
|
7
|
Yang C, Park S, Song G, Lim W. Inhibition of the cleaved half of tRNA Gly enhances palmitic acid-induced apoptosis in human trophoblasts. J Nutr Biochem 2021; 99:108866. [PMID: 34563666 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2021.108866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Palmitic acid (PA) induces apoptosis in the human trophoblast cell line HTR8/SVneo. However, the molecular mechanism underlying this effect remains unclear. Although small noncoding RNAs are involved in trophoblast growth and invasion during early pregnancy, the functional roles of tRNA-derived species are currently unknown. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the involvement of tRNA-derived species in PA-induced apoptosis in human trophoblasts. In this study, we investigate the expression and function of tRNA-derived stress-induced RNAs (tiRNAs) in HTR8/SVneo. We determined the expression of tiRNAs in HTR8/SVneo cells in response to PA. Then, we transfected inhibitor of target tiRNA in HTR8/SVneo with or without PA to examine the tRNA-derived species-regulated intracellular signal transduction by detecting calcium homeostasis, mitochondrial membrane potential, and signaling proteins. We found that the expression of tRNAGly-derived tiRNAs decreased in PA-treated human trophoblasts. Moreover, inhibition of tiRNAGlyCCC/GCC enhanced the PA-induced apoptosis along with the induction of DNA fragmentation and mitochondrial depolarization. Inhibition of tiRNAGlyCCC/GCC enhanced the expression of endoplasmic reticulum stress-related proteins and increased Ca2+ levels in the cytoplasm and mitochondria. Moreover, the levels of cytochrome c released from the mitochondria were synergistically affected by tiRNAGlyCCC/GCC inhibitor and PA. Furthermore, artificial regulation of ANG inhibited the expression of tiRNAGlyCCC/GCC and similar effects were observed upon the inhibition of tiRNAGlyCCC/GCC in human trophoblasts. These results suggest that tiRNAGlyCCC/GCC might be the molecule via which PA induces its effects in human trophoblasts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changwon Yang
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunwoo Park
- Department of Plant & Biomaterials Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwonhwa Song
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Whasun Lim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kookmin University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Joo EH, Kim YR, Kim N, Jung JE, Han SH, Cho HY. Effect of Endogenic and Exogenic Oxidative Stress Triggers on Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes: Preeclampsia, Fetal Growth Restriction, Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Preterm Birth. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10122. [PMID: 34576285 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221810122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is caused by an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells and tissues and the ability of a biological system to detoxify them. During a normal pregnancy, oxidative stress increases the normal systemic inflammatory response and is usually well-controlled by the balanced body mechanism of the detoxification of anti-oxidative products. However, pregnancy is also a condition in which this adaptation and balance can be easily disrupted. Excessive ROS is detrimental and associated with many pregnancy complications, such as preeclampsia (PE), fetal growth restriction (FGR), gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), and preterm birth (PTB), by damaging placentation. The placenta is a tissue rich in mitochondria that produces the majority of ROS, so it is important to maintain normal placental function and properly develop its vascular network to ensure a safe and healthy pregnancy. Antioxidants may ameliorate these diseases, and related research is progressing. This review aimed to determine the association between oxidative stress and adverse pregnancy outcomes, especially PE, FGR, GDM, and PTB, and explore how to overcome this oxidative stress in these unfavorable conditions.
Collapse
|
9
|
Ortiz JU, Graupner O, Karge A, Flechsenhar S, Haller B, Ostermayer E, Abel K, Kuschel B, Lobmaier SM. Does gestational age at term play a role in the association between cerebroplacental ratio and operative delivery for intrapartum fetal compromise? Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2021; 100:1910-1916. [PMID: 34212368 DOI: 10.1111/aogs.14222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To assess the impact of gestational age at term on the association between cerebroplacental ratio (CPR) and operative delivery for intrapartum fetal compromise (IFC) and prognostic performance of CPR to predict operative delivery for IFC. MATERIAL AND METHODS This was a retrospective cohort study including 2052 singleton pregnancies delivered between 37+0 and 41+6 weeks of gestation in a single tertiary referral center over an 8-year period. CPR was measured within 1 week of delivery. IFC was defined as the presence of persistent pathological cardiotocography pattern or the combination of pathological cardiotocography pattern and fetal scalp pH < 7.20. Operative delivery included instrumental vaginal delivery and cesarean section. Pregnancies were grouped according to birthweight (small for gestational age [SGA, birthweight <10th centile] and appropriate for gestational age [AGA, birthweight 10th-90th centile]) and gestational age by week at delivery. Rates of operative delivery were compared between the subgroups. Prognostic value of CPR was assessed using receiver operating characteristic curve. RESULTS Of the study cohort, 308 (15%) had a CPR <10th centile, 374 (18%) operative delivery for IFC, and 298 (15%) were SGA at birth. Overall, the rates of operative delivery for IFC were higher in the low CPR group both in SGA (35% vs. 22%; p = 0.023) and in AGA (23% vs. 16%; p = 0.007). According to gestational age by week at delivery, fetuses with low CPR showed higher rates of operative delivery for IFC with advancing gestational age, mainly in pregnancies delivered at 40 weeks (54% vs. 23%; p = 0.004) and at 41 weeks (60% vs. 19%; p = 0.010) for SGA and at 41 weeks (39% vs. 20%; p = 0.001) for AGA. The predictive value of CPR remained stable throughout term and was poor both in SGA and in AGA. CONCLUSIONS Both SGA and AGA fetuses with low CPR showed higher rates of operative delivery for IFC at term with advancing gestational age. Prognostic value of CPR throughout term was poor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javier U Ortiz
- Division of Obstetrics and Perinatal Medicine, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Oliver Graupner
- Division of Obstetrics and Perinatal Medicine, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anne Karge
- Division of Obstetrics and Perinatal Medicine, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sarah Flechsenhar
- Division of Obstetrics and Perinatal Medicine, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Bernhard Haller
- Institut for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology (IMedIS), University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Eva Ostermayer
- Division of Obstetrics and Perinatal Medicine, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kathrin Abel
- Division of Obstetrics and Perinatal Medicine, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Bettina Kuschel
- Division of Obstetrics and Perinatal Medicine, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Silvia M Lobmaier
- Division of Obstetrics and Perinatal Medicine, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hirschi KM, Tsai KYF, Davis T, Clark JC, Knowlton MN, Bikman BT, Reynolds PR, Arroyo JA. Growth arrest-specific protein-6/AXL signaling induces preeclampsia in rats†. Biol Reprod 2021; 102:199-210. [PMID: 31347670 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioz140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Preeclampsia (PE) is a complicated obstetric complication characterized by increased blood pressure, decreased trophoblast invasion, and inflammation. The growth arrest-specific 6 (Gas6) protein is known to induce dynamic cellular responses and is elevated in PE. Gas6 binds to the AXL tyrosine kinase receptor and AXL-mediated signaling is implicated in proliferation and migration observed in several tissues. Our laboratory utilized Gas6 to induce preeclamptic-like conditions in pregnant rats. Our objective was to determine the role of Gas6/AXL signaling as a possible model of PE. Briefly, pregnant rats were divided into three groups that received daily intraperitoneal injections (from gestational day 7.5 to 17.5) of phosphate buffered saline (PBS), Gas6, or Gas6 + R428 (an AXL inhibitor administered from gestational day 13.5 to 17.5). Animals dispensed Gas6 experienced elevated blood pressure, increased proteinuria, augmented caspase-3-mediated placental apoptosis, and diminished trophoblast invasion. Gas6 also enhanced expression of several PE-related genes and a number of inflammatory mediators. Gas6 further enhanced placental oxidative stress and impaired mitochondrial respiration. Each of these PE-related characteristics was ameliorated in dams and/or their placentae when AXL inhibition by R428 occurred in tandem with Gas6 treatment. We conclude that Gas6 signaling is capable of inducing PE and that inhibition of AXL prevents disease progression in pregnant rats. These results provide insight into pathways associated with PE that could be useful in the clarification of potential therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey M Hirschi
- Lung and Placenta Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Kary Y F Tsai
- Lung and Placenta Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Taylor Davis
- Lung and Placenta Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - J Christian Clark
- Lung and Placenta Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - M Nekel Knowlton
- Lung and Placenta Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Benjamin T Bikman
- Laboratory of Obesity and Metabolism, Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Paul R Reynolds
- Lung and Placenta Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Juan A Arroyo
- Lung and Placenta Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Chu T, Mouillet JF, Cao Z, Barak O, Ouyang Y, Sadovsky Y. RNA Network Interactions During Differentiation of Human Trophoblasts. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:677981. [PMID: 34150771 PMCID: PMC8209545 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.677981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In the human placenta, two trophoblast cell layers separate the maternal blood from the villous basement membrane and fetal capillary endothelial cells. The inner layer, which is complete early in pregnancy and later becomes discontinuous, comprises the proliferative mononuclear cytotrophoblasts, which fuse together and differentiate to form the outer layer of multinucleated syncytiotrophoblasts. Because the syncytiotrophoblasts are responsible for key maternal-fetal exchange functions, tight regulation of this differentiation process is critical for the proper development and the functional role of the placenta. The molecular mechanisms regulating the fusion and differentiation of trophoblasts during human pregnancy remain poorly understood. To decipher the interactions of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in this process, we exposed cultured primary human trophoblasts to standard in vitro differentiation conditions or to conditions known to hinder this differentiation process, namely exposure to hypoxia (O2 < 1%) or to the addition of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, 1.5%) to the culture medium. Using next generation sequencing technology, we analyzed the differential expression of trophoblastic lncRNAs, miRNAs, and mRNAs that are concordantly modulated by both hypoxia and DMSO. Additionally, we developed a model to construct a lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA co-expression network and inferred the functions of lncRNAs and miRNAs via indirect gene ontology analysis. This study improves our knowledge of the interactions between ncRNAs and mRNAs during trophoblast differentiation and identifies key biological processes that may be impaired in common gestational diseases, such as fetal growth restriction or preeclampsia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianjiao Chu
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Jean-Francois Mouillet
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Zhishen Cao
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Oren Barak
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Yingshi Ouyang
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Yoel Sadovsky
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ginosar Y, Bromberg Z, Nachmanson N, Ariel I, Skarzinski G, Hagai L, Elchalal U, Shapiro J, Abramovitch R. Chronic hypoxia in pregnant mice impairs the placental and fetal vascular response to acute hypercapnia in BOLD-MRI hemodynamic response imaging. Placenta 2021; 110:29-38. [PMID: 34116499 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2021.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Brief hypercapnic challenge causes acute placental hypoperfusion with fetal brain sparing on BOLD-MRI. We hypothesize that this non-invasive imaging strategy can distinguish between normal pregnancy and chronic placental hypoperfusion (using the maternal hypoxia model). METHODS Eighteen pregnant female ICR mice were randomized to three groups: normoxia, late-onset hypoxia (12%O2;E13.5-17.5) and early-onset hypoxia (12%O2;E10.5-17.5). On E17.5, animals were imaged in a 4.7-T Bruker-Biospec MRI scanner. Fast coronal True-FISP was performed to identify organs of interest (placenta and fetal heart, liver and brain). BOLD-MRI was performed at baseline and during a 4-min hypercapnic challenge (5%CO2). %-change in placental and fetal signal was analyzed from T2*-weighted gradient echo MR images. Following MRI, fetuses and placentas were harvested, weighed and immuno-stained. RESULTS In normoxic mice, hypercapnia caused reduction in BOLD-MRI signal in placenta (-44% ± 7%; p < 0.0001), fetal liver (-32% ± 7%; p < 0.0001) and fetal heart (-54% ± 12%; p < 0.002), with relative fetal brain sparing (-12% ± 5%; p < 0.0001). These changes were markedly attenuated in both hypoxia groups. Baseline fetal brain/placenta SI ratio was highest in normoxic mice (1.14 ± 0.017) and reduced with increasing duration of hypoxia (late-onset hypoxia: 1.00 ± 0.026; early-onset hypoxia: 0.91 ± 0.016; p = 0.02). Both hypoxic groups exhibited fetal growth restriction with prominent placental glycogen-containing cells, particularly in early-onset hypoxia. There was increased fetal neuro- and intestinal-apoptosis in early-onset hypoxia only. CONCLUSIONS BOLD-MRI with brief hypercapnic challenge distinguished between normoxia and both hypoxia groups, while fetal neuroapoptosis was only observed after early-onset hypoxia. This suggests that BOLD-MRI with hypercapnic challenge can identify chronic fetal asphyxia before the onset of irreversible brain injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yehuda Ginosar
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Ein Karem, And the Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel; Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA; The Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Ein Karem, And the Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Zohar Bromberg
- The Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy and MRI Laboratory, Human Biology Research Center, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Ein Karem, And the Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel; The Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Ein Karem, And the Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nathalie Nachmanson
- The Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy and MRI Laboratory, Human Biology Research Center, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Ein Karem, And the Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel; The Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Ein Karem, And the Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ilana Ariel
- Perinatal Pathology Unit, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Mount Scopus, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Galina Skarzinski
- Perinatal Pathology Unit, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Mount Scopus, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Lital Hagai
- Medical Student, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Ein Karem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Uriel Elchalal
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Ein Karem, And the Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Joel Shapiro
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Ein Karem, And the Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Rinat Abramovitch
- The Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy and MRI Laboratory, Human Biology Research Center, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Ein Karem, And the Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel; The Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Ein Karem, And the Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hu XQ, Zhang L. Hypoxia and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Pregnancy Complications. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10030405. [PMID: 33800426 PMCID: PMC7999178 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10030405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is a common and severe stress to an organism's homeostatic mechanisms, and hypoxia during gestation is associated with significantly increased incidence of maternal complications of preeclampsia, adversely impacting on the fetal development and subsequent risk for cardiovascular and metabolic disease. Human and animal studies have revealed a causative role of increased uterine vascular resistance and placental hypoxia in preeclampsia and fetal/intrauterine growth restriction (FGR/IUGR) associated with gestational hypoxia. Gestational hypoxia has a major effect on mitochondria of uteroplacental cells to overproduce reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to oxidative stress. Excess mitochondrial ROS in turn cause uteroplacental dysfunction by damaging cellular macromolecules, which underlies the pathogenesis of preeclampsia and FGR. In this article, we review the current understanding of hypoxia-induced mitochondrial ROS and their role in placental dysfunction and the pathogenesis of pregnancy complications. In addition, therapeutic approaches selectively targeting mitochondrial ROS in the placental cells are discussed.
Collapse
|
14
|
Vangrieken P, Al-Nasiry S, Bast A, Leermakers PA, Tulen CBM, Janssen GMJ, Kaminski I, Geomini I, Lemmens T, Schiffers PMH, van Schooten FJ, Remels AHV. Hypoxia-induced mitochondrial abnormalities in cells of the placenta. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245155. [PMID: 33434211 PMCID: PMC7802931 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Impaired utero-placental perfusion is a well-known feature of early preeclampsia and is associated with placental hypoxia and oxidative stress. Although aberrations at the level of the mitochondrion have been implicated in PE pathophysiology, whether or not hypoxia-induced mitochondrial abnormalities contribute to placental oxidative stress is unknown. METHODS We explored whether abnormalities in mitochondrial metabolism contribute to hypoxia-induced placental oxidative stress by using both healthy term placentae as well as a trophoblast cell line (BeWo cells) exposed to hypoxia. Furthermore, we explored the therapeutic potential of the antioxidants MitoQ and quercetin in preventing hypoxia-induced placental oxidative stress. RESULTS Both in placental explants as well as BeWo cells, hypoxia resulted in reductions in mitochondrial content, decreased abundance of key molecules involved in the electron transport chain and increased expression and activity of glycolytic enzymes. Furthermore, expression levels of key regulators of mitochondrial biogenesis were decreased while the abundance of constituents of the mitophagy, autophagy and mitochondrial fission machinery was increased in response to hypoxia. In addition, placental hypoxia was associated with increased oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. Moreover, experiments with MitoQ revealed that hypoxia-induced reactive oxygen species originated from the mitochondria in the trophoblasts. DISCUSSION This study is the first to demonstrate that placental hypoxia is associated with mitochondrial-generated reactive oxygen species and significant alterations in the molecular pathways controlling mitochondrial content and function. Furthermore, our data indicate that targeting mitochondrial oxidative stress may have therapeutic benefit in the management of pathologies related to placental hypoxia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Vangrieken
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, School for Cardiovascular Diseases (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Salwan Al-Nasiry
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Aalt Bast
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter A. Leermakers
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Christy B. M. Tulen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ger. M. J. Janssen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School for Cardiovascular Diseases (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Iris Kaminski
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Iris Geomini
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Titus Lemmens
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Paul M. H. Schiffers
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School for Cardiovascular Diseases (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Frederik J. van Schooten
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Alex H. V. Remels
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Mohammadpour-Gharehbagh A, Jahantigh D, Eskandari M, Sadegh MH, Nematollahi MH, Rezaei M, Rasouli A, Eskandari F, Heydarabad MZ, Teimoori B, Salimi S. Genetic and epigenetic analysis of the BAX and BCL2 in the placenta of pregnant women complicated by preeclampsia. Apoptosis 2020; 24:301-311. [PMID: 30701356 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-018-1501-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The current study examined the effects of BAX and BCL2 polymorphisms and methylation as well as mRNA expression on susceptibility to PE. After delivery, the placentas were collected from 92 women with PE, as well as 106 normotensive pregnant women. The BAX rs4645878 and BCL2 rs2279115 polymorphisms were genotyped by the PCR-RFLP method. Methylation-specific PCR (MSP) was used for analysis of promoter methylation. mRNA expression was assayed by Quantitative RT-PCR. In addition, in silico analysis was performed by bioinformatics tools. There was no relationship between PE and placental BAX rs4645878 and BCL2 rs2279115 polymorphisms. The groups were not significantly different regarding the promoter methylation of BAX gene. Nonetheless, the MM status of BCL2 promoter had a significantly higher frequency in the PE group and was associated with 2.7-fold higher risk of PE (OR = 2.7, 95% CI = 1.3-5.6; P = 0.01). The relative mRNA expression of BCL2 was decreased in the placentas of PE women (P < 0.0001). The expression of BAX gene was not significantly different between the two groups. There was no association between placental BAX rs4645878 and BCL2 rs2279115 polymorphisms and mRNA expression levels. In silico analysis indicated that BAX rs4645878 and BCL2 rs2279115 polymorphisms were located in the core recognition site of different transcription factors and these substitutions of wild allele resulted in the loss and/ or change of these binding sites and subsequently may alter BCL2 and BAX expression. This study showed that the BAX and BCL2 polymorphisms and BAX promoter methylation were not associated with PE risk. The BCL2 promoter methylation was associated with lower BCL2 expression and higher PE susceptibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Mohammadpour-Gharehbagh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Danial Jahantigh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Moein Eskandari
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedical Sciences, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Mahdiyeh Harati Sadegh
- Department of Genetics, Fars Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran.,Department of Genetics, Marvdasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran
| | | | - Mahnaz Rezaei
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Ava Rasouli
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedical Sciences, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Eskandari
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | | | - Batool Teimoori
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Saeedeh Salimi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran. .,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran. .,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, and Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Lei D, Deng N, Wang S, Huang J, Fan C. Upregulated ARRDC3 limits trophoblast cell invasion and tube formation and is associated with preeclampsia. Placenta 2019; 89:10-19. [PMID: 31665660 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2019.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bioinformatics analysis indicated that the arrestin ARRDC3 was upregulated in placental tissue from patients with preeclampsia (PE). The study aimed to confirm the finding by examining placenta samples from women with and without early-onset PE and to investigate ARRDC3 roles in trophoblast function. METHODS ARRDC3 expression level and localization in placental tissue were determined by Western blot, real-time quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry. An in vitro hypoxia and an in vitro ischemia (hypoxia/reoxygenation) cell models were used to determine the hypoxic and ischemic effects on ARRDC3 expression in extravillous trophoblast-derived HTR/8SVneo cells and trophoblast cell activity. The role of ARRDC3 in HTR8/SVneo cell proliferation, invasion and tube formation in vitro was investigated by testing the effects of ARRDC3 gene overexpression or siRNA-based gene silencing. RESULTS ARRDC3 expression was significantly elevated in placental tissue from women with early-onset PE compared to preterm birth pregnancies. ARRDC3 protein was localized in human placental trophoblasts. Hypoxia and ischemia both enhanced ARRDC3 protein expression in HTR8/SVneo cells. Hypoxia altered trophoblast cell activities. Overexpression of ARRDC3 in HTR8/SVneo cells suppressed cell invasion and tube formation. ARRDC3 gene silencing, by contrast, promoted invasion and tube formation under hypoxic conditions. CONCLUSION ARRDC3 was highly expressed in placental tissues of PE patients and directly affected biological activities of trophoblasts under hypoxic conditions. In regulation of ARRDC3- protein expression, ischemia (hypoxia/reoxygenation) are also important. These findings suggest that ARRDC3 may play a clinically significant role in the pathogenesis of PE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Di Lei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Hubei, PR China
| | - Na Deng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Hubei, PR China
| | - Suqing Wang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Health Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Jinfa Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Hubei, PR China
| | - Cuifang Fan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Hubei, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Lin L, Li G, Zhang W, Wang YL, Yang H. Low-dose aspirin reduces hypoxia-induced sFlt1 release via the JNK/AP-1 pathway in human trophoblast and endothelial cells. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:18928-18941. [PMID: 31004367 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Pre-eclampsia (PE) is a serious hypertensive disorder of pregnancy that remains a leading cause of perinatal and maternal morbidity and mortality worldwide. Placental ischemia/hypoxia and the secretion of soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFlt1) into maternal circulation are involved in the pathogenesis of PE. Although low-dose aspirin (LDA) has beneficial effects on the prevention of PE, the exact mechanisms of action of LDA, particularly on placental dysfunction, and sFlt1 release, have not been well investigated. This study aimed to determine whether LDA exists the protective effects on placental trophoblast and endothelial functions and prevents PE-associated sFlt1 release. First, we observed that LDA mitigated hypoxia-induced trophoblast apoptosis, showed positive effects on trophoblast cells migration and invasion activity, and increased the tube-forming activity of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). In addition, LDA decreased hypoxia-induced sFlt1 production, and the c-Jun NH2 -terminal kinase/activator protein-1 (JNK/AP-1) pathway was shown to mediate the induction of sFlt1. Moreover, the transcription factor AP-1 was confirmed to regulate the Flt1 gene expression by directly binding to the Flt1 promoter in luciferase assays. The result of chromatin immunoprecipitation assays further demonstrated that LDA could directly decrease the expression of the transcription factor AP-1, and thus decrease sFlt1 production. Finally, the effects of LDA on sFlt1 production were proved in human placental explants. Taken together, our data show the protective effects of LDA against trophoblast and endothelial cell dysfunction and reveal that the LDA-mediated inhibition of sFlt1 via the JNK/AP-1 pathway may be a potential cellular/molecular mechanism for the prevention of PE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Lin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Guanlin Li
- Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wanyi Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Ling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Huixia Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Maternal-Fetal Medicine of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Stenhouse C, Hogg CO, Ashworth CJ. Associations between fetal size, sex and both proliferation and apoptosis at the porcine feto-maternal interface. Placenta 2018; 70:15-24. [PMID: 30316322 PMCID: PMC6215148 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Inadequate fetal growth has severe consequences for both neonatal and adult development. It is hypothesised that the feto-maternal interface associated with the lightest and male fetuses will undergo more apoptosis and less proliferation than those supplying the closest to mean litter weight (CTMLW) and female fetuses respectively. Methods Placental and endometrial samples associated with the lightest and CTMLW (gestational day (GD) 18 and 30), male and female (GD45, 60 and 90) Large White X Landrace conceptuses or fetuses were obtained. The mRNA expression of candidate genes involved in apoptosis or proliferation (BAX, BCL2, P53 and KI67) was quantified by qPCR. TUNEL staining was performed on placental samples supplying the lightest and CTMLW fetuses (GD45 and 60), of both sex (GD60). Results Placentas associated with the lightest fetuses had decreased P53 and KI67 expression compared to the CTMLW fetuses at GD45. At GD60, P53 expression was increased in placentas supplying the lightest compared to CTMLW fetuses. P53 expression was increased in endometrial samples associated with the lightest compared to the CTMLW fetuses at GD45. At GD30 and GD60 respectively, BAX expression was increased and BCL2, P53 and KI67 expression were decreased in endometrial samples associated with females compared to their male littermates. TUNEL staining revealed no association between fetal size or sex, and apoptotic cell number. Discussion This study has highlighted dynamic associations between fetal size, sex, and apoptosis and proliferation at the porcine feto-maternal interface. Further studies should be performed to improve the understanding of the mechanisms behind these findings. Gestational day influence feto-maternal interface apoptotic mRNA expression. Fetal size is associated with feto-maternal interface apoptotic mRNA expression. Sexual dimorphism exists in feto-maternal interface apoptotic mRNA expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Stenhouse
- Developmental Biology Division, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - Charis O Hogg
- Developmental Biology Division, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Cheryl J Ashworth
- Developmental Biology Division, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Peng S, Sun M, Sun X, Wang X, Jin T, Wang H, Han C, Meng T, Li C. Plasma levels of TAM receptors and ligands in severe preeclampsia. Pregnancy Hypertens 2018; 13:116-120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preghy.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
20
|
Hayder H, O'Brien J, Nadeem U, Peng C. MicroRNAs: crucial regulators of placental development. Reproduction 2018; 155:R259-R271. [PMID: 29615475 DOI: 10.1530/rep-17-0603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding single-stranded RNAs that are integral to a wide range of cellular processes mainly through the regulation of translation and mRNA stability of their target genes. The placenta is a transient organ that exists throughout gestation in mammals, facilitating nutrient and gas exchange and waste removal between the mother and the fetus. miRNAs are expressed in the placenta, and many studies have shown that miRNAs play an important role in regulating trophoblast differentiation, migration, invasion, proliferation, apoptosis, vasculogenesis/angiogenesis and cellular metabolism. In this review, we provide a brief overview of canonical and non-canonical pathways of miRNA biogenesis and mechanisms of miRNA actions. We highlight the current knowledge of the role of miRNAs in placental development. Finally, we point out several limitations of the current research and suggest future directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heyam Hayder
- Department of BiologyYork University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jacob O'Brien
- Department of BiologyYork University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Uzma Nadeem
- Department of BiologyYork University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chun Peng
- Department of BiologyYork University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Azar C, Valentine M, Trausch-Azar J, Druley T, Nelson DM, Schwartz AL. RNA-Seq identifies genes whose proteins are transformative in the differentiation of cytotrophoblast to syncytiotrophoblast, in human primary villous and BeWo trophoblasts. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5142. [PMID: 29572450 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23379-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The fusion of villous cytotrophoblasts into the multinucleated syncytiotrophoblast is critical for the essential functions of the mammalian placenta. Using RNA-Seq gene expression and quantitative protein expression, we identified genes and their cognate proteins which are coordinately up- or down-regulated in two cellular models of cytotrophoblast to syncytiotrophoblast development, human primary villous and human BeWo cytotrophoblasts. These include hCGβ, TREML2, PAM, CRIP2, INHA, FLRG, SERPINF1, C17orf96, KRT17 and SAA1. These findings provide avenues for further understanding the mechanisms underlying mammalian placental synctiotrophoblast development.
Collapse
|
22
|
Seno K, Tanikawa N, Takahashi H, Ohkuchi A, Suzuki H, Matsubara S, Iwata H, Kuwayama T, Shirasuna K. Oxygen concentration modulates cellular senescence and autophagy in human trophoblast cells. Am J Reprod Immunol 2018; 79:e12826. [PMID: 29446169 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM We investigated the effect of oxygen concentrations on cellular senescence and autophagy and examined the role of autophagy in human trophoblast cells. METHOD OF STUDY Human first-trimester trophoblast cells (Sw.71) were incubated under 21%, 5%, or 1% O2 concentrations for 24 hours. We examined the extent of senescence caused using senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-Gal) and senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) as markers. Moreover, we examined the role of autophagy in causing cellular senescence using an autophagy inhibitor (3-methyladenine, 3MA). RESULTS Physiological normoxia (5% O2 ) decreased SA-β-Gal-positive cells and SASP including interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-8 compared with cultured cells in 21% O2 . Pathophysiological hypoxia (1% O2 ) caused cytotoxicity, including extracellular release of ATP and lactate dehydrogenase, and decreased senescence phenotypes. 3MA-treated trophoblast cells significantly suppressed senescence markers (SA-β-Gal-positive cells and SASP secretion) in O2 -independent manner. CONCLUSION We conclude that O2 concentration modulates cellular senescence phenotypes regulating autophagy in the human trophoblast cells. Moreover, inhibiting autophagy suppresses cellular senescence, suggesting that autophagy contributes to oxygen stress-induced cellular senescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kotomi Seno
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Department of Animal Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Atsugi, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Nao Tanikawa
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Department of Animal Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Atsugi, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hironori Takahashi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Akihide Ohkuchi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hirotada Suzuki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Shigeki Matsubara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hisataka Iwata
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Department of Animal Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Atsugi, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takehito Kuwayama
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Department of Animal Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Atsugi, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Koumei Shirasuna
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Department of Animal Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Atsugi, Kanagawa, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Zhang S, Barker P, Botting KJ, Roberts CT, McMillan CM, McMillen IC, Morrison JL. Early restriction of placental growth results in placental structural and gene expression changes in late gestation independent of fetal hypoxemia. Physiol Rep 2018; 4:4/23/e13049. [PMID: 27923976 PMCID: PMC5357827 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Placental restriction and insufficiency are associated with altered patterns of placental growth, morphology, substrate transport capacity, growth factor expression, and glucocorticoid exposure. We have used a pregnant sheep model in which the intrauterine environment has been perturbed by uterine carunclectomy (Cx). This procedure results in early restriction of placental growth and either the development of chronic fetal hypoxemia (PaO2≤17 mmHg) in late gestation or in compensatory placental growth and the maintenance of fetal normoxemia (PaO2>17 mmHg). Based on fetal PaO2, Cx, and Control ewes were assigned to either a normoxemic fetal group (Nx) or a hypoxemic fetal group (Hx) in late gestation, resulting in 4 groups. Cx resulted in a decrease in the volumes of fetal and maternal connective tissues in the placenta and increased placental mRNA expression of IGF2, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), VEGFR‐2,ANGPT2, and TIE2. There were reduced volumes of trophoblast, maternal epithelium, and maternal connective tissues in the placenta and a decrease in placental GLUT1 and 11βHSD2 mRNA expression in the Hx compared to Nx groups. Our data show that early restriction of placental growth has effects on morphological and functional characteristics of the placenta in late gestation, independent of whether the fetus becomes hypoxemic. Similarly, there is a distinct set of placental changes that are only present in fetuses that were hypoxemic in late gestation, independent of whether Cx occurred. Thus, we provide further understanding of the different placental cellular and molecular mechanisms that are present in early placental restriction and in the emergence of later placental insufficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Song Zhang
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Paige Barker
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kimberley J Botting
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Claire T Roberts
- The Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Christine M McMillan
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Isabella Caroline McMillen
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Janna L Morrison
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Sultana Z, Maiti K, Aitken J, Morris J, Dedman L, Smith R. Oxidative stress, placental ageing-related pathologies and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Am J Reprod Immunol 2017; 77. [PMID: 28240397 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress (OS), an imbalance between free radical generation and antioxidant defence, is recognized as a key factor in the pathogenesis of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Although OS is a common future of normal pregnancy, persistent, overwhelming OS leads to consumption and decline of antioxidants, affecting placental antioxidant capacity and reducing systems. The accumulation of OS causes damage to lipids, proteins and DNA in the placental tissue that induces a form of accelerated ageing. Premature ageing of the placenta is associated with placental insufficiency that prevents the organ meeting the needs of the foetus, and as a consequence, the viability of the foetus is compromised. This review summarizes the literature regarding the role of OS and premature placental ageing in the pathophysiology of pregnancy complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zakia Sultana
- Mothers and Babies Research Centre, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.,Faculty of Health and Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Kaushik Maiti
- Mothers and Babies Research Centre, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.,Faculty of Health and Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - John Aitken
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Jonathan Morris
- Kolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Lee Dedman
- Faculty of Science and Information Technology, School of Design, Communication and Information Technology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Roger Smith
- Mothers and Babies Research Centre, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.,Faculty of Health and Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Williamson RD, McCarthy C, Kenny LC, O’Keeffe GW. Magnesium sulphate prevents lipopolysaccharide-induced cell death in an in vitro model of the human placenta. Pregnancy Hypertens 2016; 6:356-360. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preghy.2016.08.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
26
|
Cervar-Zivkovic M, Hu C, Barton A, Sadovsky Y, Desoye G, Lang U, Nelson DM. Endothelin-1 Attenuates Apoptosis in Cultured Trophoblasts From Term Human Placentas. Reprod Sci 2016; 14:430-9. [PMID: 17913962 DOI: 10.1177/1933719107305801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The authors test the hypothesis that endothelin-1 (ET-1) modulates apoptosis in human term trophoblasts. Primary cultures of cytotrophoblasts from term human placentas (n = 5) were cultured for 16 hours total or 24 hours prior to harvest at 72 hours in atmospheres of <1%, 8%, and 20% oxygen, in the presence of 10% serum, ET-1 (1-100 pmol/mL), both, or neither. The apoptotic cleavage products of poly-ADP-ribose polymerase and cytokeratin 18 filaments were quantified by Western analysis and immunocytochemistry. The expression of BAD, pBAD-serine 112, p53, and 2 isoforms of MDM2 were quantified by immunoblotting, and endothelin A and B receptors were analyzed by immunocytochemistry. Compared to vehicle control, increasing concentrations of ET-1 reduce by 3- to 6-fold the level of apoptosis in cytotrophoblasts exposed to serum-free conditions at 20% oxygen. Similarly, syncytiotrophoblast cultures grown for 24 hours without serum in 100 pmol/mL ET-1 show a 3-fold lower level of apoptosis compared with vehicle control. ET-1 significantly reduces apoptosis in cultures exposed to 20% oxygen but not in cultures exposed to 8% or 1% oxygen. The effect of ET-1 on apoptosis in 20% oxygen is accompanied by reduced p53 expression and is correlated with enhanced expression of endothelin B receptor, compared to cultures in 8% or 1% oxygen. ET-1 reduces apoptosis in cultured human trophoblasts, and this finding suggests a role for ET-1 in protecting trophoblasts against injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Cervar-Zivkovic
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Crocker IP, Strachan BK, Lash GE, Cooper S, Warren AY, Baker PN. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor But Not Placental Growth Factor Promotes Trophoblast Syncytialization In Vitro. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/107155760100800606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ian P. Crocker
- School of Human Development, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Nottingham, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | - Philip N. Baker
- Development Group, School of Human Development, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Nottingham, City Hospital, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Torry DS, Mukherjea D, Arroyo J, Torry RJ. Expression and Function of Placenta Growth Factor: Implications for Abnormal Placentation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 10:178-88. [DOI: 10.1016/s1071-55760300048-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
29
|
Crocker IP, Tansinda DM, Jones CJP, Baker PN. The Influence of Oxygen and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α on the Cellular Kinetics of Term Placental Villous Explants in Culture. J Histochem Cytochem 2016; 52:749-57. [PMID: 15150283 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.3a6176.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Explanted placental fragments may provide a more physiological in vitro model of component cell function than single cell isolates. We have characterized these fragments for cell turnover and have monitored responses from 14 normal placentas under conditions of exogenous TNFα and atypical oxygen concentrations (3% and 17%), conditions associated with abnormal pregnancy and an aberrant in utero environment. Explants were assessed for apoptotic morphology, immunolocalization of Mib-1 (a proliferation marker), caspase 3 activity (an apoptosis promoter), lactate dehydrogenase (a necrosis marker), and human chorionic gonadotrophin [hCG, a marker of cytotrophoblast (CT) differentiation]. Consistent with a reduction in hCG, explants under 17% O2 (with and without TNFα) showed a progressive degeneration of syncytiotrophoblast (ST) (days 0–2) followed by a restoration of hCG (days 4–8) localized to newly differentiated but not syncytialized CTs. In 3% O2, hCG showed the same initial decline but failed to recover thereafter. Proliferation dropped significantly in 17% O2 but was restored and exaggerated sixfold in 3% O2. All reductions in hCG were associated with cell death and caspase-3. Early apoptosis was linked with syncytial loss; later apoptosis (days 8–11) was localized to the non-ST. Prolonged exposure to TNFα (days 4–11) increased ST apoptosis and necrosis but 3% O2 had no significant effect. These findings show that placental explants can accommodate many aspects of CT proliferation, differentiation, and ST apoptosis in culture. TNFα enhanced ST decline but 3% oxygen (compared with 17%) was associated with reduced CT differentiation and a strong shift towards proliferation. These outcomes may reflect previous morphological changes in compromised pregnancies and confirm a possible role for oxygen and TNFα in aberrant trophoblast turnover.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian P Crocker
- Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, University of Manchester, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Zheng Y, Zhao Y, Luo Q, Liu X, Liu X, Hu Y, Zou L. Edaravone protects against cobalt chloride-induced dysfunctions in apoptosis and invasion in trophoblast cells. Mol Reprod Dev 2016; 83:576-87. [PMID: 27128210 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- YanFang Zheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Union Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan Hubei Province China
| | - Yin Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Union Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan Hubei Province China
| | - QingQing Luo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Union Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan Hubei Province China
| | - XiaoXia Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Union Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan Hubei Province China
| | - XiaoPing Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Union Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan Hubei Province China
| | - Ying Hu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Union Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan Hubei Province China
| | - Li Zou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Union Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan Hubei Province China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
E Davies J, Pollheimer J, Yong HEJ, Kokkinos MI, Kalionis B, Knöfler M, Murthi P. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition during extravillous trophoblast differentiation. Cell Adh Migr 2016; 10:310-21. [PMID: 27070187 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2016.1170258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A successful pregnancy depends on the intricate and timely interactions of maternal and fetal cells. Placental extravillous cytotrophoblast invasion involves a cellular transition from an epithelial to mesenchymal phenotype. Villous cytotrophoblasts undergo a partial epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) when differentiating into extravillous cytotrophoblasts and gain the capacity to migrate and invade. This review summarizes our current knowledge regarding known regulators of EMT in the human placenta, including the inducers of EMT, upstream transcription factors that control EMT and the downstream effectors, cell adhesion molecules and their differential expression and functions in pregnancy pathologies, preeclampsia (PE) and fetal growth restriction (FGR). The review also describes the research strategies that were used for the identification of the functional role of EMT targets in vitro. A better understanding of molecular pathways driven by placental EMT and further elucidation of signaling pathways underlying the developmental programs may offer novel strategies of targeted therapy for improving feto-placental growth in placental pathologies including PE and FGR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E Davies
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , The University of Melbourne , Parkville , Victoria , Australia.,b Department of Maternal-Fetal Medicine Pregnancy Research Centre , The Royal Women's Hospital , Parkville , Victoria , Australia
| | - Jürgen Pollheimer
- c Department of Obstetrics and Fetal-Maternal Medicine , Reproductive Biology Unit, Medical University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria
| | - Hannah E J Yong
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , The University of Melbourne , Parkville , Victoria , Australia.,b Department of Maternal-Fetal Medicine Pregnancy Research Centre , The Royal Women's Hospital , Parkville , Victoria , Australia
| | - Maria I Kokkinos
- b Department of Maternal-Fetal Medicine Pregnancy Research Centre , The Royal Women's Hospital , Parkville , Victoria , Australia
| | - Bill Kalionis
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , The University of Melbourne , Parkville , Victoria , Australia.,b Department of Maternal-Fetal Medicine Pregnancy Research Centre , The Royal Women's Hospital , Parkville , Victoria , Australia
| | - Martin Knöfler
- c Department of Obstetrics and Fetal-Maternal Medicine , Reproductive Biology Unit, Medical University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria
| | - Padma Murthi
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , The University of Melbourne , Parkville , Victoria , Australia.,b Department of Maternal-Fetal Medicine Pregnancy Research Centre , The Royal Women's Hospital , Parkville , Victoria , Australia.,d Department of Medicine , School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University , Clayton , Victoria , Australia
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Pan Y, Cui Y, Baloch AR, He H, Fan J, He J, Li Q, Yang K, Zhang Q, Yu S. Epidermal growth factor enhances the developmental competence of yak (Bos grunniens) preimplantation embryos by modulating the expression of survivin and HSP70. Livest Sci 2015; 182:118-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
33
|
Ehrig JC, Afroze SH, Reyes M, Allen SR, Drever NS, Pilkinton KA, Kuehl TJ, Uddin MN. A p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor attenuates cardiotonic steroids-induced apoptotic and stress signaling in a Sw-71 cytotrophoblast cell line. Placenta 2015; 36:1276-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2015.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
34
|
Ospina-Prieto S, Chaiwangyen W, Pastuschek J, Schleussner E, Markert UR, Morales-Prieto DM. STAT5 is Activated by Epidermal Growth Factor and Induces Proliferation and Invasion in Trophoblastic Cells. Reprod Sci 2015; 22:1358-66. [PMID: 25862676 DOI: 10.1177/1933719115578923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is expressed by decidual and trophoblast cells and influences manifold cellular functions during embryo implantation. Thus far, signaling of EGF via Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 5 (STAT5) has been only partially investigated. STAT5 stimulates proliferation and cell cycle progression in several cell types. Its dysregulation is associated with pregnancy. The aim of this study was to investigate STAT5 activation and function mediated by EGF in 2 trophoblastic cell lines, namely, HTR8/SVneo and JAR. Additionally, expression of STAT5B messenger RNA (mRNA) in trophoblast models has been compared to that of primary cells isolated from term placentas. Our results demonstrate the highest STAT5B mRNA expression in isolated trophoblast cells, lower expression in HTR8/SVneo cells, and the significantly lowest in JAR cells. Moreover, EGF-mediated STAT5 activation increases cell proliferation and viability in both cell lines. The STAT5 knockdown results in significant decrease in cell viability induced by EGF. Only in HTR8/SVneo cells, invasion decreases after STAT5 silencing and this effect cannot be rescued by further addition of EGF. These results demonstrate that STAT5 activated by EGF constitutes an important cascade for the regulation of cell proliferation and invasion in trophoblast cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Wittaya Chaiwangyen
- Department of Obstetrics, University Hospital Jena, Placenta-Lab, Bachstraße, Jena, Germany
| | - Jana Pastuschek
- Department of Obstetrics, University Hospital Jena, Placenta-Lab, Bachstraße, Jena, Germany
| | - Ekkehard Schleussner
- Department of Obstetrics, University Hospital Jena, Placenta-Lab, Bachstraße, Jena, Germany
| | - Udo R Markert
- Department of Obstetrics, University Hospital Jena, Placenta-Lab, Bachstraße, Jena, Germany
| | - Diana M Morales-Prieto
- Department of Obstetrics, University Hospital Jena, Placenta-Lab, Bachstraße, Jena, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Oxygen plays a key role in cellular metabolism and function. Oxygen delivery to cells is crucial, and a lack of oxygen such as that which occurs during myocardial infarction can be lethal. Cells should, therefore, be able to respond to changes in oxygen tension. RECENT ADVANCES Since the first studies examining the acute cellular effect of hypoxia on activation of transmitter release from glomus or type I chemoreceptor cells, it is now known that virtually all cells are able to respond to changes in oxygen tension. CRITICAL ISSUES Despite advances made in characterizing hypoxic responses, the identity of the "oxygen sensor" remains debated. Recently, more evidence has evolved as to how cardiac myocytes sense acute changes in oxygen. This review will examine the available evidence in support of acute oxygen-sensing mechanisms providing a brief historical perspective and then more detailed insights into the heart and the role of cardiac ion channels in hypoxic responses. FUTURE DIRECTIONS A further understanding of these cellular processes should result in interventions that assist in preventing the deleterious effects of acute changes in oxygen tension such as alterations in contractile function and cardiac arrhythmia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Livia C Hool
- School of Anatomy, Physiology, and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia , Crawley, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Li C, Raikwar NS, Santillan MK, Santillan DA, Thomas CP. Aspirin inhibits expression of sFLT1 from human cytotrophoblasts induced by hypoxia, via cyclo-oxygenase 1. Placenta 2015; 36:446-53. [PMID: 25638730 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Elevated circulating soluble FLT1 (sFLT1) levels seen in preeclampsia may play a role in its development. Aspirin is recommended for prevention of preeclampsia. We hypothesized that aspirin may inhibit the production of sFlt1. METHODS Placentas from women with and without preeclampsia were collected. Primary cytotrophoblasts (CTBs) were cultured from normal placentas and treated with aspirin, sc-560, a COX1 inhibitor or celecoxib, a COX2 inhibitor. The expression of sFLT1, FLT1, COX1 and COX2 was studied. The effect of aspirin on sFlt1 expression was also studied in HEK293 cells and in HTR-8/SVNeo cells. RESULTS The expression of sFLT1 was increased in preeclamptic placentas compared to control placentas and the expression and release of sFLT1 increased in CTBs exposed to 2% O2 compared to controls. Aspirin at 3 and 12 mM concentration reduced the expression and release of sFLT1 in CTBs. Aspirin also inhibited sFlt1 expression from HTR-8/SVNeo and HEK293 cells. Sc-560, but not celecoxib, reduced sFLT1 expression and release from CTBs. Aspirin and sc-560 also reduced hypoxia-induced FLT1 mRNA expression and inhibited COX1 mRNA in CTBs. DISCUSSION This study confirms that sFLT1 expression is increased in preeclamptic placentas and in CTBs exposed to hypoxia. Aspirin inhibits the production sFLT1 in CTBs and in HTR-8/SVNeo. Sc-560 recapitulated the effects of aspirin on sFLT1 expression and release in CTBs suggesting that the aspirin effect may be mediated via inhibition of COX1. The study increases our understanding of the mechanisms regulating sFlt1 expression and provides a plausible explanation for the effect of aspirin to prevent preeclampsia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - N S Raikwar
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - M K Santillan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - D A Santillan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - C P Thomas
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Iowa City, IA, USA; Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Zhang S, Regnault TRH, Barker PL, Botting KJ, McMillen IC, McMillan CM, Roberts CT, Morrison JL. Placental adaptations in growth restriction. Nutrients 2015; 7:360-89. [PMID: 25580812 PMCID: PMC4303845 DOI: 10.3390/nu7010360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The placenta is the primary interface between the fetus and mother and plays an important role in maintaining fetal development and growth by facilitating the transfer of substrates and participating in modulating the maternal immune response to prevent immunological rejection of the conceptus. The major substrates required for fetal growth include oxygen, glucose, amino acids and fatty acids, and their transport processes depend on morphological characteristics of the placenta, such as placental size, morphology, blood flow and vascularity. Other factors including insulin-like growth factors, apoptosis, autophagy and glucocorticoid exposure also affect placental growth and substrate transport capacity. Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is often a consequence of insufficiency, and is associated with a high incidence of perinatal morbidity and mortality, as well as increased risk of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases in later life. Several different experimental methods have been used to induce placental insufficiency and IUGR in animal models and a range of factors that regulate placental growth and substrate transport capacity have been demonstrated. While no model system completely recapitulates human IUGR, these animal models allow us to carefully dissect cellular and molecular mechanisms to improve our understanding and facilitate development of therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Song Zhang
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
| | - Timothy R H Regnault
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada.
| | - Paige L Barker
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
| | - Kimberley J Botting
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
| | - Isabella C McMillen
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
| | - Christine M McMillan
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
| | - Claire T Roberts
- The Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
| | - Janna L Morrison
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
Pre-eclampsia, a disorder of pregnancy, is characterized by placental hypoxia and cell death. Hypoxia shifts the intricate balance between death-inducing BOK and survival-promoting MCL1 towards BOK, thereby triggering placental cell death. Here, we show that BOK is a direct target of HIF.
Collapse
|
39
|
Arroyo J, Price M, Straszewski-Chavez S, Torry RJ, Mor G, Torry DS. XIAP protein is induced by placenta growth factor (PLGF) and decreased during preeclampsia in trophoblast cells. Syst Biol Reprod Med 2014; 60:263-73. [DOI: 10.3109/19396368.2014.927540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
40
|
Sohlberg S, Wikström AK, Olovsson M, Lindgren P, Axelsson O, Mulic-Lutvica A, Weis J, Wikström J. In vivo ³¹P-MR spectroscopy in normal pregnancy, early and late preeclampsia: a study of placental metabolism. Placenta 2014; 35:318-23. [PMID: 24612844 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2014.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Preeclampsia affects about 3% of pregnancies and the placenta is believed to play a major role in its pathophysiology. Lately, the role of the placenta has been hypothesised to be more pronounced in preeclampsia of early (<34 weeks) rather than late (≥ 34 weeks) onset. (31)P Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) enables non-invasive, in vivo studies of placental metabolism. Our aim was to study placental energy and membrane metabolism in women with normal pregnancies and those with early and late onset preeclampsia. METHODS The study population included fourteen women with preeclampsia (five with early onset and nine with late onset preeclampsia) and sixteen women with normal pregnancy (seven with early and nine with late pregnancy). All women underwent a (31)P-MRS examination of the placenta. RESULTS The phosphodiester (PDE) spectral intensity fraction of the total (31)P signal and the phosphodiester/phosphomonoester (PDE/PME) spectral intensity ratio was higher in early onset preeclampsia than in early normal pregnancy (p = 0.03 and p = 0.02). In normal pregnancy the PDE spectral intensity fraction and the PDE/PME spectral intensity ratio increased with increasing gestational age (p = 0.006 and p = 0.001). DISCUSSION Since PDE and PME are related to cell membrane degradation and formation, respectively, our findings indicate increased cell degradation and maybe also decreased cell proliferation in early onset preeclampsia compared to early normal pregnancy, and with increasing gestational age in normal pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS Our findings could be explained by increased apoptosis due to ischaemia in early onset preeclampsia and also increased apoptosis with increasing gestational age in normal pregnancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Sohlberg
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - A-K Wikström
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - M Olovsson
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - P Lindgren
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - O Axelsson
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; The Centre for Clinical Research Sörmland, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - A Mulic-Lutvica
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - J Weis
- Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - J Wikström
- Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Moslehi R, Mills JL, Signore C, Kumar A, Ambroggio X, Dzutsev A. Integrative transcriptome analysis reveals dysregulation of canonical cancer molecular pathways in placenta leading to preeclampsia. Sci Rep 2013; 3:2407. [PMID: 23989136 DOI: 10.1038/srep02407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously suggested links between specific XPD mutations in the fetal genome and the risk of placental maldevelopment and preeclampsia, possibly due to impairment of Transcription Factor (TF)IIH-mediated functions in placenta. To identify the underlying mechanisms, we conducted the current integrative analysis of several relevant transcriptome data sources. Our meta-analysis revealed downregulation of TFIIH subunits in preeclamptic placentas. Our overall integrative analysis suggested that, in the presence of hypoxia and oxidative stress, EGFR signaling deficiency, which can be caused by TFIIH impairment as well as by other mechanisms, results in ATF3 upregulation, inducing mediators of clinical symptoms of preeclampsia such as FLT1 and ENG. EGFR- and ATF3-dependent pathways play prominent roles in cancer development. We propose that dysregulation of these canonical cancer molecular pathways occurs in preeclampsia and delineate the relevance of TFIIH, providing etiologic clues which could eventually translate into a therapeutic approach.
Collapse
|
42
|
Myatt L, Muralimanoharan S, Maloyan A. Effect of preeclampsia on placental function: influence of sexual dimorphism, microRNA's and mitochondria. Adv Exp Med Biol 2014; 814:133-46. [PMID: 25015807 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1031-1_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In pregnancy fetal growth and development occur in a sexually dimorphic manner. Male and female fetuses respond differently to the intrauterine environment with males disproportionately suffering from perinatal morbidity and mortality. We have demonstrated placental dysfunction and sexually dimorphic responses in pregnancies complicated by severe preeclampsia. Production of cytokines and apoptosis in the male placenta is heightened relative to that of the female placenta. We also find increased expression and stabilization and a sexual dimorphism in expression of the transcription factor HIF-1α, but a defect in binding to the hypoxia response element with corresponding reduced expression of HIF-1α target genes including VEGF and Glut-1. HIF-1α is involved in crosstalk with the redox sensitive transcription factor NFκB in regulation by cytokines, reactive oxygen species and expression of inflammatory genes. We find increased placental expression and DNA binding of NFκB and a sexually dimorphic response suggesting a role for NFκB in placental dysfunction with preeclampsia. Placental mitochondrial complex III activity and complex I and IV expression are reduced and alterations in mitochondrial morphology are found in preeclampsia and are linked to the hypoxamir miR-210. We propose that with severe PE placental HIF-1α is stabilized by excessive ROS, inflammation and relative hypoxia. This increases the expression of miR-210 in the placenta causing repression of mitochondria-associated target genes, potentially leading to mitochondrial and placental dysfunction. This placental dysfunction may lead to a fetal programming effect that results in disease in later life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Myatt
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Pregnancy and Newborn Research, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229-3900, USA,
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Muralimanoharan S, Maloyan A, Myatt L. Evidence of sexual dimorphism in the placental function with severe preeclampsia. Placenta 2013; 34:1183-9. [PMID: 24140080 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2013.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Preeclampsia (PE) affects 5-8% of pregnancies and is responsible for 18% of maternal deaths in the US, and for long-term complications in mother and child. PE is an inflammatory state and may influence placental function in a sex-specific manner. We determined if there is a sexual dimorphism in the placental inflammatory and apoptotic responses in preeclamptic pregnancies. Placentas were collected from normotensive and preeclamptic pregnancies with either male or female fetuses (MPE and FPE respectively) after c-section at term with no labor. Expression patterns of markers of inflammation measured by ELISA, as well as hypoxia, apoptosis and angiogenesis markers measured by Western blotting were determined in the placenta. Consistent with previous studies, an increase in inflammation, hypoxia, and apoptotic cell death was observed in PE compared to normotensive pregnancies. Levels of TNFα, IL-6 and IL-8, and HIF-1α were significantly greater, whereas the angiogenic marker VEGF was significantly reduced in MPE vs. FPE. Sexual dimorphism was also observed in the activation of cell death: the number of TUNEL-positive cells, and the expression pro-apoptotic markers PUMA and Bax being higher in MPE vs. FPE. We also found an increase in the levels of protein and DNA-binding activity of NFκB p65 in MPE vs. FPE. In summary, we show here that in preeclamptic pregnancies the placentas of males were associated with significantly higher expression of inflammatory, hypoxia and apoptotic molecules but reduced expression of a pro-angiogenic marker compared to placentas of female fetuses. We propose that the transcription factor NFκB p65 might, at least partially, be involved in sexual dimorphism during PE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Muralimanoharan
- Center for Pregnancy and Newborn Research, Dept of OB/GYN, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Yabe Y, Hagiwara Y, Suda H, Ando A, Onoda Y, Tsuchiya M, Hatori K, Itoi E. Joint immobilization induced hypoxic and inflammatory conditions in rat knee joints. Connect Tissue Res 2013; 54:210-7. [PMID: 23496380 DOI: 10.3109/03008207.2013.786056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the hypoxic and inflammatory conditions after immobilization in the joint capsule of rat knees. The unilateral knee joints of adult male rats were immobilized with an internal fixator (Im group) for 1 day, 3 days, and 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 weeks. Sham-operated animals had holes drilled in the femur and tibia and screws inserted without a plate (control group). The number of cells and blood vessels in the capsule were histologically examined. The hypoxic condition in the capsule was histologically examined with a Hypoxyprobe™-1. The gene expressions related to the hypoxic (hypoxia inducible factor-1α, vascular endothelial growth factor, and fibroblast growth factor 2) and inflammatory conditions [interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1α, IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, and tumor necrosis factor-β] were evaluated by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The number of cells was unchanged at 1 day in the two groups; however, the number significantly increased at 3 days in the Im group. The number of blood vessels in the Im group gradually decreased. Strong immunostaining of Hypoxyprobe™-1 around the blood vessels was observed in the Im group. The gene expressions of hypoxia inducible factor-1α and fibroblast growth factor 2 were significantly higher in the Im group compared with those in the control group. The gene expressions of IL-6, IL-1α, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-β were significantly higher in the Im group compared with those in the control group. These data indicated that joint immobilization induced hypoxic and inflammatory conditions in the joint capsule, which might be an initiating factor for joint contracture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Yabe
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Huang Q, Li J, Wang F, Oliver MT, Tipton T, Gao Y, Jiang SW. Syncytin-1 modulates placental trophoblast cell proliferation by promoting G1/S transition. Cell Signal. 2013;25:1027-1035. [PMID: 23333240 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Revised: 12/22/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Placental syncytiotrophoblasts formed by the fusion of cytotrophoblasts constitute the interface between maternal and fetal circulations. The syncytium, composed of a continuous layer of syncytiotrophoblasts, assumes the fetal-maternal nutrient exchange, placental barrier, and endocrine functions important for the maintenance of normal pregnancy. Syncytin-1, an endogenous retroviral gene product, mediates the fusion of cytotrophoblasts. While the fusogenic function of syncytin-1 has been well established, little is known regarding its nonfusogenic activities. This study investigates the role of syncytin-1 in trophoblast proliferation. We found that syncytin-1 knockdown significantly inhibited BeWo cell growth and DNA synthesis. Moreover, time course studies on key cell cycle regulators demonstrated an upregulation of p15 and downregulation of CDK4, E2F1, PCNA, and c-Myc, which consequently led to a reduced level of CDK1. These results, together with those from flow cytometry analysis, indicated that syncytin-1 knockdown blocked the G1/S transition phase of the cell cycle. Moreover, syncytin-1 overexpression promoted CHO cell proliferation and led to changes opposite to those observed in syncytin-1 knockdown experiments, confirming the critical role of syncytin-1 for G1/S transition. Thus, syncytin-1, through both nonfusogenic and fusogenic, functions, may co-regulate the input (proliferation) and output (fusion) of the cytotrophoblast "pool". Such co-regulation could be an efficient way to achieve the balance between these two opposing processes, which is required for syncytium homeostasis. Since decreased syncytin-1 expression has been shown to be associated with preeclamptic and hypoxic condition, insufficient replenishing of the cytotrophoblast "pool" may contribute to syncytium deficiency, a critical pathological change frequently found in preeclamptic placentas.
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
The mechanisms by which the placenta adapts to exogenous stimuli to create a stable and healthy environment for the growing fetus are not well known. Low oxygen tension influences placental function, and is associated with preeclampsia, a condition displaying altered development of placental trophoblast. We hypothesized that oxygen tension affects villous trophoblast by modulation of gene expression through DNA methylation. We used the Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChip array to compare the DNA methylation profile of primary cultures of human cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts under < 1%, 8% and 20% oxygen levels. We found no effect of oxygen tension on average DNA methylation for either cell phenotype, but a set of loci became hypermethylated in cytotrophoblasts exposed for 24 h to < 1% oxygen, as compared with those exposed to 8% or 20% oxygen. Hypermethylation with low oxygen tension was independently confirmed by bisulfite-pyrosequencing in a subset of functionally relevant genes including CD59, CFB, GRAM3 and ZNF217. Intriguingly, 70 out of the 147 CpGs that became hypermethylated in < 1% oxygen overlapped with CpG sites that became hypomethylated upon differentiation of cytotrophoblasts into syncytiotrophoblasts. Furthermore, the preponderance of altered sites was located at AP-1 binding sites. We suggest that AP-1 expression is triggered by hypoxia and interacts with DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) to target methylation at specific sites in the genome, thus causing suppression of the associated genes that are responsible for differentiation of villous cytotrophoblast to syncytiotrophoblast.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan K C Yuen
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Depoix C, Barret LA, Hubinont C, Debieve F. Viability of primary term cytotrophoblast cell culture in normoxia and hypoxia. Mol Hum Reprod 2012; 19:29-34. [DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gas042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
48
|
Hung TH, Chen SF, Lo LM, Li MJ, Yeh YL, Hsieh TT. Increased autophagy in placentas of intrauterine growth-restricted pregnancies. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40957. [PMID: 22815878 PMCID: PMC3397998 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Unexplained intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) may be a consequence of placental insufficiency; however, its etiology is not fully understood. We surmised that defective placentation in IUGR dysregulates cellular bioenergic homeostasis, leading to increased autophagy in the villous trophoblast. The aims of this work were (1) to compare the differences in autophagy, p53 expression, and apoptosis between placentas of women with normal or IUGR pregnancies; (2) to study the effects of hypoxia and the role of p53 in regulating trophoblast autophagy; and (3) to investigate the relationship between autophagy and apoptosis in hypoxic trophoblasts. Methodology/Principal Findings Compared with normal pregnant women, women with IUGR had higher placental levels of autophagy-related proteins LC3B-II, beclin-1, and damage-regulated autophagy modulator (DRAM), with increased p53 and caspase-cleaved cytokeratin 18 (M30). Furthermore, cytotrophoblasts cultured under hypoxia (2% oxygen) in the presence or absence of nutlin-3 (a p53 activity stimulator) had higher levels of LC3B-II, DRAM, and M30 proteins and increased Bax mRNA expression compared with controls cultured under standard conditions. In contrast, administration of pifithrin-α (a p53 activity inhibitor) during hypoxia resulted in protein levels that were similar to those of the control groups. Moreover, cytotrophoblasts transfected with LC3B, beclin-1, or DRAM siRNA had higher levels of M30 compared with the controls under hypoxia. However, transfection with Bcl-2 or Bax siRNA did not cause any significant change in the levels of LC3B-II in hypoxic cytotrophoblasts. Conclusions/Significance Together, these results suggest that there is a crosstalk between autophagy and apoptosis in IUGR and that p53 plays a pivotal and complex role in regulating trophoblast cell turnover in response to hypoxic stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tai-Ho Hung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
Oxidative stress (OS), a state characterized by an imbalance between pro-oxidant molecules including reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, and antioxidant defenses, has been identified to play a key role in the pathogenesis of subfertility in both males and females. The adverse effects of OS on sperm quality and functions have been well documented. In females, on the other hand, the impact of OS on oocytes and reproductive functions remains unclear. This imbalance between pro-oxidants and antioxidants can lead to a number of reproductive diseases such as endometriosis, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and unexplained infertility. Pregnancy complications such as spontaneous abortion, recurrent pregnancy loss, and preeclampsia, can also develop in response to OS. Studies have shown that extremes of body weight and lifestyle factors such as cigarette smoking, alcohol use, and recreational drug use can promote excess free radical production, which could affect fertility. Exposures to environmental pollutants are of increasing concern, as they too have been found to trigger oxidative states, possibly contributing to female infertility. This article will review the currently available literature on the roles of reactive species and OS in both normal and abnormal reproductive physiological processes. Antioxidant supplementation may be effective in controlling the production of ROS and continues to be explored as a potential strategy to overcome reproductive disorders associated with infertility. However, investigations conducted to date have been through animal or in vitro studies, which have produced largely conflicting results. The impact of OS on assisted reproductive techniques (ART) will be addressed, in addition to the possible benefits of antioxidant supplementation of ART culture media to increase the likelihood for ART success. Future randomized controlled clinical trials on humans are necessary to elucidate the precise mechanisms through which OS affects female reproductive abilities, and will facilitate further explorations of the possible benefits of antioxidants to treat infertility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Agarwal
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - Beena J Premkumar
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Amani Shaman
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Sajal Gupta
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Donker RB, Mouillet JF, Chu T, Hubel CA, Stolz DB, Morelli AE, Sadovsky Y. The expression profile of C19MC microRNAs in primary human trophoblast cells and exosomes. Mol Hum Reprod 2012; 18:417-24. [PMID: 22383544 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gas013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The largest gene cluster of human microRNAs (miRNAs), the chromosome 19 miRNA cluster (C19MC), is exclusively expressed in the placenta and in undifferentiated cells. The precise expression pattern and function of C19MC members are unknown. We sought to profile the relative expression of C19MC miRNAs in primary human trophoblast (PHT) cells and exosomes. Using high-throughput profiling, confirmed by PCR, we found that C19MC miRNAs are among the most abundant miRNAs in term human trophoblasts. Hypoxic stress selectively reduced miR-520c-3p expression at certain time-points with no effect on other C19MC miRNAs. Similarly, differentiation in vitro had a negligible effect on C19MC miRNAs. We found that C19MC miRNAs are the predominant miRNA species expressed in exosomes released from PHT, resembling the profile of trophoblastic cellular miRNA. Predictably, we detected the similar levels of circulating C19MC miRNAs in the serum of healthy pregnant women at term and in women with pregnancies complicated by fetal growth restriction. Our data define the relative expression levels of C19MC miRNAs in trophoblasts and exosomes, and suggest that C19MC miRNAs function in placental-maternal signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R B Donker
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh, 204 Craft Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|