Synthesis, spectroscopic, and antimicrobial studies on bivalent nickel and copper complexes of bis(thiosemicrbazone)

Transition Metal Complexes of Thiosemicarbazides, Thiocarbohydrazides, and Their Corresponding Carbazones with Cu(I), Cu(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Pd(II), and Ag(I)-A Review

This review focuses on some interesting and recent applications of transition metals towards the complexation of thiosemicarbazides, thiocarbohydrazides, and their corresponding carbazones. We started the review with a description of the chosen five metals, including Cu[Cu(I), Cu(II], Co(II), Ni(II), Pd(II), and Ag(I) and their electronic configurations. The stability of the assigned complexes was also discussed. We shed light on different routes describing the synthesis of these ligands. We also reported on different examples of the synthesis of Cu(I), Cu(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Ag(I), and Pd(II) of thiosemicarbazide and thiocarbohydrazide complexes (until 2022). This review also deals with a summary of the fruitful use of metal complexes of thiosemicarbazones and thiocarbazones ligands in the field of catalysis. Finally, this recent review focuses on the applications of these complexes related to their biological importance.

Optimized Synthesis of New Thiosemicarbazide Derivatives with Tuberculostatic Activity

Original results are presented in the field of research that addresses the extension of the reaction of residue of acyl-thiosemicarbazide fixation on the structure of 5-nitrobenzimidazole by a sulphonic group. The aim of the study is the increase of new thiosemicarbazide derivatives’ applicative potential in the field of biochemistry, with a wide range of medical applications. The newly obtained compounds were characterized by using elemental analysis and spectral analysis (FT-IR and ¹H NMR). A study regarding the optimization of the chemical reactions was made. The performed in vitro biological tests confirmed the tuberculostatic activity of three newly obtained compounds against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Can Copper Products and Surfaces Reduce the Spread of Infectious Microorganisms and Hospital-Acquired Infections?

Pathogen transfer and infection in the built environment are globally significant events, leading to the spread of disease and an increase in subsequent morbidity and mortality rates. There are numerous strategies followed in healthcare facilities to minimize pathogen transfer, but complete infection control has not, as yet, been achieved. However, based on traditional use in many cultures, the introduction of copper products and surfaces to significantly and positively retard pathogen transmission invites further investigation. For example, many microbes are rendered unviable upon contact exposure to copper or copper alloys, either immediately or within a short time. In addition, many disease-causing bacteria such as E. coli O157:H7, hospital superbugs, and several viruses (including SARS-CoV-2) are also susceptible to exposure to copper surfaces. It is thus suggested that replacing common touch surfaces in healthcare facilities, food industries, and public places (including public transport) with copper or alloys of copper may substantially contribute to limiting transmission. Subsequent hospital admissions and mortality rates will consequently be lowered, with a concomitant saving of lives and considerable levels of resources. This consideration is very significant in times of the COVID-19 pandemic and the upcoming epidemics, as it is becoming clear that all forms of possible infection control measures should be practiced in order to protect community well-being and promote healthy outcomes.

Antibacterial Activities of Azole Complexes Combined with Silver Nanoparticles

Growing antimicrobial resistance is considered a potential threat for human health security by health organizations, such as the WHO, CDC and FDA, pointing to MRSA as an example. New antibacterial drugs and complex derivatives are needed to combat the development of bacterial resistance. Six new copper and cobalt complexes of azole derivatives were synthesized and isolated as air-stable solids and characterized by melting point analyses, elemental analyses, thermogravimetric analyses (TGA), and infrared and ultraviolet/visible spectroscopy. The analyses and spectral data showed that the complexes had 1:1 (M:L) stoichiometries and tetrahedral geometries, the latter being supported by DFT calculations. The antibacterial activities of the metal complexes by themselves and combined with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs; 2 μg mL^-1) were assessed in vitro by broth microdilution assays against eight bacterial strains of clinical relevance. The results showed that the complexes alone exhibited moderate antibacterial activities. However, when the metal complexes were combined with AgNPs, their antibacterial activities increased (up to 10-fold in the case of complex 5), while human cell viabilities were maintained. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC₅₀) values were in the range of 25-500 μg mL^-1. This study thus presents novel approaches for the design of materials for fighting bacterial resistance. The use of azole complexes combined with AgNPs provides a new alternative against bacterial infections, especially when current treatments are associated with the rapid development of antibiotic resistance.

Understanding the antimicrobial activity behind thin- and thick-rolled copper plates

The aim of this study was to compare the antibacterial properties of the surfaces of copper plates that were rolled to a thickness of 25 and 100 μm. Differences in topology of 25- and 100-μm-thick copper plates were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Antibacterial activity of the copper surfaces was tested against strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella typhimurium, Streptococcus sp. BY1, Enterococcus sp. BY2, and Bacillus cereus BY3. Changes in viable cell numbers were determined by plating onto optimal growth media and staining with LIVE/DEAD BacLight™. Changes in metabolic activity were recorded by expression of the luciferase (lux) gene. Cell morphology was studied using SEM. Accumulation and diffusion of copper from cells were recorded using inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS). Lipid and protein oxidation were recorded spectrophotometrically. Surfaces of 25-μm-thick copper plates were rough compared to that of 100-μm-thick copper plates. For most species, a five-log reduction in cell numbers, cell membrane instability, and a decline in metabolic activity were recorded after 15 min of exposure to 25-μm-thick copper plates. Copper accumulated in the cells, and lipids and proteins were oxidized. The rough surface of thinner copper plates (25 μm thick) released more copper and was more antimicrobial compared to thicker (100 μm) copper plates. Cell death was attributed to destabilization of the cell membrane, lipid peroxidation, and protein oxidation.

Synthesis, spectroscopic, anticancer, antibacterial and antifungal studies of Ni(II) and Cu(II) complexes with hydrazine carboxamide, 2-[3-methyl-2-thienyl methylene]

Schiff's base ligand(L) hydrazine carboxamide, 2-[3-methyl-2-thienyl methylene] and its metal complexes have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, molar conductance, various spectroscopic techniques such as electronic, IR, (1)H NMR, mass, EPR. Molar conductance of complexes in DMF solution corresponds to non-electrolyte. Complexes have general composition [M(L)2X2], where M=Ni(II) and Cu(II), X=Cl(-), NO3(-), CH3COO(-) and ½SO4(2-). On the basis of above spectral studies, an octahedral geometry has been assigned for Ni(II) complexes and tetragonal geometry for Cu(II) complexes except [Cu(L)2SO4] which possesses five coordinated trigonal bipyramidal geometry. These metal complexes were also tested for their anticancer, antibacterial and antifungal activities to assess their inhibition potential. Anticancer activity of ligand and its metal complexes were evaluated using SRB fluorometric assay and Adriamycin (ADR) was applied as positive control. Schiff's base ligand and its metal complexes were screened for their antibacterial and antifungal activity against Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus and Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, respectively. Kirby-Bauer single disk susceptibility test was used for antibacterial activity and well diffusion method for antifungal activity of the compounds on the used fungi.

Spectroscopic characterization, antioxidant and antitumour studies of novel bromo substituted thiosemicarbazone and its copper(II), nickel(II) and palladium(II) complexes

A new, slightly distorted octahedral complex of copper(II), square planar complexes of nickel(II) and palladium(II) with 2,4'-dibromoacetophenone thiosemicarbazone (DBAPTSC) are synthesized. The ligand and the complexes are characterized by FT-IR, FT-Raman, powder X-ray diffraction studies. The IR and Raman data are correlated for the presence of the functional groups which specifically helped in the confirmation of the compounds. In addition, the free ligand is unambiguously characterized by (1)H and (13)C NMR spectroscopy while the copper(II) complex is characterized by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR). The g values for the same are found to be 2.246 (g1), 2.012 (g2) and 2.005 (g3) which suggested rhombic distortions. The HOMO-LUMO band gap calculations for these compounds are found to be in between 0.5 and 4.0 eV and these compounds are identified as semiconducting materials. The synthesized ligand and its copper(II), nickel(II) and palladium(II) complexes are subjected to antitumour activity against the HepG2 human hepatoblastoma cell lines. Among all the compounds, nickel(II) complex is found to exert better antitumour activity with 57.6% of cytotoxicity.

Synthesis, spectroscopic, anticancer and antibacterial studies of Ni(II) and Cu(II) complexes with 2-carboxybenzaldehyde thiosemicarbazone

Ni(II) and Cu(II) complexes of 2-carboxybenzaldehyde thiosemicarbazone (L) were synthesized and investigated by their spectral and analytical data. These newly synthesized complexes have a composition of M(L)X(H2O)2 (where M=Ni(II), Cu(II) and X=Cl(-), NO3(-), CH3COO(-)) and (L) is the tridentate Schiff base ligand. The ligand and its complexes have been characterized on the basis of analytical, molar conductivity, magnetic susceptibility measurements, FT-IR, ESR, (1)H NMR and electronic spectral analysis. All the compounds were non-electrolytic in nature. On the basis of spectral studies an octahedral geometry has been assigned for Ni(II) and a tetragonal geometry for Cu(II) complexes. The ligand and its metal complexes were screened for their anticancer studies against human breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and calculated minimum inhibitory concentration and also for antibacterial activity using Kirby-Bauer single disk susceptibility test.

Synthesis, characterization, electrochemical studies, and in vitro antibacterial activity of novel thiosemicarbazone and its Cu(II), Ni(II), and Co(II) complexes

Metal complexes were prepared by the reaction of thiosemicarbazone with CuCl₂, NiCl₂, CoCl₂, Cu(OAc)₂, Ni(OAc)₂, and Co(OAc)₂. The thiosemicarbazone coordinates to metal through the thionic sulfur and the azomethine nitrogen. The thiosemicarbazone was obtained by the thiosemicarbazide with 3-acetyl-2,5-dimethylthiophene. The identities of these compounds were elucidated by IR, ¹H, ¹³C-NMR, and GC-MS spectroscopic methods and elemental analyses. The antibacterial activity of these compounds was first tested in vitro by the disc diffusion assay against two Gram-positive and two Gram-negative bacteria, and then the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by using chloramphenicol as reference drug. The results showed that compound 1.1 is better inhibitor of both types of tested bacteria as compared to chloramphenicol.

Synthesis, spectral characterization, molecular modeling, thermal study and biological evaluation of transition metal complexes of a bidentate Schiff base ligand

Complexes of copper(II) and nickel(II) of general composition M(L)2X2, have been synthesized [where L=3-Bromoacetophenone thiosemicarbazone and X=CH3COO(-), Cl(-) and NO3(-)]. All the complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, magnetic moments, IR, electronic and EPR spectral studies. The ligand behaved as bidentate and coordinated through sulfur of -C=S group and nitrogen atoms of -C=N group. The copper(II) and nickel(II) complexes were found to have magnetic moments 1.94-2.02 BM, 2.96-3.02 BM respectively which was corresponding to one and two unpaired electrons respectively. The molar conductance of the complexes in solution of DMSO lies in the range of 10-20 Ω(-1) cm(2) mol(-1) indicating their non-electrolytic behavior. On the basis of EPR, electronic and infrared spectral studies, tetragonal geometry has been assigned for copper(II) complexes and an octahedral geometry for nickel(II) complexes. The values of Nephelauxetic parameter β lie in the range 0.19-0.37 which indicated the covalent character in metal ligand 'σ' bond. Synthesized ligand and its copper(II) and nickel(II) complexes have also been screened against different bacterial and fungal species which suggested that complexes are more active than the ligands in antimicrobial activities.

Synthesis, spectral characterization and biological evaluation of copper(II) and nickel(II) complexes with thiosemicarbazones derived from a bidentate Schiff base

Complexes of copper(II) and nickel(II) of general composition M(L)2X2, have been synthesized with the ligand 1-Tetralone thiosemicarbazone (where L=1-Tetralone thiosemicarbazone and X=Cl(-),1/2SO4(2-)). The molar conductance of the complexes in fresh solution of DMSO lies in the range of 10-20Ω(-1)cm(2)mol(-1) indicating their non-electrolytic behavior. Thus, the complexes may be formulated as [M(L2)X2]. Ligand was characterized by mass, NMR, IR and single crystallographic studies. All the complexes were characterized by elemental analyses, magnetic moments, IR, electronic and EPR spectral studies. The IR spectral data of ligand indicated the involvement of sulfur and azomethine nitrogen in coordination to the central metal ion. The copper(II) and nickel(II) complexes were found to have magnetic moments1.93-1.96BM and 2.91-2.94BM corresponding to one and two unpaired electrons respectively. On the basis of molar conductance, EPR, electronic and infrared spectral studies, a tetragonal geometry has been assigned for Cu(II) chloride complex and trigonal bipyramidal to Cu(II) sulfate complex but an octahedral geometry for Ni(II) complexes. Newly synthesized ligand and its Cu(II) and Ni(II) complexes have also been screened against different bacterial and fungal species.

Molecular structure, natural bond analysis, vibrational, and electronic spectra of aspartateguanidoacetatenickel(II), [Ni(Asp)(GAA)]·H₂O: DFT quantum mechanical calculations

The aspartateguanidoacetatenickel (II) complex, [Ni(Asp)(GAA)], was synthesized and structural analysis was performed by means of the experimental methods: determination of the C, H, N and O contents, thermogravimetry, infrared and Raman spectroscopy. DFT:B3LYP/6-311G(d, p) calculations have been performed giving optimized structure and harmonic vibrational wavenumbers. Second derivative of the FT-infrared, FT-Raman and Surface Raman Enhanced Scattering (SERS) spectra, and band deconvolution analysis were also performed. Features of the FT-infrared, FT-Raman and SERS confirmed theoretical structure prediction. Full assignment of the vibrational spectrum was also supported by a carefully analysis of the distorted geometries generated by the normal modes. The Natural Bond Orbital analysis (NBO) was also carried out as a way to study the Ni (II) hybridization leading to the pseudo planar geometry of the framework, and the extension of the atomic N and O hybrid orbital of the different amino acids in the bond formation. Bands of charge transfer and d-d transitions were assigned in the UV-Vis spectrum.

Analysis of the release characteristics of cu-treated antimicrobial implant surfaces using atomic absorption spectrometry

New developments of antimicrobial implant surfaces doped with copper (Cu) ions may minimize the risk of implant-associated infections. However, experimental evaluation of the Cu release is influenced by various test parameters. The aim of our study was to evaluate the Cu release characteristics in vitro according to the storage fluid and surface roughness. Plasma immersion ion implantation of Cu (Cu-PIII) and pulsed magnetron sputtering process of a titanium copper film (Ti-Cu) were applied to titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V) samples with different surface finishing of the implant material (polished, hydroxyapatite and corundum blasted). The samples were submersed into either double-distilled water, human serum, or cell culture medium. Subsequently, the Cu concentration in the supernatant was measured using atomic absorption spectrometry. The test fluid as well as the surface roughness can alter the Cu release significantly, whereby the highest Cu release was determined for samples with corundum-blasted surfaces stored in cell medium.

Spectroscopic and fluorescence studies on Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) complexes with NO donor fluorescence dyes

The reactions of the two common dyes [2TMPACT and 4PENI] with Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) ions were done. All the isolated complexes have been characterized by physicochemical and spectroscopic techniques. The IR data reflect the bidentate mode of 2TMPACT towards the mononuclear complex [Mn(II)] even its tetradentate in binuclear complexes [Co(II) and Cu(II)]. However, the bidentate mode is the only behavior of 4PENI ligand towards each metal ion in its mononuclear complexes. The UV-vis spectral analysis beside the magnetic moment measurements are proposed different geometries concerning each metal ions with the two ligands under investigation, as the Mn(II)-2TMPACT complex is an octahedral but Mn(II)-4PENI is a tetrahedral geometry. All the synthesized compounds are thermogravimetrically investigated. The proposed thermal decomposition was discussed for each compound with each step as well as, the kinetic parameters were calculated for all preferrible decomposition steps. The mass spectroscopy tool was used to emphasis on the suitable molecular formula proposed and the fragmentation patterns were displayed. The fluorescence properties of the synthesized ligands and their complexes were studied in DMSO at room temperature.

DNA cleavage, antimicrobial, spectroscopic and fluorescence studies of Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) complexes with SNO donor coumarin Schiff bases

A series of Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) complexes of the type ML(2) have been synthesized with Schiff bases derived from methylthiosemicarbazone and 5-formyl-6-hydroxy coumarin/8-formyl-7-Hydroxy-4-methylcoumarin. The complexes are insoluble in common organic solvents but soluble in DMF and DMSO. The measured molar conductance values in DMF indicate that, the complexes are non-electrolytes in nature. In view of analytical, spectral (IR, UV-vis, ESR, FAB-mass and fluorescence), magnetic and thermal studies, it has been concluded that, all the metal complexes possess octahedral geometry in which ligand is coordinated to metal ion through azomethine nitrogen, thione sulphur and phenolic oxygen atom via deprotonation. The redox behavior of the metal complexes was investigated by using cyclic voltammetry. The Schiff bases and their complexes have been screened for their antibacterial (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella typhi) and antifungal activities (Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus and Cladosporium) by Minimum Inhibitory Concentration method. The DNA cleavage is studied by agarose gel electrophoresis method.

Spectroscopic, thermal and antibacterial studies on Mn(II) and Co(II) complexes derived from thiosemicarbazone

Mn(II) and Co(II) complexes having the general composition [M(L)2X2] (where L = 2-pyridinecarboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone, M = Mn(II) and Co(II), X = Cl- and - NO3 ) were synthesized. All the metal complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, molar conductance, magnetic susceptibility measurements, mass, IR, EPR, electronic spectral studies and thermogravimetric analysis (TG). Based on the spectral studies, an octahedral geometry was assigned for all the complexes. Thermal studies of the compounds suggest that the complexes are more stable than the free ligand. This fact was supported by the kinetic parameters calculated using the Horowitz-Metzger (H-M) and Coats-Redfern (C-R) equations. The antibacterial properties of the ligand and its metal complexes were also examined and it was observed that the complexes are more potent bactericides than the free ligand.

Ni(II), Pd(II) and Pt(II) complexes with ligand containing thiosemicarbazone and semicarbazone moiety: Synthesis, characterization and biological investigation

The synthesis of nickel(II), palladium(II) and platinum(II) complexes with thiosemicarbazone and semicarbazone of p-tolualdehyde are reported. All the new compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, molar conductance measurements, magnetic susceptibility measurements, mass, 1H-NMR, IR and electronic spectral studies. Based on the molar conductance measurements in DMSO, the complexes may be formulated as [Ni(L)2Cl2] and [M(L)2]Cl2 (where M = Pd(II) and Pt(II)) due to their non-electrolytic and 1:2 electrolytic nature, respectively. The spectral data are consistent with an octahedral geometry around Ni(II) and a square planar geometry for Pd(II) and Pt(II), in which the ligands act as bidentate chelating agents, coordinated through the nitrogen and sulphur/oxygen atoms. The ligands and their metal complexes were screened in vitro against fungal species Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus niger and Fusarium odum, using the food poison technique. .