Effectiveness of Ascophyllum nodosum and Fucus vesiculosus on Metabolic Syndrome Components: A Real-World, Observational Study

Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease: current therapeutic strategies

The definition of "Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease - MAFLD" has replaced the previous definition of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD), because cardiometabolic criteria have been added for the prevention of cardiological risk in these patients. This definition leads to an in-depth study of the bidirectional relationships between hepatic steatosis, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) and/or their complications. Lifestyle modification, which includes correct nutrition combined with regular physical activity, represents the therapeutic cornerstone of MAFLD. When therapy is required, there is not clear accord on how to proceed in an optimal way with nutraceutical or pharmacological therapy. Numerous studies have attempted to identify nutraceuticals with a significant benefit on metabolic alterations and which contribute to the improvement of hepatic steatosis. Several evidences are supporting the use of silymarin, berberine, curcumin, Nigella sativa, Ascophyllum nodosum, and Fucus vesiculosus, vitamin E, coenzyme Q10 and Omega-3. However, more evidence regarding the long-term efficacy and safety of these compounds are required. There is numerous evidence that highlights the use of therapies such as incretins or the use of Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors or other similar therapies which, by assisting existing therapies for pathologies such as diabetes, hypertension, insulin resistance, have given a breakthrough in prevention and the reduction of cardiometabolic risk. This review gave an overview of the current therapeutic strategies that are expected to aid in the treatment and prevention of MAFLD.

Inulin from halophilic archaeon Haloarcula: Production, chemical characterization, biological, and technological properties

Halophilic archaea are capable of producing fructans, which are fructose-based polysaccharides. However, their biochemical characterization and biological and technological properties have been scarcely studied. The aim of this study was to evaluate the production, chemical characterization, biological and technological properties of a fructan inulin-type biosynthesized by a halophilic archaeon. Fructan extraction was performed through ethanol precipitation and purification by diafiltration. The chemical structure was elucidated using Fourier Transform-Infrared Spectroscopy and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). Haloarcula sp. M1 biosynthesizes inulin with an average molecular weight of 8.37 × 106 Da. The maximal production reached 3.9 g of inulin per liter of culture within seven days. The glass transition temperature of inulin was measured at 138.85 °C, and it exhibited an emulsifying index of 36.47 %, which is higher than that of inulin derived from chicory. Inulin from Haloarcula sp. M1 (InuH) demonstrates prebiotic capacity. This study represents the first report on the biological and technological properties of inulin derived from halophilic archaea.

Tumor Mutational Burden for Predicting Prognosis and Therapy Outcome of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the primary hepatic malignancy, represents the second-highest cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Many efforts have been devoted to finding novel biomarkers for predicting both patients' survival and the outcome of pharmacological treatments, with a particular focus on immunotherapy. In this regard, recent studies have focused on unravelling the role of tumor mutational burden (TMB), i.e., the total number of mutations per coding area of a tumor genome, to ascertain whether it can be considered a reliable biomarker to be used either for the stratification of HCC patients in subgroups with different responsiveness to immunotherapy, or for the prediction of disease progression, particularly in relation to the different HCC etiologies. In this review, we summarize the recent advances on the study of TMB and TMB-related biomarkers in the HCC landscape, focusing on their feasibility as guides for therapy decisions and/or predictors of clinical outcome.

Ascophyllum nodosum and Fucus vesiculosus Extracts Improved Lipid Metabolism and Inflammation in High-Energy Diet-Induced Hyperlipidemia Rats

Ascophyllum nodosum and Fucus vesiculosus both contain unique polyphenols called phlorotannins. Phlorotannins reportedly possess various pharmacological activities. A previous study reported that the activity of phlorotannin is strongly correlated with the normalization of metabolic function, and phlorotannins are extremely promising nutrients for use in the treatment of metabolic syndrome. To date, no study has explored the antihyperlipidemic effects of phlorotannins from A. nodosum and F. vesiculosus in animal models. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated the effects of phlorotannins using a rat model of high-energy diet (HED)-induced hyperlipidemia. The results showed that the rats that were fed an HED and treated with phlorotannin-rich extract from A. nodosum and F. vesiculosus had significantly lower serum fasting blood sugar (FBS), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total cholesterol (TC), triacylglyceride (TG) and free fatty acids (FFAs) levels and hepatic TG level and had higher serum insulin, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels and lipase activity in their fat tissues than in the case with the rats that were fed the HED alone. A histopathological analysis revealed that phlorotannin-rich extract could significantly reduce the size of adipocytes around the epididymis. In addition, the rats treated with phlorotannin-rich extract had significantly lowered interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) levels and increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activities than did those in the HED group. These results suggested that the phlorotannin-rich extract stimulated lipid metabolism and may have promoted lipase activity in rats with HED-induced hyperlipidemia. Our results indicated that A. nodosum and F. vesiculosus, marine algae typically used as health foods, have strong antihyperlipidemic effects and may, therefore, be useful for preventing atherosclerosis. These algae may be incorporated into antihyperlipidemia pharmaceuticals and functional foods.

A Nutraceutical Formulation Containing Brown Algae Reduces Hepatic Lipid Accumulation by Modulating Lipid Metabolism and Inflammation in Experimental Models of NAFLD and NASH

Recently, some preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated the ability of brown seaweeds in reducing the risk factors for metabolic syndrome. Here, we analyzed the beneficial effect of a nutraceutical formulation containing a phytocomplex extracted from seaweeds and chromium picolinate in animal models of liver steatosis of differing severities (rats with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its complication, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)). This treatment led to a significant drop in hepatic fat deposition in both models (p < 0.01 vs. untreated animals), accompanied by a reduction in plasma inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin 6, tumor necrosis factor α, and C reactive protein, and myeloperoxidase expression in liver tissue. Furthermore, a modulation of the molecular pathways involved in lipid metabolism and storage was demonstrated, since we observed the significant reduction of the mRNA levels of fatty acid synthase, diacylglycerol acyltransferases, the sterol-binding protein SREBP-1, and the lipid transporter perilipin-2, in both treated NAFLD and NASH rats in comparison to untreated ones. In conclusion, this nutraceutical product was effective in reducing liver steatosis and showed further beneficial effects on hepatic inflammation and glycemic control, which were particularly evident in rats characterized by a more severe condition, thus representing a therapeutic option for the treatment of NAFLD and NASH patients.