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Ovchinnikov A, Potekhina A, Arefieva T, Filatova A, Ageev F, Belyavskiy E. Use of Statins in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction: Current Evidence and Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4958. [PMID: 38732177 PMCID: PMC11084261 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Systemic inflammation and coronary microvascular endothelial dysfunction are essential pathophysiological factors in heart failure (HF) with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) that support the use of statins. The pleiotropic properties of statins, such as anti-inflammatory, antihypertrophic, antifibrotic, and antioxidant effects, are generally accepted and may be beneficial in HF, especially in HFpEF. Numerous observational clinical trials have consistently shown a beneficial prognostic effect of statins in patients with HFpEF, while the results of two larger trials in patients with HFrEF have been controversial. Such differences may be related to a more pronounced impact of the pleiotropic properties of statins on the pathophysiology of HFpEF and pro-inflammatory comorbidities (arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity, chronic kidney disease) that are more common in HFpEF. This review discusses the potential mechanisms of statin action that may be beneficial for patients with HFpEF, as well as clinical trials that have evaluated the statin effects on left ventricular diastolic function and clinical outcomes in patients with HFpEF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem Ovchinnikov
- Laboratory of Myocardial Fibrosis and Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology Named after Academician E.I. Chazov, Academician Chazov St., 15a, 121552 Moscow, Russia; (A.P.); (A.F.)
- Department of Clinical Functional Diagnostics, A.I. Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Delegatskaya St., 20, p. 1, 127473 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexandra Potekhina
- Laboratory of Myocardial Fibrosis and Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology Named after Academician E.I. Chazov, Academician Chazov St., 15a, 121552 Moscow, Russia; (A.P.); (A.F.)
| | - Tatiana Arefieva
- Laboratory of Cell Immunology, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology Named after Academician E.I. Chazov, Academician Chazov St., 15a, 121552 Moscow, Russia;
- Faculty of Basic Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasiia Filatova
- Laboratory of Myocardial Fibrosis and Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology Named after Academician E.I. Chazov, Academician Chazov St., 15a, 121552 Moscow, Russia; (A.P.); (A.F.)
- Laboratory of Cell Immunology, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology Named after Academician E.I. Chazov, Academician Chazov St., 15a, 121552 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Fail Ageev
- Out-Patient Department, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology Named after Academician E.I. Chazov, Academician Chazov St., 15a, 121552 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Evgeny Belyavskiy
- Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum des Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charite, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany;
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Park JH, Hothi P, Lopez Garcia de Lomana A, Pan M, Calder R, Turkarslan S, Wu WJ, Lee H, Patel AP, Cobbs C, Huang S, Baliga NS. Gene regulatory network topology governs resistance and treatment escape in glioma stem-like cells. bioRxiv 2024:2024.02.02.578510. [PMID: 38370784 PMCID: PMC10871280 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.02.578510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Poor prognosis and drug resistance in glioblastoma (GBM) can result from cellular heterogeneity and treatment-induced shifts in phenotypic states of tumor cells, including dedifferentiation into glioma stem-like cells (GSCs). This rare tumorigenic cell subpopulation resists temozolomide, undergoes proneural-to-mesenchymal transition (PMT) to evade therapy, and drives recurrence. Through inference of transcriptional regulatory networks (TRNs) of patient-derived GSCs (PD-GSCs) at single-cell resolution, we demonstrate how the topology of transcription factor interaction networks drives distinct trajectories of cell state transitions in PD-GSCs resistant or susceptible to cytotoxic drug treatment. By experimentally testing predictions based on TRN simulations, we show that drug treatment drives surviving PD-GSCs along a trajectory of intermediate states, exposing vulnerability to potentiated killing by siRNA or a second drug targeting treatment-induced transcriptional programs governing non-genetic cell plasticity. Our findings demonstrate an approach to uncover TRN topology and use it to rationally predict combinatorial treatments that disrupts acquired resistance in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Parvinder Hothi
- Ivy Center for Advanced Brain Tumor Treatment, Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Min Pan
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA
| | | | | | - Wei-Ju Wu
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA
| | - Hwahyung Lee
- Ivy Center for Advanced Brain Tumor Treatment, Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Anoop P Patel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University, Durham, NC
- Center for Advanced Genomic Technologies, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Charles Cobbs
- Ivy Center for Advanced Brain Tumor Treatment, Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Sui Huang
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA
| | - Nitin S Baliga
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA
- Departments of Microbiology, Biology, and Molecular Engineering Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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Gladwell LR, Ahiarah C, Rasheed S, Rahman SM, Choudhury M. Traditional Therapeutics and Potential Epidrugs for CVD: Why Not Both? Life (Basel) 2023; 14:23. [PMID: 38255639 PMCID: PMC10820772 DOI: 10.3390/life14010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide. In addition to the high mortality rate, people suffering from CVD often endure difficulties with physical activities and productivity that significantly affect their quality of life. The high prevalence of debilitating risk factors such as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, smoking, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia only predicts a bleak future. Current traditional CVD interventions offer temporary respite; however, they compound the severe economic strain of health-related expenditures. Furthermore, these therapeutics can be prescribed indefinitely. Recent advances in the field of epigenetics have generated new treatment options by confronting CVD at an epigenetic level. This involves modulating gene expression by altering the organization of our genome rather than altering the DNA sequence itself. Epigenetic changes are heritable, reversible, and influenced by environmental factors such as medications. As CVD is physiologically and pathologically diverse in nature, epigenetic interventions can offer a ray of hope to replace or be combined with traditional therapeutics to provide the prospect of addressing more than just the symptoms of CVD. This review discusses various risk factors contributing to CVD, perspectives of current traditional medications in practice, and a focus on potential epigenetic therapeutics to be used as alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Rae Gladwell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas A&M Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, 1114 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Chidinma Ahiarah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas A&M Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, 1114 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Shireen Rasheed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas A&M Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, 1114 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Shaikh Mizanoor Rahman
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Birkat Al-Mouz, Nizwa 616, Oman
| | - Mahua Choudhury
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas A&M Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, 1114 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Griazeva ED, Fedoseeva DM, Radion EI, Ershov PV, Meshkov IO, Semyanihina AV, Makarova AS, Makarov VV, Yudin VS, Keskinov AA, Kraevoy SA. Current Approaches to Epigenetic Therapy. Epigenomes 2023; 7:23. [PMID: 37873808 PMCID: PMC10594535 DOI: 10.3390/epigenomes7040023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic therapy is a promising tool for the treatment of a wide range of diseases. Several fundamental epigenetic approaches have been proposed. Firstly, the use of small molecules as epigenetic effectors, as the most developed pharmacological method, has contributed to the introduction of a number of drugs into clinical practice. Secondly, various innovative epigenetic approaches based on dCas9 and the use of small non-coding RNAs as therapeutic agents are also under extensive research. In this review, we present the current state of research in the field of epigenetic therapy, considering the prospects for its application and possible limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina D. Griazeva
- Federal State Budgetary Institution, Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, Pogodinskaya Str., 10, Building 1, Moscow 119121, Russia
| | - Daria M. Fedoseeva
- Federal State Budgetary Institution, Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, Pogodinskaya Str., 10, Building 1, Moscow 119121, Russia
| | - Elizaveta I. Radion
- Federal State Budgetary Institution, Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, Pogodinskaya Str., 10, Building 1, Moscow 119121, Russia
| | - Pavel V. Ershov
- Federal State Budgetary Institution, Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, Pogodinskaya Str., 10, Building 1, Moscow 119121, Russia
| | - Ivan O. Meshkov
- Federal State Budgetary Institution, Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, Pogodinskaya Str., 10, Building 1, Moscow 119121, Russia
| | - Alexandra V. Semyanihina
- Federal State Budgetary Institution, Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, Pogodinskaya Str., 10, Building 1, Moscow 119121, Russia
- Federal State Budgetary Institution “N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (N.N. Blokhin NMRCO), Kashirskoe Shosse, 24, Moscow 115478, Russia
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moskvorechye, 1, Moscow 115522, Russia
| | - Anna S. Makarova
- Federal State Budgetary Institution, Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, Pogodinskaya Str., 10, Building 1, Moscow 119121, Russia
| | - Valentin V. Makarov
- Federal State Budgetary Institution, Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, Pogodinskaya Str., 10, Building 1, Moscow 119121, Russia
| | - Vladimir S. Yudin
- Federal State Budgetary Institution, Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, Pogodinskaya Str., 10, Building 1, Moscow 119121, Russia
| | - Anton A. Keskinov
- Federal State Budgetary Institution, Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, Pogodinskaya Str., 10, Building 1, Moscow 119121, Russia
| | - Sergey A. Kraevoy
- Federal State Budgetary Institution, Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, Pogodinskaya Str., 10, Building 1, Moscow 119121, Russia
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Mohammadi KA, Brackin T, Schwartz GG, Steg PG, Szarek M, Manvelian G, Pordy R, Fazio S, Geba GP. Effect of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibition on cancer events: A pooled, post hoc, competing risk analysis of alirocumab clinical trials. Cancer Med 2023; 12:16859-16868. [PMID: 37458138 PMCID: PMC10501297 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.6310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Assess the risk of new and worsening cancer events among participants who received the lipid-lowering therapy alirocumab, a proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitor. DESIGN Pooled post hoc analysis. SETTING Six phase 3 or phase 4 placebo-controlled randomised trials with alirocumab. PARTICIPANTS A total of 24,070 patients from the safety population with complete dosing data (alirocumab, n = 12,533; placebo, n = 11,537). INTERVENTION Alirocumab 75 mg, alirocumab 150 mg, alirocumab 75 mg increasing to 150 mg if low-density lipoprotein cholesterol <50 mg/dL not achieved, or placebo, all every 2 weeks. All participants received background high-intensity or maximum-tolerated statin therapy. OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The first new or worsening incident cancer events were assessed during the treatment-emergent adverse event period. Four outcomes were evaluated: any-neoplasm, malignant neoplasms, broad definition of hormone-sensitive cancers, and stricter definition of hormone-sensitive cancers. Sub-distribution hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using a competing risk framework, with death as a competing risk. RESULTS Considering both treatment arms in aggregate, 969 (4.03%), 779 (3.24%), 178 (0.74%) and 167 (0.69%) patients developed any neoplasm, malignant neoplasms, broad definition of hormone-sensitive cancer and strict definition of hormone-sensitive cancer events, respectively. There was no significant difference in the risk of having any neoplasm in the alirocumab versus the placebo group (sub-distribution hazards ratio [95% CI], 0.93 [0.82-1.1]; p = 0.28). A nominally lower risk of having any neoplasms with alirocumab was observed among subjects aged ≥64 years (sub-distribution hazards ratio 0.83; 95% CI, 0.70-0.99). CONCLUSIONS Intensive low-density lipoprotein cholesterol lowering with a proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitor combined with statin does not appear to increase the risk of new or worsening cancer events.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Philippe Gabriel Steg
- Université Paris‐CitéParisFrance
- FACT (French Alliance for Cardiovascular Trials) INSERM U1148ParisFrance
- Assistance Publique‐Hôpitaux de ParisHôpital BichatParisFrance
| | - Michael Szarek
- State University of New YorkDownstate School of Public HealthBrooklynNew YorkUSA
- CPC Clinical Research and Division of CardiologyUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraColoradoUSA
| | | | - Robert Pordy
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc.TarrytownNew YorkUSA
| | - Sergio Fazio
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc.TarrytownNew YorkUSA
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Lu Y, Wu M, Xu Y, Yu L. The Development of p53-Targeted Therapies for Human Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3560. [PMID: 37509223 PMCID: PMC10377496 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15143560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
p53 plays a critical role in tumor suppression and is the most frequently mutated gene in human cancers. Most p53 mutants (mutp53) are missense mutations and are thus expressed in human cancers. In human cancers that retain wtp53, the wtp53 activities are downregulated through multiple mechanisms. For example, the overexpression of the negative regulators of p53, MDM2/MDMX, can also efficiently destabilize and inactivate wtp53. Therefore, both wtp53 and mutp53 have become promising and intensively explored therapeutic targets for cancer treatment. Current efforts include the development of small molecule compounds to disrupt the interaction between wtp53 and MDM2/MDMX in human cancers expressing wtp53 and to restore wtp53-like activity to p53 mutants in human cancers expressing mutp53. In addition, a synthetic lethality approach has been applied to identify signaling pathways affected by p53 dysfunction, which, when targeted, can lead to cell death. While an intensive search for p53-targeted cancer therapy has produced potential candidates with encouraging preclinical efficacy data, it remains challenging to develop such drugs with good efficacy and safety profiles. A more in-depth understanding of the mechanisms of action of these p53-targeting drugs will help to overcome these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yier Lu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Meng Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Cardiovascular Key Lab of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Lili Yu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China
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Jiang JC, Hu C, McIntosh AM, Shah S. Investigating the potential anti-depressive mechanisms of statins: a transcriptomic and Mendelian randomization analysis. Transl Psychiatry 2023; 13:110. [PMID: 37015906 PMCID: PMC10073189 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02403-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Observational studies and randomized controlled trials presented inconsistent findings on the effects of cholesterol-lowering statins on depression. It therefore remains unclear whether statins have any beneficial effects on depression, and if so, what the underlying molecular mechanisms are. Here, we aimed to use genomic approaches to investigate this further. Using Connectivity Map (CMap), we first investigated whether statins and antidepressants shared pharmacological effects by interrogating gene expression responses to drug exposure in human cell lines. Second, using Mendelian randomization analysis, we investigated both on-target (through HMGCR inhibition) and potential off-target (through ITGAL and HDAC2 inhibition) causal effects of statins on depression risk and depressive symptoms, and traits related to the shared biological pathways identified from CMap analysis. Compounds inducing highly similar gene expression responses to statins in HA1E cells (indicated by an average connectivity score with statins > 90) were found to be enriched for antidepressants (12 out of 38 antidepressants; p = 9E-08). Genes perturbed in the same direction by both statins and antidepressants were significantly enriched for diverse cellular and metabolic pathways, and various immune activation, development and response processes. MR analysis did not identify any significant associations between statin exposure and depression risk or symptoms after multiple testing correction. However, genetically proxied HMGCR inhibition was strongly associated with alterations in platelets (a prominent serotonin reservoir) and monocyte percentage, which have previously been implicated in depression. Genetically proxied ITGAL inhibition was strongly associated with basophil, monocyte and neutrophil counts. We identified biological pathways that are commonly perturbed by both statins and antidepressants, and haematological biomarkers genetically associated with statin targets. Our findings warrant pre-clinical investigation of the causal role of these shared pathways in depression and potential as therapeutic targets, and investigation of whether blood biomarkers may be important considerations in clinical trials investigating effects of statins on depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayue-Clara Jiang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Chenwen Hu
- The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Sonia Shah
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.
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del Rio Hernandez CE, Campbell LJ, Atkinson PH, Munkacsi AB. Network Analysis Reveals the Molecular Bases of Statin Pleiotropy That Vary with Genetic Background. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0414822. [PMID: 36946734 PMCID: PMC10100750 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04148-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Many approved drugs are pleiotropic: for example, statins, whose main cholesterol-lowering activity is complemented by anticancer and prodiabetogenic mechanisms involving poorly characterized genetic interaction networks. We investigated these using the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genetic model, where most genetic interactions known are limited to the statin-sensitive S288C genetic background. We therefore broadened our approach by investigating gene interactions to include two statin-resistant genetic backgrounds: UWOPS87-2421 and Y55. Networks were functionally focused by selection of HMG1 and BTS1 mevalonate pathway genes for detection of genetic interactions. Networks, multilayered by genetic background, were analyzed for key genes using network centrality (degree, betweenness, and closeness), pathway enrichment, functional community modules, and Gene Ontology. Specifically, we found modification genes related to dysregulated endocytosis and autophagic cell death. To translate results to human cells, human orthologues were searched for other drug targets, thus identifying candidates for synergistic anticancer bioactivity. IMPORTANCE Atorvastatin is a highly successful drug prescribed to lower cholesterol and prevent cardiovascular disease in millions of people. Though much of its effect comes from inhibiting a key enzyme in the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway, genes in this pathway interact with genes in other pathways, resulting in 15% of patients suffering painful muscular side effects and 50% having inadequate responses. Such multigenic complexity may be unraveled using gene networks assembled from overlapping pairs of genes that complement each other. We used the unique power of yeast genetics to construct genome-wide networks specific to atorvastatin bioactivity in three genetic backgrounds to represent the genetic variation and varying response to atorvastatin in human individuals. We then used algorithms to identify key genes and their associated FDA-approved drugs in the networks, which resulted in the distinction of drugs that may synergistically enhance the known anticancer activity of atorvastatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cintya E. del Rio Hernandez
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Lani J. Campbell
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Paul H. Atkinson
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Andrew B. Munkacsi
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
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Bulut I, Lee A, Cevatemre B, Ruzic D, Belle R, Kawamura A, Gul S, Nikolic K, Ganesan A, Acilan C. Dual LSD1 and HDAC6 Inhibition Induces Doxorubicin Sensitivity in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14. [PMID: 36497494 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14236014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Defects in epigenetic pathways are key drivers of oncogenic cell proliferation. We developed a LSD1/HDAC6 multitargeting inhibitor (iDual), a hydroxamic acid analogue of the clinical candidate LSD1 inhibitor GSK2879552. iDual inhibits both targets with IC50 values of 540, 110, and 290 nM, respectively, against LSD1, HDAC6, and HDAC8. We compared its activity to structurally similar control probes that act by HDAC or LSD1 inhibition alone, as well as an inactive null compound. iDual inhibited the growth of leukemia cell lines at a higher level than GSK2879552 with micromolar IC50 values. Dual engagement with LSD1 and HDAC6 was supported by dose dependent increases in substrate levels, biomarkers, and cellular thermal shift assay. Both histone methylation and acetylation of tubulin were increased, while acetylated histone levels were only mildly affected, indicating selectivity for HDAC6. Downstream gene expression (CD11b, CD86, p21) was also elevated in response to iDual treatment. Remarkably, iDual synergized with doxorubicin, triggering significant levels of apoptosis with a sublethal concentration of the drug. While mechanistic studies did not reveal changes in DNA repair or drug efflux pathways, the expression of AGPAT9, ALOX5, BTG1, HIPK2, IFI44L, and LRP1, previously implicated in doxorubicin sensitivity, was significantly elevated.
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Abstract
Irregularities in cholesterol metabolism occur in a range of human cancers. Cholesterol precursors and derivatives support tumorigenesis and weaken immune responses. Intriguing preclinical and clinical findings demonstrate that cholesterol biosynthesis inhibition achieved by targeting major events and metabolites in cholesterol metabolism is an ideal anti-tumor strategy. Investigations addressing the effects of β-hydroxy β-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase (HMGCR), 2,3-oxidosqualene cyclase (OSC), squalene synthase (SQS), liver X receptors (LXR), and cholesterol trafficking and esterification inhibition on cancer progression have shown encouraging results. Notably, manipulation of cholesterol metabolism strengthens the function of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME). In this review, I discuss the role of cholesterol metabolism in cancer progression and the latest research related to cholesterol metabolism-based anti-cancer therapies and intend to bring this stylish biochemistry topic to the Sri Lankan research landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meran Keshawa Ediriweera
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo 08, Sri Lanka.
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11
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Kulthinee S, Yano N, Zhuang S, Wang L, Zhao TC. Critical Functions of Histone Deacetylases (HDACs) in Modulating Inflammation Associated with Cardiovascular Diseases. Pathophysiology 2022; 29:471-485. [PMID: 35997393 PMCID: PMC9397025 DOI: 10.3390/pathophysiology29030038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are a superfamily of enzymes that catalyze the removal of acetyl functional groups from lysine residues of histone and non-histone proteins. There are 18 mammalian HDACs, which are classified into four classes based on the primary homology with yeast HDACs. Among these groups, Class I and II HDACs play a major role in lysine deacetylation of the N-terminal histone tails. In mammals, HDACs play a pivotal role in the regulation of gene transcription, cell growth, survival, and proliferation. HDACs regulate the expression of inflammatory genes, as evidenced by the potent anti-inflammatory activity of pan-HDAC inhibitors, which were implicated in several pathophysiologic states in the inflammation process. However, it is unclear how each of the 18 HDAC proteins specifically contributes to the inflammatory gene expression. It is firmly established that inflammation and its inability to converge are central mechanisms in the pathogenesis of several cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Emerging evidence supports the hypothesis that several different pro-inflammatory cytokines regulated by HDACs are associated with various CVDs. Based on this hypothesis, the potential for the treatment of CVDs with HDAC inhibitors has recently begun to attract attention. In this review, we will briefly discuss (1) pathophysiology of inflammation in cardiovascular disease, (2) the function of HDACs in the regulation of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases, and (3) the possible therapeutic implications of HDAC inhibitors in cardiovascular diseases. Recent studies reveal that histone deacetylase contributes critically to mediating the pathophysiology of inflammation in cardiovascular disease. HDACs are also recognized as one of the major mechanisms in the regulation of inflammation and cardiovascular function. HDACs show promise in developing potential therapeutic implications of HDAC inhibitors in cardiovascular and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supaporn Kulthinee
- Cardiovascular and Metabolism Laboratories, Department of Surgery and Plastic Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Naohiro Yano
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Shougang Zhuang
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Lijiang Wang
- Cardiovascular and Metabolism Laboratories, Department of Surgery and Plastic Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Ting C. Zhao
- Cardiovascular and Metabolism Laboratories, Department of Surgery and Plastic Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
- Department of Surgery, Boston University Medical School, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-401-456-8266; Fax: +1-401-456-2507
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12
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Abstract
Although targeted MAPK pathway inhibition has achieved remarkable patient responses in many cancers, the development of resistance has remained a critical challenge. Adaptive tumor response underlies the drug resistance. Furthermore, such bypass mechanisms often lead to the activation of many pro-survival kinases, which complicates the rational design of combination therapies. Here, we performed global tyrosine phosphoproteomic (pTyr) analyses and demonstrated that targeted MAPK signaling inhibition in melanoma leads to a profound remodeling of the pTyr proteome. Intriguingly, altered cholesterol metabolism might drive, in a coordinated fashion, the activation of these kinases. Indeed, we found an accumulation of intracellular cholesterol in melanoma cells (with BRAFV600E mutations) and non-small cell lung cancer cells (with KRASG12C mutations) treated with MAPK and KRASG12C inhibitors, respectively. Importantly, depletion of cholesterol not only prevents the feedback activation of pTyr signaling but also enhances the cytotoxic effects of MAPK pathway inhibitors, both in vitro and in vivo. Together, our findings suggest that cholesterol contributes to the tumor adaptive response upon targeted MAPK pathway inhibitors. These results also suggest that MAPK pathway inhibitors could be combined with cholesterol-lowering agents to achieve a more complete and durable response in tumors with hyperactive MAPK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Dong Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, 75390 Texas, United States
| | - Chiho Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, 75390 Texas, United States
| | - Yajie Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, 75390 Texas, United States
| | - Smita Rindhe
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, 75390 Texas, United States
| | - Melanie H Cobb
- Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, 75390 Texas, United States.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, 75390 Texas, United States
| | - Yonghao Yu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, 75390 Texas, United States
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13
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Ai X, Wang Y. [Research Progress of Epigenetic Mechanism in Acquired Resistance of
Targeted Therapy in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer]. Zhongguo Fei Ai Za Zhi 2021; 24:705-713. [PMID: 34696542 PMCID: PMC8560982 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2021.102.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
驱动基因阳性的非小细胞肺癌患者能从靶向治疗中获益,但最终都不可避免地出现获得性耐药。表观遗传修饰包括DNA甲基化、组蛋白修饰、非编码RNA调控、染色质重塑等,是非小细胞肺癌靶向治疗获得性耐药的重要机制。近年来,已有研究发现表观遗传修饰的改变可以有效逆转耐药性,靶向治疗联合表观调控可能成为有前景的治疗策略。本文就非小细胞肺癌靶向治疗获得性耐药后表观遗传机制的进展进行了综述,希望为筛选优势人群、克服靶向耐药提供参考和思路。
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Ai
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital,
Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital,
Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
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14
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Rugolo F, Bazan NG, Calandria J, Jun B, Raschellà G, Melino G, Agostini M. The expression of ELOVL4, repressed by MYCN, defines neuroblastoma patients with good outcome. Oncogene 2021; 40:5741-5751. [PMID: 34333551 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-01959-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells exhibit dysregulation of critical genes including those involved in lipid biosynthesis, with subsequent defects in metabolism. Here, we show that ELOngation of Very Long chain fatty acids protein 4 (ELOVL4), a rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of very-long polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3, ≥28 C), is expressed and transcriptionally repressed by the oncogene MYCN in neuroblastoma cells. In keeping, ELOVL4 positively regulates neuronal differentiation and lipids droplets accumulation in neuroblastoma cells. At the molecular level we found that MYCN binds to the promoter of ELOVL4 in close proximity to the histone deacetylases HDAC1, HDAC2, and the transcription factor Sp1 that can cooperate in the repression of ELOVL4 expression. Accordingly, in vitro differentiation results in an increase of fatty acid with 34 carbons with 6 double bonds (FA34:6); and when MYCN is silenced, FA34:6 metabolite is increased compared with the scrambled. In addition, analysis of large neuroblastoma datasets revealed that ELOVL4 expression is highly expressed in localized clinical stages 1 and 2, and low in high-risk stages 3 and 4. More importantly, high expression of ELOVL4 stratifies a subsets of neuroblastoma patients with good prognosis. Indeed, ELOVL4 expression is a marker of better overall clinical survival also in MYCN not amplified patients and in those with neuroblastoma-associated mutations. In summary, our findings indicate that MYCN, by repressing the expression of ELOVL4 and lipid metabolism, contributes to the progression of neuroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Rugolo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicolas G Bazan
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Jorgelina Calandria
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Bokkyoo Jun
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Giuseppe Raschellà
- Laboratory of Health and Environment, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Rome, Italy
| | - Gerry Melino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
| | - Massimiliano Agostini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
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15
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Smyth L, Blunt DN, Cheung MC. Statins in mature B-cell lymphomas and leukaemias. Br J Haematol 2021; 195:490-492. [PMID: 34402051 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.17778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liam Smyth
- Department of Haematology, St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.,UCD School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Danielle N Blunt
- Department of Haematology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Matthew C Cheung
- Odette Cancer Centre, Sunnybroook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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16
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Kearns KN, Ironside N, Park MS, Worrall BB, Southerland AM, Chen CJ, Ding D. Neuroprotective Therapies for Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care 2021. [PMID: 34341912 DOI: 10.1007/s12028-021-01311-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Patients who survive the initial ictus of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) remain vulnerable to subsequent injury of the perilesional parenchyma by molecular and cellular responses to the hematoma. Secondary brain injury after ICH, which contributes to long-term functional impairment and mortality, has emerged as an attractive therapeutic target. This review summarizes preclinical and clinical evidence for neuroprotective therapies targeting secondary injury pathways following ICH. A focus on therapies with pleiotropic antiinflammatory effects that target thrombin-mediated chemotaxis and inflammatory cell migration has led to studies investigating statins, anticholinergics, sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulators, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma agonists, and magnesium. Attempts to modulate ICH-induced blood-brain barrier breakdown and perihematomal edema formation has prompted studies of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents, matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors, and complement inhibitors. Iron chelators, such as deferoxamine and albumin, have been used to reduce the free radical injury that ensues from erythrocyte lysis. Stem cell transplantation has been assessed for its potential to enhance subacute neurogenesis and functional recovery. Despite promising preclinical results of numerous agents, their outcomes have not yet translated into positive clinical trials in patients with ICH. Further studies are necessary to improve our understanding of the molecular events that promote damage and inflammation of the perihematomal parenchyma after ICH. Elucidating the temporal and pathophysiologic features of this secondary brain injury could enhance the clinical efficacy of neuroprotective therapies for ICH.
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17
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Abstract
The development of multitarget-directed ligands (MTDLs) has become a widely focused research topic, but rational design remains as an enormous challenge. This paper reviews and discusses the design strategy of incorporating the second activity into an existing single-active ligand. If the binding sites of both targets share similar endogenous substrates, MTDLs can be designed by merging two lead compounds with similar functional groups. If the binding sites are large or adjacent to the solution, two key pharmacophores can be fused directly. If the binding regions are small and deep inside the proteins, the linked-pharmacophore strategy might be the only way. The added pharmacophores of second targets should not affect the binding mode of the original ones. Moreover, the inhibitory activities of the two targets need to be adjusted to achieve an optimal ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangqian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Xiaowei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Fang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Shuo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Dayong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, P. R. China
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18
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Rivas M, Johnston ME, Gulati R, Kumbaji M, Margues Aguiar TF, Timchenko L, Krepischi A, Shin S, Bondoc A, Tiao G, Geller J, Timchenko N. HDAC1-Dependent Repression of Markers of Hepatocytes and P21 Is Involved in Development of Pediatric Liver Cancer. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 12:1669-1682. [PMID: 34245919 PMCID: PMC8536541 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Epigenetic regulation of gene expression plays a critical role in the development of liver cancer; however, the molecular mechanisms of epigenetic-driven liver cancers are not well understood. The aims of this study were to examine molecular mechanisms that cause the dedifferentiation of hepatocytes into cancer cells in aggressive hepatoblastoma and test if the inhibition of these mechanisms inhibits tumor growth. METHODS We have analyzed CCAAT/Enhancer Binding Protein alpha (C/EBPα), Transcription factor Sp5, and histone deacetylase (HDAC)1 pathways from a large biobank of fresh hepatoblastoma (HBL) samples using high-pressure liquid chromatography-based examination of protein-protein complexes and have examined chromatin remodeling on the promoters of markers of hepatocytes and p21. The HDAC1 activity was inhibited in patient-derived xenograft models of HBL and in cultured hepatoblastoma cells and expression of HDAC1-dependent markers of hepatocytes was examined. RESULTS Analyses of a biobank showed that a significant portion of HBL patients have increased levels of an oncogenic de-phosphorylated-S190-C/EBPα, Sp5, and HDAC1 compared with amounts of these proteins in adjacent regions. We found that the oncogenic de-phosphorylated-S190-C/EBPα is created in aggressive HBL by protein phosphatase 2A, which is increased within the nucleus and dephosphorylates C/EBPα at Ser190. C/EBPα-HDAC1 and Sp5-HDAC1 complexes are abundant in hepatocytes, which dedifferentiate into cancer cells. Studies in HBL cells have shown that C/EBPα-HDAC1 and Sp5-HDAC1 complexes reduce markers of hepatocytes and p21 via repression of their promoters. Pharmacologic inhibition of C/EBPα-HDAC1 and Sp5-HDAC1 complexes by Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) and small interfering RNA-mediated inhibition of HDAC1 increase expression of hepatocyte markers, p21, and inhibit proliferation of cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS HDAC1-mediated repression of markers of hepatocytes is an essential step for the development of HBL, providing background for generation of therapies for aggressive HBL by targeting HDAC1 activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rivas
- Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati, Ohio,Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Michael E. Johnston
- Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati, Ohio,Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Ruhi Gulati
- Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | | | | | | | - Ana Krepischi
- Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Soona Shin
- Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati, Ohio,Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | | | - Gregory Tiao
- Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati, Ohio,Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - James Geller
- Department of Oncology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Nikolai Timchenko
- Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati, Ohio,Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Nikolai Timchenko, PhD, Liver Tumor Program, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229. fax: (513) 636-4200.
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19
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Sarker H, Haimour A, Toor R, Fernandez-Patron C. The Emerging Role of Epigenetic Mechanisms in the Causation of Aberrant MMP Activity during Human Pathologies and the Use of Medicinal Drugs. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11040578. [PMID: 33920915 PMCID: PMC8071227 DOI: 10.3390/biom11040578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) cleave extracellular matrix proteins, growth factors, cytokines, and receptors to influence organ development, architecture, function, and the systemic and cell-specific responses to diseases and pharmacological drugs. Conversely, many diseases (such as atherosclerosis, arthritis, bacterial infections (tuberculosis), viral infections (COVID-19), and cancer), cholesterol-lowering drugs (such as statins), and tetracycline-class antibiotics (such as doxycycline) alter MMP activity through transcriptional, translational, and post-translational mechanisms. In this review, we summarize evidence that the aforementioned diseases and drugs exert significant epigenetic pressure on genes encoding MMPs, tissue inhibitors of MMPs, and factors that transcriptionally regulate the expression of MMPs. Our understanding of human pathologies associated with alterations in the proteolytic activity of MMPs must consider that these pathologies and their medicinal treatments may impose epigenetic pressure on the expression of MMP genes. Whether the epigenetic mechanisms affecting the activity of MMPs can be therapeutically targeted warrants further research.
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20
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Gouda G, Gupta MK, Donde R, Sabarinathan S, Vadde R, Behera L, Mohapatra T. Computational Epigenetics in Rice Research. Applications of Bioinformatics in Rice Research 2021:113-140. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-3997-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
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21
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Faraj R, Paine D, Black SM, Wang T. Anti-inflammatory Effects of Statins in Lung Vascular Pathology: From Basic Science to Clinical Trials. Adv Exp Med Biol 2021; 1303:33-56. [PMID: 33788186 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-63046-1_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (or statins) are cholesterol-lowering drugs and are among the most widely prescribed medications in the United States. Statins exhibit pleiotropic effects that extend beyond cholesterol reduction including anti-atherosclerotic, antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory, and antithrombotic effects. Over the last 20 years, statins have been studied and examined in pulmonary vascular disorders, including both chronic pulmonary vascular disease such as pulmonary hypertension, and acute pulmonary vascular endothelial injury such as acute lung injury. In both research and clinical settings, statins have demonstrated promising vascular protection through modulation of the endothelium, attenuation of vascular leak, and promotion of endothelial repair following lung inflammation. This chapter provides a summary of the rapidly changing literature, summarizes the anti-inflammatory mechanism of statins on pulmonary vascular disorders, and explores clinical evidence for statins as a potential therapeutic approach to modulation of the endothelium as well as a means to broaden our understanding of pulmonary vasculopathy pathophysiology.
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22
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Teodori L, Sestili P, Madiai V, Coppari S, Fraternale D, Rocchi MBL, Ramakrishna S, Albertini MC. MicroRNAs Bioinformatics Analyses Identifying HDAC Pathway as a Putative Target for Existing Anti-COVID-19 Therapeutics. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:582003. [PMID: 33363465 PMCID: PMC7753186 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.582003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Over 313,000 SARS-CoV-2 positive cases have been confirmed in Italy as of 30 September 2020, and the number of deaths exceeding thirty-five thousand makes Italy among the list of most significantly affected countries in the world. Such an enormous occurrence of infections and death raises the urgent demand for effective available treatments. Discovering the cellular/molecular mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenicity is of paramount importance to understand how the infection becomes a disease and how to plan any therapeutic approach. In this regard, we performed an in silico analysis to predict the putative virus targets and evidence the already available therapeutics. Literature experimental results identified angiotensin-converting enzyme ACE and Spike proteins particularly involved in COVID-19. Consequently, we investigated the signalling pathways modulated by the two proteins through query miRNet, the platform linking miRNAs, targets, and functions. Our bioinformatics analysis predicted microRNAs (miRs), miR-335-5p and miR-26b-5p, as being modulated by Spike and ACE together with histone deacetylate (HDAC) pathway. Notably, our results identified ACE/ACE2-ATR1-Cholesterol-HDAC axis signals that also matched with some available clinical data. We hypothesize that the current and EMA-approved, SARS-CoV-2 off-label HDAC inhibitors (HDACis) drugs may be repurposed to limit or block host-virus interactions. Moreover, a ranked list of compounds is provided for further evaluation for safety, efficacy, and effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Teodori
- Diagnostics and Metrology Laboratory, FSN-TECFIS-DIM, ENEA Frascati, Roma, Italy
| | - Piero Sestili
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Valeria Madiai
- Diagnostics and Metrology Laboratory, FSN-TECFIS-DIM, ENEA Frascati, Roma, Italy
| | - Sofia Coppari
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Daniele Fraternale
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | | | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- Center for Nanofibers and Nanotechnology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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23
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Mohammadzadeh N, Montecucco F, Carbone F, Xu S, Al-Rasadi K, Sahebkar A. Statins: Epidrugs with effects on endothelial health? Eur J Clin Invest 2020; 50:e13388. [PMID: 32854143 DOI: 10.1111/eci.13388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epigenetic events involving the methylation of CpG cites in DNA, histone modifications and noncoding RNAs correlated with many essential processes in human cells and diseases, such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins)-the LDL cholesterol-lowering drugs-are broadly used in cardio- and cerebro-vascular diseases. It is well established that statins exert pleiotropic functions, but how they exert effects on epigenetic modifications independently of HMG-CoA reductase inhibition is not yet clear. Thereby, understanding these mechanisms may pave the way for further clinical application of statin therapy. DESIGN Following and electronic database search, studies reporting substantial effects of statins on epigenetic reprogramming in both cultured cells and in vivo models were retrieved and reviewed. RESULTS Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in cellular development and function, and data collected in the past few years have revealed that many of the pleiotropic properties of statins are mediated by epigenetic mechanisms. Furthermore, those 'nonclassical' effects are not limited to CV field but they would extend to other conditions such as malignancies. CONCLUSION This review suggests that the epigenetic effects of statins mediate, at least in part, the pleiotropic actions of these drugs but further validation of such effects in clinical studies is yet to be provided.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabrizio Montecucco
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genoa - Italian Cardiovascular Network, Genoa, Italy.,First Clinic of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Federico Carbone
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genoa - Italian Cardiovascular Network, Genoa, Italy.,First Clinic of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Suowen Xu
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | | | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA, Tehran, Iran.,Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute (PMMHRI), Lodz, Poland
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24
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Ahmadi M, Amiri S, Pecic S, Machaj F, Rosik J, Łos MJ, Alizadeh J, Mahdian R, da Silva Rosa SC, Schaafsma D, Shojaei S, Madrakian T, Zeki AA, Ghavami S. Pleiotropic effects of statins: A focus on cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165968. [PMID: 32927022 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The statin drugs ('statins') potently inhibit hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase by competitively blocking the active site of the enzyme. Statins decrease de novo cholesterol biosynthesis and thereby reduce plasma cholesterol levels. Statins exhibit "pleiotropic" properties that are independent of their lipid-lowering effects. For example, preclinical evidence suggests that statins inhibit tumor growth and induce apoptosis in specific cancer cell types. Furthermore, statins show chemo-sensitizing effects by impairing Ras family GTPase signaling. However, whether statins have clinically meaningful anti-cancer effects remains an area of active investigation. Both preclinical and clinical studies on the potential mechanisms of action of statins in several cancers have been reviewed in the literature. Considering the contradictory data on their efficacy, we present an up-to-date summary of the pleiotropic effects of statins in cancer therapy and review their impact on different malignancies. We also discuss the synergistic anti-cancer effects of statins when combined with other more conventional anti-cancer drugs to highlight areas of potential therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazaher Ahmadi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Shayan Amiri
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, R4046 - 351 Taché Ave, Winnipeg, Manitoba R2H 2A6, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Stevan Pecic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Fullerton, CA, USA
| | - Filip Machaj
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Department of Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Poland
| | - Jakub Rosik
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Department of Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Poland
| | - Marek J Łos
- Biotechnology Center, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Javad Alizadeh
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Biology of Breathing Theme, Children Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Reza Mahdian
- Molecular Medicine Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Simone C da Silva Rosa
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | | | - Shahla Shojaei
- College of Pharmacy, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Tayyebeh Madrakian
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Amir A Zeki
- University of California, Davis School of Medicine. Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine. U.C. Davis Lung Center, Davis, California, USA; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Mather, California, USA
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Health Policy Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Research Institute of Oncology and Hematology, Cancer Care Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
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25
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He T, Wildey G, McColl K, Savadelis A, Spainhower K, McColl C, Kresak A, Tan AC, Yang M, Abbas A, Dowlati A. Identification of RUNX1T1 as a potential epigenetic modifier in small-cell lung cancer. Mol Oncol 2020; 15:195-209. [PMID: 33084222 PMCID: PMC7782087 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) can be subgrouped into common 'pure' and rare 'combined' SCLC (c-SCLC). c-SCLC features a mixed tumor histology of both SCLC and non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We performed targeted exome sequencing on 90 patients with SCLC, including two with c-SCLC, and discovered RUNX1T1 amplification specific to small cell tumors of both patients with c-SCLC, but in only 2 of 88 'pure' SCLC patients. RUNX1T1 was first identified in the fusion transcript AML1/ETO, which occurs in 12%-15% of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). We further show higher expression of RUNX1T1 in the SCLC component of another c-SCLC tumor by in situ hybridization. RUNX1T1 expression was enriched in SCLC compared with all other cancers, including NSCLC, in both cell lines and tumor specimens, as shown by mRNA level and western blotting. Transcriptomic analysis of hallmark genes decreased by stable RUNX1T1 overexpression revealed a significant change in E2F targets. Validation experiments in multiple lung cancer cell lines showed that RUNX1T1 overexpression consistently decreased CDKN1A (p21) expression and increased E2F transcriptional activity, which is commonly altered in SCLC. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) in these overexpressing cells demonstrated that RUNX1T1 interacts with the CDKN1A (p21) promoter region, which displayed parallel reductions in histone 3 acetylation. Furthermore, reduced p21 expression could be dramatically restored by HDAC inhibition using Trichostatin A. Reanalysis of ChIP-seq data in Kasumi-1 AML cells showed that knockdown of the RUNX1T1 fusion protein was associated with increased global acetylation, including the CDKN1A (p21) promoter. Thus, our study identifies RUNX1T1 as a biomarker and potential epigenetic regulator of SCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian He
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Gary Wildey
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Karen McColl
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Alyssa Savadelis
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Kyle Spainhower
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Cassidy McColl
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Adam Kresak
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Aik Choon Tan
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Michael Yang
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ata Abbas
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Afshin Dowlati
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.,University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
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26
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Carter P, Vithayathil M, Kar S, Potluri R, Mason AM, Larsson SC, Burgess S. Predicting the effect of statins on cancer risk using genetic variants from a Mendelian randomization study in the UK Biobank. eLife 2020; 9:57191. [PMID: 33046214 PMCID: PMC7553780 DOI: 10.7554/elife.57191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Laboratory studies have suggested oncogenic roles of lipids, as well as anticarcinogenic effects of statins. Here we assess the potential effect of statin therapy on cancer risk using evidence from human genetics. We obtained associations of lipid-related genetic variants with the risk of overall and 22 site-specific cancers for 367,703 individuals in the UK Biobank. In total, 75,037 individuals had a cancer event. Variants in the HMGCR gene region, which represent proxies for statin treatment, were associated with overall cancer risk (odds ratio [OR] per one standard deviation decrease in low-density lipoprotein [LDL] cholesterol 0.76, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.65-0.88, p=0.0003) but variants in gene regions representing alternative lipid-lowering treatment targets (PCSK9, LDLR, NPC1L1, APOC3, LPL) were not. Genetically predicted LDL-cholesterol was not associated with overall cancer risk (OR per standard deviation increase 1.01, 95% CI 0.98-1.05, p=0.50). Our results predict that statins reduce cancer risk but other lipid-lowering treatments do not. This suggests that statins reduce cancer risk through a cholesterol independent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Carter
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Siddhartha Kar
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.,Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Rahul Potluri
- ACALM Study Unit, Aston Medical School, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Amy M Mason
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Susanna C Larsson
- Unit of Cardiovascular and Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stephen Burgess
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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27
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Vaidya GN, Rana P, Venkatesh A, Chatterjee DR, Contractor D, Satpute DP, Nagpure M, Jain A, Kumar D. Paradigm shift of "classical" HDAC inhibitors to "hybrid" HDAC inhibitors in therapeutic interventions. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 209:112844. [PMID: 33143937 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
'Epigenetic' regulation of genes via post-translational modulation of proteins is the current mainstay approach for the disease therapies, particularly explored in the Histone Deacetylase (HDAC) class of enzymes. Mainly sight saw in cancer chemotherapeutics, HDAC inhibitors have also found a promising role in other diseases (neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and viral infections) and successfully entered in various combination therapies (pre-clinical/clinical stages). The prevalent flexibility in the structural design of HDAC inhibitors makes them easily tuneable to merge with other pharmacophore modules for generating multi-targeted single hybrids as a novel tactic to overcome drawbacks of polypharmacy. Herein, we reviewed the putative role of prevalent HDAC hybrids inhibitors in the current and prospective stage as a translational approach to overcome the limitations of the existing conventional drug candidates (parent molecule) when used either alone (drug resistance, solubility issues, adverse side effects, selectivity profile) or in combination (pharmacokinetic interactions, patient compliance) for treating various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gargi Nikhil Vaidya
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) - Ahmedabad, Palaj, Gandhinagar, 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Pooja Rana
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) - Ahmedabad, Palaj, Gandhinagar, 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Ashwini Venkatesh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) - Ahmedabad, Palaj, Gandhinagar, 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Deep Rohan Chatterjee
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) - Ahmedabad, Palaj, Gandhinagar, 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Darshan Contractor
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) - Ahmedabad, Palaj, Gandhinagar, 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Dinesh Parshuram Satpute
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) - Ahmedabad, Palaj, Gandhinagar, 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Mithilesh Nagpure
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) - Ahmedabad, Palaj, Gandhinagar, 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Alok Jain
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) - Ahmedabad, Palaj, Gandhinagar, 382355, Gujarat, India; Department of Bio-Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, India.
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) - Ahmedabad, Palaj, Gandhinagar, 382355, Gujarat, India.
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Abstract
Statins, known as HMG-CoA reductase (HMGCR) inhibitors, have primarily been utilized for metabolic and angiographic medical applications because of their cholesterol-lowering effects. Similar to other drugs, statins may also induce a series of potential side effects. Statins inhibit the HMGCR (rate-limiting enzyme) activity in early stages of mevalonate pathway and then indirectly affect a number of intermediate products, including non-sterol isoprenoids (coenzyme Q10, dolichol etc.), which can result in impaired functions of body organs. Recently, scores of studies have uncovered additional functional mechanisms of statins in other diseases, such as diabetes mellitus, nervous system diseases, coronary heart disease, inflammation and cancers. This review aims to summarize the positive and adverse mechanisms of statin therapy. Statin care should be taken in the treatment of many diseases including cancers. Since the underlying mechanisms are not fully elucidated, future studies should spend more time and efforts on basic research to explore the mechanisms of statins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qijia Zhang
- Digestive internal medicine and Department of infectious diseases, Zhuhai Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Zhuhai, China
| | - Jianlong Dong
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Ze Yu
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou, China
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29
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Di Bello E, Zwergel C, Mai A, Valente S. The Innovative Potential of Statins in Cancer: New Targets for New Therapies. Front Chem 2020; 8:516. [PMID: 32626692 PMCID: PMC7312214 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous and different types of cancers possess the dysregulation of the mevalonate pathway as a common feature. Statins, traditionally applied in cardiovascular diseases to reduce lipid levels, subsequently have been discovered to exhibit anti-cancer activities also. Indeed, statins influence proliferation, migration, and survival of cancer cells by regulating crucial signaling proteins, such as Rho, Ras, and Rac. Recently, several studies have demonstrated that simvastatin, fluvastatin, and lovastatin are implicated in different pathways that enhance the survival time of patients with cancer under treatment in combination with antineoplastic agents. In this minireview, we present an overview of the most important studies conducted regarding the use of statins in cancer therapy up to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Di Bello
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Clemens Zwergel
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Department of Precision Medicine, Luigi Vanvitelli, University of Campania, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonello Mai
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Sergio Valente
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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30
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Tutuska K, Parrilla-Monge L, Di Cesare E, Nemajerova A, Moll UM. Statin as anti-cancer therapy in autochthonous T-lymphomas expressing stabilized gain-of-function mutant p53 proteins. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:274. [PMID: 32332697 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2466-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
An important component of missense mutant p53 gain-of-function (mutp53 GOF) activities is the ability of stabilized mutp53 proteins to upregulate the mevalonate pathway, providing a rationale for exploring the statin family of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors as anticancer agents in mutp53 tumors. In this small exploratory study we report on the effects of statin treatment in autochthonous mouse models of clinically advanced T-cell lymphoma expressing two different GOF mutp53 alleles. We find that Rosuvastatin monotherapy shows a modest, p53 allele-selective and transient anti-tumor effect in autochthonous T-lymphomas expressing the p53 R248Q DNA contact mutant, but not in tumors expressing the p53 R172H conformational mutant. p53 null mice also do not benefit. In vitro statin sensitivity is not a strong predictor for in vivo sensitivity, while subcutaneous allografts are. Future explorations of statins in combination therapies are justified to improve its anti-tumor effects and to better define the most statin-sensitive alleles and tumor types among mutp53-stabilized cancers.
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31
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Göbel A, Rauner M, Hofbauer LC, Rachner TD. Cholesterol and beyond - The role of the mevalonate pathway in cancer biology. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1873:188351. [PMID: 32007596 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a multifaceted global disease. Transformation of a normal to a malignant cell takes several steps, including somatic mutations, epigenetic alterations, metabolic reprogramming and loss of cell growth control. Recently, the mevalonate pathway has emerged as a crucial regulator of tumor biology and a potential therapeutic target. This pathway controls cholesterol production and posttranslational modifications of Rho-GTPases, both of which are linked to several key steps of tumor progression. Inhibitors of the mevalonate pathway induce pleiotropic antitumor-effects in several human malignancies, identifying the pathway as an attractive candidate for novel therapies. In this review, we will provide an overview about the role and regulation of the mevalonate pathway in certain aspects of cancer initiation and progression and its potential for therapeutic intervention in oncology.
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32
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Huang SW, Chyuan IT, Shiue C, Yu MC, Hsu YF, Hsu MJ. Lovastatin-mediated MCF-7 cancer cell death involves LKB1-AMPK-p38MAPK-p53-survivin signalling cascade. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 24:1822-1836. [PMID: 31821701 PMCID: PMC6991643 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that statins, which are widely used in lowering serum cholesterol and the incidence of cardiovascular diseases, also exhibits anti‐tumour properties. The underlying mechanisms by which statins‐induced cancer cell death, however, remain incompletely understood. In this study, we explored the anti‐tumour mechanisms of a lipophilic statin, lovastatin, in MCF‐7 breast cancer cells. Lovastatin inhibited cell proliferation and induced cell apoptosis. Lovastatin caused p21 elevation while reduced cyclin D1 and survivin levels. Lovastatin also increased p53 phosphorylation, acetylation and its reporter activities. Results from chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis showed that p53 binding to the survivin promoter region was increased, while Sp1 binding to the region was decreased, in MCF‐7 cells after lovastatin exposure. These actions were associated with liver kinase B1 (LKB1), AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) and p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (p38MAPK) activation. Lovastatin's enhancing effects on p53 activation, p21 elevation and survivin reduction were significantly reduced in the presence of p38MAPK signalling inhibitor. Furthermore, LKB1‐AMPK signalling blockade abrogated lovastatin‐induced p38MAPK and p53 phosphorylation. Together these results suggest that lovastatin may activate LKB1‐AMPK‐p38MAPK‐p53‐survivin cascade to cause MCF‐7 cell death. The present study establishes, at least in part, the signalling cascade by which lovastatin induces breast cancer cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiu-Wen Huang
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I-Tsu Chyuan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching Shiue
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Chieh Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Fen Hsu
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Landseed Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jen Hsu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Cell Physiology and Molecular Image Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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33
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Abstract
Context: Ephedrae Herba (EH), the dried stems and leaves of Ephedra sinica Stapf., E. intermedia Schrenk et C. A. Mey., or E. equisetina Bge. (Ephedraceae [Ephedra]) is used to treat respiratory diseases. Recently, especially in the Republic of Korea, EH has also been used for weight reduction. Objective: We evaluated the effects and molecular targets of methanol EH extract (EHM) on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced hyperlipidemic ICR mice. Materials and methods: EHM was orally administered (100 mg/kg body weight/day) for 3 weeks. We observed changes in body weight (BW), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and triglycerides to evaluate the physiological changes induced by HFD or EHM administration. To evaluate lipid peroxidation and liver toxicity, malondialdehyde and blood alanine aminotransferase levels were measured. In addition to analyzing liver gene expression profiles, EHM target proteins were identified using a protein interaction database. Results: EHM administration for 3 weeks significantly (p < 0.05) decreased TC and triglyceride levels without altering BW in mice, and gene expression levels in the livers of EHM-treated mice were restored at 34.0% and 48.4% of those up- or down-regulated by hyperlipidaemia, respectively. Proteins related to DNA repair and energy metabolism were identified via protein interaction network analysis as molecular targets of EHM that play key roles in ameliorating hyperlipidaemia. Discussion and conclusions: EHM regulated hyperlipidaemia by decreasing total blood lipid and triglyceride levels in hyperlipidaemic mice. EHM showed preventive effects against hyperlipidaemia in mice, possibly via the regulation of DNA repair and the expression of energy metabolism-related genes and proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Eun Lee
- Department of Korean Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Chiyeon Lim
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Dongguk University, Republic of Korea
| | - Sehyun Lim
- Department of Nursing Science, School of Public Health, Far East University, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoungho Lee
- Department of Nursing Science, School of Public Health, Far East University, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Suin Cho
- Department of Korean Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
- CONTACT Suin Cho School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Beomeo-ri, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan City, Gyeongnam 50612, Republic of Korea
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34
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Kumar V, Joshi T, Vatsa N, Singh BK, Jana NR. Simvastatin Restores HDAC1/2 Activity and Improves Behavioral Deficits in Angelman Syndrome Model Mouse. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:289. [PMID: 31849603 PMCID: PMC6901934 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Angelman syndrome (AS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder categorized by severe disability in intellectual functions and affected by the loss of function of maternally inherited UBE3A gene. Mice deficient for the maternal Ube3a recapitulates many distinguishing behavioral features of the AS and is used as a typical model system to understand the disease pathogenic mechanism. Here, we first show a significant increase in HDAC1 and HDAC2 activities in AS mice brain from as early as embryonic day 16(E16). In depth study further reveals that the deficiency of Ube3a leads to transcriptional up-regulation of both HDAC1 and HDAC2. Restoration of HDAC1 and HDAC2 activities (as evident from the increased acetylation of histones H3 and H4) using simvastatin significantly improves the cognitive deficit and social interaction behavior in AS mice. Simvastatin treatment also restores the reduced level of BDNF in AS mice brain. Finally, we demonstrate that the treatment of simvastatin to primary cortical neuronal culture prepared from AS mice embryo also rescues altered acetylation of histones H3 and H4 and the level of BDNF. These results suggest that simvastatin could be a promising drug for the treatment of AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipendra Kumar
- Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience Laboratory, National Brain Research Centre, Gurgaon, India
| | - Tripti Joshi
- Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience Laboratory, National Brain Research Centre, Gurgaon, India
| | - Naman Vatsa
- Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience Laboratory, National Brain Research Centre, Gurgaon, India
| | - Brijesh Kumar Singh
- Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience Laboratory, National Brain Research Centre, Gurgaon, India
| | - Nihar Ranjan Jana
- Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience Laboratory, National Brain Research Centre, Gurgaon, India.,School of Bioscience, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India
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35
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Chen CJ, Ding D, Ironside N, Buell TJ, Elder LJ, Warren A, Adams AP, Ratcliffe SJ, James RF, Naval NS, Worrall BB, Johnston KC, Southerland AM. Statins for neuroprotection in spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology 2019; 93:1056-1066. [PMID: 31712367 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000008627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins, a common drug class for treatment of dyslipidemia, may be neuroprotective for spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) by targeting secondary brain injury pathways in the surrounding brain parenchyma. Statin-mediated neuroprotection may stem from downregulation of mevalonate and its derivatives, targeting key cell signaling pathways that control proliferation, adhesion, migration, cytokine production, and reactive oxygen species generation. Preclinical studies have consistently demonstrated the neuroprotective and recovery enhancement effects of statins, including improved neurologic function, reduced cerebral edema, increased angiogenesis and neurogenesis, accelerated hematoma clearance, and decreased inflammatory cell infiltration. Retrospective clinical studies have reported reduced perihematomal edema, lower mortality rates, and improved functional outcomes in patients who were taking statins before ICH. Several clinical studies have also observed lower mortality rates and improved functional outcomes in patients who were continued or initiated on statins after ICH. Subgroup analysis of a previous randomized trial has raised concerns of a potentially elevated risk of recurrent ICH in patients with previous hemorrhagic stroke who are administered statins. However, most statin trials failed to show an association between statin use and increased hemorrhagic stroke risk. Variable statin dosing, statin use in the pre-ICH setting, and selection biases have limited rigorous investigation of the effects of statins on post-ICH outcomes. Future prospective trials are needed to investigate the association between statin use and outcomes in ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Jen Chen
- From the Department of Neurological Surgery (C.-J.C., N.I., T.J.B.), University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA; Department of Neurological Surgery (D.D., R.F.J.), University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY; Clinical Trials Office (L.J.E., A.W.), University of Virginia School of Medicine; Department of Pharmacology (A.P.A.), University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA; Department of Public Health Sciences (S.J.R., B.B.W., A.M.S.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA; Department of Neurosurgery (N.S.N.), Baptist Health, Jacksonville, FL; and Department of Neurology (B.B.W., K.C.J., A.M.S.), University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA.
| | - Dale Ding
- From the Department of Neurological Surgery (C.-J.C., N.I., T.J.B.), University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA; Department of Neurological Surgery (D.D., R.F.J.), University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY; Clinical Trials Office (L.J.E., A.W.), University of Virginia School of Medicine; Department of Pharmacology (A.P.A.), University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA; Department of Public Health Sciences (S.J.R., B.B.W., A.M.S.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA; Department of Neurosurgery (N.S.N.), Baptist Health, Jacksonville, FL; and Department of Neurology (B.B.W., K.C.J., A.M.S.), University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Natasha Ironside
- From the Department of Neurological Surgery (C.-J.C., N.I., T.J.B.), University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA; Department of Neurological Surgery (D.D., R.F.J.), University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY; Clinical Trials Office (L.J.E., A.W.), University of Virginia School of Medicine; Department of Pharmacology (A.P.A.), University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA; Department of Public Health Sciences (S.J.R., B.B.W., A.M.S.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA; Department of Neurosurgery (N.S.N.), Baptist Health, Jacksonville, FL; and Department of Neurology (B.B.W., K.C.J., A.M.S.), University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Thomas J Buell
- From the Department of Neurological Surgery (C.-J.C., N.I., T.J.B.), University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA; Department of Neurological Surgery (D.D., R.F.J.), University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY; Clinical Trials Office (L.J.E., A.W.), University of Virginia School of Medicine; Department of Pharmacology (A.P.A.), University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA; Department of Public Health Sciences (S.J.R., B.B.W., A.M.S.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA; Department of Neurosurgery (N.S.N.), Baptist Health, Jacksonville, FL; and Department of Neurology (B.B.W., K.C.J., A.M.S.), University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Lori J Elder
- From the Department of Neurological Surgery (C.-J.C., N.I., T.J.B.), University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA; Department of Neurological Surgery (D.D., R.F.J.), University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY; Clinical Trials Office (L.J.E., A.W.), University of Virginia School of Medicine; Department of Pharmacology (A.P.A.), University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA; Department of Public Health Sciences (S.J.R., B.B.W., A.M.S.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA; Department of Neurosurgery (N.S.N.), Baptist Health, Jacksonville, FL; and Department of Neurology (B.B.W., K.C.J., A.M.S.), University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Amy Warren
- From the Department of Neurological Surgery (C.-J.C., N.I., T.J.B.), University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA; Department of Neurological Surgery (D.D., R.F.J.), University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY; Clinical Trials Office (L.J.E., A.W.), University of Virginia School of Medicine; Department of Pharmacology (A.P.A.), University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA; Department of Public Health Sciences (S.J.R., B.B.W., A.M.S.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA; Department of Neurosurgery (N.S.N.), Baptist Health, Jacksonville, FL; and Department of Neurology (B.B.W., K.C.J., A.M.S.), University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Amy P Adams
- From the Department of Neurological Surgery (C.-J.C., N.I., T.J.B.), University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA; Department of Neurological Surgery (D.D., R.F.J.), University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY; Clinical Trials Office (L.J.E., A.W.), University of Virginia School of Medicine; Department of Pharmacology (A.P.A.), University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA; Department of Public Health Sciences (S.J.R., B.B.W., A.M.S.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA; Department of Neurosurgery (N.S.N.), Baptist Health, Jacksonville, FL; and Department of Neurology (B.B.W., K.C.J., A.M.S.), University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Sarah J Ratcliffe
- From the Department of Neurological Surgery (C.-J.C., N.I., T.J.B.), University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA; Department of Neurological Surgery (D.D., R.F.J.), University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY; Clinical Trials Office (L.J.E., A.W.), University of Virginia School of Medicine; Department of Pharmacology (A.P.A.), University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA; Department of Public Health Sciences (S.J.R., B.B.W., A.M.S.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA; Department of Neurosurgery (N.S.N.), Baptist Health, Jacksonville, FL; and Department of Neurology (B.B.W., K.C.J., A.M.S.), University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Robert F James
- From the Department of Neurological Surgery (C.-J.C., N.I., T.J.B.), University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA; Department of Neurological Surgery (D.D., R.F.J.), University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY; Clinical Trials Office (L.J.E., A.W.), University of Virginia School of Medicine; Department of Pharmacology (A.P.A.), University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA; Department of Public Health Sciences (S.J.R., B.B.W., A.M.S.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA; Department of Neurosurgery (N.S.N.), Baptist Health, Jacksonville, FL; and Department of Neurology (B.B.W., K.C.J., A.M.S.), University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Neeraj S Naval
- From the Department of Neurological Surgery (C.-J.C., N.I., T.J.B.), University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA; Department of Neurological Surgery (D.D., R.F.J.), University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY; Clinical Trials Office (L.J.E., A.W.), University of Virginia School of Medicine; Department of Pharmacology (A.P.A.), University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA; Department of Public Health Sciences (S.J.R., B.B.W., A.M.S.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA; Department of Neurosurgery (N.S.N.), Baptist Health, Jacksonville, FL; and Department of Neurology (B.B.W., K.C.J., A.M.S.), University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Bradford B Worrall
- From the Department of Neurological Surgery (C.-J.C., N.I., T.J.B.), University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA; Department of Neurological Surgery (D.D., R.F.J.), University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY; Clinical Trials Office (L.J.E., A.W.), University of Virginia School of Medicine; Department of Pharmacology (A.P.A.), University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA; Department of Public Health Sciences (S.J.R., B.B.W., A.M.S.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA; Department of Neurosurgery (N.S.N.), Baptist Health, Jacksonville, FL; and Department of Neurology (B.B.W., K.C.J., A.M.S.), University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Karen C Johnston
- From the Department of Neurological Surgery (C.-J.C., N.I., T.J.B.), University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA; Department of Neurological Surgery (D.D., R.F.J.), University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY; Clinical Trials Office (L.J.E., A.W.), University of Virginia School of Medicine; Department of Pharmacology (A.P.A.), University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA; Department of Public Health Sciences (S.J.R., B.B.W., A.M.S.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA; Department of Neurosurgery (N.S.N.), Baptist Health, Jacksonville, FL; and Department of Neurology (B.B.W., K.C.J., A.M.S.), University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Andrew M Southerland
- From the Department of Neurological Surgery (C.-J.C., N.I., T.J.B.), University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA; Department of Neurological Surgery (D.D., R.F.J.), University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY; Clinical Trials Office (L.J.E., A.W.), University of Virginia School of Medicine; Department of Pharmacology (A.P.A.), University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA; Department of Public Health Sciences (S.J.R., B.B.W., A.M.S.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA; Department of Neurosurgery (N.S.N.), Baptist Health, Jacksonville, FL; and Department of Neurology (B.B.W., K.C.J., A.M.S.), University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA
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Karmaus PW, Shi M, Perl S, Biancotto A, Candia J, Cheung F, Kotliarov Y, Young N, Fessler MB. Effects of rosuvastatin on the immune system in healthy volunteers with normal serum cholesterol. JCI Insight 2019; 4:131530. [PMID: 31573980 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.131530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDHMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) are prescribed to millions of people. Statins are antiinflammatory independent of their cholesterol-reducing effects. To date, most reports on the immune effects of statins have assayed a narrow array of variables and have focused on cell lines, rodent models, or patient cohorts. We sought to define the effect of rosuvastatin on the "immunome" of healthy, normocholesterolemic subjects.METHODSWe conducted a prospective study of rosuvastatin (20 mg/d × 28 days) in 18 statin-naive adults with LDL cholesterol <130 mg/dL. A panel of >180 immune/biochemical/endocrinologic variables was measured at baseline and on days 14, 28, and 42 (14 days after drug withdrawal). Drug effect was evaluated using linear mixed-effects models. Potential interactions between drug and baseline high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) were evaluated.RESULTSA wide array of immune measures changed (nominal P < 0.05) during rosuvastatin treatment, although the changes were modest in magnitude, and few met an FDR of 0.05. Among changes noted were a concordant increase in proinflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-5, IL-6, and TNF-α) and peripheral blood neutrophil frequency, and a decline in activated Treg frequency. Several drug effects were significantly modified by baseline hsCRP, and some did not resolve after drug withdrawal. Among other unexpected rosuvastatin effects were changes in erythrocyte indices, glucose-regulatory hormones, CD8+ T cells, and haptoglobin.CONCLUSIONRosuvastatin induces modest changes in immunologic and metabolic measures in normocholesterolemic subjects, with several effects dependent on baseline CRP. Future, larger studies are warranted to validate these changes and their physiological significance.TRIAL REGISTRATIONClinicalTrials.gov NCT01200836.FUNDINGThis research was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the NIH, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (Z01 ES102005), and the trans-NIH Center for Human Immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Min Shi
- Biostatistics & Computational Biology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Shira Perl
- Trans-NIH Center for Human Immunology, Autoimmunity, and Inflammation, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Angélique Biancotto
- Trans-NIH Center for Human Immunology, Autoimmunity, and Inflammation, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Julián Candia
- Trans-NIH Center for Human Immunology, Autoimmunity, and Inflammation, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Foo Cheung
- Trans-NIH Center for Human Immunology, Autoimmunity, and Inflammation, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yuri Kotliarov
- Trans-NIH Center for Human Immunology, Autoimmunity, and Inflammation, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Neal Young
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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- The CHI Consortium is detailed in the supplemental material
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Abstract
Identifying novel therapeutics for the treatment of substance use disorder (SUD) is an area of intensive investigation. Prior strategies that have attempted to modify one or a few neurotransmitter receptors have had limited success, and currently there are no FDA-approved medications for the treatment of cocaine, methamphetamine, and marijuana use disorders. Because drugs of abuse are known to alter the expression of numerous genes in reward-related brain regions, epigenetic-based therapies have emerged as intriguing targets for therapeutic innovation. Here, I evaluate potential therapeutic approaches and challenges in targeting epigenetic factors for the treatment of SUD and highlight examples of promising strategies and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory C Sartor
- University of Connecticut, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 69 N. Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269, United States.
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38
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Fang H, Du G, Wu Q, Liu R, Chen C, Feng J. HDAC inhibitors induce proline dehydrogenase (POX) transcription and anti-apoptotic autophagy in triple negative breast cancer. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2019; 51:1064-1070. [PMID: 31559416 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmz097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most aggressive subtype of breast cancer with poor clinical outcomes and without effective targeted therapies. Numerous studies have suggested that HDAC inhibitors (TSA/SAHA) may be effective in TNBCs. Proline oxidase, also known as proline dehydrogenase (POX/PRODH), is a key enzyme in the proline metabolism pathway and plays a vital role in tumorigenesis. In this study, we found that HDAC inhibitors (TSA/SAHA) significantly increased POX expression and autophagy through activating AMPK. Depletion of POX decreased autophagy and increased apoptosis induced by HDAC inhibitors in TNBC cells. These results suggest that POX contributes to cell survival under chemotherapeutic stresses and might serve as a potential target for treatment of TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Fang
- Medical College, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China
- Anhui University of Science and Technology Affiliated Fengxian Hospital, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming , China
| | - Guangshi Du
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming , China
| | - Qiuju Wu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming , China
| | - Rong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming , China
| | - Ceshi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming , China
| | - Jing Feng
- Anhui University of Science and Technology Affiliated Fengxian Hospital, Shanghai, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Central Laboratory, Southern Medical University Affiliated Fengxian Hospital, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital South Campus, Shanghai, China
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39
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Bridgeman S, Northrop W, Ellison G, Sabapathy T, Melton PE, Newsholme P, Mamotte CDS. Statins Do Not Directly Inhibit the Activity of Major Epigenetic Modifying Enzymes. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E516. [PMID: 30974899 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11040516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential anticancer effects of statins-a widely used class of cholesterol lowering drugs-has generated significant interest, as has the use of epigenetic modifying drugs such as HDAC and DNMT inhibitors. We set out to investigate the effect of statin drugs on epigenetic modifications in multiple cell lines, including hepatocellular carcinoma, breast carcinoma, leukemic macrophages, cervical adenocarcinoma, and insulin-secreting cells, as well as liver extracts from statin-treated C57B1/6J mice. Cells or cell extracts were treated with statins and with established epigenetic modulators, and HDAC, HAT, and DNMT activities were quantified. We also examined histone acetylation by immunoblotting. Statins altered neither HDAC nor HAT activity. Accordingly, acetylation of histones H3 and H4 was unchanged with statin treatment. However, statins tended to increase DNMT activity. These results indicate that direct inhibition of the major classes of epigenetic modifying enzymes, as previously reported elsewhere, is unlikely to contribute to any anticancer effects of statins. This study concerned global effects on epigenetic enzyme activities and histone acetylation; whether statins influence epigenetic modifications in certain genomic regions, cannot be ruled out and remains to be investigated.
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40
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Lin CK, Liu ST, Chang CC, Huang SM. Regulatory mechanisms of fluvastatin and lovastatin for the p21 induction in human cervical cancer HeLa cells. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214408. [PMID: 30939155 PMCID: PMC6445431 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
p21, an inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinase, functions as an oncogene or tumor suppressor depending on the context of a variety of extracellular and intracellular signals. The expression of p21 could be regulated at the transcriptional and/or post-translational levels. The p21 gene is well-known to be regulated in both p53-dependent and -independent manners. However, the detailed regulatory mechanisms of p21 messenger RNA and protein expression via statins remain unknown, and the possible application of statins as anticancer reagents remains to be controversial. Our data showed that the statins-fluvastatin and lovastatin-induced p21 expression as general histone deacetylase inhibitors in a p53-independent manner, which is mediated through various pathways, such as apoptosis, autophagy, cell cycle progression, and DNA damage, to be involved in the function of p21 in HeLa cells. The curative effect repositioning of digoxin, a cardiovascular medication, was combined with fluvastatin and lovastatin, and the results further implied that p21 induction is involved in a p53-dependent and p53-independent manner. Digoxin modified the effects of statins on ATF3, p21, p53, and cyclin D1 expression, while fluvastatin boosted its DNA damage effect and lovastatin impeded its DNA damage effect. Fluvastatin and lovastatin combined with digoxin further support the localization specificity of their interactivity with our subcellular localization data. This study will not only clarify the regulatory mechanisms of p21 induction by statins but will also shed light on the repurposing of widely cardiovascular medications for the treatment of cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Kang Lin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei City, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shu-Ting Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei City, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Chang Chang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei City, Taiwan, Republic of China
- * E-mail: (C-CC); (S-MH)
| | - Shih-Ming Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei City, Taiwan, Republic of China
- * E-mail: (C-CC); (S-MH)
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Kolli RT, Glenn TC, Brown BT, Kaur SP, Barnett LM, Lash LH, Cummings BS. Bromate-induced Changes in p21 DNA Methylation and Histone Acetylation in Renal Cells. Toxicol Sci 2019; 168:460-473. [PMID: 30649504 PMCID: PMC6432867 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Bromate (BrO3-) is a water disinfection byproduct (DBP) previously shown to induce nephrotoxicity in vitro and in vivo. We recently showed that inhibitors of DNA methyltransferase 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-Aza) and histone deacetylase trichostatin A (TSA) increased BrO3- nephrotoxicity whereas altering the expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21. Human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293) and normal rat kidney (NRK) cells were sub-chronically exposed to BrO3- or epigenetic inhibitors for 18 days, followed by 9 days of withdrawal. DNA methylation was studied using a modification of bisulfite amplicon sequencing called targeted gene bisulfite sequencing. Basal promoter methylation in the human p21 promoter region was substantially lower than that of the rat DNA. Furthermore, 5-Aza decreased DNA methylation in HEK293 cells at the sis-inducible element at 3 distinct CpG sites located at 691, 855, and 895 bp upstream of transcription start site (TSS). 5-Aza also decreased methylation at the rat p21 promoter about 250 bp upstream of the p21 TSS. In contrast, sub-chronic BrO3- exposure failed to alter methylation in human or rat renal cells. BrO3- exposure altered histone acetylation in NRK cells at the p21 TSS, but not in HEK293 cells. Interestingly, changes in DNA methylation induced by 5-Aza persisted after its removal; however, TSA- and BrO3--induced histone hyperacetylation returned to basal levels after 3 days of withdrawal. These data demonstrate novel sites within the p21 gene that are epigenetically regulated and further show that significant differences exist in the epigenetic landscape between rat and human p21, especially with regards to toxicant-induced changes in histone acetylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramya T Kolli
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences
- Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Building 101, 111 TW Alexander Drive, Durham, NC 27709
| | - Travis C Glenn
- Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program
- Environmental Health Science
| | - Bradley T Brown
- College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | | | - Lillie M Barnett
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences
- Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program
| | - Lawrence H Lash
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201
| | - Brian S Cummings
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences
- Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program
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42
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Chang CC, Huang KH, Hsu SP, Lee YCG, Sue YM, Juan SH. Simvastatin reduces the carcinogenic effect of 3-methylcholanthrene in renal epithelial cells through histone deacetylase 1 inhibition and RhoA reactivation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4606. [PMID: 30872677 PMCID: PMC6418087 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40757-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic effects of simvastatin for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) are controversial. In this study, the effects of simvastatin on the carcinogenic properties of 3-methylcholanthrene (3MC; an aryl-hydrocarbon receptor [AhR] agonist) in human renal epithelial cells (hRECs) were investigated. We exposed in vitro and in vivo models to 3MC to induce RCC onset. 3MC upregulated the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and tumor biomarkers; the models exhibited the reciprocal expression of histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) and RhoA, namely increased HDAC1 and decreased RhoA expression, through hypoxia-inducible-factor (HIF)- and AhR-dependent mechanisms. In addition to inducing EMT biomarkers, 3MC decreased von Hippel-Lindau protein levels (a risk factor for RCC) and increased CD44 expression in hRECs, which were reversed by digoxin (a HIF inhibitor) and HDAC inhibitors (suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid and trichostatin A [TSA]). Simvastatin abolished the detrimental effects of 3MC by reducing HDAC1 expression, with resulting RhoA upregulation, and reactivating RhoA in vitro and in vivo. Notably, the protective effects of simvastatin were negated by an HDAC activator (ITSA) through TSA suppression. The crucial role of RhoA in RCC carcinogenesis was verified by the overexpression of constitutively active RhoA. Collectively, these results demonstrate that simvastatin restores RhoA function through HDAC1 inhibition; therefore, simvastatin might serve as adjunct therapy for RCC induced by 3MC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Cheng Chang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-How Huang
- National Taiwan University Hospital; Department of Urology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University; and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Po Hsu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Chii G Lee
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Mou Sue
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Hui Juan
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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43
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Lüthje P, Walker S, Kamolvit W, Mohanty S, Pütsep K, Brauner A. Statins influence epithelial expression of the anti-microbial peptide LL-37/hCAP-18 independently of the mevalonate pathway. Clin Exp Immunol 2018; 195:265-276. [PMID: 30216432 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-microbial resistance increases among bacterial pathogens and new therapeutic avenues needs to be explored. Boosting innate immune mechanisms could be one attractive alternative in the defence against infectious diseases. The cholesterol-lowering drugs, statins, have been demonstrated to also affect the immune system. Here we investigate the effect of statins on the expression of the human cathelicidin anti-microbial peptide (CAMP) LL-37/hCAP-18 [encoded by the CAMP gene] and explore the underlying mechanisms in four epithelial cell lines of different origin. Simvastatin induced CAMP expression in bladder epithelial cells telomerase-immortalized uroepithelial cells (TERT-NHUCs), intestinal cells HT-29 and keratinocytes HEKa, but not in airway epithelial cells A549. Gene induction in HEKa cells was reversible by mevalonate, while this effect was independent of the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway in TERT-NHUCs. Instead, inhibition of histone deacetylases by simvastatin seems to be involved. For HT-29 cells, both mechanisms may contribute. In addition, simvastatin increased transcription of the vitamin D-activating enzyme CYP27B1 which, in turn, may activate LL-37/hCAP-18 production. Taken together, simvastatin is able to promote the expression of LL-37/hCAP-18, but cell line-specific differences in efficacy and the involved signalling pathways exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Lüthje
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S Walker
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - W Kamolvit
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S Mohanty
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - K Pütsep
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Brauner
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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44
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Mollazadeh H, Atkin SL, Butler AE, Ruscica M, Sirtori CR, Sahebkar A. The effect of statin therapy on endoplasmic reticulum stress. Pharmacol Res 2018; 137:150-8. [PMID: 30312664 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is critical in protein processing and particularly in ensuring that proteins undergo their correct folding to exert their functionality. What is becoming increasingly clear is that the ER may undergo increasing stress brought about by nutrient deprivation, hypoxia, oxidized lipids, point mutations in secreted proteins, cellular differentiation or significant deviation from metabolic set points, and loss of Ca2+ homeostasis, with detrimental effects on ER-resident calcium-dependent chaperones, alone or in combination. This results in the unfolded protein response (UPR) that is a repair mechanism to limit the formation of newly damaged proteins until ER homeostasis is restored, though may result in increased cell death. ER stress has been shown to be implicated in a variety of diseases. Statins are well-known cholesterol-lowering drugs and have been extensively reported to possess beneficial cholesterol-independent effects in a variety of human diseases. This review focuses on the concept of ER stress, the underlying molecular mechanisms and their relationship to the pathophysiology and, finally, the role of statins in moderating ER stress and UPR.
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45
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Arefieva TI, Filatova AY, Potekhina AV, Shchinova AM. Immunotropic Effects and Proposed Mechanism of Action for 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A Reductase Inhibitors (Statins). Biochemistry (Mosc) 2018; 83:874-889. [PMID: 30208827 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297918080023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of HMG-CoA reductase (statins) are the major group of lipid-lowering drugs. Along with hypocholesterolemic activity, statins exhibit anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties that expand their clinical use, particularly, in the treatment of chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. In this review, we critically analyze the data of statin effects on immune cells (e.g., monocytes and T cells) involved in the development of atherosclerosis and other chronic inflammatory diseases. We (i) discuss the properties of statins and routes of cell entry, as well as their major intracellular targets; (ii) evaluate the data on the effects of statins on the subset composition of circulatory monocytes, ability of monocytes to migrate to the site of inflammation (cell motility and expression of adhesion molecules and chemokine receptors), production of cytokines, matrix metalloproteinases, and reactive oxygen species by monocytes/macrophages, and antigen-presenting activity in peripheral blood monocyte-derived dendritic cells; and (iii) summarize the data on the regulation of proliferation and differentiation of various CD4+ T cell subsets (type 1/2/17 helper T cells and regulatory T cells) by statins.
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Affiliation(s)
- T I Arefieva
- National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 121552, Russia.,Kurchatov Institute National Research Center Complex, Moscow, 123182, Russia
| | - A Yu Filatova
- National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 121552, Russia.
| | - A V Potekhina
- National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 121552, Russia
| | - A M Shchinova
- National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 121552, Russia
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Weng CH, Chen LY, Lin YC, Shih JY, Lin YC, Tseng RY, Chiu AC, Yeh YH, Liu C, Lin YT, Fang JM, Chen CC. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) beyond EGFR mutations per se is a common mechanism for acquired resistance to EGFR TKI. Oncogene 2019; 38:455-68. [PMID: 30111817 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0454-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) is a major advance in treating NSCLC with EGFR-activating mutations. However, acquired resistance, due partially to secondary mutations limits their use. Here we report that NSCLC cells with acquired resistance to gefitinib or osimertinib (AZD9291) exhibit EMT features, with a decrease in E-cadherin, and increases in vimentin and stemness, without possessing any EGFR secondary mutations. Knockdown of E-cadherin in parental cells increased gefitinib resistance and stemness, while knockdown of vimentin in resistant cells resulted in opposite effects. Src activation and Hakai upregulation were found in gefitinib-resistant cells. Knockdown of Hakai elevated E-cadherin expression, attenuated stemness, and resensitized the cells to gefitinib. Clinical cancer specimens with acquired gefitinib resistance also showed a decrease in E-cadherin and an increase in Hakai expression. The dual HDAC and HMGR inhibitor JMF3086 inhibited the Src/Hakai and Hakai/E-cadherin interaction to reverse E-cadherin expression, and attenuated vimentin and stemness to restore gefitinib sensitivity. The EMT features of AZD9291-resistant H1975 cells were related to the upregulation of Zeb1. Both gefitinib and AZD9291 sensitivity was restored by JMF3086 through reversing EMT. Our study not only revealed a common mechanism of EMT in both gefitinib and AZD9291 resistance beyond EGFR mutations per se, but also provides a new strategy to overcome it.
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Schulz-Heddergott R, Moll UM. Gain-of-Function (GOF) Mutant p53 as Actionable Therapeutic Target. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:E188. [PMID: 29875343 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10060188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
p53 missense mutant alleles are present in nearly 40% of all human tumors. Such mutated alleles generate aberrant proteins that not only lose their tumor-suppressive functions but also frequently act as driver oncogenes, which promote malignant progression, invasion, metastasis, and chemoresistance, leading to reduced survival in patients and mice. Notably, these oncogenic gain-of-function (GOF) missense mutant p53 proteins (mutp53) are constitutively and tumor-specific stabilised. This stabilisation is one key pre-requisite for their GOF and is largely due to mutp53 protection from the E3 ubiquitin ligases Mdm2 and CHIP by the HSP90/HDAC6 chaperone machinery. Recent mouse models provide convincing evidence that tumors with highly stabilized GOF mutp53 proteins depend on them for growth, maintenance, and metastasis, thus creating exploitable tumor-specific vulnerabilities that markedly increase lifespan if intercepted. This identifies mutp53 as a promising cancer-specific drug target. This review discusses direct mutp53 protein-targeting drug strategies that are currently being developed at various preclinical levels.
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Huang FC, Huang SC. Differential Effects of Statins on Inflammatory Interleukin-8 and Antimicrobial Peptide Human Β-Defensin 2 Responses in Salmonella-Infected Intestinal Epithelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061650. [PMID: 29865262 PMCID: PMC6032317 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Revised: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative therapies are needed to reduce the use of antibiotics and incidence of drug-resistant Salmonellosis. Previous studies have revealed important roles of statins in regulating innate immunity. Therefore, we investigated the effects of statins on innate immunity in Salmonella-infected intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), which are involved in mucosal innate immunity. SW480 cells and Akt siRNA- or vitamin D receptor (VDR) siRNA-transfected SW480 cells were infected by wild-type S. Typhimurium strain SL1344 in the presence or absence of statins. The mRNA or protein expression was analyzed by real-time quantitative PCR or western blot analysis, respectively. Simvastatin or fluvastatin caused IL-8 (interleukin-8) suppression, but increased hBD-2 mRNA expression in Salmonella-infected SW480 cells. Both statins enhanced phosphorylated Akt and VDR expressions. Akt or VDR knockdown by siRNA counteracted the suppressive effect of simvastatin on IL-8 expression, whereas VDR knockdown diminished the enhanced hBD-2 expression in Salmonella-infected SW480 cells. Therefore, we observed differential regulation of statins on inflammatory IL-8 and anti-microbial hBD-2 expressions in Salmonella-infected IECs via PI3K/Akt signaling and VDR protein expression, respectively. The enhanced activity of antimicrobial peptides by statins in Salmonella-infected IECs could protect the host against infection, and modulation of pro-inflammatory responses could prevent the detrimental effects of overwhelming inflammation in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Chen Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan.
| | - Shun-Chen Huang
- Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Asthma manifests as chronic airflow obstruction with persistent inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness. The immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties of the HMG-CoA reductase (HMGCR) inhibitors (a.k.a. statins), suggest a therapeutic role in chronic inflammatory lung diseases. However, despite positive laboratory investigations and promising epidemiological data, clinical trials using statins for the treatment of asthma have yielded conflicting results. Inadequate statin levels in the airway compartment could explain these findings. Areas covered: HMGCR is in the mevalonate (MA) pathway and MA signaling is fundamental to lung biology and asthma. This article will discuss clinical trials of oral statins in asthma, review lab investigations relevant to the systemic versus inhaled administration of statins, address the advantages and disadvantages of inhaled statins, and answer the question: is there a role for inhaled statins in the treatment of asthma? Expert commentary: If ongoing investigations show that oral administration of statins has no clear clinical benefits, then repurposing statins for delivery via inhalation is a logical next step. Inhalation of statins bypasses first-pass metabolism by the liver, and therefore, allows for delivery of significantly lower doses to the airways at greater potency. Statins could become the next major class of novel inhalers for the treatment of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir A. Zeki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Mona Elbadawi-Sidhu
- NIH West Coast Metabolomics Center, Genome and Biomedical Sciences Facility, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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Desai P, Wallace R, Anderson ML, Howard BV, Ray R, Wu C, Safford M, Martin LW, Schlecht N, Liu S, Cirillo D, Jay A, Manson JE, Simon MS. An analysis of the effect of statins on the risk of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma in the Women's Health Initiative cohort. Cancer Med 2018; 7:2121-2130. [PMID: 29608241 PMCID: PMC5943473 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins have been shown to induce a phosphoprotein signature that modifies MYC (myelocytomatosis viral oncogene) activation and to have anti‐inflammatory activity that may impact the risk of Non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). We analyzed the relationship between statins and risk of NHL using data from the Women's Health Initiative (WHI). The study population included 161,563 postmenopausal women ages 50–79 years from which 712 cases of NHL were diagnosed after 10.8 years of follow‐up. Information on statin use and other risk factors was collected by self‐ and interviewer‐administered questionnaires. Multivariable‐adjusted HR and 95% CI evaluating the relationship between statin use at baseline, as well as in a time‐dependent manner and risk of NHL, were computed from Cox proportional hazards analyses. A separate analysis was performed for individual NHL subtypes: diffuse large B‐Cell lymphoma (DLBCL) (n = 228), follicular lymphoma (n = 169), and small lymphocytic lymphoma (n = 74). All statistical tests were two‐sided. There was no significant association between use of statins at baseline and risk of NHL (HR 0.85, 95% C.I. 0.67–1.08). However, in the multivariable‐adjusted time‐dependent models, statin use was associated with a borderline lower risk of NHL (HR 0.81, 95% C.I. 0.66–1.00). Considering subtypes of NHL, statin use was associated with a lower risk of DLBCL (HR 0.62, 95% C.I. 0.42–0.91). This effect was driven by lipophilic statins (HR 0.62, 95% C.I. 0.40–0.96). In the WHI, statins were associated with a lower overall risk of DLBCL, particularly attributable to lipophilic statins. These results may have impact on primary or secondary prevention of NHL, particularly DLBCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinkal Desai
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Robert Wallace
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, Iowa
| | | | - Barbara V Howard
- MedStar Health Research Institute and Georgetown/Howard Universities Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Roberta Ray
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Chunyuan Wu
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Lisa W Martin
- George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | | | - Simin Liu
- Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Dominic Cirillo
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Allison Jay
- St John Providence Hospital, Warren, Michigan
| | - JoAnn E Manson
- Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michael S Simon
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
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