1
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Burgess CL, Huang J, Bawa PS, Alysandratos KD, Minakin K, Ayers LJ, Morley MP, Babu A, Villacorta-Martin C, Yampolskaya M, Hinds A, Thapa BR, Wang F, Matschulat A, Mehta P, Morrisey EE, Varelas X, Kotton DN. Generation of human alveolar epithelial type I cells from pluripotent stem cells. Cell Stem Cell 2024; 31:657-675.e8. [PMID: 38642558 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2024.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Alveolar epithelial type I cells (AT1s) line the gas exchange barrier of the distal lung and have been historically challenging to isolate or maintain in cell culture. Here, we engineer a human in vitro AT1 model system via directed differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). We use primary adult AT1 global transcriptomes to suggest benchmarks and pathways, such as Hippo-LATS-YAP/TAZ signaling, enriched in these cells. Next, we generate iPSC-derived alveolar epithelial type II cells (AT2s) and find that nuclear YAP signaling is sufficient to promote a broad transcriptomic shift from AT2 to AT1 gene programs. The resulting cells express a molecular, morphologic, and functional phenotype reminiscent of human AT1 cells, including the capacity to form a flat epithelial barrier producing characteristic extracellular matrix molecules and secreted ligands. Our results provide an in vitro model of human alveolar epithelial differentiation and a potential source of human AT1s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire L Burgess
- Center for Regenerative Medicine of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA; The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Jessie Huang
- Center for Regenerative Medicine of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA; The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Pushpinder S Bawa
- Center for Regenerative Medicine of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Konstantinos-Dionysios Alysandratos
- Center for Regenerative Medicine of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA; The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Kasey Minakin
- Center for Regenerative Medicine of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA; The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Lauren J Ayers
- Center for Regenerative Medicine of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA; The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Michael P Morley
- Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Apoorva Babu
- Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Carlos Villacorta-Martin
- Center for Regenerative Medicine of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | | | - Anne Hinds
- The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Bibek R Thapa
- Center for Regenerative Medicine of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA; The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Feiya Wang
- Center for Regenerative Medicine of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Adeline Matschulat
- The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Pankaj Mehta
- Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Edward E Morrisey
- Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Xaralabos Varelas
- Center for Regenerative Medicine of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA; The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Darrell N Kotton
- Center for Regenerative Medicine of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA; The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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2
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Wang F, Ting C, Riemondy KA, Douglas M, Foster K, Patel N, Kaku N, Linsalata A, Nemzek J, Varisco BM, Cohen E, Wilson JA, Riches DW, Redente EF, Toivola DM, Zhou X, Moore BB, Coulombe PA, Omary MB, Zemans RL. Regulation of epithelial transitional states in murine and human pulmonary fibrosis. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e165612. [PMID: 37768734 PMCID: PMC10645382 DOI: 10.1172/jci165612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive scarring disease arising from impaired regeneration of the alveolar epithelium after injury. During regeneration, type 2 alveolar epithelial cells (AEC2s) assume a transitional state that upregulates multiple keratins and ultimately differentiate into AEC1s. In IPF, transitional AECs accumulate with ineffectual AEC1 differentiation. However, whether and how transitional cells cause fibrosis, whether keratins regulate transitional cell accumulation and fibrosis, and why transitional AECs and fibrosis resolve in mouse models but accumulate in IPF are unclear. Here, we show that human keratin 8 (KRT8) genetic variants were associated with IPF. Krt8-/- mice were protected from fibrosis and accumulation of the transitional state. Keratin 8 (K8) regulated the expression of macrophage chemokines and macrophage recruitment. Profibrotic macrophages and myofibroblasts promoted the accumulation of transitional AECs, establishing a K8-dependent positive feedback loop driving fibrogenesis. Finally, rare murine transitional AECs were highly senescent and basaloid and may not differentiate into AEC1s, recapitulating the aberrant basaloid state in human IPF. We conclude that transitional AECs induced and were maintained by fibrosis in a K8-dependent manner; in mice, most transitional cells and fibrosis resolved, whereas in human IPF, transitional AECs evolved into an aberrant basaloid state that persisted with progressive fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fa Wang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Christopher Ting
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Kent A. Riemondy
- RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Michael Douglas
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Nisha Patel
- College of Literature, Science, and the Arts
| | - Norihito Kaku
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Jean Nemzek
- Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Brian M. Varisco
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Erez Cohen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jasmine A. Wilson
- Program in Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - David W.H. Riches
- Program in Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Research, Veterans Affairs Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver Colorado, USA
| | - Elizabeth F. Redente
- Program in Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Diana M. Toivola
- Cell Biology, Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, and InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Xiaofeng Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Bethany B. Moore
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Pierre A. Coulombe
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - M. Bishr Omary
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Rachel L. Zemans
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, and
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3
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Mižíková I, Thébaud B. Perinatal origins of bronchopulmonary dysplasia-deciphering normal and impaired lung development cell by cell. Mol Cell Pediatr 2023; 10:4. [PMID: 37072570 PMCID: PMC10113423 DOI: 10.1186/s40348-023-00158-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a multifactorial disease occurring as a consequence of premature birth, as well as antenatal and postnatal injury to the developing lung. BPD morbidity and severity depend on a complex interplay between prenatal and postnatal inflammation, mechanical ventilation, and oxygen therapy as well as associated prematurity-related complications. These initial hits result in ill-explored aberrant immune and reparative response, activation of pro-fibrotic and anti-angiogenic factors, which further perpetuate the injury. Histologically, the disease presents primarily by impaired lung development and an arrest in lung microvascular maturation. Consequently, BPD leads to respiratory complications beyond the neonatal period and may result in premature aging of the lung. While the numerous prenatal and postnatal stimuli contributing to BPD pathogenesis are relatively well known, the specific cell populations driving the injury, as well as underlying mechanisms are still not well understood. Recently, an effort to gain a more detailed insight into the cellular composition of the developing lung and its progenitor populations has unfold. Here, we provide an overview of the current knowledge regarding perinatal origin of BPD and discuss underlying mechanisms, as well as novel approaches to study the perturbed lung development.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Mižíková
- Experimental Pulmonology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - B Thébaud
- Sinclair Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO), CHEO Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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4
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Burgess CL, Huang J, Bawa P, Alysandratos KD, Minakin K, Morley MP, Babu A, Villacorta-Martin C, Hinds A, Thapa BR, Wang F, Matschulat AM, Morrisey EE, Varelas X, Kotton DN. Generation of human alveolar epithelial type I cells from pluripotent stem cells. bioRxiv 2023:2023.01.19.524655. [PMID: 36711505 PMCID: PMC9882278 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.19.524655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In the distal lung, alveolar epithelial type I cells (AT1s) comprise the vast majority of alveolar surface area and are uniquely flattened to allow the diffusion of oxygen into the capillaries. This structure along with a quiescent, terminally differentiated phenotype has made AT1s particularly challenging to isolate or maintain in cell culture. As a result, there is a lack of established models for the study of human AT1 biology, and in contrast to alveolar epithelial type II cells (AT2s), little is known about the mechanisms regulating their differentiation. Here we engineer a human in vitro AT1 model system through the directed differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC). We first define the global transcriptomes of primary adult human AT1s, suggesting gene-set benchmarks and pathways, such as Hippo-LATS-YAP/TAZ signaling, that are enriched in these cells. Next, we generate iPSC-derived AT2s (iAT2s) and find that activating nuclear YAP signaling is sufficient to promote a broad transcriptomic shift from AT2 to AT1 gene programs. The resulting cells express a molecular, morphologic, and functional phenotype reminiscent of human AT1 cells, including the capacity to form a flat epithelial barrier which produces characteristic extracellular matrix molecules and secreted ligands. Our results indicate a role for Hippo-LATS-YAP signaling in the differentiation of human AT1s and demonstrate the generation of viable AT1-like cells from iAT2s, providing an in vitro model of human alveolar epithelial differentiation and a potential source of human AT1s that until now have been challenging to viably obtain from patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire L Burgess
- Center for Regenerative Medicine of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Jessie Huang
- Center for Regenerative Medicine of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Pushpinder Bawa
- Center for Regenerative Medicine of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Konstantinos-Dionysios Alysandratos
- Center for Regenerative Medicine of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Kasey Minakin
- Center for Regenerative Medicine of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Michael P Morley
- Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Apoorva Babu
- Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Carlos Villacorta-Martin
- Center for Regenerative Medicine of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Anne Hinds
- The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Bibek R Thapa
- Center for Regenerative Medicine of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Feiya Wang
- Center for Regenerative Medicine of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Adeline M Matschulat
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Edward E Morrisey
- Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Xaralabos Varelas
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Darrell N Kotton
- Center for Regenerative Medicine of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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5
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Alysandratos KD, Garcia-de-Alba C, Yao C, Pessina P, Huang J, Villacorta-Martin C, Hix OT, Minakin K, Burgess CL, Bawa P, Murthy A, Konda B, Beers MF, Stripp BR, Kim CF, Kotton DN. Culture impact on the transcriptomic programs of primary and iPSC-derived human alveolar type 2 cells. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e158937. [PMID: 36454643 PMCID: PMC9870086 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.158937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of alveolar epithelial type 2 cells (AEC2s), the facultative progenitors of lung alveoli, is implicated in pulmonary disease pathogenesis, highlighting the importance of human in vitro models. However, AEC2-like cells in culture have yet to be directly compared to their in vivo counterparts at single-cell resolution. Here, we performed head-to-head comparisons among the transcriptomes of primary (1°) adult human AEC2s, their cultured progeny, and human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived AEC2s (iAEC2s). We found each population occupied a distinct transcriptomic space with cultured AEC2s (1° and iAEC2s) exhibiting similarities to and differences from freshly purified 1° cells. Across each cell type, we found an inverse relationship between proliferative and maturation states, with preculture 1° AEC2s being most quiescent/mature and iAEC2s being most proliferative/least mature. Cultures of either type of human AEC2s did not generate detectable alveolar type 1 cells in these defined conditions; however, a subset of iAEC2s cocultured with fibroblasts acquired a transitional cell state described in mice and humans to arise during fibrosis or following injury. Hence, we provide direct comparisons of the transcriptomic programs of 1° and engineered AEC2s, 2 in vitro models that can be harnessed to study human lung health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos-Dionysios Alysandratos
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Carolina Garcia-de-Alba
- Stem Cell Program and Divisions of Hematology/Oncology and Pulmonary Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Changfu Yao
- Women’s Guild Lung Institute
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Patrizia Pessina
- Stem Cell Program and Divisions of Hematology/Oncology and Pulmonary Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jessie Huang
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Carlos Villacorta-Martin
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Olivia T. Hix
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kasey Minakin
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Claire L. Burgess
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Pushpinder Bawa
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Aditi Murthy
- Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, and
- PENN-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bindu Konda
- Women’s Guild Lung Institute
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Michael F. Beers
- Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, and
- PENN-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Barry R. Stripp
- Women’s Guild Lung Institute
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Carla F. Kim
- Stem Cell Program and Divisions of Hematology/Oncology and Pulmonary Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Darrell N. Kotton
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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6
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Confalonieri P, Volpe MC, Jacob J, Maiocchi S, Salton F, Ruaro B, Confalonieri M, Braga L. Regeneration or Repair? The Role of Alveolar Epithelial Cells in the Pathogenesis of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF). Cells 2022; 11:2095. [PMID: 35805179 PMCID: PMC9266271 DOI: 10.3390/cells11132095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, progressive interstitial lung disease (ILD) with unknown etiology in which gradual fibrotic scarring of the lungs leads to usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) and, ultimately, to death. IPF affects three million people worldwide, and the only currently available treatments include the antifibrotic drugs nintedanib and pirfenidone, which effectively reduce fibrosis progression are, unfortunately, not effective in curing the disease. In recent years, the paradigm of IPF pathogenesis has shifted from a fibroblast-driven disease to an epithelium-driven disease, wherein, upon recurrent microinjuries, dysfunctional alveolar type II epithelial cells (ATII) are not only unable to sustain physiological lung regeneration but also promote aberrant epithelial–mesenchymal crosstalk. This creates a drift towards fibrosis rather than regeneration. In the context of this review article, we discuss the most relevant mechanisms involved in IPF pathogenesis with a specific focus on the role of dysfunctional ATII cells in promoting disease progression. In particular, we summarize the main causes of ATII cell dysfunction, such as aging, environmental factors, and genetic determinants. Next, we describe the known mechanisms of physiological lung regeneration by drawing a parallel between embryonic lung development and the known pathways involved in ATII-driven alveolar re-epithelization after injury. Finally, we review the most relevant interventional clinical trials performed in the last 20 years with the aim of underlining the urgency of developing new therapies against IPF that are not only aimed at reducing disease progression by hampering ECM deposition but also boost the physiological processes of ATII-driven alveolar regeneration.
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7
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Tran E, Shi T, Li X, Chowdhury AY, Jiang D, Liu Y, Wang H, Yan C, Wallace WD, Lu R, Ryan AL, Marconett CN, Zhou B, Borok Z, Offringa IA. Development of human alveolar epithelial cell models to study distal lung biology and disease. iScience 2022; 25:103780. [PMID: 35169685 PMCID: PMC8829779 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.103780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Many acute and chronic diseases affect the distal lung alveoli. Alveolar epithelial cell (AEC) lines are needed to better model these diseases. We used de-identified human remnant transplant lungs to develop a method to establish AEC lines. The lines grow well in 2-dimensional (2D) culture as epithelial monolayers expressing lung progenitor markers. In 3-dimensional (3D) culture with fibroblasts, Matrigel, and specific media conditions, the cells form alveolar-like organoids expressing mature AEC markers including aquaporin 5 (AQP5), G-protein-coupled receptor class C group 5 member A (GPRC5A), and surface marker HTII280. Single-cell RNA sequencing of an AEC line in 2D versus 3D culture revealed increased cellular heterogeneity and induction of cytokine and lipoprotein signaling in 3D organoids. Our approach yields lung progenitor lines that retain the ability to differentiate along the alveolar cell lineage despite long-term expansion and provides a valuable system to model and study the distal lung in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Tran
- Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Tuo Shi
- Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Xiuwen Li
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Department of Translational Genomics, Keck School of Medicine, USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Adnan Y. Chowdhury
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Keck School of Medicine, USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Du Jiang
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Keck School of Medicine, USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Yixin Liu
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Hongjun Wang
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Chunli Yan
- Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - William D. Wallace
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Rong Lu
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Keck School of Medicine, USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Amy L. Ryan
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Keck School of Medicine, USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Crystal N. Marconett
- Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Beiyun Zhou
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Zea Borok
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ite A. Offringa
- Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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8
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Zhou B, Stueve TR, Mihalakakos EA, Miao L, Mullen D, Wang Y, Liu Y, Luo J, Tran E, Siegmund KD, Lynch SK, Ryan AL, Offringa IA, Borok Z, Marconett CN. Comprehensive epigenomic profiling of human alveolar epithelial differentiation identifies key epigenetic states and transcription factor co-regulatory networks for maintenance of distal lung identity. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:906. [PMID: 34922464 PMCID: PMC8684104 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-08152-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disruption of alveolar epithelial cell (AEC) differentiation is implicated in distal lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and lung adenocarcinoma that impact morbidity and mortality worldwide. Elucidating underlying disease pathogenesis requires a mechanistic molecular understanding of AEC differentiation. Previous studies have focused on changes of individual transcription factors, and to date no study has comprehensively characterized the dynamic, global epigenomic alterations that facilitate this critical differentiation process in humans. RESULTS We comprehensively profiled the epigenomic states of human AECs during type 2 to type 1-like cell differentiation, including the methylome and chromatin functional domains, and integrated this with transcriptome-wide RNA expression data. Enhancer regions were drastically altered during AEC differentiation. Transcription factor binding analysis within enhancer regions revealed diverse interactive networks with enrichment for many transcription factors, including NKX2-1 and FOXA family members, as well as transcription factors with less well characterized roles in AEC differentiation, such as members of the MEF2, TEAD, and AP1 families. Additionally, associations among transcription factors changed during differentiation, implicating a complex network of heterotrimeric complex switching in driving differentiation. Integration of AEC enhancer states with the catalog of enhancer elements in the Roadmap Epigenomics Mapping Consortium and Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) revealed that AECs have similar epigenomic structures to other profiled epithelial cell types, including human mammary epithelial cells (HMECs), with NKX2-1 serving as a distinguishing feature of distal lung differentiation. CONCLUSIONS Enhancer regions are hotspots of epigenomic alteration that regulate AEC differentiation. Furthermore, the differentiation process is regulated by dynamic networks of transcription factors acting in concert, rather than individually. These findings provide a roadmap for understanding the relationship between disruption of the epigenetic state during AEC differentiation and development of lung diseases that may be therapeutically amenable.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Zhou
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - T R Stueve
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
- Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - E A Mihalakakos
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
- Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - L Miao
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
- Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - D Mullen
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
- Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Y Wang
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
- Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Y Liu
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - J Luo
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - E Tran
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
- Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - K D Siegmund
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - S K Lynch
- Department of Engineering, Test Manufacturing Group, MAXIM Integrated Products, Sunnyvale, CA, 95134, USA
| | - A L Ryan
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - I A Offringa
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
- Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Z Borok
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - C N Marconett
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
- Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
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9
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Sun AM, Hoffman T, Luu BQ, Ashammakhi N, Li S. Application of lung microphysiological systems to COVID-19 modeling and drug discovery: a review. Biodes Manuf 2021; 4:757-775. [PMID: 34178414 PMCID: PMC8213042 DOI: 10.1007/s42242-021-00136-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
There is a pressing need for effective therapeutics for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the respiratory disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus. The process of drug development is a costly and meticulously paced process, where progress is often hindered by the failure of initially promising leads. To aid this challenge, in vitro human microphysiological systems need to be refined and adapted for mechanistic studies and drug screening, thereby saving valuable time and resources during a pandemic crisis. The SARS-CoV-2 virus attacks the lung, an organ where the unique three-dimensional (3D) structure of its functional units is critical for proper respiratory function. The in vitro lung models essentially recapitulate the distinct tissue structure and the dynamic mechanical and biological interactions between different cell types. Current model systems include Transwell, organoid and organ-on-a-chip or microphysiological systems (MPSs). We review models that have direct relevance toward modeling the pathology of COVID-19, including the processes of inflammation, edema, coagulation, as well as lung immune function. We also consider the practical issues that may influence the design and fabrication of MPS. The role of lung MPS is addressed in the context of multi-organ models, and it is discussed how high-throughput screening and artificial intelligence can be integrated with lung MPS to accelerate drug development for COVID-19 and other infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argus M. Sun
- Department of Bioengineering, Samueli School of Engineering, University of California - Los Angeles, 420 Westwood Plaza 5121 Engineering V University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1600 USA
- UC San Diego Healthcare, UCSD, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Tyler Hoffman
- Department of Bioengineering, Samueli School of Engineering, University of California - Los Angeles, 420 Westwood Plaza 5121 Engineering V University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1600 USA
| | - Bao Q. Luu
- Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care, Scripps Green Hospital, Scripps Health, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Nureddin Ashammakhi
- Department of Bioengineering, Samueli School of Engineering, University of California - Los Angeles, 420 Westwood Plaza 5121 Engineering V University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1600 USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Song Li
- Department of Bioengineering, Samueli School of Engineering, University of California - Los Angeles, 420 Westwood Plaza 5121 Engineering V University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1600 USA
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
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10
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Campiglio CE, Figliuzzi M, Silvani S, Tironi M, Conti S, Boschetti F, Remuzzi A. Influence of Culture Substrates on Morphology and Function of Pulmonary Alveolar Cells In Vitro. Biomolecules 2021; 11:675. [PMID: 33946440 DOI: 10.3390/biom11050675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell's microenvironment has been shown to exert influence on cell behavior. In particular, matrix-cell interactions strongly impact cell morphology and function. The purpose of this study was to analyze the influence of different culture substrate materials on phenotype and functional properties of lung epithelial adenocarcinoma (A549) cells. A549 cells were seeded onto two different biocompatible, commercially available substrates: a polyester coverslip (Thermanox™ Coverslips), that was used as cell culture plate control, and a polydimethylsiloxane membrane (PDMS, Elastosil® Film) investigated in this study as alternative material for A549 cells culture. The two substrates influenced cell morphology and the actin cytoskeleton organization. Further, the Yes-associated protein (YAP) and its transcriptional coactivator PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) were translocated to the nucleus in A549 cells cultured on polyester substrate, yet it remained mostly cytosolic in cells on PDMS substrate. By SEM analysis, we observed that cells grown on Elastosil® Film maintained an alveolar Type II cell morphology. Immunofluorescence staining for surfactant-C revealing a high expression of surfactant-C in cells cultured on Elastosil® Film, but not in cells cultured on Thermanox™ Coverslips. A549 cells grown onto Elastosil® Film exhibited morphology and functionality that suggest retainment of alveolar epithelial Type II phenotype, while A549 cells grown onto conventional plastic substrates acquired an alveolar Type I phenotype.
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11
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Tseng CK, Liu TT, Lin TC, Cheng CP. Expression of heme oxygenase-1 in type II pneumocytes protects against heatstroke-induced lung damage. Cell Stress Chaperones 2021; 26:67-76. [PMID: 32844330 PMCID: PMC7736423 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-020-01152-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Heatstroke (HS) is an acute clinical disease characterized by abnormal hyperthermia and multi-organ dysfunction. Heme oxygenase (HO)-1, also called heat shock protein (HSP)32, is induced by hyperthermia and also plays protective roles in many lung disease models. Based on this phenomenon, we investigated the protective role of endogenous HO-1 in heat-induced lung damage in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were separated into three groups: (a) normothermic sham, (b) HS, and (c) SnPP (inhibitor of HO-1) pretreatment rats. In the HS group, rats were killed at various time points (1, 3, 6, and 12 h after heat exposure) in order to analyze messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) and protein levels. Lung sections were examined for tissue damage and localization of HO-1 using immunofluorescence double labeling. We found that HS induced lung pathology (congested and thickened lung septa). The level of HO-1 mRNA was increased at 1 h, and the protein level peaked at 6 h after heat exposure. Pretreatment with SnPP (tin-protoporphyrin IX, 30 mg/kg, intraperitoneal injection for 1 h before heat exposure) aggravated the lung damage. Furthermore, we demonstrated HO-1 expression in lung type II pneumocytes. Our results suggest that endogenous HO-1 is protective against HS-induced lung damage. Induction of HO-1 may be a potential therapeutic strategy for treating heat-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Kun Tseng
- Tri-Service General Hospital Songsang Branch, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department Electronic Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Ta Liu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Nursing Department, Center for General Education, Kang-Ning University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Chieh Lin
- Genomic Medicine Core Laboratory, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Pi Cheng
- Department and Graduate Institute of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, No.161, Sec. 6, Min-Chuan E. Rd., Neihu, 114, Taipei, Taiwan.
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12
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Horie M, Castaldi A, Sunohara M, Wang H, Ji Y, Liu Y, Li F, Wilkinson TA, Hung L, Shen H, Kage H, Offringa IA, Marconett CN, Flodby P, Zhou B, Borok Z. Integrated Single-Cell RNA-Sequencing Analysis of Aquaporin 5-Expressing Mouse Lung Epithelial Cells Identifies GPRC5A as a Novel Validated Type I Cell Surface Marker. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112460. [PMID: 33187367 PMCID: PMC7697677 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular and functional characterization of alveolar epithelial type I (AT1) cells has been challenging due to difficulty in isolating sufficient numbers of viable cells. Here we performed single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) of tdTomato+ cells from lungs of AT1 cell-specific Aqp5-Cre-IRES-DsRed (ACID);R26tdTomato reporter mice. Following enzymatic digestion, CD31-CD45-E-cadherin+tdTomato+ cells were subjected to fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) followed by scRNA-seq. Cell identity was confirmed by immunofluorescence using cell type-specific antibodies. After quality control, 92 cells were analyzed. Most cells expressed ‘conventional’ AT1 cell markers (Aqp5, Pdpn, Hopx, Ager), with heterogeneous expression within this population. The remaining cells expressed AT2, club, basal or ciliated cell markers. Integration with public datasets identified three robust AT1 cell- and lung-enriched genes, Ager, Rtkn2 and Gprc5a, that were conserved across species. GPRC5A co-localized with HOPX and was not expressed in AT2 or airway cells in mouse, rat and human lung. GPRC5A co-localized with AQP5 but not pro-SPC or CC10 in mouse lung epithelial cell cytospins. We enriched mouse AT1 cells to perform molecular phenotyping using scRNA-seq. Further characterization of putative AT1 cell-enriched genes revealed GPRC5A as a conserved AT1 cell surface marker that may be useful for AT1 cell isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Horie
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; (M.H.); (A.C.); (M.S.); (H.W.); (Y.J.); (Y.L.); (H.S.); (P.F.); (B.Z.)
| | - Alessandra Castaldi
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; (M.H.); (A.C.); (M.S.); (H.W.); (Y.J.); (Y.L.); (H.S.); (P.F.); (B.Z.)
| | - Mitsuhiro Sunohara
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; (M.H.); (A.C.); (M.S.); (H.W.); (Y.J.); (Y.L.); (H.S.); (P.F.); (B.Z.)
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan;
- Division for Health Service Promotion, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hongjun Wang
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; (M.H.); (A.C.); (M.S.); (H.W.); (Y.J.); (Y.L.); (H.S.); (P.F.); (B.Z.)
| | - Yanbin Ji
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; (M.H.); (A.C.); (M.S.); (H.W.); (Y.J.); (Y.L.); (H.S.); (P.F.); (B.Z.)
| | - Yixin Liu
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; (M.H.); (A.C.); (M.S.); (H.W.); (Y.J.); (Y.L.); (H.S.); (P.F.); (B.Z.)
| | - Fan Li
- Single-Cell, Sequencing, and CyTOF Core (SC2), Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; (F.L.); (T.A.W.); (L.H.)
| | - Thomas A. Wilkinson
- Single-Cell, Sequencing, and CyTOF Core (SC2), Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; (F.L.); (T.A.W.); (L.H.)
| | - Long Hung
- Single-Cell, Sequencing, and CyTOF Core (SC2), Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; (F.L.); (T.A.W.); (L.H.)
| | - Hua Shen
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; (M.H.); (A.C.); (M.S.); (H.W.); (Y.J.); (Y.L.); (H.S.); (P.F.); (B.Z.)
| | - Hidenori Kage
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan;
| | - Ite A. Offringa
- Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; (I.A.O.); (C.N.M.)
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Crystal N. Marconett
- Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; (I.A.O.); (C.N.M.)
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Per Flodby
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; (M.H.); (A.C.); (M.S.); (H.W.); (Y.J.); (Y.L.); (H.S.); (P.F.); (B.Z.)
| | - Beiyun Zhou
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; (M.H.); (A.C.); (M.S.); (H.W.); (Y.J.); (Y.L.); (H.S.); (P.F.); (B.Z.)
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Zea Borok
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; (M.H.); (A.C.); (M.S.); (H.W.); (Y.J.); (Y.L.); (H.S.); (P.F.); (B.Z.)
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +323-409-7184; Fax: +323-226-2738
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13
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Evans KV, Lee J. Alveolar wars: The rise of in vitro models to understand human lung alveolar maintenance, regeneration, and disease. Stem Cells Transl Med 2020; 9:867-881. [PMID: 32272001 PMCID: PMC7381809 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.19-0433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Diseases such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and bronchopulmonary dysplasia injure the gas-exchanging alveoli of the human lung. Animal studies have indicated that dysregulation of alveolar cells, including alveolar type II stem/progenitor cells, is implicated in disease pathogenesis. Due to mouse-human differences, there has been a desperate need to develop human-relevant lung models that can more closely recapitulate the human lung during homeostasis, injury repair, and disease. Here we discuss how current single-cell RNA sequencing studies have increased knowledge of the cellular and molecular composition of human lung alveoli, including the identification of molecular heterogeneity, cellular diversity, and previously unknown cell types, some of which arise specifically during disease. For functional analysis of alveolar cells, in vitro human alveolar organoids established from human pluripotent stem cells, embryonic progenitors, and adult tissue from both healthy and diseased lungs have modeled aspects of the cellular and molecular features of alveolar epithelium. Drawbacks of such systems are highlighted, along with possible solutions. Organoid-on-a-chip and ex vivo systems including precision-cut lung slices can complement organoid studies by providing further cellular and structural complexity of lung tissues, and have been shown to be invaluable models of human lung disease, while the production of acellular and synthetic scaffolds hold promise in lung transplant efforts. Further improvements to such systems will increase understanding of the underlying biology of human alveolar stem/progenitor cells, and could lead to future therapeutic or pharmacological intervention in patients suffering from end-stage lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly V. Evans
- Wellcome – MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical CentreUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Department of Physiology, Development and NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Joo‐Hyeon Lee
- Wellcome – MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical CentreUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Department of Physiology, Development and NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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14
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Castaldi A, Horie M, Rieger ME, Dubourd M, Sunohara M, Pandit K, Zhou B, Offringa IA, Marconett CN, Borok Z. Genome-wide integration of microRNA and transcriptomic profiles of differentiating human alveolar epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2020; 319:L173-L184. [PMID: 32432919 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00519.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The alveolar epithelium is comprised of two cell types, alveolar epithelial type 1 (AT1) and type 2 (AT2) cells, the latter being capable of self-renewal and transdifferentiation into AT1 cells for normal maintenance and restoration of epithelial integrity following injury. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are critical regulators of several biological processes, including cell differentiation; however, their role in establishment/maintenance of cellular identity in adult alveolar epithelium is not well understood. To investigate this question, we performed genome-wide analysis of sequential changes in miRNA and gene expression profiles using a well-established model in which human AT2 (hAT2) cells transdifferentiate into AT1-like cells over time in culture that recapitulates many aspects of transdifferentiation in vivo. We defined three phases of miRNA expression during the transdifferentiation process as "early," "late," and "consistently" changed, which were further subclassified as up- or downregulated. miRNAs with altered expression at all time points during transdifferentiation were the largest subgroup, suggesting the need for consistent regulation of signaling pathways to mediate this process. Target prediction analysis and integration with previously published gene expression data identified glucocorticoid signaling as the top pathway regulated by miRNAs. Serum/glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 1 (SGK1) emerged as a central regulatory factor, whose downregulation correlated temporally with gain of hsa-miR-424 and hsa-miR-503 expression. Functional validation demonstrated specific targeting of these miRNAs to the 3'-untranslated region of SGK1. These data demonstrate the time-related contribution of miRNAs to the alveolar transdifferentiation process and suggest that inhibition of glucocorticoid signaling is necessary to achieve the AT1-like cell phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Castaldi
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Masafumi Horie
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Megan E Rieger
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Mickael Dubourd
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Mitsuhiro Sunohara
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kusum Pandit
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Beiyun Zhou
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ite A Offringa
- Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.,USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Crystal N Marconett
- Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.,USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Zea Borok
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.,USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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15
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Chu SG, Poli De Frias S, Sakairi Y, Kelly RS, Chase R, Konishi K, Blau A, Tsai E, Tsoyi K, Padera RF, Sholl LM, Goldberg HJ, Mallidi HR, Camp PC, El-Chemaly SY, Perrella MA, Choi AMK, Washko GR, Raby BA, Rosas IO. Biobanking and cryopreservation of human lung explants for omic analysis. Eur Respir J 2020; 55:13993003.01635-2018. [PMID: 31699836 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01635-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah G Chu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,These authors contributed equally to the manuscript
| | - Sergio Poli De Frias
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,These authors contributed equally to the manuscript
| | - Yuichi Sakairi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rachel S Kelly
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert Chase
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kazuhisa Konishi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ashley Blau
- Partners Biobank and Translational Genomics Core, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ellen Tsai
- Partners Biobank and Translational Genomics Core, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Konstantin Tsoyi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert F Padera
- Dept of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lynette M Sholl
- Dept of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hilary J Goldberg
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hari R Mallidi
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Phillip C Camp
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Souheil Y El-Chemaly
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mark A Perrella
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Dept of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - George R Washko
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Benjamin A Raby
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Pulmonary and Respiratory Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ivan O Rosas
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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16
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Wang Y, Lu Y, Wu Y, Sun Y, Zhou Y, Ma Q, Zheng Y, Yu Q, Cao Y, Chen G, Zhang T, Dai X, Ren T, Ma Y, Zuo W. Alveolar Differentiation Potency of Human Distal Airway Stem Cells Is Associated with Pulmonary Pathological Conditions. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:7123078. [PMID: 31281383 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7123078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This study is aimed at characterizing the human distal airway stem cells (DASCs) and assessing their therapeutic potential in patients with chronic, degenerative lung diseases. These findings will provide a comprehensive understanding for further clinical applications utilizing autologous airway stem cells as therapeutic intervention in respiratory diseases. Methods DASCs were isolated from healthy subjects or patients diagnosed with bronchiectasis, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD), or interstitial lung disease (ILD). Differentiation capacity, a key property of the stem cells, was studied using a novel monolayer differentiation system. The differentiated cells were evaluated for alveolar and bronchial cell marker expression, and the quantified expression level of differentiated cells was further examined for their relationship with age and pulmonary function of the subjects. Results and Conclusions Differentiation of DASCs and tracheal stem cells (TSCs) yielded an alveolus-like structure and a tube-shaped structure, respectively, with distinct marker gene expression. Additionally, single-cell-derived clones showed diverse differentiation fates, even if the clones arise from identical or different individuals. More importantly, the alveolar differentiation potency was higher in DASCs derived from patients than from healthy people. The differentiation efficiency of DASCs also correlates with age in patients with bronchiectasis and ILD.
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17
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Nguyen TM, Jimenez J, Rendin LE, Müller C, Westergren-Thorsson G, Deprest J, Toelen J. The proportion of alveolar type 1 cells decreases in murine hypoplastic congenital diaphragmatic hernia lungs. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214793. [PMID: 30995255 PMCID: PMC6469843 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary hypoplasia, characterized by incomplete alveolar development, remains a major cause of mortality and morbidity in congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Recently demonstrated to differentiate from a common bipotent progenitor during development, the two cell types that line the alveoli type 1 and type 2 alveolar cells have shown to alter their relative ratio in congenital diaphragmatic hernia lungs. OBJECTIVE We used the nitrofen/bisdiamine mouse model to induce congenital diaphragmatic hernia and accurately assess the status of alveolar epithelial cell differentiation in relation to the common bipotent progenitors. STUDY DESIGN Pregnant Swiss mice were gavage-fed with nitrofen/bisdiamine or vehicle at embryonic day 8.5. The administered dose was optimized by assessing the survival, congenital diaphragmatic hernia and facial abnormality rates of the exposed mouse pups. NanoCT was performed on embryonic day 11.5 and 16.5 to assess the embryonic and early canalicular stages of lung development. At embryonic day 17.5 corresponding to late canalicular stage, congenital diaphragmatic hernia lungs were characterized by measuring the lung weight/body weight ratio, morphometry, epithelial cell marker gene expression levels and alveolar cell type quantification. RESULTS Nitrofen/bisdiamine associated congenital diaphragmatic hernia lungs showed delayed development, hypoplasia with morphologic immaturity and thickened alveolar walls. Expression levels of distal epithelial progenitor marker Id2 increased, alveolar type 1 cell markers Pdpn and Hopx decreased, while type 2 cell markers pro-SPC and Muc1 remained constant during the canalicular stage. The number of Pdpn+ type 1 alveolar cells also decreased in congenital diaphragmatic hernia lungs. CONCLUSION The mouse nitrofen/bisdiamine model is a potential model allowing the study of congenital diaphragmatic hernia lung development from early stages using a wide array of methods. Based on this model, the alveolar epithelium showed a decrease in the number of alveolar type 1 cell in congenital diaphragmatic hernia lungs while type 2 cell population remains unchanged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tram Mai Nguyen
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Division Organ Systems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Julio Jimenez
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Division Organ Systems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Linda Elowsson Rendin
- Lung Biology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Catharina Müller
- Lung Biology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Jan Deprest
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Division Organ Systems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Division Woman and Child, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jaan Toelen
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Division Organ Systems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Paediatrics, Division Woman and Child, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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18
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Riemondy KA, Jansing NL, Jiang P, Redente EF, Gillen AE, Fu R, Miller AJ, Spence JR, Gerber AN, Hesselberth JR, Zemans RL. Single cell RNA sequencing identifies TGFβ as a key regenerative cue following LPS-induced lung injury. JCI Insight 2019; 5:123637. [PMID: 30913038 PMCID: PMC6538357 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.123637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many lung diseases result from a failure of efficient regeneration of damaged alveolar epithelial cells (AECs) after lung injury. During regeneration, AEC2s proliferate to replace lost cells, after which proliferation halts and some AEC2s transdifferentiate into AEC1s to restore normal alveolar structure and function. Although the mechanisms underlying AEC2 proliferation have been studied, the mechanisms responsible for halting proliferation and inducing transdifferentiation are poorly understood. To identify candidate signaling pathways responsible for halting proliferation and inducing transdifferentiation, we performed single cell RNA sequencing on AEC2s during regeneration in a murine model of lung injury induced by intratracheal LPS. Unsupervised clustering revealed distinct subpopulations of regenerating AEC2s: proliferating, cell cycle arrest, and transdifferentiating. Gene expression analysis of these transitional subpopulations revealed that TGFβ signaling was highly upregulated in the cell cycle arrest subpopulation and relatively downregulated in transdifferentiating cells. In cultured AEC2s, TGFβ was necessary for cell cycle arrest but impeded transdifferentiation. We conclude that during regeneration after LPS-induced lung injury, TGFβ is a critical signal halting AEC2 proliferation but must be inactivated to allow transdifferentiation. This study provides insight into the molecular mechanisms regulating alveolar regeneration and the pathogenesis of diseases resulting from a failure of regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kent A. Riemondy
- RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Nicole L. Jansing
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Peng Jiang
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Elizabeth F. Redente
- Program in Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Austin E. Gillen
- RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Rui Fu
- RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Alyssa J. Miller
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jason R. Spence
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Anthony N. Gerber
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Jay R. Hesselberth
- RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Rachel L. Zemans
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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19
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Olajuyin AM, Zhang X, Ji HL. Alveolar type 2 progenitor cells for lung injury repair. Cell Death Discov 2019; 5:63. [PMID: 30774991 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-019-0147-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alveolar type 2 progenitor cells (AT2) seem closest to clinical translation, specifying the evidence that AT2 may satisfactorily control the immune response to decrease lung injury by stabilizing host immune-competence and a classic and crucial resource for lung regeneration and repair. AT2 establish potential in benefiting injured lungs. However, significant discrepancies linger in our understanding vis-à-vis the mechanisms for AT2 as a regime for stem cell therapy as well as essential guiding information for clinical trials, including effectiveness in appropriate pre-clinical models, safety, mostly specifications for divergent lung injury patients. These important gaps shall be systematically investigated prior to the vast therapeutic perspective of AT2 cells for pulmonary diseases can be considered. This review focused on AT2 cells homeostasis, pathophysiological changes in the pathogenesis of lung injury, physiological function of AT2 cells, apoptosis of AT2 cells in lung diseases, the role of AT2 cells in repairing processes after lung injury, mechanism of AT2 cells activation promote repairing processes after lung injury, and potential therapy of lung disease by utilizing the AT2 progenitor cells. The advancement remains to causally connect the molecular and cellular alteration of AT2 cells to lung injury and repair. Conclusively, it is identified that AT2 cells can convert into AT1 cells; but, the comprehensive cellular mechanisms involved in this transition are unrevealed. Further investigation is mandatory to determine new strategies to prevent lung injury.
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20
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Yang C, Stueve TR, Yan C, Rhie SK, Mullen DJ, Luo J, Zhou B, Borok Z, Marconett CN, Offringa IA. Positional integration of lung adenocarcinoma susceptibility loci with primary human alveolar epithelial cell epigenomes. Epigenomics 2018; 10:1167-1187. [PMID: 30212242 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2018-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To identify functional lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) risk SNPs. MATERIALS & METHODS Eighteen validated LUAD risk SNPs (p ≤ 5 × 10-8) and 930 SNPs in high linkage disequilibrium (r2 > 0.5) were integrated with epigenomic information from primary human alveolar epithelial cells. Enhancer-associated SNPs likely affecting transcription factor-binding sites were predicted. Three SNPs were functionally investigated using luciferase assays, expression quantitative trait loci and cancer-specific expression. RESULTS Forty-seven SNPs mapped to putative enhancers; 11 located to open chromatin. Of these, seven altered predicted transcription factor-binding motifs. Rs6942067 showed allele-specific luciferase expression and expression quantitative trait loci analysis indicates that it influences expression of DCBLD1, a gene that encodes an unknown membrane protein and is overexpressed in LUAD. CONCLUSION Integration of candidate LUAD risk SNPS with epigenomic marks from normal alveolar epithelium identified numerous candidate functional LUAD risk SNPs including rs6942067, which appears to affect DCBLD1 expression. Data deposition: Data are provided in GEO record GSE84273.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Yang
- Department of Surgery, University of Southern California, CA 90089, USA.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, University of Southern California, CA 90089, USA.,Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, CA 90089, USA
| | - Theresa Ryan Stueve
- Department of Surgery, University of Southern California, CA 90089, USA.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, University of Southern California, CA 90089, USA.,Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, CA 90089, USA.,Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, CA 90089, USA
| | - Chunli Yan
- Department of Surgery, University of Southern California, CA 90089, USA.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, University of Southern California, CA 90089, USA.,Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, CA 90089, USA
| | - Suhn K Rhie
- Department of Surgery, University of Southern California, CA 90089, USA.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, University of Southern California, CA 90089, USA.,Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, CA 90089, USA
| | - Daniel J Mullen
- Department of Surgery, University of Southern California, CA 90089, USA.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, University of Southern California, CA 90089, USA.,Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, CA 90089, USA
| | - Jiao Luo
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, University of Southern California, CA 90089, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, University of Southern California, CA 90089, USA
| | - Beiyun Zhou
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, CA 90089, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, University of Southern California, CA 90089, USA.,Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, CA 90089, USA
| | - Zea Borok
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, University of Southern California, CA 90089, USA.,Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, CA 90089, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, University of Southern California, CA 90089, USA.,Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, CA 90089, USA
| | - Crystal N Marconett
- Department of Surgery, University of Southern California, CA 90089, USA.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, University of Southern California, CA 90089, USA.,Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, CA 90089, USA
| | - Ite A Offringa
- Department of Surgery, University of Southern California, CA 90089, USA.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, University of Southern California, CA 90089, USA.,Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, CA 90089, USA
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21
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Abstract
Recent studies have revealed biologically significant differences between human and mouse lung development, and have reported new in vitro systems that allow experimental manipulation of human lung models. At the same time, emerging clinical data suggest that the origins of some adult lung diseases are found in embryonic development and childhood. The convergence of these research themes has fuelled a resurgence of interest in human lung developmental biology. In this Review, we discuss our current understanding of human lung development, which has been profoundly influenced by studies in mice and, more recently, by experiments using in vitro human lung developmental models and RNA sequencing of human foetal lung tissue. Together, these approaches are helping to shed light on the mechanisms underlying human lung development and disease, and may help pave the way for new therapies. Summary: This Review describes how recent technological advances have shed light on the mechanisms underlying human lung development and disease, and outlines the future challenges in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Z Nikolić
- Wellcome Trust/CRUK Gurdon Institute, Wellcome Trust/MRC Stem Cell Institute, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK.,University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Department of Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Dawei Sun
- Wellcome Trust/CRUK Gurdon Institute, Wellcome Trust/MRC Stem Cell Institute, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Emma L Rawlins
- Wellcome Trust/CRUK Gurdon Institute, Wellcome Trust/MRC Stem Cell Institute, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A O'Reilly
- 1 Department of Pediatrics School of Medicine and Dentistry The University of Rochester Rochester, New York
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23
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Beers MF, Moodley Y. When Is an Alveolar Type 2 Cell an Alveolar Type 2 Cell? A Conundrum for Lung Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 57:18-27. [PMID: 28326803 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2016-0426ps] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Generating mature, differentiated, adult lung cells from pluripotent cells, such as induced pluripotent stem cells and embryonic stem cells, offers the hope of both generating disease-specific in vitro models and creating definitive and personalized therapies for a host of debilitating lung parenchymal and airway diseases. With the goal of advancing lung-regenerative medicine, several groups have developed and reported on protocols using defined media, coculture with mesenchymal components, or sequential treatments mimicking lung development, to obtain distal lung epithelial cells from stem cell precursors. However, there remains significant controversy about the degree of differentiation of these cells compared with their primary counterparts, coupled with a lack of consistency or uniformity in assessing the resultant phenotypes. Given the inevitable, exponential expansion of these approaches and the probable, but yet-to-emerge second and higher generation techniques to create such assets, we were prompted to pose the question, what makes a lung epithelial cell a lung epithelial cell? More specifically for this Perspective, we also posed the question, what are the minimum features that constitute an alveolar type (AT) 2 epithelial cell? In addressing this, we summarize a body of work spanning nearly five decades, amassed by a series of "lung epithelial cell biology pioneers," which carefully describes well characterized molecular, functional, and morphological features critical for discriminately assessing an AT2 phenotype. Armed with this, we propose a series of core criteria to assist the field in confirming that cells obtained following a differentiation protocol are indeed mature and functional AT2 epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Beers
- 1 Lung Epithelial Biology Laboratories, Penn Center for Pulmonary Biology, Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Yuben Moodley
- 2 University of Western Australia, Harry Perkins Research Institute, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
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24
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Marconett CN, Zhou B, Sunohara M, Pouldar TM, Wang H, Liu Y, Rieger ME, Tran E, Flodby P, Siegmund KD, Crandall ED, Laird-Offringa IA, Borok Z. Cross-Species Transcriptome Profiling Identifies New Alveolar Epithelial Type I Cell-Specific Genes. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 56:310-321. [PMID: 27749084 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2016-0071oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Diseases involving the distal lung alveolar epithelium include chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and lung adenocarcinoma. Accurate labeling of specific cell types is critical for determining the contribution of each to the pathogenesis of these diseases. The distal lung alveolar epithelium is composed of two cell types, alveolar epithelial type 1 (AT1) and type 2 (AT2) cells. Although cell type-specific markers, most prominently surfactant protein C, have allowed detailed lineage tracing studies of AT2 cell differentiation and the cells' roles in disease, studies of AT1 cells have been hampered by a lack of genes with expression unique to AT1 cells. In this study, we performed genome-wide expression profiling of multiple rat organs together with purified rat AT2, AT1, and in vitro differentiated AT1-like cells, resulting in the identification of 54 candidate AT1 cell markers. Cross-referencing with genes up-regulated in human in vitro differentiated AT1-like cells narrowed the potential list to 18 candidate genes. Testing the top four candidate genes at RNA and protein levels revealed GRAM domain 2 (GRAMD2), a protein of unknown function, as highly specific to AT1 cells. RNA sequencing (RNAseq) confirmed that GRAMD2 is transcriptionally silent in human AT2 cells. Immunofluorescence verified that GRAMD2 expression is restricted to the plasma membrane of AT1 cells and is not expressed in bronchial epithelial cells, whereas reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction confirmed that it is not expressed in endothelial cells. Using GRAMD2 as a new AT1 cell-specific gene will enhance AT1 cell isolation, the investigation of alveolar epithelial cell differentiation potential, and the contribution of AT1 cells to distal lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal N Marconett
- Departments of 1 Surgery and.,2 Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine.,3 Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Beiyun Zhou
- 3 Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center.,4 Department of Medicine, Will Rogers Institute Pulmonary Research Center, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, and
| | - Mitsuhiro Sunohara
- 4 Department of Medicine, Will Rogers Institute Pulmonary Research Center, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, and
| | | | - Hongjun Wang
- 4 Department of Medicine, Will Rogers Institute Pulmonary Research Center, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, and
| | - Yixin Liu
- 4 Department of Medicine, Will Rogers Institute Pulmonary Research Center, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, and
| | - Megan E Rieger
- 4 Department of Medicine, Will Rogers Institute Pulmonary Research Center, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, and
| | - Evelyn Tran
- Departments of 1 Surgery and.,2 Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine.,3 Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Per Flodby
- 4 Department of Medicine, Will Rogers Institute Pulmonary Research Center, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, and
| | - Kimberly D Siegmund
- 5 Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Edward D Crandall
- 4 Department of Medicine, Will Rogers Institute Pulmonary Research Center, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, and
| | - Ite A Laird-Offringa
- Departments of 1 Surgery and.,2 Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine.,3 Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Zea Borok
- 2 Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine.,3 Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center.,4 Department of Medicine, Will Rogers Institute Pulmonary Research Center, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, and
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25
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Flodby P, Li C, Liu Y, Wang H, Rieger ME, Minoo P, Crandall ED, Ann DK, Borok Z, Zhou B. Cell-specific expression of aquaporin-5 (Aqp5) in alveolar epithelium is directed by GATA6/Sp1 via histone acetylation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3473. [PMID: 28615712 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03152-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic regulation of differentiation-related genes is poorly understood. We previously reported that transcription factors GATA6 and Sp1 interact with and activate the rat proximal 358-bp promoter/enhancer (p358P/E) of lung alveolar epithelial type I (AT1) cell-specific gene aquaporin-5 (Aqp5). In this study, we found that histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) increased AQP5 expression and Sp1-mediated transcription of p358P/E. HDAC3 overexpression inhibited Sp1-mediated Aqp5 activation, while HDAC3 knockdown augmented AQP5 protein expression. Knockdown of GATA6 or transcriptional co-activator/histone acetyltransferase p300 decreased AQP5 expression, while p300 overexpression enhanced p358P/E activation by GATA6 and Sp1. GATA6 overexpression, SAHA treatment or HDAC3 knockdown increased histone H3 (H3) but not histone H4 (H4) acetylation within the homologous p358P/E region of mouse Aqp5. HDAC3 binds to Sp1 and HDAC3 knockdown increased interaction of GATA6/Sp1, GATA6/p300 and Sp1/p300. These results indicate that GATA6 and HDAC3 control Aqp5 transcription via modulation of H3 acetylation/deacetylation, respectively, through competition for binding to Sp1, and suggest that p300 modulates acetylation and/or interacts with GATA6/Sp1 to regulate Aqp5 transcription. Cooperative interactions among transcription factors and histone modifications regulate Aqp5 expression during alveolar epithelial cell transdifferentiation, suggesting that HDAC inhibitors may enhance repair by promoting acquisition of AT1 cell phenotype.
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Yang J, Hernandez BJ, Martinez Alanis D, Narvaez del Pilar O, Vila-Ellis L, Akiyama H, Evans SE, Ostrin EJ, Chen J. The development and plasticity of alveolar type 1 cells. Development 2015; 143:54-65. [PMID: 26586225 DOI: 10.1242/dev.130005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Alveolar type 1 (AT1) cells cover >95% of the gas exchange surface and are extremely thin to facilitate passive gas diffusion. The development of these highly specialized cells and its coordination with the formation of the honeycomb-like alveolar structure are poorly understood. Using new marker-based stereology and single-cell imaging methods, we show that AT1 cells in the mouse lung form expansive thin cellular extensions via a non-proliferative two-step process while retaining cellular plasticity. In the flattening step, AT1 cells undergo molecular specification and remodel cell junctions while remaining connected to their epithelial neighbors. In the folding step, AT1 cells increase in size by more than 10-fold and undergo cellular morphogenesis that matches capillary and secondary septa formation, resulting in a single AT1 cell spanning multiple alveoli. Furthermore, AT1 cells are an unexpected source of VEGFA and their normal development is required for alveolar angiogenesis. Notably, a majority of AT1 cells proliferate upon ectopic SOX2 expression and undergo stage-dependent cell fate reprogramming. These results provide evidence that AT1 cells have both structural and signaling roles in alveolar maturation and can exit their terminally differentiated non-proliferative state. Our findings suggest that AT1 cells might be a new target in the pathogenesis and treatment of lung diseases associated with premature birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yang
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Belinda J Hernandez
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Denise Martinez Alanis
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - Lisandra Vila-Ellis
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA Tecnologico de Monterrey - Escuela de Medicina, Monterrey 64710, Mexico
| | - Haruhiko Akiyama
- Department of Orthopedics, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Scott E Evans
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Edwin J Ostrin
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jichao Chen
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA Center for Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Liebler JM, Marconett CN, Juul N, Wang H, Liu Y, Flodby P, Laird-Offringa IA, Minoo P, Zhou B. Combinations of differentiation markers distinguish subpopulations of alveolar epithelial cells in adult lung. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2015; 310:L114-20. [PMID: 26545903 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00337.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Distal lung epithelium is maintained by proliferation of alveolar type II (AT2) cells and, for some daughter AT2 cells, transdifferentiation into alveolar type I (AT1) cells. We investigated if subpopulations of alveolar epithelial cells (AEC) exist that represent various stages in transdifferentiation from AT2 to AT1 cell phenotypes in normal adult lung and if they can be identified using combinations of cell-specific markers. Immunofluorescence microscopy showed that, in distal rat and mouse lungs, ∼ 20-30% of NKX2.1(+) (or thyroid transcription factor 1(+)) cells did not colocalize with pro-surfactant protein C (pro-SP-C), a highly specific AT2 cell marker. In distal rat lung, NKX2.1(+) cells coexpressed either pro-SP-C or the AT1 cell marker homeodomain only protein x (HOPX). Not all HOPX(+) cells colocalize with the AT1 cell marker aquaporin 5 (AQP5), and some AQP5(+) cells were NKX2.1(+). HOPX was expressed earlier than AQP5 during transdifferentiation in rat AEC primary culture, with robust expression of both by day 7. We speculate that NKX2.1 and pro-SP-C colocalize in AT2 cells, NKX2.1 and HOPX or AQP5 colocalize in intermediate or transitional cells, and HOPX and AQP5 are expressed without NKX2.1 in AT1 cells. These findings suggest marked heterogeneity among cells previously identified as exclusively AT1 or AT2 cells, implying the presence of subpopulations of intermediate or transitional AEC in normal adult lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice M Liebler
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Will Rogers Institute Pulmonary Research Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Crystal N Marconett
- Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Nicholas Juul
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Hongjun Wang
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Will Rogers Institute Pulmonary Research Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Yixin Liu
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Will Rogers Institute Pulmonary Research Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Per Flodby
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Will Rogers Institute Pulmonary Research Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ite A Laird-Offringa
- Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Parviz Minoo
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, and Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Beiyun Zhou
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Will Rogers Institute Pulmonary Research Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California;
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Akgün J, Schabussova I, Schwarzer M, Kozakova H, Kundi M, Wiedermann U. The Role of Alveolar Epithelial Type II-Like Cells in Uptake of Structurally Different Antigens and in Polarisation of Local Immune Responses. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124777. [PMID: 25894334 PMCID: PMC4404363 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Our previous studies on intranasal tolerance induction demonstrated reduction of allergic responses with different allergen constructs. The underlying mechanisms varied depending on their conformation or size. Objective The aim of the present study was to compare the uptake of two structurally different allergen molecules within the respiratory tract following intranasal application. Methods The three-dimensional Bet v 1 (Bv1-Protein) and the T cell epitope peptide of Bet v 1 (Bv1-Peptide) were labelled with 5,6-Carboxyfluorescein (FAM) and their uptake was investigated in lung cells and cells of the nasal associated lymphoid tissue from naive and sensitised BALB/c mice. Phenotypic characterisation of FAM+ lung cells after antigen incubation in vitro and after intranasal application was performed by flow cytometry. Impact of Bv1-Protein and Bv1-Peptide on cytokine profiles and gene expression in vivo or in an alveolar epithelial type II (ATII) cell line were assessed in mono- and co-cultures with monocytes using ELISA and quantitative real-time PCR. Results Both antigens were taken up preferably by ATII-like cells (ATII-LCs) in naive mice, and by macrophages in sensitised mice. After intranasal application, Bv1-Peptide was taken up faster and more efficiently than Bv1-Protein. In vivo and in vitro experiments revealed that Bv1-Protein induced the transcription of thymic stromal lymphopoietin mRNA while Bv1-Peptide induced the transcription of IL-10 and MCP1 mRNA in ATII-LCs. Conclusion and Clinical Relevance Both tested antigens were taken up by ATII-LCs under steady state conditions and induced different polarisation of the immune responses. These data may have an important impact for the generation of novel and more effective prophylactic or therapeutic tools targeting the respiratory mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnnie Akgün
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Centre for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Irma Schabussova
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Centre for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
| | - Martin Schwarzer
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Kozakova
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - Michael Kundi
- Institute of Environmental Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ursula Wiedermann
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Centre for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, University of Göteborg, Göteborg, Sweden
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Abstract
I am deeply honored to have been awarded an American Thoracic Society Recognition Award for Scientific Accomplishment for 2014. Over the last 20 years, it has become clear that the alveolar epithelium, my area of research focus, is not simply a gas exchange surface and barrier to leakage of fluid and protein into the alveoli, but is an active participant in the pathogenesis of a number of lung diseases, including pulmonary fibrosis. Recognition by this Award stimulates a review of the awardee's contributions to the field, as summarized in this perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zea Borok
- Will Rogers Institute Pulmonary Research Center, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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Hogan BLM, Barkauskas CE, Chapman HA, Epstein JA, Jain R, Hsia CCW, Niklason L, Calle E, Le A, Randell SH, Rock J, Snitow M, Krummel M, Stripp BR, Vu T, White ES, Whitsett JA, Morrisey EE. Repair and regeneration of the respiratory system: complexity, plasticity, and mechanisms of lung stem cell function. Cell Stem Cell 2014; 15:123-38. [PMID: 25105578 PMCID: PMC4212493 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2014.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 605] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory disease is the third leading cause of death in the industrialized world. Consequently, the trachea, lungs, and cardiopulmonary vasculature have been the focus of extensive investigations. Recent studies have provided new information about the mechanisms driving lung development and differentiation. However, there is still much to learn about the ability of the adult respiratory system to undergo repair and to replace cells lost in response to injury and disease. This Review highlights the multiple stem/progenitor populations in different regions of the adult lung, the plasticity of their behavior in injury models, and molecular pathways that support homeostasis and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigid L M Hogan
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke Medicine, Durham, NC 27705, USA.
| | - Christina E Barkauskas
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Duke Medicine, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Harold A Chapman
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jonathan A Epstein
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Rajan Jain
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Connie C W Hsia
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Laura Niklason
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Elizabeth Calle
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke Medicine, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Andrew Le
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke Medicine, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Scott H Randell
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jason Rock
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Melinda Snitow
- Perleman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Matthew Krummel
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Barry R Stripp
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Thiennu Vu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Eric S White
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Whitsett
- Section of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Edward E Morrisey
- Departments of Medicine and Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Gong X, Sun Z, Cui D, Xu X, Zhu H, Wang L, Qian W, Han X. Isolation and characterization of lung resident mesenchymal stem cells capable of differentiating into alveolar epithelial type II cells. Cell Biol Int 2014; 38:405-11. [DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuemin Gong
- Immunology and Reproductive Biology Laboratory; Medical College of Nanjing University; Nanjing 210093 China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine; Nanjing 210093 China
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210093 China
| | - Zhaorui Sun
- Immunology and Reproductive Biology Laboratory; Medical College of Nanjing University; Nanjing 210093 China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine; Nanjing 210093 China
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210093 China
| | - Di Cui
- Immunology and Reproductive Biology Laboratory; Medical College of Nanjing University; Nanjing 210093 China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine; Nanjing 210093 China
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210093 China
| | - Xiaomeng Xu
- Immunology and Reproductive Biology Laboratory; Medical College of Nanjing University; Nanjing 210093 China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine; Nanjing 210093 China
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210093 China
| | - Huiming Zhu
- Immunology and Reproductive Biology Laboratory; Medical College of Nanjing University; Nanjing 210093 China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine; Nanjing 210093 China
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210093 China
| | - Lihui Wang
- Immunology and Reproductive Biology Laboratory; Medical College of Nanjing University; Nanjing 210093 China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine; Nanjing 210093 China
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210093 China
| | - Weiping Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics; Southeast University; Nanjing 210093 China
| | - Xiaodong Han
- Immunology and Reproductive Biology Laboratory; Medical College of Nanjing University; Nanjing 210093 China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine; Nanjing 210093 China
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210093 China
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Zhao L, Yee M, O'Reilly MA. Transdifferentiation of alveolar epithelial type II to type I cells is controlled by opposing TGF-β and BMP signaling. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2013; 305:L409-18. [PMID: 23831617 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00032.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Alveolar epithelial type II (ATII) cells are essential for maintaining normal lung homeostasis because they produce surfactant, express innate immune proteins, and can function as progenitors for alveolar epithelial type I (ATI) cells. Although autocrine production of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 has been shown to promote the transdifferentiation of primary rat ATII to ATI cells in vitro, mechanisms controlling this process still remain poorly defined. Here, evidence is provided that Tgf-β1, -2, -3 mRNA and phosphorylated SMAD2 and SMAD3 significantly increase as primary cultures of mouse ATII cells transdifferentiate to ATI cells. Concomitantly, bone morphogenetic protein (Bmp)-2 and -4 mRNA, and phosphorylated SMAD1/5/8 expression decrease. Exogenously supplied recombinant human TGF-β1 inhibited BMP signaling and enhanced transdifferentiation by promoting the loss of ATII cell-specific gene expression and weakly stimulating ATI cell-specific gene expression. On the other hand, exogenously supplied recombinant human BMP-4 inhibited TGF-β signaling and delayed transdifferentiation by inhibiting the gain in ATI cell-specific gene expression and weakly delaying the loss of ATII cell-specific gene expression. In mouse lung epithelial (MLE15) cells, small-interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown of TGF-β receptor type-1 enhanced basal expression of ATII genes while siRNA RNA knockdown of BMP receptors type-1a and -1b enhanced basal expression of ATI genes. Together, these results suggest that the rate of ATII cell transdifferentiation is controlled by the opposing actions of BMP and TGF-β signaling that switch during the process of transdifferentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Zhao
- Dept. of Pediatrics, Box 850, The Univ. of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Ave., Rochester NY 14642.
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Ghosh MC, Gorantla V, Makena PS, Luellen C, Sinclair SE, Schwingshackl A, Waters CM. Insulin-like growth factor-I stimulates differentiation of ATII cells to ATI-like cells through activation of Wnt5a. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2013; 305:L222-8. [PMID: 23709620 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00014.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Alveolar type II (ATII) epithelial cells play a crucial role in the repair and remodeling of the lung following injury. ATII cells have the capability to proliferate and differentiate into alveolar type I (ATI) cells in vivo and into an ATI-like phenotype in vitro. While previous reports indicate that the differentiation of ATII cells into ATI cells is a complex biological process, the underlying mechanism responsible for differentiation is not fully understood. To investigate factors involved in this differentiation in culture, we used a PCR array and identified several genes that were either up- or downregulated in ATI-like cells (day 6 in culture) compared with day 2 ATII cells. Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) mRNA was increased nearly eightfold. We found that IGF-I was increased in the culture media of ATI-like cells and demonstrated a significant role in the differentiation process. Treatment of ATII cells with recombinant IGF-I accelerated the differentiation process, and this effect was abrogated by the IGF-I receptor blocker PQ401. We found that Wnt5a, a member of the Wnt-Frizzled pathway, was activated during IGF-I-mediated differentiation. Both protein kinase C and β-catenin were transiently activated during transdifferentiation. Knocking down Wnt5a using small-interfering RNA abrogated the differentiation process as indicated by changes in the expression of an ATII cell marker (prosurfactant protein-C). Treatment of wounded cells with either IGF-I or Wnt5a stimulated wound closure. These results suggest that IGF-I promotes differentiation of ATII to ATI cells through the activation of a noncanonical Wnt pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manik C Ghosh
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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Ionescu LI, Thébaud B, Thébaud B. Lung. Regen Med 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-5690-8_34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Oh CK, Murray LA, Molfino NA. Smoking and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Pulm Med 2012; 2012:808260. [PMID: 22448328 DOI: 10.1155/2012/808260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Revised: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a disease of unknown etiology with considerable morbidity and mortality. Cigarette smoking is one of the most recognized risk factors for development of IPF. Furthermore, recent work suggests that smoking may have a detrimental effect on survival of patients with IPF. The mechanism by which smoking may contribute to the pathogenesis of IPF is largely unknown. However, accumulating evidence suggests that increased oxidative stress might promote disease progression in IPF patients who are current and former smokers. In this review, potential mechanisms by which cigarette smoking affects IPF, the effects of cigarette smoking on accelerated loss of lung function in patients with IPF, key genetic studies evaluating the potential candidate genes and gene-environment (smoking) interaction, diagnosis, and treatment with emphasis on recently closed and ongoing clinical trials are presented.
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Chen Y, Legan SK, Mahan A, Thornton J, Xu H, Schwarz MA. Endothelial-monocyte activating polypeptide II disrupts alveolar epithelial type II to type I cell transdifferentiation. Respir Res 2012; 13:1. [PMID: 22214516 PMCID: PMC3295640 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-13-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Distal alveolar morphogenesis is marked by differentiation of alveolar type (AT)-II to AT-I cells that give rise to the primary site of gas exchange, the alveolar/vascular interface. Endothelial-Monocyte Activating Polypeptide (EMAP) II, an endogenous protein with anti-angiogenic properties, profoundly disrupts distal lung neovascularization and alveolar formation during lung morphogenesis, and is robustly expressed in the dysplastic alveolar regions of infants with Bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Determination as to whether EMAP II has a direct or indirect affect on ATII→ATI trans-differentiation has not been explored. Method In a controlled nonvascular environment, an in vitro model of ATII→ATI cell trans-differentiation was utilized to demonstrate the contribution that one vascular mediator has on distal epithelial cell differentiation. Results Here, we show that EMAP II significantly blocked ATII→ATI cell transdifferentiation by increasing cellular apoptosis and inhibiting expression of ATI markers. Moreover, EMAP II-treated ATII cells displayed myofibroblast characteristics, including elevated cellular proliferation, increased actin cytoskeleton stress fibers and Rho-GTPase activity, and increased nuclear:cytoplasmic volume. However, EMAP II-treated cells did not express the myofibroblast markers desmin or αSMA. Conclusion Our findings demonstrate that EMAP II interferes with ATII → ATI transdifferentiation resulting in a proliferating non-myofibroblast cell. These data identify the transdifferentiating alveolar cell as a possible target for EMAP II's induction of alveolar dysplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, TX, USA
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Abstract
Epithelial cells of the lung are located at the interface between the environment and the organism and serve many important functions including barrier protection, fluid balance, clearance of particulate, initiation of immune responses, mucus and surfactant production, and repair following injury. Because of the complex structure of the lung and its cyclic deformation during the respiratory cycle, epithelial cells are exposed to continuously varying levels of mechanical stresses. While normal lung function is maintained under these conditions, changes in mechanical stresses can have profound effects on the function of epithelial cells and therefore the function of the organ. In this review, we will describe the types of stresses and strains in the lungs, how these are transmitted, and how these may vary in human disease or animal models. Many approaches have been developed to better understand how cells sense and respond to mechanical stresses, and we will discuss these approaches and how they have been used to study lung epithelial cells in culture. Understanding how cells sense and respond to changes in mechanical stresses will contribute to our understanding of the role of lung epithelial cells during normal function and development and how their function may change in diseases such as acute lung injury, asthma, emphysema, and fibrosis.
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Driscoll B, Kikuchi A, Lau AN, Lee J, Reddy R, Jesudason E, Kim CF, Warburton D. Isolation and characterization of distal lung progenitor cells. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 879:109-22. [PMID: 22610556 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-815-3_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The majority of epithelial cells in the distal lung of rodents and humans are quiescent in vivo, yet certain cell populations retain an intrinsic capacity to proliferate and differentiate in response to lung injury or in appropriate culture settings, thus giving them properties of stem/progenitor cells. Here, we describe the isolation of two such populations from adult mouse lung: alveolar epithelial type 2 cells (AEC2), which can generate alveolar epithelial type 1 cells, and bronchioalveolar stem cells (BASCs), which in culture can reproduce themselves, as well as generate a small number of other distal lung epithelial cell types. These primary epithelial cells are typically isolated using enzyme digestion, mechanical disruption, and serial filtration. AEC2 and BASCs are distinguished from other distal lung cells by expression of specific markers as detected by fluorescence-activated cell sorting, immunohistochemistry, or a combination of both of these techniques.
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Borok Z, Whitsett JA, Bitterman PB, Thannickal VJ, Kotton DN, Reynolds SD, Krasnow MA, Bianchi DW, Morrisey EE, Hogan BL, Kurie JM, Walker DC, Radisky DC, Nishimura SL, Violette SM, Noble PW, Shapiro SD, Blaisdell CJ, Chapman HA, Kiley J, Gail D, Hoshizaki D. Cell plasticity in lung injury and repair: report from an NHLBI workshop, April 19-20, 2010. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2011; 8:215-22. [PMID: 21653526 DOI: 10.1513/pats.201012-067CB] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In April 2010, a NIH workshop was convened to discuss the current state of understanding of lung cell plasticity, including the responses of epithelial cells to injury, with the objectives of summarizing what is known, what the field needs to know, and how to get there. The proximal stimulus for this workshop is the body of recent evidence suggesting that plasticity is a prominent but incompletely characterized property of lung epithelial cells, and that a focus on understanding this aspect of epithelial cell biology in particular, may be an important window into disease pathobiology and pathogenesis. In addition to their many vital functions in maintaining tissue homeostasis, epithelial cells have emerged as both a central target of disease initiation and an active contributor to disease progression, making a workshop to investigate the role of cell plasticity in lung injury and repair timely. The workshop was organized around four major themes: lung epithelial cell plasticity, signaling control of plasticity, fibroblast plasticity and crosstalk, and translation to human disease. Although this breakdown was recognized to be somewhat artificial, it was felt that this approach would promote cross-fertilization among groups that ordinarily do not communicate and lend itself to the generation of new approaches. The summary reports of individual group discussions below are followed by consensus priorities and recommendations of the workshop participants.
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Abstract
COPD and IPF are two chronic lung diseases which are characterized by a decline in lung function, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. Both of these diseases are more commonly associated with an aging population and the duration for which the disease has been underlying is often unknown. Significant matrix deposition occurs, resulting in either non-reversible airways obstruction in the case of COPD and impaired gas exchange and parenchymal consolidation in IPF. There are no approved therapies that have been demonstrated to target these underlying fibrotic changes in the lung. This may in part be due to the challenges of quantitating lung fibrosis in a temporal manner in specific regions of the lung. However, this may also be due to our understanding of aberrant and pathogenic collagen deposition being somewhat limited. The core processes associated with lung fibrosis are often observed in normal wound healing. Moreover, in the extreme fibrotic setting of IPF, the remodelling is sometimes associated with uncontrolled wound healing responses. As wound healing is a critical aspect to maintaining tissue function and homeostasis, targeting this process directly may result in safety concerns. This review therefore describes some of the recent advances in ascertaining pathways promoting lung fibrosis that may be amenable to therapeutic intervention in both COPD and IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynne A Murray
- Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, MedImmune Ltd, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, UK.
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Johnson C, Fan H. Three-dimensional culture of an ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma-derived cell line results in re-expression of surfactant proteins and Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus. Virology 2011; 414:91-6. [PMID: 21481432 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2011.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Revised: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV) is the causative agent of ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA) in sheep. A major interest is elucidating the mechanism(s) of transformation by the viral envelope (Env) that functions as an oncogene. These studies would benefit from a cell line derived from type II pneumocytes that have maintained the differentiation state. In this study we used an OPA-derived cell line (JS7), which has lost structural and functional properties of type II pneumocytes, and no longer expresses JSRV when grown in 2-D monolayer culture. When JS7 cells were placed in 3-D culture using Matrigel, they grew as small spheres of polarized cells that re-expressed surfactant proteins characteristic of type II pneumocytes. Moreover, JS7 cells grown in 3-D re-expressed JSRV virus by several criteria. This study underscores the importance of the culture environment on maintaining the differentiation state of OPA tumor cells as well as expression of JSRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chassidy Johnson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry and Cancer Research Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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Ito Y, Ahmad A, Kewley E, Mason RJ. Hypoxia-inducible factor regulates expression of surfactant protein in alveolar type II cells in vitro. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2011; 45:938-45. [PMID: 21454802 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2011-0052oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Alveolar type II (ATII) cells cultured at an air-liquid (A/L) interface maintain differentiation, but they lose these properties when they are submerged. Others showed that an oxygen tension gradient develops in the culture medium as ATII cells consume oxygen. Therefore, we wondered whether hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) signaling could explain differences in the phenotypes of ATII cells cultured under A/L interface or submerged conditions. ATII cells were isolated from male Sprague-Dawley rats and cultured on inserts coated with a mixture of rat-tail collagen and Matrigel, in medium including 5% rat serum and 10 ng/ml keratinocyte growth factor, with their apical surfaces either exposed to air or submerged. The A/L interface condition maintained the expression of surfactant proteins, whereas that expression was down-regulated under the submerged condition, and the effect was rapid and reversible. Under submerged conditions, there was an increase in HIF1α and HIF2α in nuclear extracts, mRNA levels of HIF inducible genes, vascular endothelial growth factor, glucose transporter-1 (GLUT1), and the protein level of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase isozyme-1. The expression of surfactant proteins was suppressed and GLUT1 mRNA levels were induced when cells were cultured with 1 mM dimethyloxalyl glycine. The expression of surfactant proteins was restored under submerged conditions with supplemented 60% oxygen. HIF signaling and oxygen tension at the surface of cells appears to be important in regulating the phenotype of rat ATII cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Ito
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA.
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Johnson C, Jahid S, Voelker DR, Fan H. Enhanced proliferation of primary rat type II pneumocytes by Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus envelope protein. Virology 2011; 412:349-56. [PMID: 21316726 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2011.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Revised: 12/24/2010] [Accepted: 01/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV) is the causative agent of a contagious lung cancer in sheep. The envelope protein (Env) is the oncogene, as it can transform cell lines in culture and induce tumors in animals, although the mechanisms for transformation are not yet clear because a system to perform transformation assays in differentiated type II pneumocytes does not exist. In this study we report culture of primary rat type II pneumocytes in conditions that favor prolonged expression of markers for type II pneumocytes. Env-expressing cultures formed more colonies that were larger in size and were viable for longer periods of time compared to vector control samples. The cells that remained in culture longer were confirmed to be derived from type II pneumocytes because they expressed surfactant protein C, cytokeratin, displayed alkaline phosphatase activity and were positive for Nile red. This system will be useful to study JSRV Env in the targets of transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chassidy Johnson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry and Cancer Research Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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45
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Eisenberg JL, Safi A, Wei X, Espinosa HD, Budinger GS, Takawira D, Hopkinson SB, Jones JC. Substrate stiffness regulates extracellular matrix deposition by alveolar epithelial cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [PMID: 23204878 DOI: 10.2147/rrb.s13178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
AIM: The aim of the study was to address whether a stiff substrate, a model for pulmonary fibrosis, is responsible for inducing changes in the phenotype of alveolar epithelial cells (AEC) in the lung, including their deposition and organization of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. METHODS: Freshly isolated lung AEC from male Sprague Dawley rats were seeded onto polyacrylamide gel substrates of varying stiffness and analyzed for expression and organization of adhesion, cytoskeletal, differentiation, and ECM components by Western immunoblotting and confocal immunofluorescence microscopy. RESULTS: We observed that substrate stiffness influences cell morphology and the organization of focal adhesions and the actin cytoskeleton. Surprisingly, however, we found that substrate stiffness has no influence on the differentiation of type II into type I AEC, nor does increased substrate stiffness lead to an epithelial-mesenchymal transition. In contrast, our data indicate that substrate stiffness regulates the expression of the α3 laminin subunit by AEC and the organization of both fibronectin and laminin in their ECM. CONCLUSIONS: An increase in substrate stiffness leads to enhanced laminin and fibronectin assembly into fibrils, which likely contributes to the disease phenotype in the fibrotic lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Eisenberg
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA ; Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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46
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47
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Feng D, Zhang S, Hu Z, Fan F, Jiang F, Yin R, Xu L. Dynamic investigation of alveolar type II cell function in a long-term survival model of rat lung ischemia-reperfusion injury. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 2010; 70:364-73. [PMID: 20560845 DOI: 10.3109/00365513.2010.495415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alveolar type II (ATII) cells are capable of repairing the alveolar epithelium injury induced by lung ischemia-reperfusion injury (LIRI). In the present study, we aim to dynamically investigate the morphological and functional alternations of ATII cells using a long-term survival model of rat LIRI. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into sham and ischemia-reperfusion (IR) groups. Animals of IR group underwent warm ischemia for 60 minutes by left pulmonary hilum occlusion. Injury was assessed by histological examination and myeloperoxidase activity assay. The proliferation profile of ATII cells was evaluated by immunofluorescence double staining. Surfactant protein-C (SP-C) and caspase-3 expression were determined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Ultrastructure and stereological analysis were used to quantify the alterations of nuclei and lamellar bodies (LBs) of ATII cells. RESULTS As compared with the sham group, SP-C expression in the IR group significantly decreased at the early phase of LIRI and returned to normal in 7 days after reperfusion. SP-C/PCNA double positive cell number significantly increased at 1d, peaked at 3d and decreased to normal until 7 days after reperfusion. Ultrastructure and stereological analysis of ATII cells also showed that LBs were remarkably impaired at the early phase of LIRI and recovered up to 7 days after reperfusion. CONCLUSIONS This model is simple, stable and reproducible. ATII cells demonstrated a self-repair capacity in a slow manner following the early phase of LIRI. Enhancing self-repair capacity of ATII cells may be a potential way of alleviating or curing LIRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjie Feng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Jiangsu Province, Cancer Institution of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, P. R. China
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Lu HY, Shao GB, Li WB, Wang H. Effects of hyperoxia on transdifferentiation of primary cultured typeII alveolar epithelial cells from premature rats. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2010; 47:64-72. [PMID: 21082284 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-010-9360-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2010] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Hyperoxia exposure is a significant risk factor for the impaired alveolarization characteristic of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Type II alveolar epithelial cells (AECIIs) may serve as "alveolar stem cells" to transdifferentiate into type I alveolar epithelial cells (AECIs). Here, we show that hyperoxia is capable of inducing transdifferentiation of AECIIs in premature rats in vitro. Hyperoxia-induced transdifferentiation was characterized by typical morphological changes, inhibition of cellular proliferation, decline in expression rate of Ki67, accumulation of cells in the G(1) phase of the cell cycle, increased expression of AECI-specific protein aquaporin 5, and decreased expression of AECII-associated protein surfactant protein C. These results suggest that hyperoxia may induce transdifferentiation of AECIIs into AECIs and the transdifferentiation may be responsible for repairing early lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yan Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.
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49
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Castriotta RJ, Eldadah BA, Foster WM, Halter JB, Hazzard WR, Kiley JP, King TE, Horne FM, Nayfield SG, Reynolds HY, Schmader KE, Toews GB, High KP. Workshop on idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in older adults. Chest 2010; 138:693-703. [PMID: 20822991 DOI: 10.1378/chest.09-3006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), a heterogeneous disease with respect to clinical presentation and rates of progression, disproportionately affects older adults. The diagnosis of IPF is descriptive, based on clinical, radiologic, and histopathologic examination, and definitive diagnosis is hampered by poor interobserver agreement and lack of a consensus definition. There are no effective treatments. Cellular, molecular, genetic, and environmental risk factors have been identified for IPF, but the initiating event and the characteristics of preclinical stages are not known. IPF is predominantly a disease of older adults, and the processes underlying normal aging might significantly influence the development of IPF. Yet, the biology of aging and the principles of medical care for this population have been typically ignored in basic, translational, or clinical IPF research. In August 2009, the Association of Specialty Professors, in collaboration with the American College of Chest Physicians, the American Geriatrics Society, the National Institute on Aging, and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, held a workshop, summarized herein, to review what is known, to identify research gaps at the interface of aging and IPF, and to suggest priority areas for future research. Efforts to answer the questions identified will require the integration of geriatrics, gerontology, and pulmonary research, but these efforts have great potential to improve care for patients with IPF.
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50
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Abstract
Type I alveolar epithelial cells (ATIs) are very large, thin cells, which extend across several air sacs and cover more than 95% of the alveolar surface area. ATIs are the target of many insults, including ventilator-induced lung injury, and are generally considered terminally differentiated cells arising from type II cell (ATII) lineage. ATIs have proven difficult to harvest and maintain in primary culture, which is why much of ATI biology has been inferred from studies on ex vivo, ATII-derived, so-called ATI-like cells. We report on a modified approach to rat ATI harvest and primary culture, which yielded the following observations: (1) rat ATI can be harvested and maintained with a high degree of purity in primary culture; (2) in vitro growth characteristics of primary ATIs differ from those of ATII-derived ATI-like cells; ATIs, but not ex vivo, ATII-derived ATI-like cells, are capable of cell division; (3) ATIs readily repair plasma membrane wounds without the subsequent loss of their ability to divide; (4) ATI monolayers heal scratch wounds primarily by cell spreading and migration. Although the ability of ATIs to divide may be limited to the in vitro environment, we do believe that their role in alveolar wound repair deserves to be revisited, and the molecular control of ATI-ATII plasticity further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohua Wang
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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