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Anand A, Hildebrandt CC, Shenoy V, Sutherland RW. Novel CHRNA3 variants identified in a patient with bladder dysfunction, dysautonomia, and gastrointestinal dysmotility. Am J Med Genet A 2024; 194:e63526. [PMID: 38192228 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.63526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) are estimated to be responsible for 20%-50% of congenital anomalies and are also a leading etiology of early-onset renal disease. Primary CAKUT are caused by genetic factors that impair proper in-utero genitourinary tract development and secondary CAKUT result from the influence of environmental factors. The CHRNA3 gene, which encodes the Alpha-3 subunit of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, is hypothesized to be associated with Megacystis-microcolon-intestinal hyperperistalsis syndrome. More recently, pathogenic variants in CHRNA3 have been identified in individuals with CAKUT as well as individuals with panautonomic failure. Here we present a patient with neurogenic bladder, vesicoureteral reflux, mydriasis, and gastrointestinal dysmotility found to have novel compound heterozygous variants in CHRNA3. These findings support the consideration of CHRNA3 disruption in the differential for CAKUT with dysautonomia and gastrointestinal dysmotility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asha Anand
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Clara C Hildebrandt
- UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- UNC Department of Pediatrics, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Vivek Shenoy
- UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- UNC Department of Pediatrics, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Richard W Sutherland
- UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- UNC Department of Urology, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Haydak J, Azeloglu EU. Role of biophysics and mechanobiology in podocyte physiology. Nat Rev Nephrol 2024:10.1038/s41581-024-00815-3. [PMID: 38443711 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-024-00815-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Podocytes form the backbone of the glomerular filtration barrier and are exposed to various mechanical forces throughout the lifetime of an individual. The highly dynamic biomechanical environment of the glomerular capillaries greatly influences the cell biology of podocytes and their pathophysiology. Throughout the past two decades, a holistic picture of podocyte cell biology has emerged, highlighting mechanobiological signalling pathways, cytoskeletal dynamics and cellular adhesion as key determinants of biomechanical resilience in podocytes. This biomechanical resilience is essential for the physiological function of podocytes, including the formation and maintenance of the glomerular filtration barrier. Podocytes integrate diverse biomechanical stimuli from their environment and adapt their biophysical properties accordingly. However, perturbations in biomechanical cues or the underlying podocyte mechanobiology can lead to glomerular dysfunction with severe clinical consequences, including proteinuria and glomerulosclerosis. As our mechanistic understanding of podocyte mechanobiology and its role in the pathogenesis of glomerular disease increases, new targets for podocyte-specific therapeutics will emerge. Treating glomerular diseases by targeting podocyte mechanobiology might improve therapeutic precision and efficacy, with potential to reduce the burden of chronic kidney disease on individuals and health-care systems alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Haydak
- Division of Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Evren U Azeloglu
- Division of Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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Liu Q, Cheng C, Huang J, Yan W, Wen Y, Liu Z, Zhou B, Guo S, Fang W. MYH9: A key protein involved in tumor progression and virus-related diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 171:116118. [PMID: 38181716 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.116118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The myosin heavy chain 9 (MYH9) gene encodes the heavy chain of non-muscle myosin IIA (NMIIA), which belongs to the myosin II subfamily of actin-based molecular motors. Previous studies have demonstrated that abnormal expression and mutations of MYH9 were correlated with MYH9-related diseases and tumors. Furthermore, earlier investigations identified MYH9 as a tumor suppressor. However, subsequent research revealed that MYH9 promoted tumorigenesis, progression and chemoradiotherapy resistance. Note-worthily, MYH9 has also been linked to viral infections, like severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), Epstein-Barr virus, and hepatitis B virus, as a receptor or co-receptor. In addition, MYH9 promotes the development of hepatocellular carcinoma by interacting with the hepatitis B virus-encoding X protein. Finally, various findings highlighted the role of MYH9 in the development of these illnesses, especially in tumors. This review summarizes the involvement of the MYH9-regulated signaling network in tumors and virus-related diseases and presents possible drug interventions on MYH9, providing insights for the use of MYH9 as a therapeutic target for tumors and virus-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Liu
- Cancer Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510315, China
| | - Chao Cheng
- Department of Otolaryngology, Shenzhen Longgang Otolaryngology hospital, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Jiyu Huang
- Cancer Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510315, China
| | - Weiwei Yan
- Cancer Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510315, China
| | - Yinhao Wen
- Department of Oncology, Pingxiang People's Hospital, Pingxiang 337000, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Cancer Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510315, China; Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, Basic School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510315, China.
| | - Beixian Zhou
- The People's Hospital of Gaozhou, Gaozhou 525200, China.
| | - Suiqun Guo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510315, China.
| | - Weiyi Fang
- Cancer Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510315, China; The People's Hospital of Gaozhou, Gaozhou 525200, China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510315, China.
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Feng L, Shu HP, Sun LL, Tu YC, Liao QQ, Yao LJ. Role of the SLIT-ROBO signaling pathway in renal pathophysiology and various renal diseases. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1226341. [PMID: 37497439 PMCID: PMC10366692 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1226341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
SLIT ligand and its receptor ROBO were initially recognized for their role in axon guidance in central nervous system development. In recent years, as research has advanced, the role of the SLIT-ROBO signaling pathway has gradually expanded from axonal repulsion to cell migration, tumor development, angiogenesis, and bone metabolism. As a secreted protein, SLIT regulates various pathophysiological processes in the kidney, such as proinflammatory responses and fibrosis progression. Many studies have shown that SLIT-ROBO is extensively involved in various aspects of kidney development and maintenance of structure and function. The SLIT-ROBO signaling pathway also plays an important role in different types of kidney disease. This article reviews the advances in the study of the SLIT-ROBO pathway in various renal pathophysiological and kidney disorders and proposes new directions for further research in this field.
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Bloch-Gallego E, Anderson DI. Key role of Rho GTPases in motor disorders associated with neurodevelopmental pathologies. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:118-26. [PMID: 35918397 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01702-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that Rho GTPases and molecules involved in their signaling pathways play a major role in the development of the central nervous system (CNS). Whole exome sequencing (WES) and de novo examination of mutations, including SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) in genes coding for the molecules of their signaling cascade, has allowed the recent discovery of dominant autosomic mutations and duplication or deletion of candidates in the field of neurodevelopmental diseases (NDD). Epidemiological studies show that the co-occurrence of several of these neurological pathologies may indeed be the rule. The regulators of Rho GTPases have often been considered for cognitive diseases such as intellectual disability (ID) and autism. But, in a remarkable way, mild to severe motor symptoms are now reported in autism and other cognitive NDD. Although a more abundant litterature reports the involvement of Rho GTPases and signaling partners in cognitive development, molecular investigations on their roles in central nervous system (CNS) development or degenerative CNS pathologies also reveal their role in embryonic and perinatal motor wiring through axon guidance and later in synaptic plasticity. Thus, Rho family small GTPases have been revealed to play a key role in brain functions including learning and memory but their precise role in motor development and associated symptoms in NDD has been poorly scoped so far, despite increasing clinical data highlighting the links between cognition and motor development. Indeed, early impairements in fine or gross motor performance is often an associated feature of NDDs, which then impact social communication, cognition, emotion, and behavior. We review here recent insights derived from clinical developmental neurobiology in the field of Rho GTPases and NDD (autism spectrum related disorder (ASD), ID, schizophrenia, hypotonia, spastic paraplegia, bipolar disorder and dyslexia), with a specific focus on genetic alterations affecting Rho GTPases that are involved in motor circuit development.
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Xu H, Yu X, Li Y, Huang Z, Zhang L, Min Q, Bi J, Li Z, Liu L, Liang Y, Xu Z, Sun H, Yang S, Shao M. Collagen IV and Podocyte-Related Gene Variants in Patients with Concurrent IgA Nephropathy and Thin Basement Membrane Nephropathy. Nephron Clin Pract 2022; 147:301-310. [PMID: 36349777 PMCID: PMC10906470 DOI: 10.1159/000526971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION IgA nephropathy is the most common primary glomerulonephritis among adults in clinic. Thin basement membrane nephropathy is often underestimated or even omitted if it coincides with IgA nephropathy. Therefore, it is necessary to study the epidemiological, clinical, and molecular characteristics of the concurrence of this entity. METHODS Eight patients with concurrent IgA nephropathy and thin basement membrane nephropathy (IgA-T) were retrospectively analyzed based on their clinicopathological characteristics. Genetic analysis was performed using whole-exome sequencing and Sanger's sequencing. Data of the patients with IgA nephropathy and normal basement membrane (IgA-N) and variants in the local in-house database were used as controls. All candidate variants were assessed in silico. RESULTS The clinical manifestations of patients with IgA-T were hematuria, proteinuria, and renal insufficiency. Histopathological analysis showed mild mesangial hyperplasia, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, podocyte activation, and foot process fusion. Crescent was rarely seen. COL4A and/or podocyte cytoskeleton and mitochondria-related gene variants were detected in seven IgA-T patients. Three patients exhibited pathogenic variants of COL4A, including a new variant. All IgA-T and one IgA-N patient possessed ITGB4 and/or PLEC variants, but there was no corresponding genotype-phenotype relationship. Six patients possessed other podocyte cytoskeleton and mitochondria-related gene variants such as NPHS2, SRGAP1, MYO1E, MYO1C, WT1, and COQ9, which were first reported in patients with IgA-T and were not in controls. Altogether, there were no significant differences in the degrees of proteinuria, serum creatinine, and eGFR during the follow-up period of 5-10 years, but there was a significant difference in the degree of proteinuria between IgA-T patients with podocyte-related gene variants and IgA-N patients. In the IgA-T group, patients with podocyte-related gene variants seemed predisposed to progress than patients without those variants, with higher proteinuria and serum creatinine and reduced eGFR. CONCLUSION Concurrent thin basement membrane nephropathy and/or heterozygous COL4A gene pathogenic variants do not necessarily predict the short-term progress of sporadic IgA nephropathy in adults. Predisposition factors for this disease progression should be considered for detecting the variants of COL4A and podocyte cytoskeleton and mitochondria-related genes simultaneously, which also manifests the complexity and heterogeneity of IgA nephropathy with concurrent thin basement membrane nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Xu
- Department of Pathology, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - XueWen Yu
- Department of Pathology, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yun Li
- Department of Nephrology, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - ZhongHua Huang
- Department of Pathology, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - QinQin Min
- Department of Pathology, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - JiaXin Bi
- Department of Pathology, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - ZhenGuo Li
- Department of Pathology, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - LingYun Liu
- Department of Pathology, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - YingYing Liang
- Department of Pathology, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - ZhouWen Xu
- Department of Pathology, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - HuiLi Sun
- Department of Nephrology, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - ShuDong Yang
- Department of Nephrology, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - MuMin Shao
- Department of Pathology, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
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de Cos M, Meliambro K, Campbell KN. Novel Treatment Paradigms: Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis. Kidney Int Rep 2022; 8:30-35. [PMID: 36644367 PMCID: PMC9831941 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2022.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is a histologic pattern of injury defined by the presence of sclerosis in some (segmental) of certain glomeruli (focal). On electron microscopy, it is characterized by a variable degree of podocyte foot process effacement and gaps in the coverage of the glomerular basement membrane. The pattern of injury occurs when podocytes, highly differentiated cells with limited regenerative capacity, are reduced in number. The heterogeneity in underlying causes of podocyte loss results in equally variable clinical phenotypes. Recent work acknowledging advances in defining the genetic and immunologic basis of disease has redefined the classification of FSGS. Unprecedented clinical trial activity and efficacy of repurposed agents presents hope for improved therapeutic options. This minireview summarizes recent advances with a focus on novel treatment paradigms in FSGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina de Cos
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kristin Meliambro
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kirk N. Campbell
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Correspondence: Kirk N. Campbell, Division of Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA.
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Barutta F, Bellini S, Gruden G. Mechanisms of podocyte injury and implications for diabetic nephropathy. Clin Sci (Lond) 2022; 136:493-520. [PMID: 35415751 DOI: 10.1042/CS20210625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Albuminuria is the hallmark of both primary and secondary proteinuric glomerulopathies, including focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), obesity-related nephropathy, and diabetic nephropathy (DN). Moreover, albuminuria is an important feature of all chronic kidney diseases (CKDs). Podocytes play a key role in maintaining the permselectivity of the glomerular filtration barrier (GFB) and injury of the podocyte, leading to foot process (FP) effacement and podocyte loss, the unifying underlying mechanism of proteinuric glomerulopathies. The metabolic insult of hyperglycemia is of paramount importance in the pathogenesis of DN, while insults leading to podocyte damage are poorly defined in other proteinuric glomerulopathies. However, shared mechanisms of podocyte damage have been identified. Herein, we will review the role of haemodynamic and oxidative stress, inflammation, lipotoxicity, endocannabinoid (EC) hypertone, and both mitochondrial and autophagic dysfunction in the pathogenesis of the podocyte damage, focussing particularly on their role in the pathogenesis of DN. Gaining a better insight into the mechanisms of podocyte injury may provide novel targets for treatment. Moreover, novel strategies for boosting podocyte repair may open the way to podocyte regenerative medicine.
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Lindström NO, Sealfon R, Chen X, Parvez RK, Ransick A, De Sena Brandine G, Guo J, Hill B, Tran T, Kim AD, Zhou J, Tadych A, Watters A, Wong A, Lovero E, Grubbs BH, Thornton ME, McMahon JA, Smith AD, Ruffins SW, Armit C, Troyanskaya OG, McMahon AP. Spatial transcriptional mapping of the human nephrogenic program. Dev Cell 2021; 56:2381-2398.e6. [PMID: 34428401 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Congenital abnormalities of the kidney and urinary tract are among the most common birth defects, affecting 3% of newborns. The human kidney forms around a million nephrons from a pool of nephron progenitors over a 30-week period of development. To establish a framework for human nephrogenesis, we spatially resolved a stereotypical process by which equipotent nephron progenitors generate a nephron anlage, then applied data-driven approaches to construct three-dimensional protein maps on anatomical models of the nephrogenic program. Single-cell RNA sequencing identified progenitor states, which were spatially mapped to the nephron anatomy, enabling the generation of functional gene networks predicting interactions within and between nephron cell types. Network mining identified known developmental disease genes and predicted targets of interest. The spatially resolved nephrogenic program made available through the Human Nephrogenesis Atlas (https://sckidney.flatironinstitute.org/) will facilitate an understanding of kidney development and disease and enhance efforts to generate new kidney structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils O Lindström
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Rachel Sealfon
- Center for Computational Biology, Flatiron Institute, Simons Foundation, New York, NY, USA; Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Xi Chen
- Center for Computational Biology, Flatiron Institute, Simons Foundation, New York, NY, USA; Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Riana K Parvez
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Andrew Ransick
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Guilherme De Sena Brandine
- Molecular and Computational Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Southern, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Jinjin Guo
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bill Hill
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Tracy Tran
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Albert D Kim
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jian Zhou
- Center for Computational Biology, Flatiron Institute, Simons Foundation, New York, NY, USA; Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Alicja Tadych
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Aaron Watters
- Center for Computational Biology, Flatiron Institute, Simons Foundation, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aaron Wong
- Center for Computational Biology, Flatiron Institute, Simons Foundation, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elizabeth Lovero
- Center for Computational Biology, Flatiron Institute, Simons Foundation, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brendan H Grubbs
- Maternal Fetal Medicine Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Matthew E Thornton
- Maternal Fetal Medicine Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jill A McMahon
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Andrew D Smith
- Molecular and Computational Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Southern, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Seth W Ruffins
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Chris Armit
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK; BGI Hong Kong, 26/F, Kings Wing Plaza 2, 1 On Kwan Street, Shek Mun, NT, Hong Kong
| | - Olga G Troyanskaya
- Center for Computational Biology, Flatiron Institute, Simons Foundation, New York, NY, USA; Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA; Department of Computer Science, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
| | - Andrew P McMahon
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Kong M, Zhou T, Xiang B. Expression of the axon guidance factor Slit2 and its receptor Robo1 in patients with Hirschsprung disease: An observational study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e26981. [PMID: 34414975 PMCID: PMC8376357 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000026981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Hirschsprung disease (HD) is a common form of digestive tract malformation in children. However, the pathogenesis of HD is not very clear. This study aimed to investigate the expression of slit guidance ligand 2 (Slit2) and roundabout 1 (Robo1) in patients with HD.From January 2018 to January 2019, 30 colon specimens from children with HD undergoing surgical resection at the Department of Surgery in Qilu Children's Hospital of Shandong University were obtained. These specimens were divided into the normal segment group, the transitional segment group and the spastic segment group. Immunohistochemical staining, Western blotting, and real-time polymerase chain reaction were used to measure the expression of Slit2 and Robo1 in the intestinal walls of normal, transitional, and spastic segments.Immunohistochemical staining and Western blot analyses showed high levels of the Slit2 and Robo1 proteins in normal ganglion cells in children with HD, lower levels in transitional ganglion cells, and no expression in spastic segments, with significant differences between groups (P < .05). Similarly, the real-time polymerase chain reaction results were consistent with the Western blot analysis results.The expression of Slit2 and Robo1 decreases significantly in the spastic segment of the intestinal tract in patients with HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Kong
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Qilu Children's Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Dazhou Central Hospital, Dazhou, China
| | - Bo Xiang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Lim CN, Kantaridis C, Huyghe I, Gorman D, Berasi S, Sonnenberg GE. A Phase 1 first-in-human study of the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of the ROBO2 fusion protein PF-06730512 in healthy participants. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2021; 9:e00813. [PMID: 34369667 PMCID: PMC8351251 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteinuria associated with podocyte effacement is a hallmark of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). Preclinical studies implicated ROBO2/SLIT2 signaling in the regulation of podocyte adhesion, and inhibition of this pathway is a novel target to slow FSGS disease progression. This first-in-human dose-escalation study evaluated the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and immunogenicity of PF-06730512, an Fc fusion protein that targets the ROBO2/SLIT2 pathway, in healthy adults. In this Phase 1, double-blind, sponsor-open study, single ascending dose (SAD) cohorts were randomized to receive up to 1000 mg or placebo intravenously (IV); multiple ascending dose (MAD) cohorts were randomized to receive up to 400 mg subcutaneous (SC) doses, 1000 mg IV dose, or matching placebo. Safety evaluations were performed up to 71 (SAD) and 113 (MAD) days after dosing; blood samples were collected to measure serum PF-06730512 concentrations and antidrug antibodies (ADA) to PF-06730512. Seventy-nine participants (SAD, 47; MAD, 32) were enrolled. There were 108 mild (SAD, 46; MAD, 62) and 21 moderate (SAD, 13; MAD, 8) treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs); no deaths, treatment-related serious AEs, severe TEAEs, or infusion reactions were reported. PF-06730512 exposure generally increased in an approximately dose-proportional manner; mean t1/2 ranged from 12-15 days across 50-1000 mg doses. Immunogenicity incidence was low (SAD, 0 ADA+; MAD, 2 ADA+). In conclusion, single IV doses of PF-06730512 up to 1000 mg and multiple IV and SC dosing up to 1000 and 400 mg, respectively, were safe and well tolerated in healthy participants. Further trials in patients with FSGS are warranted. Clinical trial registration: Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT03146065.
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12
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Abstract
Loss of normal kidney function affects more than 10% of the population and contributes to morbidity and mortality. Kidney diseases are currently treated with immunosuppressive agents, antihypertensives and diuretics with partial but limited success. Most kidney disease is characterized by breakdown of the glomerular filtration barrier (GFB). Specialized podocyte cells maintain the GFB, and structure-function experiments and studies of intercellular communication between the podocytes and other GFB cells, combined with advances from genetics and genomics, have laid the groundwork for a new generation of therapies that directly intervene at the GFB. These include inhibitors of apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1), short transient receptor potential channels (TRPCs), soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFLT1; also known as soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1), roundabout homologue 2 (ROBO2), endothelin receptor A, soluble urokinase plasminogen activator surface receptor (suPAR) and substrate intermediates for coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10). These molecular targets converge on two key components of GFB biology: mitochondrial function and the actin-myosin contractile machinery. This Review discusses therapies and developments focused on maintaining GFB integrity, and the emerging questions in this evolving field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilse S Daehn
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Jeremy S Duffield
- Research and Development, Prime Medicine, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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13
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Miao Z, Balzer MS, Ma Z, Liu H, Wu J, Shrestha R, Aranyi T, Kwan A, Kondo A, Pontoglio M, Kim J, Li M, Kaestner KH, Susztak K. Single cell regulatory landscape of the mouse kidney highlights cellular differentiation programs and disease targets. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2277. [PMID: 33859189 PMCID: PMC8050063 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22266-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Determining the epigenetic program that generates unique cell types in the kidney is critical for understanding cell-type heterogeneity during tissue homeostasis and injury response. Here, we profile open chromatin and gene expression in developing and adult mouse kidneys at single cell resolution. We show critical reliance of gene expression on distal regulatory elements (enhancers). We reveal key cell type-specific transcription factors and major gene-regulatory circuits for kidney cells. Dynamic chromatin and expression changes during nephron progenitor differentiation demonstrates that podocyte commitment occurs early and is associated with sustained Foxl1 expression. Renal tubule cells follow a more complex differentiation, where Hfn4a is associated with proximal and Tfap2b with distal fate. Mapping single nucleotide variants associated with human kidney disease implicates critical cell types, developmental stages, genes, and regulatory mechanisms. The single cell multi-omics atlas reveals key chromatin remodeling events and gene expression dynamics associated with kidney development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Miao
- Renal, Electrolyte, and Hypertension Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Graduate Group in Genomics and Computational Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael S Balzer
- Renal, Electrolyte, and Hypertension Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ziyuan Ma
- Renal, Electrolyte, and Hypertension Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hongbo Liu
- Renal, Electrolyte, and Hypertension Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Junnan Wu
- Renal, Electrolyte, and Hypertension Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rojesh Shrestha
- Renal, Electrolyte, and Hypertension Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Tamas Aranyi
- Renal, Electrolyte, and Hypertension Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Amy Kwan
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ayano Kondo
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marco Pontoglio
- Epigenetics and Development Laboratory, Université de Paris Inserm U1151/CNRS UMR 8253, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Junhyong Kim
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mingyao Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Klaus H Kaestner
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Katalin Susztak
- Renal, Electrolyte, and Hypertension Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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14
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Beck LH, Berasi SP, Copley JB, Gorman D, Levy DI, Lim CN, Henderson JM, Salant DJ, Lu W. PODO: Trial Design: Phase 2 Study of PF-06730512 in Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis. Kidney Int Rep 2021; 6:1629-1633. [PMID: 34169203 PMCID: PMC8207305 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2021.03.892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is characterized by proteinuria and a histologic pattern of glomerular lesions of diverse etiology that share features including glomerular scarring and podocyte foot process effacement. Roundabout guidance receptor 2 (ROBO2)/slit guidance ligand 2 (SLIT2) signaling destabilizes the slit diaphragm and reduces podocyte adhesion to the glomerular basement membrane (GBM). Preclinical studies suggest that inhibition of glomerular ROBO2/SLIT2 signaling can stabilize podocyte adhesion and reduce proteinuria. This clinical trial evaluates the preliminary efficacy and safety of ROBO2/SLIT2 inhibition with the ROBO2 fusion protein PF-06730512 in patients with FSGS. Methods The Study to Evaluate PF-06730512 in Adults With FSGS (PODO; ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT03448692), an open-label, phase 2a, multicenter trial in adults with FSGS, will enroll patients into 2 cohorts (n = 22 per cohort) to receive either high- or low-dose PF-06730512 (intravenous) every 2 weeks for 12 weeks. Key inclusion criteria include a confirmed biopsy diagnosis of FSGS, an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) ≥45 ml/min/1.73 m2 based on the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration formula (30–45 with a recent biopsy), and urinary protein-to-creatinine ratio (UPCR) >1.5 g/g. Key exclusion criteria include collapsing FSGS, serious/active infection, ≥50% tubulointerstitial fibrosis on biopsy, and organ transplantation. The primary endpoint is change from baseline to week 13 in UPCR; secondary endpoints include safety, changes in eGFR, and PF-06730512 serum concentration. Results This ongoing trial will report the efficacy, safety, pharmacokinetics, and biomarker results of PF-06730512 for patients with FSGS. Conclusion Findings from this proof-of-concept study may support further development and evaluation of PF-06730512 to treat FSGS and warrant assessment in phase 3 clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence H. Beck
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Correspondence: Laurence H. Beck Jr., Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, 650 Albany St, X-536, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Joel M. Henderson
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David J. Salant
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Weining Lu
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Weining Lu, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, 650 Albany St, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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15
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Rogg M, Maier JI, Dotzauer R, Artelt N, Kretz O, Helmstädter M, Abed A, Sammarco A, Sigle A, Sellung D, Dinse P, Reiche K, Yasuda-Yamahara M, Biniossek ML, Walz G, Werner M, Endlich N, Schilling O, Huber TB, Schell C. SRGAP1 Controls Small Rho GTPases To Regulate Podocyte Foot Process Maintenance. J Am Soc Nephrol 2021; 32:563-579. [PMID: 33514561 PMCID: PMC7920176 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2020081126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research demonstrated that small Rho GTPases, modulators of the actin cytoskeleton, are drivers of podocyte foot-process effacement in glomerular diseases, such as FSGS. However, a comprehensive understanding of the regulatory networks of small Rho GTPases in podocytes is lacking. METHODS We conducted an analysis of podocyte transcriptome and proteome datasets for Rho GTPases; mapped in vivo, podocyte-specific Rho GTPase affinity networks; and examined conditional knockout mice and murine disease models targeting Srgap1. To evaluate podocyte foot-process morphology, we used super-resolution microscopy and electron microscopy; in situ proximity ligation assays were used to determine the subcellular localization of the small GTPase-activating protein SRGAP1. We performed functional analysis of CRISPR/Cas9-generated SRGAP1 knockout podocytes in two-dimensional and three-dimensional cultures and quantitative interaction proteomics. RESULTS We demonstrated SRGAP1 localization to podocyte foot processes in vivo and to cellular protrusions in vitro. Srgap1fl/fl*Six2Cre but not Srgap1fl/fl*hNPHS2Cre knockout mice developed an FSGS-like phenotype at adulthood. Podocyte-specific deletion of Srgap1 by hNPHS2Cre resulted in increased susceptibility to doxorubicin-induced nephropathy. Detailed analysis demonstrated significant effacement of podocyte foot processes. Furthermore, SRGAP1-knockout podocytes showed excessive protrusion formation and disinhibition of the small Rho GTPase machinery in vitro. Evaluation of a SRGAP1-dependent interactome revealed the involvement of SRGAP1 with protrusive and contractile actin networks. Analysis of glomerular biopsy specimens translated these findings toward human disease by displaying a pronounced redistribution of SRGAP1 in FSGS. CONCLUSIONS SRGAP1, a podocyte-specific RhoGAP, controls podocyte foot-process architecture by limiting the activity of protrusive, branched actin networks. Therefore, elucidating the complex regulatory small Rho GTPase affinity network points to novel targets for potentially precise intervention in glomerular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Rogg
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany,Department of Medicine IV, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jasmin I. Maier
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Robert Dotzauer
- Department of Medicine IV, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nadine Artelt
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Oliver Kretz
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin Helmstädter
- Department of Medicine IV, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ahmed Abed
- Department of Medicine IV, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alena Sammarco
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - August Sigle
- Department of Medicine IV, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany,Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dominik Sellung
- Department of Medicine IV, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany,Department of Neurology, Heimer Institute for Muscle Research, University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Patrick Dinse
- Department of Medicine IV, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Karoline Reiche
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mako Yasuda-Yamahara
- Department of Medicine IV, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany,Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Martin L. Biniossek
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gerd Walz
- Department of Medicine IV, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin Werner
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nicole Endlich
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Oliver Schilling
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tobias B. Huber
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Schell
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany,Berta-Ottenstein Program, Medical Faculty, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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16
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Kohl S, Habbig S, Weber LT, Liebau MC. Molecular causes of congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT). Mol Cell Pediatr 2021; 8:2. [PMID: 33625646 PMCID: PMC7904997 DOI: 10.1186/s40348-021-00112-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) occur in 0.5–1/100 newborns and as a group they represent the most frequent cause for chronic kidney failure in children. CAKUT comprise clinically heterogeneous conditions, ranging from mild vesicoureteral reflux to kidney aplasia. Most forms of CAKUT share the pathophysiology of an impaired developmental interaction of the ureteric bud (UB) and the metanephric mesenchyme (MM). In most cases, CAKUT present as an isolated condition. They also may occur as a component in rare multi-organ syndromes. Many CAKUT probably have a multifactorial etiology. However, up to 20% of human patients and > 200 transgenic mouse models have a monogenic form of CAKUT, which has fueled our efforts to unravel molecular kidney (mal-)development. To date, genetic variants in more than 50 genes have been associated with (isolated) CAKUT in humans. In this short review, we will summarize typical imaging findings in patients with CAKUT and highlight recent mechanistic insight in the molecular pathogenesis of monogenic forms of CAKUT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Kohl
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Sandra Habbig
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lutz T Weber
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Max C Liebau
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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17
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Matsuda J, Asano-Matsuda K, Kitzler TM, Takano T. Rho GTPase regulatory proteins in podocytes. Kidney Int 2020; 99:336-345. [PMID: 33122025 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2020.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The Rho family of small GTPases (Rho GTPases) are the master regulators of the actin cytoskeleton and consist of 22 members. Previous studies implicated dysregulation of Rho GTPases in podocytes in the pathogenesis of proteinuric glomerular diseases. Rho GTPases are primarily regulated by the three families of proteins; guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs; 82 members), GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs; 69 members), and GDP dissociation inhibitors (GDIs; 3 members). Since the regulatory proteins far outnumber their substrate Rho GTPases and act in concert in a cell/context-dependent manner, the upstream regulatory mechanism directing Rho GTPases in podocytes is largely unknown. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the understanding of the role of Rho GTPase regulatory proteins in podocytes, including the known mutations of these proteins that cause proteinuria in humans. We also provide critical appraisal of the in vivo and in vitro studies and identify the knowledge gap in the field that will require further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Matsuda
- Division of Nephrology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kana Asano-Matsuda
- Division of Nephrology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Thomas M Kitzler
- Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tomoko Takano
- Division of Nephrology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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18
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Glomerulosclerosis represents the final stage of glomerular injury during the course of kidney disease and can result from a primary disturbance in disorders like focal segmental glomerulosclerosis or a secondary response to tubulointerstitial disease. Overall, primary focal glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), the focus of this review, accounts for 10-20% of patients of all ages who progress to end stage kidney disease. There are no FDA approved therapeutic options that effectively prevent or delay the onset of kidney failure. AREAS COVERED Current immunosuppressive therapy and conservative management including inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis and sodium-glucose cotransporter are reviewed. FSGS is now recognized to represent a heterogeneous entity with multiple underlying disease mechanisms. Therefore, novel approaches targeting the podocyte cytoskeleton, immunological, inflammatory, hemodynamic and metabolic pathways are highlighted. EXPERT OPINION A number of factors are driving the development of drugs to treat focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in particular and glomerulosclerosis in general including growing awareness of the burden of chronic kidney disease, improved scientific understanding of the mechanism of injury, and the development of noninvasive profiles to identify subgroups of patients with discrete mechanisms of glomerular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard Trachtman
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Nephrology, NYU Langone Health , New York, NY, USA
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19
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Pisarek-Horowitz A, Fan X, Kumar S, Rasouly HM, Sharma R, Chen H, Coser K, Bluette CT, Hirenallur-Shanthappa D, Anderson SR, Yang H, Beck LH, Bonegio RG, Henderson JM, Berasi SP, Salant DJ, Lu W. Loss of Roundabout Guidance Receptor 2 (Robo2) in Podocytes Protects Adult Mice from Glomerular Injury by Maintaining Podocyte Foot Process Structure. Am J Pathol 2020; 190:799-816. [PMID: 32220420 PMCID: PMC7217334 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Roundabout guidance receptor 2 (ROBO2) plays an important role during early kidney development. ROBO2 is expressed in podocytes, inhibits nephrin-induced actin polymerization, down-regulates nonmuscle myosin IIA activity, and destabilizes kidney podocyte adhesion. However, the role of ROBO2 during kidney injury, particularly in mature podocytes, is not known. Herein, we report that loss of ROBO2 in podocytes [Robo2 conditional knockout (cKO) mouse] is protective from glomerular injuries. Ultrastructural analysis reveals that Robo2 cKO mice display less foot process effacement and better-preserved slit-diaphragm density compared with wild-type littermates injured by either protamine sulfate or nephrotoxic serum (NTS). The Robo2 cKO mice also develop less proteinuria after NTS injury. Further studies reveal that ROBO2 expression in podocytes is up-regulated after glomerular injury because its expression levels are higher in the glomeruli of NTS injured mice and passive Heymann membranous nephropathy rats. Moreover, the amount of ROBO2 in the glomeruli is also elevated in patients with membranous nephropathy. Finally, overexpression of ROBO2 in cultured mouse podocytes compromises cell adhesion. Taken together, these findings suggest that kidney injury increases glomerular ROBO2 expression that might compromise podocyte adhesion and, thus, loss of Robo2 in podocytes could protect from glomerular injury by enhancing podocyte adhesion that helps maintain foot process structure. Our findings also suggest that ROBO2 is a therapeutic target for podocyte injury and podocytopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pisarek-Horowitz
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Xueping Fan
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sudhir Kumar
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hila M Rasouly
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Richa Sharma
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kathryn Coser
- Centers for Therapeutic Innovation, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Sarah R Anderson
- Global Pathology, Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut
| | - Hongying Yang
- Centers for Therapeutic Innovation, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Laurence H Beck
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ramon G Bonegio
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Joel M Henderson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Stephen P Berasi
- Centers for Therapeutic Innovation, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - David J Salant
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Weining Lu
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts.
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20
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Li Q, Cui S, Ma Q, Liu Y, Yu H, Geng G, Agborbesong E, Ren C, Wei K, Zhang Y, Yang J, Bai X, Cai G, Xie Y, Li X, Chen X. Disruption of Robo2-Baiap2 integrated signaling drives cystic disease. JCI Insight 2019; 4:127602. [PMID: 31534052 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.127602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary renal cystic diseases are characterized by defects in primary cilia of renal tubular epithelial cells and abnormality of tubular epithelium, which ultimately result in the development of renal cysts. However, the mechanism leading from abnormality of the tubular epithelium to cystogenesis is not well understood. In this report, we demonstrate a critical role for Robo2 in regulating epithelial development, including ciliogenesis, polarization, and differentiation. We found that Robo2 deficiency results in cystic kidneys, and the cyst cells showed defective cilia and polarity defects in tubular epithelium. The cyst cells, less than terminally differentiated, continue to proliferate. We further established that Robo2 works with p53 as well as polarity and ciliary proteins (Par3, PKCς, ZO-2, and Claudin-2) to regulate these processes. Robo2 binds to Baiap2 (also known as IRSp53) through the IRSp53/MIM homology domain in renal epithelial cells. This binding allows Robo2 to phosphorylate MDM2 at Ser166 via Baiap2 and maintain p53 homeostasis. Disruption of the Robo2-Baiap2 complex causes MDM2 to be subjected to dephosphorylation, leading to a high level of active p53, and initiated p53-mediated cellular senescence via p21 and decreased the expression of ZO-1, ZO-2, PKCς, Par3, and Claudin-2 proteins, resulting in defects in epithelial development, including ciliogenesis, polarization, and differentiation. Importantly, double knockout of Robo2 and p53 rescued all the epithelial defects in kidneys compared with those in Robo2-knockout kidneys. Taken together, the present results demonstrate that Robo2 deficiency causes renal cystic disease, which is largely dependent on defective Robo2-Baiap2 integrated signaling in kidneys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinggang Li
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Medical School of Chinese PLA, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Shaoyuan Cui
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Medical School of Chinese PLA, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Ma
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Medical School of Chinese PLA, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Medical School of Chinese PLA, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyu Yu
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Medical School of Chinese PLA, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - GuangRui Geng
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Medical School of Chinese PLA, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Ewud Agborbesong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Chongyu Ren
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Kai Wei
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Medical School of Chinese PLA, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yingjie Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Medical School of Chinese PLA, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jurong Yang
- Department of Urology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University (General Hospital), Chongqing, China
| | - Xueyuan Bai
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Medical School of Chinese PLA, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Guangyan Cai
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Medical School of Chinese PLA, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yuansheng Xie
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Medical School of Chinese PLA, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaogang Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Xiangmei Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Medical School of Chinese PLA, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, China
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21
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Fernandez-Prado R, Carriazo-Julio SM, Torra R, Ortiz A, Perez-Gomez MV. MYH9-related disease: it does exist, may be more frequent than you think and requires specific therapy. Clin Kidney J 2019; 12:488-493. [PMID: 31384439 PMCID: PMC6671427 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfz103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this issue of ckj, Tabibzadeh et al. report one of the largest series of patients with MYH9 mutations and kidney disease. The cardinal manifestation of MYH9-related disease is thrombocytopenia with giant platelets. The population frequency of pathogenic MYH9 mutations may be at least 1 in 20 000. The literature abounds in misdiagnosed cases treated for idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura with immune suppressants and even splenectomy. Additional manifestations include neurosensorial deafness and proteinuric and hematuric progressive kidney disease (at some point, it was called Alport syndrome with macrothrombocytopenia), leucocyte inclusions, cataracts and liver enzyme abnormalities, resulting in different names for different manifestation combinations (MATINS, May-Hegglin anomaly, Fechtner, Epstein and Sebastian syndromes, and deafness AD 17). The penetrance and severity of kidney disease are very variable, which may obscure the autosomal dominant inheritance. A correct diagnosis will both preclude unnecessary and potentially dangerous therapeutic interventions and allow genetic counselling and adequate treatment. Morphological erythrocyte, granulocyte and platelet abnormalities may allow the future development of high-throughput screening techniques adapted to clinical peripheral blood flow cytometers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Fernandez-Prado
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz UAM, Madrid, Spain
- REDinREN, Instituto de Investigación Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sol Maria Carriazo-Julio
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz UAM, Madrid, Spain
- REDinREN, Instituto de Investigación Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Roser Torra
- REDinREN, Instituto de Investigación Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Nephrology Department, Fundació Puigvert, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Alberto Ortiz
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz UAM, Madrid, Spain
- REDinREN, Instituto de Investigación Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Vanessa Perez-Gomez
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz UAM, Madrid, Spain
- REDinREN, Instituto de Investigación Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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22
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Torban E, Braun F, Wanner N, Takano T, Goodyer PR, Lennon R, Ronco P, Cybulsky AV, Huber TB. From podocyte biology to novel cures for glomerular disease. Kidney Int 2019; 96:850-861. [PMID: 31420194 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2019.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The podocyte is a key component of the glomerular filtration barrier. Podocyte dysfunction is central to the underlying pathophysiology of many common glomerular diseases, including diabetic nephropathy, glomerulonephritis and genetic forms of nephrotic syndrome. Collectively, these conditions affect millions of people worldwide, and account for the majority of kidney diseases requiring dialysis and transplantation. The 12th International Podocyte Conference was held in Montreal, Canada from May 30 to June 2, 2018. The primary aim of this conference was to bring together nephrologists, clinician scientists, basic scientists and their trainees from all over the world to present their research and to establish networks with the common goal of developing new therapies for glomerular diseases based on the latest advances in podocyte biology. This review briefly highlights recent advances made in understanding podocyte structure and metabolism, experimental systems in which to study podocytes and glomerular disease, disease mediators, genetic and immune origins of glomerulopathies, and the development of novel therapeutic agents to protect podocyte and glomerular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Torban
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Fabian Braun
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nicola Wanner
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tomoko Takano
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Paul R Goodyer
- Department of Pediatrics, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Rachel Lennon
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Pierre Ronco
- Sorbonne University, INSERM UMR_S 1155, and Nephrology and Dialysis Department, Hôpital Tenon, Paris France
| | - Andrey V Cybulsky
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tobias B Huber
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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23
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Genet G, Boyé K, Mathivet T, Ola R, Zhang F, Dubrac A, Li J, Genet N, Henrique Geraldo L, Benedetti L, Künzel S, Pibouin-Fragner L, Thomas JL, Eichmann A. Endophilin-A2 dependent VEGFR2 endocytosis promotes sprouting angiogenesis. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2350. [PMID: 31138815 PMCID: PMC6538628 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10359-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cell migration, proliferation and survival are triggered by VEGF-A activation of VEGFR2. However, how these cell behaviors are regulated individually is still unknown. Here we identify Endophilin-A2 (ENDOA2), a BAR-domain protein that orchestrates CLATHRIN-independent internalization, as a critical mediator of endothelial cell migration and sprouting angiogenesis. We show that EndoA2 knockout mice exhibit postnatal angiogenesis defects and impaired front-rear polarization of sprouting tip cells. ENDOA2 deficiency reduces VEGFR2 internalization and inhibits downstream activation of the signaling effector PAK but not ERK, thereby affecting front-rear polarity and migration but not proliferation or survival. Mechanistically, VEGFR2 is directed towards ENDOA2-mediated endocytosis by the SLIT2-ROBO pathway via SLIT-ROBO-GAP1 bridging of ENDOA2 and ROBO1. Blocking ENDOA2-mediated endothelial cell migration attenuates pathological angiogenesis in oxygen-induced retinopathy models. This work identifies a specific endocytic pathway controlling a subset of VEGFR2 mediated responses that could be targeted to prevent excessive sprouting angiogenesis in pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gael Genet
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Kevin Boyé
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Thomas Mathivet
- Inserm U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, 75015, France
| | - Roxana Ola
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- Functional Genomics, Proteomics and Experimental Pathology Department, Prof. Dr. I. Chiricuta Oncology Institute, Cluj-Napoca, Romania, Department of Basic, Preventive and Clinical Science, University of Transylvania, Brasov, Romania
| | - Feng Zhang
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Alexandre Dubrac
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Jinyu Li
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Nafiisha Genet
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | | | - Lorena Benedetti
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Steffen Künzel
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | | | - Jean-Leon Thomas
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1127, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, AP-HP, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Anne Eichmann
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.
- Inserm U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, 75015, France.
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.
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24
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Pilling D, Chinea LE, Consalvo KM, Gomer RH. Different Isoforms of the Neuronal Guidance Molecule Slit2 Directly Cause Chemoattraction or Chemorepulsion of Human Neutrophils. J Immunol 2018; 202:239-248. [PMID: 30510066 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The movement of neutrophils between blood and tissues appears to be regulated by chemoattractants and chemorepellents. Compared with neutrophil chemoattractants, relatively little is known about neutrophil chemorepellents. Slit proteins are endogenously cleaved into a variety of N- and C-terminal fragments, and these fragments are neuronal chemorepellents and inhibit chemoattraction of many cell types, including neutrophils. In this report, we show that the ∼140-kDa N-terminal Slit2 fragment (Slit2-N) is a chemoattractant and the ∼110-kDa N-terminal Slit2 fragment (Slit2-S) is a chemorepellent for human neutrophils. The effects of both Slit2 fragments were blocked by Abs to the Slit2 receptor Roundabout homolog 1 or the Slit2 coreceptor Syndecan-4. Slit2-N did not appear to activate Ras but increased phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-triphosphate levels. Slit2-N-induced chemoattraction was unaffected by Ras inhibitors, reversed by PI3K inhibitors, and blocked by Cdc42 and Rac inhibitors. In contrast, Slit2-S activated Ras but did not increase phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-triphosphate levels. Slit2-S-induced chemorepulsion was blocked by Ras and Rac inhibitors, not affected by PI3K inhibitors, and reversed by Cdc42 inhibitors. Slit2-N, but not Slit2-S, increased neutrophil adhesion, myosin L chain 2 phosphorylation, and polarized actin formation and single pseudopods at the leading edge of cells. Slit2-S induced multiple pseudopods. These data suggest that Slit2 isoforms use similar receptors but different intracellular signaling pathways and have different effects on the cytoskeleton and pseudopods to induce neutrophil chemoattraction or chemorepulsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darrell Pilling
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3474
| | - Luis E Chinea
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3474
| | - Kristen M Consalvo
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3474
| | - Richard H Gomer
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3474
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25
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Xu MX, Qin YT, Ge CX, Gu TT, Lou DS, Li Q, Hu LF, Li YY, Yang WW, Tan J. Activated iRhom2 drives prolonged PM2.5 exposure-triggered renal injury in Nrf2-defective mice. Nanotoxicology 2018; 12:1045-1067. [DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2018.1513093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Min-Xuan Xu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, PR China
- Research Center of Brain Intellectual Promotion and Development for Children Aged 0-6 Years, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Yu-Ting Qin
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Chen-Xu Ge
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, PR China
- Research Center of Brain Intellectual Promotion and Development for Children Aged 0-6 Years, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Ting-Ting Gu
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - De-Shuai Lou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, PR China
- Research Center of Brain Intellectual Promotion and Development for Children Aged 0-6 Years, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Qiang Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, PR China
- Research Center of Brain Intellectual Promotion and Development for Children Aged 0-6 Years, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Lin-Feng Hu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, PR China
- Research Center of Brain Intellectual Promotion and Development for Children Aged 0-6 Years, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Li
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Wei-Wei Yang
- Department of Nephrology, Huai’an First People’s Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Tan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, PR China
- Research Center of Brain Intellectual Promotion and Development for Children Aged 0-6 Years, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, PR China
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26
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Yu SMW, Nissaisorakarn P, Husain I, Jim B. Proteinuric Kidney Diseases: A Podocyte's Slit Diaphragm and Cytoskeleton Approach. Front Med (Lausanne) 2018; 5:221. [PMID: 30255020 PMCID: PMC6141722 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteinuric kidney diseases are a group of disorders with diverse pathological mechanisms associated with significant losses of protein in the urine. The glomerular filtration barrier (GFB), comprised of the three important layers, the fenestrated glomerular endothelium, the glomerular basement membrane (GBM), and the podocyte, dictates that disruption of any one of these structures should lead to proteinuric disease. Podocytes, in particular, have long been considered as the final gatekeeper of the GFB. This specialized visceral epithelial cell contains a complex framework of cytoskeletons forming foot processes and mediate important cell signaling to maintain podocyte health. In this review, we will focus on slit diaphragm proteins such as nephrin, podocin, TRPC6/5, as well as cytoskeletal proteins Rho/small GTPases and synaptopodin and their respective roles in participating in the pathogenesis of proteinuric kidney diseases. Furthermore, we will summarize the potential therapeutic options targeting the podocyte to treat this group of kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Mon-Wei Yu
- Department of Medicine, Jacobi Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States
| | | | - Irma Husain
- Department of Medicine, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Belinda Jim
- Department of Medicine, Jacobi Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States.,Renal Division, Jacobi Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States
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27
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Pan Y, Jiang S, Hou Q, Qiu D, Shi J, Wang L, Chen Z, Zhang M, Duan A, Qin W, Zen K, Liu Z. Dissection of Glomerular Transcriptional Profile in Patients With Diabetic Nephropathy: SRGAP2a Protects Podocyte Structure and Function. Diabetes 2018; 67:717-730. [PMID: 29242313 DOI: 10.2337/db17-0755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Podocytes play a pivotal role in maintaining glomerular filtration function through their interdigitated foot processes. However, the mechanisms that govern the podocyte cytoskeletal rearrangement remain unclear. Through analyzing the transcriptional profile of renal biopsy specimens from patients with diabetic nephropathy (DN) and control donors, we identify SLIT-ROBO ρGTPase-activating protein 2a (SRGAP2a) as one of the main hub genes strongly associated with proteinuria and glomerular filtration in type 2 DN. Immunofluorescence staining and Western blot analysis revealed that human and mouse SRGAP2a is primarily localized at podocytes and largely colocalized with synaptopodin. Moreover, podocyte SRGAP2a is downregulated in patients with DN and db/db mice at both the mRNA and the protein level. SRGAP2a reduction is observed in cultured podocytes treated with tumor growth factor-β or high concentrations of glucose. Functional and mechanistic studies show that SRGAP2a suppresses podocyte motility through inactivating RhoA/Cdc42 but not Rac1. The protective role of SRGAP2a in podocyte function also is confirmed in zebrafish, in which knockdown of SRGAP2a, a SRGAP2 ortholog in zebrafish, recapitulates podocyte foot process effacement. Finally, increasing podocyte SRGAP2a levels in db/db mice through administration of adenovirus-expressing SRGAP2a significantly mitigates podocyte injury and proteinuria. The results demonstrate that SRGAP2a protects podocytes by suppressing podocyte migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Pan
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Song Jiang
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qing Hou
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dandan Qiu
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingsong Shi
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ling Wang
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhaohong Chen
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mingchao Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Aiping Duan
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weisong Qin
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ke Zen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhihong Liu
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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28
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Tumelty KE, Higginson-Scott N, Fan X, Bajaj P, Knowlton KM, Shamashkin M, Coyle AJ, Lu W, Berasi SP. Identification of direct negative cross-talk between the SLIT2 and bone morphogenetic protein-Gremlin signaling pathways. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:3039-3055. [PMID: 29317497 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.804021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Slit guidance ligand 2 (SLIT2) is a large, secreted protein that binds roundabout (ROBO) receptors on multiple cell types, including neurons and kidney podocytes. SLIT2-ROBO-mediated signaling regulates neuronal migration and ureteric bud (UB) outgrowth during kidney development as well as glomerular filtration in adult kidneys. Additionally, SLIT2 binds Gremlin, an antagonist of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), and BMP-Gremlin signaling also regulates UB formation. However, direct cross-talk between the ROBO2-SLIT2 and BMP-Gremlin signaling pathways has not been established. Here, we report the discovery of negative feedback between the SLIT2 and BMP-Gremlin signaling pathways. We found that the SLIT2-Gremlin interaction inhibited both SLIT2-ROBO2 signaling in neurons and Gremlin antagonism of BMP activity in myoblasts and fibroblasts. Furthermore, BMP2 down-regulated SLIT2 expression and promoter activity through canonical BMP signaling. Gremlin treatment, BMP receptor inhibition, and SMAD family member 4 (SMAD4) knockdown rescued BMP-mediated repression of SLIT2. BMP2 treatment of nephron progenitor cells derived from human embryonic stem cells decreased SLIT2 expression, further suggesting an interaction between the BMP2-Gremlin and SLIT2 pathways in human kidney cells. In conclusion, our study has revealed direct negative cross-talk between two pathways, previously thought to be unassociated, that may regulate both kidney development and adult tissue maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen E Tumelty
- From the Centers for Therapeutic Innovation, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Nathan Higginson-Scott
- From the Centers for Therapeutic Innovation, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Xueping Fan
- the Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, and
| | - Piyush Bajaj
- the Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Kelly M Knowlton
- From the Centers for Therapeutic Innovation, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Michael Shamashkin
- From the Centers for Therapeutic Innovation, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Anthony J Coyle
- From the Centers for Therapeutic Innovation, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Weining Lu
- the Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, and
| | - Stephen P Berasi
- From the Centers for Therapeutic Innovation, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139,
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29
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Zhao H, Ma L, Yan M, Wang Y, Zhao T, Zhang H, Liu P, Liu Y, Li P. Association between MYH9 and APOL1 Gene Polymorphisms and the Risk of Diabetic Kidney Disease in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes in a Chinese Han Population. J Diabetes Res 2018; 2018:5068578. [PMID: 29862302 PMCID: PMC5971321 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5068578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in MYH9-APOL1 gene regions have been reported to be associated with diabetic kidney disease (DKD) in the American population. We examined the association between polymorphisms in MYH9-APOL1 and DKD susceptibility in a Chinese Han population. MYH9 rs3752462 (T>C) and APOL1 rs136161 (C>G) were genotyped in 303 DKD patients and 364 type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients without kidney disease using the TaqMan SNP genotyping assay. Chi-squared test and multivariate logistic regression were used to evaluate the association. We observed that only MYH9 rs3752462 was associated with DKD (genotype, P = 0.004; allele, P = 0.002). Genetic model analysis revealed that rs3752462 was associated with increased risk of DKD under a dominant model adjusted by age and sex (adjusted odds ratio (aOR), 1.675; 95% CI 1.225-2.289; P = 0.001) and an additive model (TC versus TT: aOR, 1.649; 95% CI 1.187-2.290; CC versus TT: aOR, 1.817; 95% CI 0.980-3.367; P = 0.005). The combined effect of rs3752462 TC + rs136161 CC genotype showed an association of DKD adjusted by age and sex (aOR, 1.732; 95% CI 1.128-2.660; P = 0.012). After a Holm-Bonferroni correction for multiple tests, the C allele frequencies of the rs3752462 and the TC + CC genotype in the dominant model were considered statistically significant with a markedly increased risk of DKD (P < 0.00208; P < 0.002). Our results suggest that MYH9 rs3752462 is significantly associated with an increased risk of DKD in Chinese Han individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailing Zhao
- Beijing Key Lab for Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Ma
- Clinical Laboratory, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Meihua Yan
- Beijing Key Lab for Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Beijing Key Lab for Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Tingting Zhao
- Beijing Key Lab for Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Haojun Zhang
- Beijing Key Lab for Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Beijing Key Lab for Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yanzhen Liu
- Beijing Key Lab for Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Li
- Beijing Key Lab for Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
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Zheng CG, Zhang F, Bao XM, Wu SY, Wang P, Zhou JN, Gao Y, Teng HL, Wang Y, Huang ZH. Polarized Distribution of Active Myosin II Regulates Directional Migration of Cultured Olfactory Ensheathing Cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4701. [PMID: 28680155 PMCID: PMC5498622 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04914-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Migration of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) is critical for development of olfactory system and essential for neural regeneration after OEC transplantation into nerve injury site. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of directional migration of OECs remain unclear. In this study, we found that in migrating OECs, phosphorylated myosin light chain (p-MLC, active myosin II) displayed a polarized distribution, with the leading front exhibiting higher than soma and trailing process. Over-expression of GFP-MLC significantly reduced OEC migration. Moreover, decreasing this front-to-rear difference of myosin II activity by the frontal application of a ML-7 (myosin II inhibitors) gradient induced the collapse of leading front and reversed soma translocation of OECs, whereas, increasing this front-to-rear difference of myosin II activity by the rear application of a ML-7 or BDM gradient or the frontal application of a Caly (myosin II activator) gradient accelerated the soma translocation of OECs. Finally, myosin II as a downstream signaling of repulsive factor Slit-2 mediated the reversal of soma translocation induced by Slit-2. Taken together, these results suggest that the polarized distribution of active myosin II regulates the directional migration of OECs during spontaneous migration or upon to extracellular stimulation such as Slit-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Gen Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, Chun'an First People's Hospital (Zhejiang Province People's Hospital Chun'an Branch), Hangzhou, 311700, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience and Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Xiao-Mei Bao
- Institute of Neuroscience and Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Shi-Yang Wu
- Department of Spine Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Jia-Nan Zhou
- Institute of Neuroscience and Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Institute of Neuroscience and Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Hong-Lin Teng
- Department of Spine Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China.
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Chun'an First People's Hospital (Zhejiang Province People's Hospital Chun'an Branch), Hangzhou, 311700, China. .,Institute of Neuroscience and Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China. .,Department of Transfusion Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310053, China.
| | - Zhi-Hui Huang
- Institute of Neuroscience and Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China.
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Melazzini F, Zaninetti C, Balduini CL. Bleeding is not the main clinical issue in many patients with inherited thrombocytopaenias. Haemophilia 2017; 23:673-681. [PMID: 28594466 DOI: 10.1111/hae.13255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Bleeding diathesis has been considered for a long time the main clinical issue impacting the lives of patients affected by inherited thrombocytopaenias. However, the number of known inherited thrombocytopaenias greatly increased in recent years, and careful evaluation of hundreds of patients affected by these 'new' disorders revealed that most of them are at risk of developing additional life-threatening disorders during childhood or adult life. These additional disorders are usually more serious and dangerous than low platelet count. For instance, it is known that mutations in RUNX1, ANKRD26 and ETV6 cause congenital thrombocytopaenia, but we now know that they also predispose to haematological malignancies. Similarly, MYH9 mutations result in congenital thrombocytopaenia and increase the risk of developing kidney failure, cataracts and hearing loss at a later stage, while MPL mutations cause a congenital thrombocytopaenia that almost always evolves into deadly bone marrow failure. Thus, identification of patients with these disorders is essential for evaluation of their prognosis, enabling effective genetic counselling, personalizing follow-up and giving appropriate treatments in case of development of additional diseases. Careful clinical evaluation and peripheral blood film examination are extremely useful tools in guiding the diagnostic process and identifying the candidate genes to be sequenced.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Melazzini
- IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation and University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - C Zaninetti
- IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation and University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - C L Balduini
- IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation and University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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Wu MF, Liao CY, Wang LY, Chang JT. The role of Slit-Robo signaling in the regulation of tissue barriers. Tissue Barriers 2017; 5:e1331155. [PMID: 28598714 PMCID: PMC5501134 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2017.1331155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of Slit/Robo signaling has extended from initial axon repulsion in the developing nervous system to organ morphogenesis, cancer development and angiogenesis. Slit/Robo signaling regulates similar pathways within these processes. Slit/Robo ensures the homeostasis of the dynamic interaction between cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. The dysregulation of Slit/Robo signaling damages the tissue barrier, resulting in developmental abnormalities or disease. Here, we summarize how Slit/Robo controls kidney morphogenesis and describe the dual roles of Slit/Robo signaling in the regulation of tumorigenesis and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Fang Wu
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C.
- Divisions of Medical Oncology and Pulmonary Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C.
| | - Chen-Yi Liao
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C.
| | - Ling-Yi Wang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C.
| | - Jinghua Tsai Chang
- Divisions of Medical Oncology and Pulmonary Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C.
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C.
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