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Al-Garadi MA, Al-Baadani HH, Alqhtani AH. Growth Performance, Histological Changes and Functional Tests of Broiler Chickens Fed Diets Supplemented with Tribulus Terrestris Powder. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12151930. [PMID: 35953919 PMCID: PMC9367280 DOI: 10.3390/ani12151930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The current experiment aimed to investigate the effects of TT powder on performance parameters and functional tests, as well as on morphological and histological changes in the liver, kidney and ileum in broiler chickens. Commercial broilers (total = 168 females) were used, equally divided into three dietary treatments (C = 0.0, T1 = 0.75, and T2 = 1.5 g/kg diet). The growth performance (1−35 days of age), absolute and relative weight, liver and kidney functional tests, intestinal morphology (14 and 35 days of age), and histomorphology of the ileum (35 days of age) were evaluated. At 35 days of age, histopathological changes in the ileum, liver, and kidney were also examined. The results showed that the growth performance and absolute and relative weights of the liver and kidney had no negative effects when dietary supplementation with TT powder was given at 0.75 g/kg diet (T1), whereas a decrease was observed at T2 (p < 0.05). Liver and kidney functional tests showed no significant effects in all feed treatments (14 days), while T1 showed lower (p < 0.05) ALT and AST levels (35 days). T1 exhibited higher weights, lengths, and weight-to-length ratios of the small intestine, and relative lengths of the duodenum (p < 0.05). Histomorphometric measurements of the ileum were higher (p < 0.05) in chickens fed the 0.75 g TT/kg diet, and except for in the goblet cell count and epithelial thickness, there were no differences between treatments (p > 0.05). In T1, hepatocytes were more normal but hepatic sinusoids were dilated, whereas in T2, lymphocytes had infiltrated around the central vein and lining endothelial cells had been lost. The kidney was improved in T1 and T2 compared with the control group. Ileal villi were shorter in T2, and some villi fused with enterocyte necrosis and inflammatory cells accumulated in the lumen. We concluded that TT powder (0.75 g/kg feed) has a safe effect and is healthy for broilers.
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Pi G, Song W, Wu Z, Li Y, Yang H. Comparison of expression profiles between undifferentiated and differentiated porcine IPEC-J2 cells. Porcine Health Manag 2022; 8:4. [PMID: 35000622 PMCID: PMC8744309 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-022-00247-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The intestinal porcine enterocyte cell line (IPEC-J2) is a well-established model to study porcine intestinal physiology. IPEC-J2 cells undergo spontaneous differentiation during culture while changes in expression patterns of differentiated IPEC-J2 remain unclear. Therefore, this study was aimed to investigate the expression profiles of IPEC-J2 cells at the transcriptional level. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs), enriched pathways and potential key genes were identified. Alkaline phosphatase (AKP) and percentages of apoptotic cells were also measured. RESULTS Overall, a total of 988 DEGs were identified, including 704 up-regulated and 284 down-regulated genes. GO analysis revealed that epithelial cell differentiation, apoptotic signaling pathway, regulation of cytokine production and immune system process, regulation of cell death and proliferation, cell junction complexes, and kinase binding were enriched significantly. Consistently, KEGG, REACTOME, and CORUM analysis indicated that cytokine responses modulation may be involved in IPEC-J2 differentiation. Moreover, AKP activity, a recognized marker of enterocyte differentiation, was significantly increased in IPEC-J2 after 14 days of culture. Meanwhile, annexin V-FITC/PI assay demonstrated a remarkable increase in apoptotic cells after 14 days of culture. Additionally, 10 hub genes were extracted, and STAT1, AKT3, and VEGFA were speculated to play roles in IPEC-J2 differentiation. CONCLUSIONS These findings may contribute to the molecular characterization of IPEC-J2, and may progress the understanding of cellular differentiation of swine intestinal epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guolin Pi
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Hunan Normal University, No. 36 Lushan Road, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, China
| | - Wenxin Song
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Hunan Normal University, No. 36 Lushan Road, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, China
| | - Zijuan Wu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Hunan Normal University, No. 36 Lushan Road, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, China
| | - Yali Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Hunan Normal University, No. 36 Lushan Road, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, China.
| | - Huansheng Yang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Hunan Normal University, No. 36 Lushan Road, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, China.
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Hart L, Verburgt CM, Wine E, Zachos M, Poppen A, Chavannes M, Van Limbergen J, Pai N. Nutritional Therapies and Their Influence on the Intestinal Microbiome in Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Nutrients 2021; 14:nu14010004. [PMID: 35010879 PMCID: PMC8746384 DOI: 10.3390/nu14010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic, autoimmune disorder of the gastrointestinal tract with numerous genetic and environmental risk factors. Patients with Crohn’s disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC) often demonstrate marked disruptions of their gut microbiome. The intestinal microbiota is strongly influenced by diet. The association between the increasing incidence of IBD worldwide and increased consumption of a westernized diet suggests host nutrition may influence the progression or treatment of IBD via the microbiome. Several nutritional therapies have been studied for the treatment of CD and UC. While their mechanisms of action are only partially understood, existing studies do suggest that diet-driven changes in microbial composition and function underlie the diverse mechanisms of nutritional therapy. Despite existing therapies for IBD focusing heavily on immune suppression, nutrition is an important treatment option due to its superior safety profile, potentially low cost, and benefits for growth and development. These benefits are increasingly important to patients. In this review, we will describe the clinical efficacy of the different nutritional therapies that have been described for the treatment of CD and UC. We will also describe the effects of each nutritional therapy on the gut microbiome and summarize the strength of the literature with recommendations for the practicing clinician.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Hart
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric Gastroenterology & Nutrition, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada; (L.H.); (M.Z.)
- McMaster Children’s Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Charlotte M. Verburgt
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Emma Children’s Hospital, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (C.M.V.); (J.V.L.)
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Emma Children’s Hospital, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eytan Wine
- Edmonton Paediatric IBD Clinic, Division of Paediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Departments of Paediatrics & Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada;
| | - Mary Zachos
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric Gastroenterology & Nutrition, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada; (L.H.); (M.Z.)
- McMaster Children’s Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Alisha Poppen
- College of Medicine and Health, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland;
| | - Mallory Chavannes
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Children’s Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA;
| | - Johan Van Limbergen
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Emma Children’s Hospital, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (C.M.V.); (J.V.L.)
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Paediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Nikhil Pai
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric Gastroenterology & Nutrition, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada; (L.H.); (M.Z.)
- McMaster Children’s Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +905-521-2100 (ext. 73587); Fax: +905-521-2655
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Abstract
It has been widely endorsed that a multifactorial etiology, including interaction between genetic and environmental factors, can contribute to Crohn's Disease (CD) pathogenesis. More specifically, diet has proven to be able to shape gut microbiota composition and thus is suspected to play a significant role in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) pathogenesis. Moreover, poor nutritional status and growth retardation, arising from several factors such as reduced dietary intake or nutrient leakage from the gastrointestinal tract, represent the hallmarks of pediatric CD. For these reasons, multiple research lines have recently focused on the utilization of dietary therapies for the management of CD, aiming to target concurrently mucosal inflammation, intestinal dysbiosis and optimization of nutritional status. The forerunner of such interventions is represented by exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN), a robustly supported nutritional therapy; however, it is burdened by monotony and low tolerance in the long term. Novel dietary interventions, such as Crohn's Disease Exclusion Diet or Crohn's Disease treatment with eating, have shown their efficacy in the induction of remission in pediatric patients with CD. The aim of the present narrative review is to provide a synopsis of the available nutritional strategies in the management of pediatric CD and to discuss their application in the dietary management of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Scarallo
- Gastroenterology and Nutrition Unit, Meyer Children’s Hospital, 50139 Florence, Italy;
| | - Paolo Lionetti
- Gastroenterology and Nutrition Unit, Meyer Children’s Hospital, 50139 Florence, Italy;
- Department NEUROFARBA, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
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Verburgt CM, Ghiboub M, Benninga MA, de Jonge WJ, Van Limbergen JE. Nutritional Therapy Strategies in Pediatric Crohn's Disease. Nutrients 2021; 13:212. [PMID: 33450982 PMCID: PMC7828385 DOI: 10.3390/nu13010212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The increase in incidences of pediatric Crohn's Disease (CD) worldwide has been strongly linked with dietary shifts towards a Westernized diet, ultimately leading to altered gut microbiota and disturbance in intestinal immunity and the metabolome. Multiple clinical studies in children with CD have demonstrated the high efficacy of nutritional therapy with exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) to induce remission with an excellent safety profile. However, EEN is poorly tolerated, limiting its compliance and clinical application. This has spiked an interest in the development of alternative and better-tolerated nutritional therapy strategies. Several nutritional therapies have now been designed not only to treat the nutritional deficiencies seen in children with active CD but also to correct dysbiosis and reduce intestinal inflammation. In this review, we report the most recent insights regarding nutritional strategies in children with active CD: EEN, partial enteral nutrition (PEN), Crohn's disease exclusive diet (CDED), and CD treatment-with-eating diet (CD-TREAT). We describe their setup, efficacy, safety, and (dis)advantages as well as some of their potential mechanisms of action and perspectives. A better understanding of different nutritional therapeutic options and their mechanisms will yield better and safer management strategies for children with CD and may address the barriers and limitations of current strategies in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte M. Verburgt
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (C.M.V.); (M.G.); (M.A.B.)
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, 1105 BK Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Mohammed Ghiboub
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (C.M.V.); (M.G.); (M.A.B.)
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, 1105 BK Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Marc A. Benninga
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (C.M.V.); (M.G.); (M.A.B.)
| | - Wouter J. de Jonge
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, 1105 BK Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
- Department of Surgery, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Johan E. Van Limbergen
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (C.M.V.); (M.G.); (M.A.B.)
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, 1105 BK Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
- Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3K 6R8, Canada
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Scarpato E, Strisciuglio C, Martinelli M, Russo M, Cenni S, Casertano M, Serra MR, Staiano A, Miele E. Exclusive enteral nutrition effect on the clinical course of pediatric Crohn's disease: a single center experience. Eur J Pediatr 2020; 179:1925-1934. [PMID: 32734315 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-020-03753-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the short- and long-term outcomes of exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) versus corticosteroids (CS) as induction therapy, in a cohort of pediatric patients with Crohn's disease (CD). A retrospective study of patients with CD has been conducted. Clinical characteristics, laboratory parameters, and pediatric Crohn's disease activity index (PCDAI) were evaluated at diagnosis and at different follow-up points. Subjects were divided in EEN-induction group, receiving EEN, and CS-induction group, treated with oral CS. We evaluated 47 patients in the EEN-induction group and 21 patients in the CS-induction group. After 8 weeks from diagnosis, we detected a significant improvement in CRP (p = 0.001) and albumin (p = 0.05), in EEN-induction group compared with the CS-induction group. PCDAI was significantly lower in the EEN-induction group versus the CS-induction group after 8 weeks (p = 0.04) and 1 year (p = 0.03) of follow-up. After 2 years from diagnosis, the number of subjects needing immunomodulators (IMM, azathioprine or methotrexate) was significantly higher in the CS-induction group compared with the EEN-induction group (p = 0.02).Conclusion: EEN has the same effectiveness of CS therapy in induction of remission but seems to have a more pronounced effect on disease activity. In our cohort, the need to use IMM seems to be reduced in subjects initially treated with EEN. What is Known: • Exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) has the same effectiveness of corticosteroids (CS) in the induction of remission in pediatric Crohn's disease. • EEN offers numerous advantages over CS, in terms of improved nutrition and mucosal healing. What is New: • Induction of remission with EEN seems to have a more pronounced effect on disease activity compared to induction with CS. • In our cohort, induction of remission with EEN seems to reduce the need of therapy with immunomodulators at 2 years of follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Scarpato
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences - Section of Paediatrics, University of Naples "Federico II", Via S. Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Caterina Strisciuglio
- Department of Women, Child and Specialist Surgery, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Massimo Martinelli
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences - Section of Paediatrics, University of Naples "Federico II", Via S. Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Marina Russo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences - Section of Paediatrics, University of Naples "Federico II", Via S. Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Sabrina Cenni
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences - Section of Paediatrics, University of Naples "Federico II", Via S. Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Marianna Casertano
- Department of Women, Child and Specialist Surgery, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Serra
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences - Section of Paediatrics, University of Naples "Federico II", Via S. Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Annamaria Staiano
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences - Section of Paediatrics, University of Naples "Federico II", Via S. Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy.
| | - Erasmo Miele
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences - Section of Paediatrics, University of Naples "Federico II", Via S. Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
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Ye H, Shaw IC. Dietary isoflavone-induced, estrogen receptor-β-mediated proliferation of Caco-2 cells is modulated by gallic acid. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 145:111743. [PMID: 32926937 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Dietary isoflavones and their biotransformation products (from food fermentation) are estrogen mimics which activate estrogen receptors (ER)α and ERβ. In silico molecular modelling is used to determine theoretical binding energies of genistein, daidzein and hydroxylated biotransformation products, and to investigate structure-binding energy relationships with ERβ. Results suggest that ligand hydroxyl arrangement determines binding energy and influences binding affinity. Caco-2 cells (ERβ expressing) are used to study the proliferative effect of genistein, daidzein and their hydroxylated biotransformation products. Isoflavones/biotransformation products showed weaker enhancement of Caco-2 proliferation than 17β-estradiol. The EC50s of isoflavones/biotransformation products agreed with in silico-predicted binding affinity order. Hydroxylated biotransformation products studied showed greater Caco-2 proliferative effects than the parent isoflavones except 8-hydroxygenistein, probably due to unfavourable ERβ interactions caused by 8-hydroxygenistein's extra hydroxyl. Caco-2 pre-treatment with UDP-glucose dehydrogenase inhibitor gallic acid promoted genistein/8-hydroxygenistein-mediated proliferation. This is probably due to a reduced isoflavone glucuronidation to form low estrogenicity glucuronides. Findings are discussed in the context of dietary isoflavones/gallic acid and effects on proliferation of ERβ-expressing gut cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ye
- Human Toxicology Research Group, School of Physical & Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
| | - Ian C Shaw
- Human Toxicology Research Group, School of Physical & Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Abstract
In recent years, much new data on intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) have been published, and major breakthroughs have been disclosed. The aim of the present review is to critically analyze the publications released over the last 5 years. These breakthroughs include, for example, the direct implication of IAP in intestinal tight junction integrity and barrier function maintenance; chronic intestinal challenge with low concentrations of Salmonella generating long-lasting depletion of IAP and increased susceptibility to inflammation; the suggestion that genetic mutations in the IAP gene in humans contribute to some forms of chronic inflammatory diseases and loss of functional IAP along the gut and in stools; stool IAP as an early biomarker of incipient diabetes in humans; and omega-3 fatty acids as direct inducers of IAP in intestinal tissue. Many recent papers have also explored the prophylactic and therapeutic potential of IAP and other alkaline phosphatase (AP) isoforms in various experimental settings and diseases. Remarkably, nearly all data confirm the potent anti-inflammatory properties of (I)AP and the negative consequences of its inhibition on health. A simplified model of the body AP system integrating the IAP compartment is provided. Finally, the list of nutrients and food components stimulating IAP has continued to grow, thus emphasizing nutrition as a potent lever for limiting inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Paul Lallès
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Human Nutrition Division, Clermont-Ferrand, France, and the Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Ouest, Nantes, France
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Ducatelle R, Goossens E, De Meyer F, Eeckhaut V, Antonissen G, Haesebrouck F, Van Immerseel F. Biomarkers for monitoring intestinal health in poultry: present status and future perspectives. Vet Res 2018; 49:43. [PMID: 29739469 PMCID: PMC5941335 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-018-0538-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal health is determined by host (immunity, mucosal barrier), nutritional, microbial and environmental factors. Deficiencies in intestinal health are associated with shifts in the composition of the intestinal microbiome (dysbiosis), leakage of the mucosal barrier and/or inflammation. Since the ban on growth promoting antimicrobials in animal feed, these dysbiosis-related problems have become a major issue, especially in intensive animal farming. The economical and animal welfare consequences are considerable. Consequently, there is a need for continuous monitoring of the intestinal health status, particularly in intensively reared animals, where the intestinal function is often pushed to the limit. In the current review, the recent advances in the field of intestinal health biomarkers, both in human and veterinary medicine are discussed, trying to identify present and future markers of intestinal health in poultry. The most promising new biomarkers will be stable molecules ending up in the feces and litter that can be quantified, preferably using rapid and simple pen-side tests. It is unlikely, however, that a single biomarker will be sufficient to follow up all aspects of intestinal health. Combinations of multiple biomarkers and/or metabarcoding, metagenomic, metatranscriptomic, metaproteomic and metabolomic approaches will be the way to go in the future. Candidate biomarkers currently are being investigated by many research groups, but the validation will be a major challenge, due to the complexity of intestinal health in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Ducatelle
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Evy Goossens
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Fien De Meyer
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Venessa Eeckhaut
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Gunther Antonissen
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Filip Van Immerseel
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
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10
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Ashton JJ, Gavin J, Beattie RM. Exclusive enteral nutrition in Crohn's disease: Evidence and practicalities. Clin Nutr 2018; 38:80-89. [PMID: 29398336 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2018.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) is the first line therapy for paediatric Crohn's disease, providing a complete nutritional feed whilst simultaneously inducing remission in up to 80% of cases. The effect of EEN on systemic/local intestinal immune function and subsequent inflammation (including barrier permeability, direct anti-inflammatory effects and cytokine signalling pathways), alongside changes in the microbiome (specific species and broad taxonomic shifts, functional changes) are becoming clearer, however the exact mechanism for induction of remission in Crohn's disease remains uncertain. The evidence of efficacy in paediatric Crohn's disease is strong, with selected adult populations also benefiting from EEN. However despite recommendations from all major societies (ECCO, ESPGHAN, NASPGHAN and ESPEN) first-line use of EEN is varied and Europe/Australasia/Canada show significantly more routine use than other parts of North America. Growth and nutritional status are significantly improved with EEN compared to corticosteroids but long-term outcomes are sparse. This review discusses the evidence underlying the use of EEN, highlighting the mechanisms thought to underlie how EEN induces remission in Crohn's disease, when and how to use EEN, including practical issues in both paediatric and adult practice (formulation, compliance, volumes and administration), and summarises the ongoing research priorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Ashton
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Southampton Children's Hospital, Southampton, UK; Human Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Joan Gavin
- Department of Paediatric Dietetics, Southampton Children's Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - R Mark Beattie
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Southampton Children's Hospital, Southampton, UK.
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