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Lee S, Jang B, Hwang J, Lee Y, Cho S, Yang H, Yun JH, Shin DH, Lee W, Oh ES. Everolimus exerts anticancer effects through inhibiting the interaction of matrix metalloproteinase-7 with syndecan-2 in colon cancer cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2024; 326:C1067-C1079. [PMID: 38314724 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00669.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Previous work showed that matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7) regulates colon cancer activities through an interaction with syndecan-2 (SDC-2) and SDC-2-derived peptide that disrupts this interaction and exhibits anticancer activity in colon cancer. Here, to identify potential anticancer agents, a library of 1,379 Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs that interact with the MMP-7 prodomain were virtually screened by protein-ligand docking score analysis using the GalaxyDock3 program. Among five candidates selected based on their structures and total energy values for interacting with the MMP-7 prodomain, the known mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase (mTOR) inhibitor, everolimus, showed the highest binding affinity and the strongest ability to disrupt the interaction of the MMP-7 prodomain with the SDC-2 extracellular domain in vitro. Everolimus treatment of the HCT116 human colon cancer cell line did not affect the mRNA expression levels of MMP-7 and SDC-2 but reduced the adhesion of cells to MMP-7 prodomain-coated plates and the cell-surface localization of MMP-7. Thus, everolimus appears to inhibit the interaction between MMP-7 and SDC-2. Everolimus treatment of HCT116 cells also reduced their gelatin-degradation activity and anticancer activities, including colony formation. Interestingly, cells treated with sirolimus, another mTOR inhibitor, triggered less gelatin-degradation activity, suggesting that this inhibitory effect of everolimus was not due to inhibition of the mTOR pathway. Consistently, everolimus inhibited the colony-forming ability of mTOR-resistant HT29 cells. Together, these data suggest that, in addition to inhibiting mTOR signaling, everolimus exerts anticancer activity by interfering with the interaction of MMP-7 and SDC-2, and could be a useful therapeutic anticancer drug for colon cancer.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The utility of cancer therapeutics targeting the proteolytic activities of MMPs is limited because MMPs are widely distributed throughout the body and involved in many different aspects of cell functions. This work specifically targets the activation of MMP-7 through its interaction with syndecan-2. Notably, everolimus, a known mTOR inhibitor, blocked this interaction, demonstrating a novel role for everolimus in inhibiting mTOR signaling and impairing the interaction of MMP-7 with syndecan-2 in colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seohyeon Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bohee Jang
- Department of Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisun Hwang
- Department of Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yejin Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Subin Cho
- Department of Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonju Yang
- Department of Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hye Yun
- PCG-Biotech, Ltd. Yonsei Engineering Research Park 114A, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Center for Genome Engineering, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hae Shin
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Weontae Lee
- PCG-Biotech, Ltd. Yonsei Engineering Research Park 114A, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eok-Soo Oh
- Department of Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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van der Putten E, Wosikowski K, Beijnen JH, Imre G, Freund CR. Ritonavir reverses resistance to docetaxel and cabazitaxel in prostate cancer cells with acquired resistance to docetaxel. Cancer Drug Resist 2024; 7:3. [PMID: 38318527 PMCID: PMC10838382 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2023.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Aim: Docetaxel is a microtubule-stabilizing drug used for the treatment of several cancers, including prostate cancer. Resistance to docetaxel can either occur through intrinsic resistance or develop under therapeutic pressure, i.e., acquired resistance. A possible explanation for the occurrence of acquired resistance to docetaxel is increased drug efflux via P-glycoprotein (P-gp) drug transporters. Methods: We have generated docetaxel-resistant cell lines DU-145DOC10 and 22Rv1DOC8 by exposing parental cell lines DU-145DOC and 22Rv1 to increasing levels of docetaxel. Gene expression levels between DU-145DOC10 and 22Rv1DOC8 were compared with those of their respective originator cell lines. Both parental and resistant cell lines were treated with the taxane drugs docetaxel and cabazitaxel in combination with the P-gp/CYP3A4 inhibitor ritonavir and the P-gp inhibitor elacridar. Results: In the docetaxel-resistant cell lines DU-145DOC10 and 22Rv1DOC8, the ABCB1 (P-gp) gene was highly up-regulated. Expression of the P-gp protein was also significantly increased in the docetaxel-resistant cell lines in a Western blotting assay. The addition of ritonavir to docetaxel resulted in a return of the sensitivity to docetaxel in the DU-145DOC10 and 22Rv1DOC8 to a level similar to the sensitivity in the originator cells. We found that these docetaxel-resistant cell lines could also be re-sensitized to cabazitaxel in a similar manner. In a Caco-2 P-gp transporter assay, functional inhibition of P-gp-mediated transport of docetaxel with ritonavir was demonstrated. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that ritonavir restores sensitivity to both docetaxel and cabazitaxel in docetaxel-resistant cell lines, most likely by inhibiting P-gp-mediated drug efflux.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jos H. Beijnen
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Netherlands Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Amsterdam 1066 CX, the Netherlands
| | - Gábor Imre
- SOLVO Biotechnology, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Colin R. Freund
- Modra Pharmaceuticals B.V., Amsterdam 1083 HN, the Netherlands
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Jung EJ, Jo JH, Uwamahoro C, Jang SI, Lee WJ, Hwang JM, Bae JW, Kwon WS. Ritonavir Has Reproductive Toxicity Depending on Disrupting PI3K/PDK1/AKT Signaling Pathway. Toxics 2024; 12:73. [PMID: 38251029 PMCID: PMC10819985 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12010073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Ritonavir (RTV) is an antiviral and a component of COVID-19 treatments. Moreover, RTV demonstrates anti-cancer effects by suppressing AKT. However, RTV has cytotoxicity and suppresses sperm functions by altering AKT activity. Although abnormal AKT activity is known for causing detrimental effects on sperm functions, how RTV alters AKT signaling in spermatozoa remains unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate reproductive toxicity of RTV in spermatozoa through phosphoinositide 3-kinase/phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1/protein kinase B (PI3K/PDK1/AKT) signaling. Duroc spermatozoa were treated with various concentrations of RTV, and capacitation was induced. Sperm functions (sperm motility, motion kinematics, capacitation status, and cell viability) and expression levels of tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins and PI3K/PDK1/AKT pathway-related proteins were evaluated. In the results, RTV significantly suppressed sperm motility, motion kinematics, capacitation, acrosome reactions, and cell viability. Additionally, RTV significantly increased levels of phospho-tyrosine proteins and PI3K/PDK1/AKT pathway-related proteins except for AKT and PI3K. The expression level of AKT was not significantly altered and that of PI3K was significantly decreased. These results suggest RTV may suppress sperm functions by induced alterations of PI3K/PDK1/AKT pathway through abnormally increased tyrosine phosphorylation. Therefore, we suggest people who use or prescribe RTV need to consider its male reproductive toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ju Jung
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea; (E.-J.J.); (C.U.); (S.-I.J.); (W.-J.L.); (J.-M.H.); (J.-W.B.)
| | - Jae-Hwan Jo
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea;
| | - Claudine Uwamahoro
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea; (E.-J.J.); (C.U.); (S.-I.J.); (W.-J.L.); (J.-M.H.); (J.-W.B.)
| | - Seung-Ik Jang
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea; (E.-J.J.); (C.U.); (S.-I.J.); (W.-J.L.); (J.-M.H.); (J.-W.B.)
| | - Woo-Jin Lee
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea; (E.-J.J.); (C.U.); (S.-I.J.); (W.-J.L.); (J.-M.H.); (J.-W.B.)
| | - Ju-Mi Hwang
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea; (E.-J.J.); (C.U.); (S.-I.J.); (W.-J.L.); (J.-M.H.); (J.-W.B.)
| | - Jeong-Won Bae
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea; (E.-J.J.); (C.U.); (S.-I.J.); (W.-J.L.); (J.-M.H.); (J.-W.B.)
| | - Woo-Sung Kwon
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea; (E.-J.J.); (C.U.); (S.-I.J.); (W.-J.L.); (J.-M.H.); (J.-W.B.)
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea;
- Research Institute for Innovative Animal Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
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Mohi-Ud-Din R, Chawla A, Sharma P, Mir PA, Potoo FH, Reiner Ž, Reiner I, Ateşşahin DA, Sharifi-Rad J, Mir RH, Calina D. Repurposing approved non-oncology drugs for cancer therapy: a comprehensive review of mechanisms, efficacy, and clinical prospects. Eur J Med Res 2023; 28:345. [PMID: 37710280 PMCID: PMC10500791 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-023-01275-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer poses a significant global health challenge, with predictions of increasing prevalence in the coming years due to limited prevention, late diagnosis, and inadequate success with current therapies. In addition, the high cost of new anti-cancer drugs creates barriers in meeting the medical needs of cancer patients, especially in developing countries. The lengthy and costly process of developing novel drugs further hinders drug discovery and clinical implementation. Therefore, there has been a growing interest in repurposing approved drugs for other diseases to address the urgent need for effective cancer treatments. The aim of this comprehensive review is to provide an overview of the potential of approved non-oncology drugs as therapeutic options for cancer treatment. These drugs come from various chemotherapeutic classes, including antimalarials, antibiotics, antivirals, anti-inflammatory drugs, and antifungals, and have demonstrated significant antiproliferative, pro-apoptotic, immunomodulatory, and antimetastatic properties. A systematic review of the literature was conducted to identify relevant studies on the repurposing of approved non-oncology drugs for cancer therapy. Various electronic databases, such as PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, were searched using appropriate keywords. Studies focusing on the therapeutic potential, mechanisms of action, efficacy, and clinical prospects of repurposed drugs in cancer treatment were included in the analysis. The review highlights the promising outcomes of repurposing approved non-oncology drugs for cancer therapy. Drugs belonging to different therapeutic classes have demonstrated notable antitumor effects, including inhibiting cell proliferation, promoting apoptosis, modulating the immune response, and suppressing metastasis. These findings suggest the potential of these repurposed drugs as effective therapeutic approaches in cancer treatment. Repurposing approved non-oncology drugs provides a promising strategy for addressing the urgent need for effective and accessible cancer treatments. The diverse classes of repurposed drugs, with their demonstrated antiproliferative, pro-apoptotic, immunomodulatory, and antimetastatic properties, offer new avenues for cancer therapy. Further research and clinical trials are warranted to explore the full potential of these repurposed drugs and optimize their use in treating various cancer types. Repurposing approved drugs can significantly expedite the process of identifying effective treatments and improve patient outcomes in a cost-effective manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roohi Mohi-Ud-Din
- Department of General Medicine, Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences (SKIMS), Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190001, India
| | - Apporva Chawla
- Khalsa College of Pharmacy, G.T. Road, Amritsar, Punjab, 143001, India
| | - Pooja Sharma
- Khalsa College of Pharmacy, G.T. Road, Amritsar, Punjab, 143001, India
| | - Prince Ahad Mir
- Khalsa College of Pharmacy, G.T. Road, Amritsar, Punjab, 143001, India
| | - Faheem Hyder Potoo
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, 1982, 31441, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Željko Reiner
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivan Reiner
- Department of Nursing Sciences, Catholic University of Croatia, Ilica 242, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dilek Arslan Ateşşahin
- Baskil Vocational School, Department of Plant and Animal Production, Fırat University, 23100, Elazıg, Turkey
| | | | - Reyaz Hassan Mir
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Division, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, Kashmir, 190006, India.
| | - Daniela Calina
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349, Craiova, Romania.
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Yang HL, Chiu LW, Lin YA, Pandey S, Vadivalagan C, Liao JW, Gowrisankar YV, Chen HJ, Lin HY, Hseu YC. In vitro and in vivo anti-tumor activity of Coenzyme Q 0 against TWIST1-overexpressing HNSCC cells: ROS-mediated inhibition of EMT/metastasis and autophagy/apoptosis induction. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2023; 465:116453. [PMID: 36914119 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2023.116453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
HNSCC (Head and Heck Squamous Cell Carcinoma) is a reasonably prevalent cancer with a high mortality rate. In this study, we tried to examine the anti-metastasis and apoptosis/autophagy actions of Coenzyme Q0 (CoQ0, 2,3-dimethoxy-5-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone), a derivative of Antrodia camphorata in HNCC TWIST1 overexpressing (FaDu-TWIST1) cells as well as in vivo tumor xenograft mice model. Using fluorescence based cellular assays, western blot and nude mice tumor xenografts, we determined that CoQ0 effectively reduced cell viability and displayed rapid morphological changes in FaDu-TWIST1 cells compared to FaDu cells. Non/sub-cytotoxic concentrations of CoQ0 treatment reduces the cell migration by downregulating TWIST1 and upregulating E-cadherin. Apoptosis produced by CoQ0 was mostly related with caspase-3 activation, PARP cleavage, and VDAC-1 expression. The FaDu-TWIST1 cells treated with CoQ0 exhibits autophagy-mediated LC3-II accumulation and acidic vesicular organelles (AVOs) formation. Pre-treatment with 3-MA and CoQ effectively prevented CoQ0-induced cell death and CoQ0-triggered autophagy in FaDu-TWIST cells as a death mechanism. CoQ0 induces ROS production in FaDu-TWIST1 cells and NAC pre-treatment significantly reduces anti-metastasis, apoptosis, and autophagy. Likewise, ROS-mediated AKT inhibition regulates CoQ0-induced apoptosis/autophagy in FaDu-TWIST1 cells. In vivo studies exhibit, CoQ0 effectively delays and reduces the tumor incidence and burden in FaDu-TWIST1-xenografted nude mice. Current findings display, CoQ0 exhibits a novel anti-cancer mechanism hence, it might be appropriate for anticancer therapy, and a new potent drug for HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Ling Yang
- Institute of Nutrition, College of Health Care, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Li-Wen Chiu
- Institute of Nutrition, College of Health Care, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Yi-An Lin
- Institute of Nutrition, College of Health Care, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Sudhir Pandey
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Chithravel Vadivalagan
- Department of Cosmeceutics, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Jiunn-Wang Liao
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathology, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | | | - Hui-Jye Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
| | - Hui-Yi Lin
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
| | - You-Cheng Hseu
- Department of Cosmeceutics, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan; Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; Research Center of Chinese Herbal Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
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Jung EJ, Lee WJ, Hwang JM, Bae JW, Kwon WS. Reproductive Toxicity of Ritonavir in Male: insight into mouse sperm capacitation. Reprod Toxicol 2022; 114:1-6. [PMID: 36198369 PMCID: PMC9527077 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2022.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Since COVID-19 began in 2019, therapeutic agents are being developed for its treatment. Among the numerous potential therapeutic agents, ritonavir (RTV), an anti-viral agent, has recently been identified as an important element of the COVID-19 treatment. Moreover, RTV has also been applied in the drug repurposing of cancer cells. However, previous studies have shown that RTV has toxic effects on various cell types. In addition, RTV regulates AKT phosphorylation within cancer cells, and AKT is known to control sperm functions (motility, capacitation, and so on). Although deleterious effects of RTV have been reported, it is not known whether RTV has male reproduction toxicity. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of RTV on sperm function and male fertility. In the present study, sperm collected from the cauda epididymis of mice were incubated with various concentrations of RTV (0, 0.1, 1, 10, and 100 μM). The expression levels of AKT, phospho-AKT (Thr308 and Ser473), and phospho-tyrosine proteins, sperm motility, motion kinematics, capacitation status, and cell viability were assessed after capacitation. The results revealed that AKT phosphorylation at Thr308 and Ser473 was significantly increased, and the levels of tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins (at approximately 25 and 100 kDa) were significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, RTV adversely affected sperm motility, motion kinematics, and cell viability. Taken together, RTV may have negative effects on sperm function through an abnormal increase in tyrosine phosphorylation and phospho-AKT levels. Therefore, individuals taking or prescribing RTV should be aware of its reproductive toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ju Jung
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Gyeongsangbuk-do 37224, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Jin Lee
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Gyeongsangbuk-do 37224, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Mi Hwang
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Gyeongsangbuk-do 37224, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Won Bae
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Gyeongsangbuk-do 37224, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Sung Kwon
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Gyeongsangbuk-do 37224, Republic of Korea.
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Turabi KS, Deshmukh A, Paul S, Swami D, Siddiqui S, Kumar U, Naikar S, Devarajan S, Basu S, Paul MK, Aich J. Drug repurposing-an emerging strategy in cancer therapeutics. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2022; 395:1139-1158. [PMID: 35695911 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-022-02263-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a complex disease affecting millions of people around the world. Despite advances in surgical and radiation therapy, chemotherapy continues to be an important therapeutic option for the treatment of cancer. The current treatment is expensive and has several side effects. Also, over time, cancer cells develop resistance to chemotherapy, due to which there is a demand for new drugs. Drug repurposing is a novel approach that focuses on finding new applications for the old clinically approved drugs. Current advances in the high-dimensional multiomics landscape, especially proteomics, genomics, and computational omics-data analysis, have facilitated drug repurposing. The drug repurposing approach provides cheaper, effective, and safe drugs with fewer side effects and fastens the process of drug development. The review further delineates each repurposed drug's original indication and mechanism of action in cancer. Along with this, the article also provides insight upon artificial intelligence and its application in drug repurposing. Clinical trials are vital for determining medication safety and effectiveness, and hence the clinical studies for each repurposed medicine in cancer, including their stages, status, and National Clinical Trial (NCT) identification, are reported in this review article. Various emerging evidences imply that repurposing drugs is critical for the faster and more affordable discovery of anti-cancerous drugs, and the advent of artificial intelligence-based computational tools can accelerate the translational cancer-targeting pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadija Shahab Turabi
- School of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, DY Patil Deemed to Be University, CBD Belapur, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400614, India
| | - Ankita Deshmukh
- School of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, DY Patil Deemed to Be University, CBD Belapur, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400614, India
| | - Sayan Paul
- Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease, Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bangalore, 560065, India
| | - Dayanand Swami
- School of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, DY Patil Deemed to Be University, CBD Belapur, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400614, India
| | - Shafina Siddiqui
- School of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, DY Patil Deemed to Be University, CBD Belapur, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400614, India
| | - Urwashi Kumar
- School of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, DY Patil Deemed to Be University, CBD Belapur, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400614, India
| | - Shreelekha Naikar
- School of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, DY Patil Deemed to Be University, CBD Belapur, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400614, India
| | - Shine Devarajan
- School of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, DY Patil Deemed to Be University, CBD Belapur, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400614, India
| | - Soumya Basu
- Cancer and Translational Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, 411033, India
| | - Manash K Paul
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Jyotirmoi Aich
- School of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, DY Patil Deemed to Be University, CBD Belapur, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400614, India.
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Siddiqui S, Deshmukh AJ, Mudaliar P, Nalawade AJ, Iyer D, Aich J. Drug repurposing: re-inventing therapies for cancer without re-entering the development pipeline—a review. J Egypt Natl Canc Inst 2022; 34:33. [PMID: 35934727 PMCID: PMC9358112 DOI: 10.1186/s43046-022-00137-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
While majority of the current treatment approaches for cancer remain expensive and are associated with several side effects, development of new treatment modalities takes a significant period of research, time, and expenditure. An alternative novel approach is drug repurposing that focuses on finding new applications for the previously clinically approved drugs. The process of drug repurposing has also been facilitated by current advances in the field of proteomics, genomics, and information computational biology. This approach not only provides cheaper, effective, and potentially safer drugs with less side effects but also increases the processing pace of drug development. In this review, we wish to highlight some recent developments in the area of drug repurposing in cancer with a specific focus on the repurposing potential of anti-psychotic, anti-inflammatory and anti-viral drugs, anti-diabetic, antibacterial, and anti-fungal drugs.
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Swami D, Mudaliar P, Bichu YS, Kumar Sahu V, Devarajan S, Basu S, Aich J. Synergistic combination of ritonavir and cisplatin as an efficacious therapy in human cervical cancer cells: a computational drug discovery and in vitro insight. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022:1-15. [PMID: 35818867 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2097312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
HIV-protease inhibitor Ritonavir (RTV) is a clinical-stage drug. We exhibit here the synergistic effect of RTV coupled with cisplatin as potential combination therapy for treatment of cervical cancer. Knowledge about the interaction of RTV with the high-expression signatures in cancer is limited. Therefore, we utilized computational techniques to understand and assess the drug-binding affinity and drug-target interaction of RTV with these altered protein signatures. Computational studies revealed the potential interaction ability of RTV along with few other HIV protease inhibitors against these altered cancer targets. All targets exhibited good affinity towards RTV and the highest affinity was exhibited by CYP450 3A4, PDGFR and ALK. RTV established stable interaction with PDGFR and molecular dynamics simulation confirms their frequent interaction for 300 ns. Control docking of PDGFR with standard PDGFR inhibitor exhibited lower binding affinity when compared with RTV-PDGFR complex. In search of drugs as a part of combination therapy to reduce side effects of Cisplatin, this paper further evaluated the effect of combination of RTV and Cisplatin in cervical cancer cells. We propose several combination models that combines anti-viral drug RTV and standard chemotherapeutic agent, Cisplatin to be synergistic with CI value ranging from of 0.01 to 1.14. These observations suggest that anti-viral compound (RTV) could act synergistically with Cisplatin for cervical cancer therapy. However, further studies are warranted to investigate the combinatorial mode of action of RTV and Cisplatin on different molecular pathways to have a translational outcome in cervical cancer.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayanand Swami
- School of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, DY Patil Deemed to Be University, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Priyanka Mudaliar
- School of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, DY Patil Deemed to Be University, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Yash Shrinivas Bichu
- School of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, DY Patil Deemed to Be University, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vishal Kumar Sahu
- Cancer and Translational Research Centre, Dr. D.Y. Patil Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Institute, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shine Devarajan
- School of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, DY Patil Deemed to Be University, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Soumya Basu
- Cancer and Translational Research Centre, Dr. D.Y. Patil Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Institute, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Jyotirmoi Aich
- School of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, DY Patil Deemed to Be University, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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10
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Wanyama FM, Tauber R, Mokomba A, Nyongesa C, Blanchard V. The Burden of Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, and Human Immunodeficiency Viruses in Ovarian Cancer Patients in Nairobi, Kenya. Infect Dis Rep 2022; 14:433-45. [PMID: 35735757 DOI: 10.3390/idr14030047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) is a gynecological malignancy characterized by high morbidity and mortalities due to late-stage diagnosis because accurate early diagnostic biomarkers are lacking. Testing of Hepatitis B virus (HBV), Hepatitis C virus (HCV), and Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections in OC patients is pertinent in light of the emerging evidence of their contribution to poor prognosis. We, for the first time, investigated the prevalence of HBV, HCV, and HIV infections in a Kenyan cohort of OC to inform optimal management. We recruited a cohort of women above 18 years of age, comprising 86 OC patients and 50 healthy controls. Participants’ blood samples were serologically screened for HBV, HCV, and HIV. We found seroprevalence rates of 29.1%, 26.7%, and 1.2% for HBV, HIV, and HCV, respectively, in OC patients. The healthy control group had HBV and HIV seroprevalence rates of 3.9% for each with no positive HCV case. HBV/HIV coinfection was noted only in the OC group with a positivity rate of 17.4%. In summary, we found higher HBV and HIV seroprevalence in Kenyan OC patients compared to the healthy control group, whereas HCV prevalence was reflective of the general population. Hence, we recommend screening for HBV and HIV among OC patients destined for anticancer treatment.
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11
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Shaji UP, Tuti N, Das S, Anindya R, Mohan M. Interactions between HIV protease inhibitor ritonavir and human DNA repair enzyme ALKBH2: a molecular dynamics simulation study. Mol Divers 2022; 27:931-938. [PMID: 35543797 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-022-10444-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The human DNA repair enzyme AlkB homologue-2 (ALKBH2) repairs methyl adducts from genomic DNA. Overexpression of ALKBH2 has been implicated in both tumorigenesis and chemotherapy resistance in some cancers, including glioblastoma and renal cancer rendering it a potential therapeutic target and a diagnostic marker. However, no inhibitor is available against these important DNA repair proteins. Intending to repurpose a drug as an inhibitor of ALKBH2, we performed in silico evaluation of HIV protease inhibitors and identified Ritonavir as an ALKBH2-interacting molecule. Using molecular dynamics simulation, we elucidated the molecular details of Ritonavir-ALKBH2 interaction. The present work highlights that Ritonavir might be used to target the ALKBH2-mediated DNA alkylation repair.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nikhil Tuti
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi Sanga Reddy, Telangana, 502284, India
| | - Susmita Das
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi Sanga Reddy, Telangana, 502284, India
| | - Roy Anindya
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi Sanga Reddy, Telangana, 502284, India.
| | - Monisha Mohan
- Department of Science and Humanities, Indian Institute of Information Technology Design and Manufacturing Kancheepuram, Chennai, Tamilnadu, 600127, India.
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12
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Makgoo L, Mosebi S, Mbita Z. Molecular Mechanisms of HIV Protease Inhibitors Against HPV-Associated Cervical Cancer: Restoration of TP53 Tumour Suppressor Activities. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:875208. [PMID: 35620479 PMCID: PMC9127998 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.875208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is a Human Papilloma virus-related disease, which is on the rise in a number of countries, globally. Two essential oncogenes, E6 and E7, drive cell transformation and cancer development. These two oncoproteins target two of the most important tumour suppressors, p53 and pRB, for degradation through the ubiquitin ligase pathway, thus, blocking apoptosis activation and deregulation of cell cycle. This pathway can be exploited for anticancer therapeutic interventions, and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Protease Inhibitors (HIV-PIs) have attracted a lot of attention for this anticancer drug development. HIV-PIs have proven effective in treating HPV-positive cervical cancers and shown to restore impaired or deregulated p53 in HPV-associated cervical cancers by inhibiting the 26S proteasome. This review will evaluate the role players, such as HPV oncoproteins involved cervical cancer development and how they are targeted in HIV protease inhibitors-induced p53 restoration in cervical cancer. This review also covers the therapeutic potential of HIV protease inhibitors and molecular mechanisms behind the HIV protease inhibitors-induced p53-dependent anticancer activities against cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Makgoo
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Limpopo, Sovenga, South Africa
| | - Salerwe Mosebi
- Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida, South Africa
| | - Zukile Mbita
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Limpopo, Sovenga, South Africa
- *Correspondence: Zukile Mbita,
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13
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Hua Y, Dai X, Xu Y, Xing G, Liu H, Lu T, Chen Y, Zhang Y. Drug repositioning: Progress and challenges in drug discovery for various diseases. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 234:114239. [PMID: 35290843 PMCID: PMC8883737 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Compared with traditional de novo drug discovery, drug repurposing has become an attractive drug discovery strategy due to its low-cost and high efficiency. Through a comprehensive analysis of the candidates that have been identified with drug repositioning potentials, it is found that although some drugs do not show obvious advantages in the original indications, they may exert more obvious effects in other diseases. In addition, some drugs have a synergistic effect to exert better clinical efficacy if used in combination. Particularly, it has been confirmed that drug repositioning has benefits and values on the current public health emergency such as the COVID-19 pandemic, which proved the great potential of drug repositioning. In this review, we systematically reviewed a series of representative drugs that have been repositioned for different diseases and illustrated successful cases in each disease. Especially, the mechanism of action for the representative drugs in new indications were explicitly explored for each disease, we hope this review can provide important insights for follow-up research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Hua
- Laboratory of Molecular Design and Drug Discovery, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Xiaowen Dai
- Laboratory of Molecular Design and Drug Discovery, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Yuan Xu
- Laboratory of Molecular Design and Drug Discovery, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Guomeng Xing
- Laboratory of Molecular Design and Drug Discovery, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Haichun Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Design and Drug Discovery, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Tao Lu
- Laboratory of Molecular Design and Drug Discovery, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211198, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yadong Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Design and Drug Discovery, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211198, China.
| | - Yanmin Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Design and Drug Discovery, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211198, China.
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14
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Fu L, Jin W, Zhang J, Zhu L, Lu J, Zhen Y, Zhang L, Ouyang L, Liu B, Yu H. Repurposing non-oncology small-molecule drugs to improve cancer therapy: Current situation and future directions. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:532-557. [PMID: 35256933 PMCID: PMC8897051 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug repurposing or repositioning has been well-known to refer to the therapeutic applications of a drug for another indication other than it was originally approved for. Repurposing non-oncology small-molecule drugs has been increasingly becoming an attractive approach to improve cancer therapy, with potentially lower overall costs and shorter timelines. Several non-oncology drugs approved by FDA have been recently reported to treat different types of human cancers, with the aid of some new emerging technologies, such as omics sequencing and artificial intelligence to overcome the bottleneck of drug repurposing. Therefore, in this review, we focus on summarizing the therapeutic potential of non-oncology drugs, including cardiovascular drugs, microbiological drugs, small-molecule antibiotics, anti-viral drugs, anti-inflammatory drugs, anti-neurodegenerative drugs, antipsychotic drugs, antidepressants, and other drugs in human cancers. We also discuss their novel potential targets and relevant signaling pathways of these old non-oncology drugs in cancer therapies. Taken together, these inspiring findings will shed new light on repurposing more non-oncology small-molecule drugs with their intricate molecular mechanisms for future cancer drug discovery.
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15
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Pfab C, Schnobrich L, Eldnasoury S, Gessner A, El-Najjar N. Repurposing of Antimicrobial Agents for Cancer Therapy: What Do We Know? Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3193. [PMID: 34206772 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13133193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The substantial costs of clinical trials, the lengthy timelines of new drug discovery and development, along the high attrition rates underscore the need for alternative strategies for finding quickly suitable therapeutics agents. Given that most approved drugs possess more than one target tightly linked to other diseases, it encourages promptly testing these drugs in patients. Over the past decades, this has led to considerable attention for drug repurposing, which relies on identifying new uses for approved or investigational drugs outside the scope of the original medical indication. The known safety of approved drugs minimizes the possibility of failure for adverse toxicology, making them attractive de-risked compounds for new applications with potentially lower overall development costs and shorter development timelines. This latter case is an exciting opportunity, specifically in oncology, due to increased resistance towards the current therapies. Indeed, a large body of evidence shows that a wealth of non-cancer drugs has beneficial effects against cancer. Interestingly, 335 drugs are currently being evaluated in different clinical trials for their potential activities against various cancers (Redo database). This review aims to provide an extensive discussion about the anti-cancer activities exerted by antimicrobial agents and presents information about their mechanism(s) of action and stage of development/evaluation.
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16
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Sivák L, Šubr V, Kovářová J, Dvořáková B, Šírová M, Říhová B, Randárová E, Kraus M, Tomala J, Studenovský M, Vondráčková M, Sedláček R, Makovický P, Fučíková J, Vošáhlíková Š, Špíšek R, Kostka L, Etrych T, Kovář M. Polymer-ritonavir derivate nanomedicine with pH-sensitive activation possesses potent anti-tumor activity in vivo via inhibition of proteasome and STAT3 signaling. J Control Release 2021; 332:563-580. [PMID: 33722611 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Drug repurposing is a promising strategy for identifying new applications for approved drugs. Here, we describe a polymer biomaterial composed of the antiretroviral drug ritonavir derivative (5-methyl-4-oxohexanoic acid ritonavir ester; RD), covalently bound to HPMA copolymer carrier via a pH-sensitive hydrazone bond (P-RD). Apart from being more potent inhibitor of P-glycoprotein in comparison to ritonavir, we found RD to have considerable cytostatic activity in six mice (IC50 ~ 2.3-17.4 μM) and six human (IC50 ~ 4.3-8.7 μM) cancer cell lines, and that RD inhibits the migration and invasiveness of cancer cells in vitro. Importantly, RD inhibits STAT3 phosphorylation in CT26 cells in vitro and in vivo, and expression of the NF-κB p65 subunit, Bcl-2 and Mcl-1 in vitro. RD also dampens chymotrypsin-like and trypsin-like proteasome activity and induces ER stress as documented by induction of PERK phosphorylation and expression of ATF4 and CHOP. P-RD nanomedicine showed powerful antitumor activity in CT26 and B16F10 tumor-bearing mice, which, moreover, synergized with IL-2-based immunotherapy. P-RD proved very promising therapeutic activity also in human FaDu xenografts and negligible toxicity predetermining these nanomedicines as side-effect free nanosystem. The therapeutic potential could be highly increased using the fine-tuned combination with other drugs, i.e. doxorubicin, attached to the same polymer system. Finally, we summarize that described polymer nanomedicines fulfilled all the requirements as potential candidates for deep preclinical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ladislav Sivák
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Šubr
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Heyrovskeho nam. 2, 16206 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiřina Kovářová
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Dvořáková
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Milada Šírová
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Blanka Říhová
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Randárová
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Heyrovskeho nam. 2, 16206 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Kraus
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Tomala
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Studenovský
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Heyrovskeho nam. 2, 16206 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Vondráčková
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radislav Sedláček
- Czech Center of Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Prumyslova 595, 25250 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Makovický
- Czech Center of Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Prumyslova 595, 25250 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Fučíková
- Department of Immunology, Charles University, 2(nd) Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, V uvalu 84, 15006 Prague, Czech Republic; Sotio, Jankovcova 1518, 17000 Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Radek Špíšek
- Department of Immunology, Charles University, 2(nd) Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, V uvalu 84, 15006 Prague, Czech Republic; Sotio, Jankovcova 1518, 17000 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Libor Kostka
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Heyrovskeho nam. 2, 16206 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Etrych
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Heyrovskeho nam. 2, 16206 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Marek Kovář
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic.
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17
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Zhao Y, Liu S, Li X, Xu Z, Hao L, Cui Z, Bi K, Zhang Y, Liu Z. Cross-talk of Signaling Pathways in the Pathogenesis of Allergic Asthma and Cataract. Protein Pept Lett 2021; 27:810-822. [PMID: 32031062 DOI: 10.2174/0929866527666200207113439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Allergic asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease, which involves many cellular and cellular components. Cataract is a condition that affects the transparency of the lens, which the opacity of the lens caused by any innate or acquired factor degrades its transparency or changes in color. Both of them belong to diseases induced by immune disorders or inflammation. We want to confirm the signaling pathways involved in the regulation of asthma and cataract simultaneously, and provide reference for the later related experiments. So we conducted a scoping review of many databases and searched for studies (Academic research published in Wiley, Springer and Bentham from 2000 to 2019) about the possible relationship between asthma and cataract. It was found that during the onset of asthma and cataract, Rho/Rock signaling pathway, Notch signaling pathway, Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, JAK/STAT signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway and NF-κB signaling pathway are all active, so they may have a certain correlation in pathogenesis. Asthma may be associated with cataract through the eight signaling pathways, causing inflammation or immune imbalance based on allergy that can lead to cataract. According to these studies, we speculated that the three most likely signaling pathways are PI3K/AKT, MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China.,Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Sumei Liu
- Department of Stomatology, No. 2 Hospital of Baoding, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Xiangsheng Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China.,Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Zhenzhen Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China.,Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Lifang Hao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China.,Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Zhe Cui
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China.,Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Kewei Bi
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China.,Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Yanfen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, Baoding 071002, China,Offices of Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Zhongcheng Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China.,Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, Baoding 071002, China
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18
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Nunes M, Henriques Abreu M, Bartosch C, Ricardo S. Recycling the Purpose of Old Drugs to Treat Ovarian Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207768. [PMID: 33092251 PMCID: PMC7656306 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The main challenge in ovarian cancer treatment is the management of recurrences. Facing this scenario, therapy selection is based on multiple factors to define the best treatment sequence. Target therapies, such as bevacizumab and polymerase (PARP) inhibitors, improved patient survival. However, despite their achievements, ovarian cancer survival remains poor; these therapeutic options are highly costly and can be associated with potential side effects. Recently, it has been shown that the combination of repurposed, conventional, chemotherapeutic drugs could be an alternative, presenting good patient outcomes with few side effects and low costs for healthcare institutions. The main aim of this review is to strengthen the importance of repurposed drugs as therapeutic alternatives, and to propose an in vitro model to assess the therapeutic value. Herein, we compiled the current knowledge on the most promising non-oncological drugs for ovarian cancer treatment, focusing on statins, metformin, bisphosphonates, ivermectin, itraconazole, and ritonavir. We discuss the primary drug use, anticancer mechanisms, and applicability in ovarian cancer. Finally, we propose the use of these therapies to perform drug efficacy tests in ovarian cancer ex vivo cultures. This personalized testing approach could be crucial to validate the existing evidences supporting the use of repurposed drugs for ovarian cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Nunes
- Differentiation and Cancer Group, Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S) of the University of Porto/Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (Ipatimup), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal;
- Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (PCCC), 4200-162 Porto, Portugal; (M.H.A.); (C.B.)
| | - Miguel Henriques Abreu
- Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (PCCC), 4200-162 Porto, Portugal; (M.H.A.); (C.B.)
- Department of Medical Oncology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPOP), 4200-162 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Bartosch
- Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (PCCC), 4200-162 Porto, Portugal; (M.H.A.); (C.B.)
- Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPOP), 4200-162 Porto, Portugal
- Cancer Biology & Epigenetics Group, Research Center—Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (CI-IPOP), 4200-162 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara Ricardo
- Differentiation and Cancer Group, Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S) of the University of Porto/Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (Ipatimup), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal;
- Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (PCCC), 4200-162 Porto, Portugal; (M.H.A.); (C.B.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Sciences, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, CRL, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-225-570-700
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19
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de Weger VA, Vermunt MAC, Stuurman FE, Burylo AM, Damoiseaux D, Hendrikx JJMA, Sawicki E, Moes JJ, Huitema ADR, Nuijen B, Rosing H, Mergui-Roelvink M, Beijnen JH, Marchetti S. A Phase 1 Dose-Escalation Study of Low-Dose Metronomic Treatment With Novel Oral Paclitaxel Formulations in Combination With Ritonavir in Patients With Advanced Solid Tumors. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2020; 10:607-621. [PMID: 33021083 DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
ModraPac001 (MP1) and ModraPac005 (MP5) are novel oral paclitaxel formulations that are coadministered with the cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibitor ritonavir (r), enabling daily low-dose metronomic (LDM) treatment. The primary aim of this study was to determine the safety, pharmacokinetics and maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of MP1/r and MP5/r. The second aim was to establish the recommended phase 2 dose (RP2D) as LDM treatment. This was an open-label phase 1 trial. Patients with advanced solid tumors were enrolled according to a classical 3+3 design. After initial employment of the MP1 capsule, the MP5 tablet was introduced. Safety was assessed using the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 4.02. Pharmacokinetic sampling was performed on days 1, 2, 8, and 22 for determination of paclitaxel and ritonavir plasma concentrations. In this study, 37 patients were treated with up to twice-daily 30-mg paclitaxel combined with twice-daily 100-mg ritonavir (MP5/r 30-30/100-100) in 9 dose levels. Dose-limiting toxicities were nausea, (febrile) neutropenia, dehydration and vomiting. At the MTD/RP2D of MP5/r 20-20/100-100, the maximum paclitaxel plasma concentration and area under the concentration-time curve until 24 hours were 34.6 ng/mL (coefficient of variation, 79%) and 255 ng • h/mL (coefficient of variation, 62%), respectively. Stable disease was observed as best response in 15 of 31 evaluable patients. Based on these results, LDM therapy with oral paclitaxel coadministrated with ritonavir was considered feasible and safe. The MTD and RP2D were determined as MP5/r 20-20/100-100. Further clinical development of MP5/r as an LDM concept, including potential combination treatment, is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent A de Weger
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marit A C Vermunt
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frederik E Stuurman
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Artur M Burylo
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David Damoiseaux
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen J M A Hendrikx
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Emilia Sawicki
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Modra Pharmaceuticals BV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes J Moes
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alwin D R Huitema
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan Nuijen
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hilde Rosing
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marja Mergui-Roelvink
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jos H Beijnen
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Modra Pharmaceuticals BV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Serena Marchetti
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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20
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Marima R, Hull R, Dlamini Z, Penny C. Efavirenz and Lopinavir/Ritonavir Alter Cell Cycle Regulation in Lung Cancer. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1693. [PMID: 32984047 PMCID: PMC7484481 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly active anti-retroviral treatment (HAART) is currently the most effective treatment for HIV/AIDS. Additionally, HIV positive patients receiving HAART have a better health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Cancers previously associated with HIV/AIDS also known as the AIDS defining cancers (ADCs), such as Kaposi's sarcoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma have been on the decline since the introduction of HAART. However, non-AIDS defining cancers (NADCs), in particular, lung cancers have been documented to be on the rise. The association between the use of HAART components and lung carcinogenesis is poorly understood. This study aimed at elucidating the effects of two HAART components [efavirenz (EFV), and lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r)] on lung cancer. This was achieved through the use of in vitro cell biological approaches to assess cell health, including cell viability, Real Time Cell Analysis (RTCA) growth monitoring, evaluation of the cell cycle, and progression to apoptosis, following on drug treatments. At plasma level concentrations, both EFV and LPV/r induced S-phase arrest, while at lower concentrations both drugs promoted the progression of cells into G2/M phase following cell cycle FACS analysis. At higher concentrations although cell viability assays reflected anti-proliferative effects of the drugs, this was not statistically significant. RTCA showed a significant decline in cell viability in response to the highest dose of LPV/r. Dual staining by Annexin V-FITC and PI confirmed significant pro-apoptotic effects were promoted by LPV/r. Both EFV and LPV/r exert double-edged oncogenic effects on MRC-5 and A549 lung cells, acting to either promote cell proliferation or to enhance apoptosis. This is affected by EFV and LPV/r altering cell cycle progression, with a significant S-phase arrest, this being an indication of cellular stress, cytotoxicity, and DNA damage within the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahaba Marima
- SA-MRC/UP Precision Prevention and Novel Drug Targets for HIV-Associated Cancers Extramural Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pan African Cancer Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Clinical Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown, South Africa
| | - Rodney Hull
- SA-MRC/UP Precision Prevention and Novel Drug Targets for HIV-Associated Cancers Extramural Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pan African Cancer Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Zodwa Dlamini
- SA-MRC/UP Precision Prevention and Novel Drug Targets for HIV-Associated Cancers Extramural Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pan African Cancer Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Clinical Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown, South Africa
| | - Clement Penny
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Clinical Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown, South Africa
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21
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Zhang Z, Zhou L, Xie N, Nice EC, Zhang T, Cui Y, Huang C. Overcoming cancer therapeutic bottleneck by drug repurposing. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:113. [PMID: 32616710 PMCID: PMC7331117 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00213-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ever present hurdles for the discovery of new drugs for cancer therapy have necessitated the development of the alternative strategy of drug repurposing, the development of old drugs for new therapeutic purposes. This strategy with a cost-effective way offers a rare opportunity for the treatment of human neoplastic disease, facilitating rapid clinical translation. With an increased understanding of the hallmarks of cancer and the development of various data-driven approaches, drug repurposing further promotes the holistic productivity of drug discovery and reasonably focuses on target-defined antineoplastic compounds. The "treasure trove" of non-oncology drugs should not be ignored since they could target not only known but also hitherto unknown vulnerabilities of cancer. Indeed, different from targeted drugs, these old generic drugs, usually used in a multi-target strategy may bring benefit to patients. In this review, aiming to demonstrate the full potential of drug repurposing, we present various promising repurposed non-oncology drugs for clinical cancer management and classify these candidates into their proposed administration for either mono- or drug combination therapy. We also summarize approaches used for drug repurposing and discuss the main barriers to its uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Na Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Edouard C Nice
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Tao Zhang
- The School of Biological Science and Technology, Chengdu Medical College, 610083, Chengdu, China.
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, China National Nuclear Corporation 416 Hospital, Chengdu, 610051, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yongping Cui
- Cancer Institute, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (PKU-HKUST) Medical Center, and Cancer Institute, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory Shenzhen, 518035, Shenzhen, China.
- Department of Pathology & Shanxi Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research on Esophageal Cancer, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China.
| | - Canhua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, 610041, Chengdu, China.
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, Sichuan, China.
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22
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Barillari G. The Impact of Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 on the Sequential Steps of the Metastatic Process. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124526. [PMID: 32630531 PMCID: PMC7350258 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In industrialized countries, cancer is the second leading cause of death after cardiovascular disease. Most cancer patients die because of metastases, which consist of the self-transplantation of malignant cells in anatomical sites other than the one from where the tumor arose. Disseminated cancer cells retain the phenotypic features of the primary tumor, and display very poor differentiation indices and functional regulation. Upon arrival at the target organ, they replace preexisting, normal cells, thereby permanently compromising the patient's health; the metastasis can, in turn, metastasize. The spread of cancer cells implies the degradation of the extracellular matrix by a variety of enzymes, among which the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 is particularly effective. This article reviews the available published literature concerning the important role that MMP-9 has in the metastatic process. Additionally, information is provided on therapeutic approaches aimed at counteracting, or even preventing, the development of metastasis via the use of MMP-9 antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Barillari
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 1 via Montpellier, 00133 Rome, Italy
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23
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Abstract
The growth and metastasis of malignant tumors benefit from the formation of blood vessels within the tumor area. There, new vessels originate from angiogenesis (the sprouting of pre-existing neighboring vessels) and/or vasculogenesis (the mobilization of bone marrow-derived endothelial cell precursors which incorporate in tumor vasculature and then differentiate into mature endothelial cells). These events are induced by soluble molecules (the angiogenic factors) and modulated by endothelial cell interactions with the perivascular matrix. Given angiogenesis/vasculogenesis relevance to tumor progression, anti-angiogenic drugs are often employed to buttress surgery, chemotherapy or radiation therapy in the treatment of a wide variety of cancers. Most of the anti-angiogenic drugs have been developed to functionally impair the angiogenic vascular endothelial growth factor: however, this leaves other angiogenic factors unaffected, hence leading to drug resistance and escape. Other anti-angiogenic strategies have exploited classical inhibitors of enzymes remodeling the perivascular matrix. Disappointingly, these inhibitors have been found toxic and/or ineffective in clinical trials, even though they block angiogenesis in pre-clinical models. These findings are stimulating the identification of other anti-angiogenic compounds. In this regard, it is noteworthy that drugs utilized for a long time to counteract human immune deficiency virus (HIV) can directly and effectively hamper molecular pathways leading to blood vessel formation. In this review the mechanisms leading to angiogenesis and vasculogenesis, and their susceptibility to anti-HIV drugs will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Barillari
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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24
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Kaushik I, Ramachandran S, Prasad S, Srivastava SK. Drug rechanneling: A novel paradigm for cancer treatment. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 68:279-290. [PMID: 32437876 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cancer continues to be one of the leading contributors towards global disease burden. According to NIH, cancer incidence rate per year will increase to 23.6 million by 2030. Even though cancer continues to be a major proportion of the disease burden worldwide, it has the lowest clinical trial success rate amongst other diseases. Hence, there is an unmet need for novel, affordable and effective anti-neoplastic medications. As a result, a growing interest has sparkled amongst researchers towards drug repurposing. Drug repurposing follows the principle of polypharmacology, which states, "any drug with multiple targets or off targets can present several modes of action". Drug repurposing also known as drug rechanneling, or drug repositioning is an economic and reliable approach that identifies new disease treatment of already approved drugs. Repurposing guarantees expedited access of drugs to the patients as these drugs are already FDA approved and their safety and toxicity profile is completely established. Epidemiological studies have identified the decreased occurrence of oncological or non-oncological conditions in patients undergoing treatment with FDA approved drugs. Data from multiple experimental studies and clinical observations have depicted that several non-neoplastic drugs have potential anticancer activity. In this review, we have summarized the potential anti-cancer effects of anti-psychotic, anti-malarial, anti-viral and anti-emetic drugs with a brief overview on their mechanism and pathways in different cancer types. This review highlights promising evidences for the repurposing of drugs in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itishree Kaushik
- Department of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, and Center for Tumor Immunology and Targeted Cancer Therapy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Abilene, TX 79601, USA
| | - Sharavan Ramachandran
- Department of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, and Center for Tumor Immunology and Targeted Cancer Therapy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Abilene, TX 79601, USA
| | - Sahdeo Prasad
- Department of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, and Center for Tumor Immunology and Targeted Cancer Therapy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Abilene, TX 79601, USA
| | - Sanjay K Srivastava
- Department of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, and Center for Tumor Immunology and Targeted Cancer Therapy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Abilene, TX 79601, USA.
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25
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van Eijk M, Boosman RJ, Schinkel AH, Huitema ADR, Beijnen JH. Cytochrome P450 3A4, 3A5, and 2C8 expression in breast, prostate, lung, endometrial, and ovarian tumors: relevance for resistance to taxanes. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2019; 84:487-499. [PMID: 31309254 PMCID: PMC6682574 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-019-03905-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes of the cytochrome P450 (CYP) subfamily 3A and 2C play a major role in the metabolism of taxane anticancer agents. While their function in hepatic metabolism of taxanes is well established, expression of these enzymes in solid tumors may play a role in the in situ metabolism of drugs as well, potentially affecting the intrinsic taxane susceptibility of these tumors. This article reviews the available literature on intratumoral expression of docetaxel- and paclitaxel-metabolizing enzymes in mammary, prostate, lung, endometrial, and ovarian tumors. Furthermore, the clinical implications of the intratumoral expression of these enzymes are reviewed and the potential of concomitant treatment with protease inhibitors (PIs) as a method to inhibit CYP3A4-mediated metabolism is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten van Eijk
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - René J Boosman
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alfred H Schinkel
- Division of Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alwin D R Huitema
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jos H Beijnen
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Division of Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Science Faculty, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80082, 3508 TB, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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26
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Paskaš S, Krajnović T, Basile MS, Dunđerović D, Cavalli E, Mangano K, Mammana S, Al-Abed Y, Nicoletti F, Mijatović S, Maksimović-Ivanić D. Senescence as a main mechanism of Ritonavir and Ritonavir-NO action against melanoma. Mol Carcinog 2019; 58:1362-1375. [PMID: 30997718 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The main focus of this study is exploring the effect and mechanism of two HIV-protease inhibitors: Ritonavir and Ritonavir-nitric oxide (Ritonavir-NO) on in vitro growth of melanoma cell lines. NO modification significantly improved the antitumor potential of Ritonavir, as the IC50 values of Ritonavir-NO were approximately two times lower than IC50 values of the parental compound. Our results showed for the first time, that both compounds induced senescence in primary and metastatic melanoma cell lines. This transformation was manifested as a change in cell morphology, enlargement of nuclei, increased cellular granulation, upregulation of β-galactosidase activity, lipofuscin granules appearance, higher production of reactive oxygen species and persistent inhibition of proliferation. The expression of p53, as one of the key regulators of senescence, was upregulated after 48 hours of Ritonavir-NO treatment only in metastatic B16F10 cells, ranking it as a late-response event. The development of senescent phenotype was consistent with the alteration of the cytoskeleton-as we observed diminished expression of vinculin, α-actin, and β-tubulin. Permanent inhibition of S6 protein by Ritonavir-NO, but not Ritonavir, could be responsible for a stronger antiproliferative potential of the NO-modified compound. Taken together, induction of senescent phenotype may provide an excellent platform for developing therapeutic approaches based on selective killing of senescent cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Paskaš
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", Belgrade University, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tamara Krajnović
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", Belgrade University, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Maria S Basile
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", Belgrade University, Belgrade, Serbia.,Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Duško Dunđerović
- Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Eugenio Cavalli
- Department of Experimental Neurology, IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo", Messina, Italy
| | - Katia Mangano
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Santa Mammana
- Department of Experimental Neurology, IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo", Messina, Italy
| | - Yousef Al-Abed
- Center for Molecular Innovation, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York
| | - Ferdinando Nicoletti
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Sanja Mijatović
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", Belgrade University, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Danijela Maksimović-Ivanić
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", Belgrade University, Belgrade, Serbia
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27
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Belur Nagaraj A, Joseph P, Kovalenko O, Wang Q, Xu R, DiFeo A. Evaluating class III antiarrhythmic agents as novel MYC targeting drugs in ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2018; 151:525-532. [PMID: 30301560 PMCID: PMC6526024 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2018.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the utility of amiodarone and its derivative dronedarone as novel drug repositioning candidates in EOC and to determine the potential pathways targeted by these drugs. METHODS Drug-predict bioinformatics platform was used to assess the utility of amiodarone as a novel drug-repurposing candidate in EOC. EOC cells were treated with amiodarone and dronedarone. Cell death was assessed by Annexin V staining. Cell viability and cell survival were assessed by MTT and clonogenics assays respectively. c-MYC and mTOR/Akt axis were evaluated as potential targets. Effect on autophagy was determined by autophagy flux flow cytometry. RESULTS "DrugPredict" bioinformatics platform ranked Class III antiarrhythmic drug amiodarone within the top 3.9% of potential EOC drug repositioning candidates which was comparable to carboplatin ranking in the top 3.7%. Amiodarone and dronedarone were the only Class III antiarrhythmic drugs that decreased the cellular survival of both cisplatin-sensitive and cisplatin-resistant primary EOC cells. Interestingly, both drugs induced degradation of c-MYC protein and decreased the expression of known transcriptional targets of c-MYC. Furthermore, stable overexpression of non-degradable c-MYC partially rescued the effects of amiodarone and dronedarone induced cell death. Dronedarone induced higher autophagy flux in EOC cells as compared to amiodarone with decreased phospho-AKT and phospho-4EBP1 protein expression, suggesting autophagy induction due to inhibition of AKT/mTOR axis with these drugs. Lastly, both drugs also inhibited the survival of EOC tumor-initiating cells (TICs). CONCLUSIONS We provide the first evidence of class III antiarrhythmic agents as novel c-MYC targeting drugs and autophagy inducers in EOC. Since c-MYC is amplified in >40% ovarian tumors, our results provide the basis for repositioning amiodarone and dronedarone as novel c-MYC targeting drugs in EOC with potential extension to other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Belur Nagaraj
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH, USA; Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55904, USA
| | | | - Olga Kovalenko
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - QuanQiu Wang
- Dept. of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, USA
| | - Rong Xu
- Dept. of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, USA
| | - Analisa DiFeo
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Pathology and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, USA.
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28
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Koziolová E, Chytil P, Etrych T, Janoušková O. Ability of polymer-bound P-glycoprotein inhibitor ritonavir to overcome multidrug resistance in various resistant neuroblastoma cell lines. Anticancer Drugs 2017; 28:1126-30. [DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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29
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Abstract
Cancer is a major health issue worldwide, and the global burden of cancer is expected to increase in the coming years. Whereas the limited success with current therapies has driven huge investments into drug development, the average number of FDA approvals per year has declined since the 1990s. This unmet need for more effective anti-cancer drugs has sparked a growing interest for drug repurposing, i.e. using drugs already approved for other indications to treat cancer. As such, data both from pre-clinical experiments, clinical trials and observational studies have demonstrated anti-tumor efficacy for compounds within a wide range of drug classes other than cancer. Whereas some of them induce cancer cell death or suppress various aspects of cancer cell behavior in established tumors, others may prevent cancer development. Here, we provide an overview of promising candidates for drug repurposing in cancer, as well as studies describing the biological mechanisms underlying their anti-neoplastic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Sleire
- Oncomatrix Research Group, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Hilde Elise Førde
- Oncomatrix Research Group, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Inger Anne Netland
- Oncomatrix Research Group, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Lina Leiss
- Oncomatrix Research Group, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Bente Sandvei Skeie
- Oncomatrix Research Group, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91 5009 Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurosurgery, Haukeland University Hospital, Jonas Lies vei, 71, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Per Øyvind Enger
- Oncomatrix Research Group, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91 5009 Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurosurgery, Haukeland University Hospital, Jonas Lies vei, 71, 5021 Bergen, Norway.
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30
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Isono M, Sato A, Okubo K, Asano T, Asano T. Ritonavir Interacts With Belinostat to Cause Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Histone Acetylation in Renal Cancer Cells. Oncol Res 2017; 24:327-335. [PMID: 27712589 PMCID: PMC7838685 DOI: 10.3727/096504016x14666990347635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor belinostat increases the amount of unfolded proteins in cells by promoting the acetylation of heat shock protein 90 (HSP90), thereby disrupting its chaperone function. The human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitor ritonavir, on the other hand, not only increases unfolded proteins by suppressing HSP90 but also acts as a proteasome inhibitor. We thought that belinostat and ritonavir together would induce endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and kill renal cancer cells effectively. The combination of belinostat and ritonavir induced drastic apoptosis and inhibited the growth of renal cancer cells synergistically. Mechanistically, the combination caused ER stress (evidenced by the increased expression of the ER stress markers) and also enhanced histone acetylation by decreasing the expression of HDACs. To our knowledge, this is the first study that showed a beneficial combined effect of belinostat and ritonavir in renal cancer cells, providing a framework for testing the combination in renal cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Isono
- Department of Urology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
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31
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Perna A, Lucariello A, Sellitto C, Agliata I, Carleo MA, Sangiovanni V, Esposito V, Guerra G, Cobellis L, De Luca A. Different Cell Cycle Modulation in SKOV-3 Ovarian Cancer Cell Line by Anti-HIV Drugs. Oncol Res 2017; 25:1617-1624. [PMID: 28390117 PMCID: PMC7841068 DOI: 10.3727/096504017x14905635363102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral drugs used for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have proven to be effective even against cancer. Drawing from this background, the aim of our research project was to evaluate the effects of anti-HIV drugs that belong to the nucleoside and nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor [NRTI; abacavir (ABC) and tenofovir (TDF)], nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor [NNRTI; efavirenz (EFV) and etravirine (ETR)], and protease inhibitor [PI; darunavir (DRV)] categories on ovarian adenocarcinoma cell line SKOV-3. Using FACS analysis, we observed that treatment with NRTIs and NNRTIs showed a block in the G0/G1 phase. In particular, ETR displayed a relevant block in the progression of the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle compared with the other examined drugs, and it also induced differentiation of SKOV-3 cells. In contrast, FACS analysis demonstrated that ABC and the PI inhibitor DRV showed no effect on the proliferation of cancer cells. DAPI (4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) staining demonstrated that cells treated with NNRTIs (EFV and ETR) presented more DNA damage compared with other treatments. Immunoblotting analysis demonstrated that TDF, EFV, and ETR were able to obtain a reduction in the expression of cyclin D1 and Rb hypophosphorylation, and an increase in p21 concentration. Finally, we observed that ETR also induced differentiation, as demonstrated by Western blot, with high levels of E-cadherin expression. Therefore, our study provides additional evidence supporting the in vitro cytotoxic effects of ETR and EFV. Furthermore, it promotes the hypothesis for their potential use as therapeutic agents in ovarian cancer.
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32
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He W, Yu S, Wang L, He M, Cao X, Li Y, Xiao H. Exendin-4 inhibits growth and augments apoptosis of ovarian cancer cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 436:240-9. [PMID: 27496641 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 promotes proliferation and survival in β-cell; however, whether GLP-1 receptor agonists promote growth of human ovarian cancer cells remain unknown. We aimed to explore the effects of GLP-1 agents on ovarian cancer cells. GLP-1 receptor expression in human ovarian cancer tissues was detected by immunohistochemical analysis. The effects of exendin-4, a GLP-1R agonist, were investigated on proliferation, migration and invasion, apoptosis in vitro and tumor formation in nude mice of ovarian cancer cells. Our study demonstrated that GLP-1R expressed in both human ovarian cancer tissues and cell lines. Exendin-4 inhibited growth, migration and invasion and enhanced apoptosis of ovarian cancer cells through inhibition of the PI3K/Akt pathway. And exendin-4 attenuated tumor formation by ovarian cancer cells in vivo. Our study suggests that GLP-1R agonists do not promote the growth of ovarian cancer and may even have anticancer effect on selected diabetic patients with ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing He
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Shuang Yu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Liantang Wang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mian He
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaopei Cao
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yanbing Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Haipeng Xiao
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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Moschovi M, Adamaki M, Vlahopoulos SA. Progress in Treatment of Viral Infections in Children with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Oncol Rev 2016; 10:300. [PMID: 27471584 PMCID: PMC4943096 DOI: 10.4081/oncol.2016.300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In children, the most commonly encountered type of leukemia is acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). An important source of morbidity and mortality in ALL are viral infections. Even though allogeneic transplantations, which are often applied also in ALL, carry a recognized risk for viral infections, there are multiple factors that make ALL patients susceptible to viral infections. The presence of those factors has an influence in the type and severity of infections. Currently available treatment options do not guarantee a positive outcome for every case of viral infection in ALL, without significant side effects. Side effects can have very serious consequences for the ALL patients, which include nephrotoxicity. For this reason a number of strategies for personalized intervention have been already clinically tested, and experimental approaches are being developed. Adoptive immunotherapy, which entails administration of ex vivo grown immune cells to a patient, is a promising approach in general, and for transplant recipients in particular. The ex vivo grown cells are aimed to strengthen the immune response to the virus that has been identified in the patients' blood and tissue samples. Even though many patients with weakened immune system can benefit from progress in novel approaches, a viral infection still poses a very significant risk for many patients. Therefore, preventive measures and supportive care are very important for ALL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Moschovi
- Hematology-Oncology Unit, First Department of Pediatrics, University of Athens, Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital , Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Adamaki
- Hematology-Oncology Unit, First Department of Pediatrics, University of Athens, Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital , Athens, Greece
| | - Spiros A Vlahopoulos
- Hematology-Oncology Unit, First Department of Pediatrics, University of Athens, Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital , Athens, Greece
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Ying J, Wang J, Ji H, Lin C, Pan R, Zhou L, Song Y, Zhang E, Ren P, Chen J, Liu Q, Xu T, Yi H, Li J, Bao Q, Hu Y, Li P. Transcriptome analysis of phycocyanin inhibitory effects on SKOV-3 cell proliferation. Gene 2016; 585:58-64. [PMID: 26995654 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Phycocyanin (PC) from Spirulina platensis has inhibitory effects on tumor cell growth. In this research, the transcriptome study was designed to investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms of PC inhibition on human ovarian cancer cell SKOV-3 proliferation. The PC IC50 was 216.6μM and 163.8μM for 24h and 48h exposure, respectively, as determined by CCK-8 assay. The morphological changes of SKOV-3 cells after PC exposure were recorded using HE staining. Cells arrested in G2/M stages as determined by flow cytometry. The transcriptome analysis showed that 2031 genes (with > three-fold differences) were differentially expressed between the untreated and the PC-treated cells, including 1065 up-regulated and 966 down-regulated genes. Gene ontology and KEGG pathway analysis identified 18 classical pathways that were remarkably enriched, such as neurotrophin signaling pathway, VEGF signaling pathway and P53 signaling pathway. qPCR results further showed that PTPN12, S100A2, RPL26, and LAMA3 increased while HNRNPA1P10 decreased in PC-treated cells. Molecules and genes in those pathways may be potential targets to develop treatments for ovarian cancer.
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Waibel S, Bissinger R, Bouguerra G, Abbès S, Lang F. Ritonavir-Induced Suicidal Death of Human Erythrocytes. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2016; 119:51-7. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Waibel
- Department of Physiology; University of Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
| | - Rosi Bissinger
- Department of Physiology; University of Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
| | - Ghada Bouguerra
- Department of Physiology; University of Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
- Molecular & Cellular Hematology Laboratory; Pasteur Institute of Tunis; University of Tunis-El Manar; El Manar Tunisia
| | - Salem Abbès
- Molecular & Cellular Hematology Laboratory; Pasteur Institute of Tunis; University of Tunis-El Manar; El Manar Tunisia
| | - Florian Lang
- Department of Physiology; University of Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
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Koziolová E, Machová D, Pola R, Janoušková O, Chytil P, Laga R, Filippov SK, Šubr V, Etrych T, Pechar M. Micelle-forming HPMA copolymer conjugates of ritonavir bound via a pH-sensitive spacer with improved cellular uptake designed for enhanced tumor accumulation. J Mater Chem B 2016; 4:7620-7629. [DOI: 10.1039/c6tb02225a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We describe design, synthesis, physico-chemical characterization and preliminary biological evaluation of micelle-forming polymer drug conjugates with controlled drug release intended for tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Koziolová
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry
- Czech Academy of Sciences
- Prague 6
- Czech Republic
| | - D. Machová
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry
- Czech Academy of Sciences
- Prague 6
- Czech Republic
| | - R. Pola
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry
- Czech Academy of Sciences
- Prague 6
- Czech Republic
| | - O. Janoušková
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry
- Czech Academy of Sciences
- Prague 6
- Czech Republic
| | - P. Chytil
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry
- Czech Academy of Sciences
- Prague 6
- Czech Republic
| | - R. Laga
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry
- Czech Academy of Sciences
- Prague 6
- Czech Republic
| | - S. K. Filippov
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry
- Czech Academy of Sciences
- Prague 6
- Czech Republic
| | - V. Šubr
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry
- Czech Academy of Sciences
- Prague 6
- Czech Republic
| | - T. Etrych
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry
- Czech Academy of Sciences
- Prague 6
- Czech Republic
| | - M. Pechar
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry
- Czech Academy of Sciences
- Prague 6
- Czech Republic
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Rajput S, Puvvada N, Kumar BNP, Sarkar S, Konar S, Bharti R, Dey G, Mazumdar A, Pathak A, Fisher PB, Mandal M. Overcoming Akt Induced Therapeutic Resistance in Breast Cancer through siRNA and Thymoquinone Encapsulated Multilamellar Gold Niosomes. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:4214-25. [PMID: 26505213 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Akt overexpression in cancer causes resistance to traditional chemotherapeutics. Silencing Akt through siRNA provides new therapeutic options; however, poor in vivo siRNA pharmacokinetics impede translation. We demonstrate that acidic milieu-sensitive multilamellar gold niosomes (Nio-Au) permit targeted delivery of both Akt-siRNA and thymoquinone (TQ) in tamoxifen-resistant and Akt-overexpressing MCF7 breast cancer cells. Octadecylamine groups of functionalized gold nanoparticles impart cationic attribute to niosomes, stabilized through polyethylene glycol. TQ's aqueous insolubility renders its encapsulation within hydrophobic core, and negatively charged siRNA binds in hydrophilic region of cationic niosomes. These niosomes were exploited to effectively knockdown Akt, thereby sensitizing cells to TQ. Immunoblot studies revealed enhanced apoptosis by inducing p53 and inhibiting MDM2 expression, which was consistent with in vivo xenograft studies. This innovative strategy, using Nio-Au to simultaneously deliver siRNA (devoid of any chemical modification) and therapeutic drug, provides an efficacious approach for treating therapy-resistant cancers with significant translational potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Siddik Sarkar
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, VCU Institute of Molecular Genetics, VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine , Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | | | | | | | - Abhijit Mazumdar
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention and Systems Biology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | | | - Paul B Fisher
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, VCU Institute of Molecular Genetics, VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine , Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
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Xiang T, Du L, Pham P, Zhu B, Jiang S. Nelfinavir, an HIV protease inhibitor, induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in human cervical cancer cells via the ROS-dependent mitochondrial pathway. Cancer Lett 2015; 364:79-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Kast RE, Karpel-Massler G, Halatsch ME. CUSP9* treatment protocol for recurrent glioblastoma: aprepitant, artesunate, auranofin, captopril, celecoxib, disulfiram, itraconazole, ritonavir, sertraline augmenting continuous low dose temozolomide. Oncotarget 2015; 5:8052-82. [PMID: 25211298 PMCID: PMC4226667 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
CUSP9 treatment protocol for recurrent glioblastoma was published one year ago. We now present a slight modification, designated CUSP9*. CUSP9* drugs--aprepitant, artesunate, auranofin, captopril, celecoxib, disulfiram, itraconazole, sertraline, ritonavir, are all widely approved by regulatory authorities, marketed for non-cancer indications. Each drug inhibits one or more important growth-enhancing pathways used by glioblastoma. By blocking survival paths, the aim is to render temozolomide, the current standard cytotoxic drug used in primary glioblastoma treatment, more effective. Although esthetically unpleasing to use so many drugs at once, the closely similar drugs of the original CUSP9 used together have been well-tolerated when given on a compassionate-use basis in the cases that have come to our attention so far. We expect similarly good tolerability for CUSP9*. The combined action of this suite of drugs blocks signaling at, or the activity of, AKT phosphorylation, aldehyde dehydrogenase, angiotensin converting enzyme, carbonic anhydrase -2,- 9, -12, cyclooxygenase-1 and -2, cathepsin B, Hedgehog, interleukin-6, 5-lipoxygenase, matrix metalloproteinase -2 and -9, mammalian target of rapamycin, neurokinin-1, p-gp efflux pump, thioredoxin reductase, tissue factor, 20 kDa translationally controlled tumor protein, and vascular endothelial growth factor. We believe that given the current prognosis after a glioblastoma has recurred, a trial of CUSP9* is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Georg Karpel-Massler
- University of Ulm, Department of Neurosurgery, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, Ulm, Germany
| | - Marc-Eric Halatsch
- University of Ulm, Department of Neurosurgery, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, Ulm, Germany
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Li KC, Heo K, Ambade N, Kim MK, Kim KH, Yoo BC, Yoo HS. Reduced expression of HSP27 following HAD-B treatment is associated with Her2 downregulation in NIH:OVCAR-3 human ovarian cancer cells. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:3787-3794. [PMID: 26044344 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The Korean traditional medicine, HangAmDan (HAD), was developed in 1996 for use as an antitumor agent, and has since been modified to HAD‑B (an altered form of HAD), in order to potentiate its therapeutic effects. In the present study, the effect of HAD‑B on the proliferation and invasion of NIH:OVCAR‑3 and SKOV‑3 human ovarian cancer cell lines was investigated. In addition, the expression of major signal transduction molecules and changes in the proteome in these cells were measured. HAD‑B treatment effectively induced a reduction in the levels of cell proliferation in serum‑free conditioned media. However, unaltered levels of PARP and caspase‑3 indicated that HAD‑B does not reduce proliferation by inducing apoptotic cell death. Fluorescence‑activated cell sorting analysis revealed no significant change in apoptosis following HAD-B treatment. Invasion assay results indicated a reduced rate of invasion following HAD‑B treatment. HAD‑B also influenced the expression of major signal transduction molecules; the phosphorylation of mTOR and AKT was reduced, while that of ERK was increased. Alterations in the proteomes of the two cell lines were investigated following HAD‑B treatment. Among the 9 proteins with differential expression, heat‑shock protein β‑1 (HSP27) was downregulated in NIH:OVCAR‑3 cells treated with HAD‑B. The reduced expression of HSP27 was associated with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (Her2) downregulation in these cells. In conclusion, the results of the current proteome assessment suggest that HAD‑B has the potential to suppress the proliferation and invasion of human ovarian cancer cells. HAD‑B treatment of NIH:OVCAR‑3 cells suppressed HSP27 expression and was also associated with Her2 downregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo Chu Li
- East-West Cancer Center, College of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University, Daejeon 302-869, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyun Heo
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 410-769, Republic of Korea
| | - Nitin Ambade
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 410-769, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Kyung Kim
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 410-769, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Hee Kim
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 410-769, Republic of Korea
| | - Byong Chul Yoo
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 410-769, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa-Seung Yoo
- East-West Cancer Center, College of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University, Daejeon 302-869, Republic of Korea
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Papanagnou P, Baltopoulos P, Tsironi M. Marketed nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, antihypertensives, and human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitors: as-yet-unused weapons of the oncologists' arsenal. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2015; 11:807-19. [PMID: 26056460 PMCID: PMC4445694 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s82049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental data indicate that several pharmacological agents that have long been used for the management of various diseases unrelated to cancer exhibit profound in vitro and in vivo anticancer activity. This is of major clinical importance, since it would possibly aid in reassessing the therapeutic use of currently used agents for which clinicians already have experience. Further, this would obviate the time-consuming process required for the development and the approval of novel antineoplastic drugs. Herein, both pre-clinical and clinical data concerning the antineoplastic function of distinct commercially available pharmacological agents that are not currently used in the field of oncology, ie, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antihypertensive agents, and anti-human immunodeficiency virus agents inhibiting viral protease, are reviewed. The aim is to provide integrated information regarding not only the molecular basis of the antitumor function of these agents but also the applicability of the reevaluation of their therapeutic range in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota Papanagnou
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Human Movement and Quality of Life Sciences, University of Peloponnese, Sparta, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Baltopoulos
- Department of Sports Medicine and Biology of Physical Activity, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Tsironi
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Human Movement and Quality of Life Sciences, University of Peloponnese, Sparta, Greece
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Cao J, Zhang C, Chen T, Tian R, Sun S, Yu X, Xiao C, Wang G, Liu Y, Fu M. Plexin-B1 and semaphorin 4D cooperate to promote cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma cell proliferation, migration and invasion. J Dermatol Sci. 2015;79:127-136. [PMID: 26051877 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND OBJECTIVES Semaphorin 4D (Sema4D) and its receptor, Plexin-B1, are involved in the pathogenesis of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) by mediating angiogenesis or perineural invasion through the interaction between Sema4D expression on SCC cells and Plexin-B1 expression on endothelial cells or nerves. Plexin-B1 was also recently found to be expressed on SCC cells. Plexin-B1 expression on several types of tumor cells could mediate various, and occasionally opposing, effects, including tumor cell survival, proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. However, whether Sema4D exerts paracrine or autocrine effects on SCC via Plexin-B1 remains unclear. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study is to explore the effects of Sema4D/Plexin-B1 interaction on SCC via Plexin-B1 expressed on the tumor cells. METHODS In the present study, we detected the expression of Plexin-B1 and Sema4D in cutaneous SCC (cSCC) tissues and in the cSCC cell line A431 and analyzed the effects of the Sema4D/Plexin-B1 interaction on cSCC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, as well as on the signaling pathway downstream of Plexin-B1. RESULTS We observed significantly increased Plexin-B1 and Sema4D expression in keratinocytes in cSCC lesions and in A431 cells compared with that in normal skin tissue and in non-malignant keratinocytes. Plexin-B1 silencing reduced the growth, proliferation, migration, and invasion of A431 cells and inhibited the phosphorylation of Akt and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (Erk). Soluble recombinant Sema4D promoted the growth, proliferation, migration, and invasion of A431 cells; Akt and Erk phosphorylation is also involved in these processes with a Plexin-B1 dependent manner. CONCLUSION Plexin-B1 induces cSCC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion by interacting with Sema4D. Plexin-B1 might serve as a useful biomarker and/or as a novel therapeutic target for cSCC.
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Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitor ritonavir has recently been shown to have antineoplastic activity, and its use in urological malignancies is under investigation with an eye toward drug repositioning. Ritonavir is thought to exert its antineoplastic activity by inhibiting multiple signaling pathways, including the Akt and nuclear factor-kappaB pathways. It can increase the amount of unfolded proteins in the cell by inhibiting both the proteasome and heat shock protein 90. Combinations of ritonavir with agents that increase the amount of unfolded proteins, such as proteasome inhibitors, histone deacetylase inhibitors, or heat shock protein 90 inhibitors, therefore, induce endoplasmic reticulum stress cooperatively and thereby kill cancer cells effectively. Ritonavir is also a potent cytochrome P450 3A4 and P-glycoprotein inhibitor, increasing the intracellular concentration of combined drugs by inhibiting their degradation and efflux from cancer cells and thereby enhancing their antineoplastic activity. Furthermore, riotnavir’s antineoplastic activity includes modulation of immune system activity. Therapies using ritonavir are thus an attractive new approach to cancer treatment and, due to their novel mechanisms of action, are expected to be effective against malignancies that are refractory to current treatment strategies. Further investigations using ritonavir are expected to find new uses for clinically available drugs in the treatment of urological malignancies as well as many other types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinori Sato
- Department of Urology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
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44
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Kuang CC, Wang Y, Hu PC, Gao FF, Bu L, Wen XM, Xiang QM, Song H, Li Q, Wei L, Li K. Ritonavir-induced hepatotoxicity and ultrastructural changes of hepatocytes. Ultrastruct Pathol 2014; 38:329-34. [PMID: 25079492 DOI: 10.3109/01913123.2014.914114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the effect of ritonavir on hepatocyte proliferation, we detected the change of cleaved caspase-3 expression level in the hepatocytes. Furthermore, the morphological and ultrastructural changes of hepatocytes derived from RTV-treated mice have been observed. The results showed that ritonavir can evidently inhibit hepatocyte proliferation and increase cleaved caspase-3 expression level. Under the electron microscope, chromatin margination, mitochondrial cristae disappearance, karyopyknosis and cytoplasmic vacuolization can be observed in the hepatocytes of mice treated with ritonavir. In conclusion, the mechanism of ritonavir's hepatotoxicity is that it induces apoptosis of hepatocytes via the caspase-cascade system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Chun Kuang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, School of Medicine, Wuhan University , Wuhan, Hubei , PR China and
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Kapoor S. Tumor growth inhibition by ritonavir: an emerging role in addition to its primary role as an anti-HIV agent. AIDS 2014; 28:285. [PMID: 24413313 DOI: 10.1097/QAD.0b013e32836352c2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Batchu RB, Gruzdyn OV, Bryant CS, Qazi AM, Kumar S, Chamala S, Kung ST, Sanka RS, Puttagunta US, Weaver DW, Gruber SA. Ritonavir-Mediated Induction of Apoptosis in Pancreatic Cancer Occurs via the RB/E2F-1 and AKT Pathways. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2014; 7:46-57. [PMID: 24451403 DOI: 10.3390/ph7010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent observations suggest a lower incidence of malignancies in patients infected with HIV during treatment with Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy (HAART) utilizing protease inhibitors. We investigated the effects of ritonavir, a FDA approved HIV protease inhibitor, on proliferation of pancreatic ductal adeno-carcinoma (PDAC) cell lines. Human PDAC cell lines BxPC-3, MIA PaCa-2, and PANC-1 were propagated under standard conditions and treated with serial dilutions of ritonavir. Ritonavir inhibited cell growth in a dose-dependent manner as well as activated the intrinsic apoptotic pathway in human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cell lines. We observed down-modulation of cell-cycle promoting and up-regulation of cell-cycle inhibitory genes; enhanced interaction of retinoblastoma protein (RB) with E2F-1 transcription factor; inhibition of phosphorylation of RB, resulting in sequestration of E2F-1 and subsequent down-regulation of S phase genes; decreased interaction of E2F-1 with its consensus binding sites; inhibition of cell motility and invasiveness; and inhibition of the AKT pathway. Our results demonstrate a potential use of ritonavir as part of combination chemotherapy for PDAC. Since ritonavir is FDA approved for HIV, drug repositioning for PDAC would limit the costs and reduce risks.
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Vadlapatla RK, Vadlapudi AD, Pal D, Mukherji M, Mitra AK. Ritonavir inhibits HIF-1α-mediated VEGF expression in retinal pigment epithelial cells in vitro. Eye (Lond) 2014; 28:93-101. [PMID: 24202050 DOI: 10.1038/eye.2013.240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Retinal hypoxia-mediated activation of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF pathway) leading to angiogenesis is a major signaling mechanism underlying a number of sight-threatening diseases. Inhibiting this signaling mechanism with an already approved therapeutic molecule may have promising anti-angiogenic role with fewer side effects. Hence, the primary objective of this study was to examine the expression of HIF-1α and VEGF in human retinal pigment epithelial cells treated with ritonavir under hypoxic and normoxic conditions. METHODS ARPE-19 and D407 cells were cultured in normoxic or hypoxic conditions, alone or in the presence of ritonavir. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, immunoblot analysis, sandwich ELISA, endothelial cell proliferation, and cytotoxicity were performed. RESULTS A 12-h hypoxic exposure resulted in elevated mRNA expression levels of both HIF-1α and VEGF in ARPE-19 and D407 cells. Hence, this time point was selected for subsequent experiments. Presence of ritonavir in the culture medium strongly inhibited VEGF expression in a concentration-dependent manner under hypoxic conditions. Immunoblot analysis demonstrated a substantially reduced protein expression of HIF-1α in the presence of ritonavir. Further, hypoxic exposure-induced VEGF secretion was also inhibited by ritonavir, as demonstrated using ELISA. Finally, ritonavir significantly diminished the proliferation of choroid-retinal endothelial (RF/6A) cells demonstrating potential anti-angiogenic activity. Cytotoxicity studies showed that ritonavir is non-toxic to RPE cells. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates for the first time that ritonavir can inhibit HIF-1α and VEGF in ARPE-19 and D407 cells. Such inhibition may form a platform for application of ritonavir in the treatment of various ocular diseases.
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Kast RE, Boockvar JA, Brüning A, Cappello F, Chang WW, Cvek B, Dou QP, Duenas-Gonzalez A, Efferth T, Focosi D, Ghaffari SH, Karpel-Massler G, Ketola K, Khoshnevisan A, Keizman D, Magné N, Marosi C, McDonald K, Muñoz M, Paranjpe A, Pourgholami MH, Sardi I, Sella A, Srivenugopal KS, Tuccori M, Wang W, Wirtz CR, Halatsch ME. A conceptually new treatment approach for relapsed glioblastoma: coordinated undermining of survival paths with nine repurposed drugs (CUSP9) by the International Initiative for Accelerated Improvement of Glioblastoma Care. Oncotarget 2013; 4:502-30. [PMID: 23594434 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To improve prognosis in recurrent glioblastoma we developed a treatment protocol based on a combination of drugs not traditionally thought of as cytotoxic chemotherapy agents but that have a robust history of being well-tolerated and are already marketed and used for other non-cancer indications. Focus was on adding drugs which met these criteria: a) were pharmacologically well characterized, b) had low likelihood of adding to patient side effect burden, c) had evidence for interfering with a recognized, well-characterized growth promoting element of glioblastoma, and d) were coordinated, as an ensemble had reasonable likelihood of concerted activity against key biological features of glioblastoma growth. We found nine drugs meeting these criteria and propose adding them to continuous low dose temozolomide, a currently accepted treatment for relapsed glioblastoma, in patients with recurrent disease after primary treatment with the Stupp Protocol. The nine adjuvant drug regimen, Coordinated Undermining of Survival Paths, CUSP9, then are aprepitant, artesunate, auranofin, captopril, copper gluconate, disulfiram, ketoconazole, nelfinavir, sertraline, to be added to continuous low dose temozolomide. We discuss each drug in turn and the specific rationale for use- how each drug is expected to retard glioblastoma growth and undermine glioblastoma's compensatory mechanisms engaged during temozolomide treatment. The risks of pharmacological interactions and why we believe this drug mix will increase both quality of life and overall survival are reviewed.
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Son YO, Pratheeshkumar P, Lei W, Wang X, Kim DH, Lee JY, Zhang Z, Lee JC, Shi X. Reactive oxygen species mediate Cr(VI)-induced carcinogenesis through PI3K/AKT-dependent activation of GSK-3β/β-catenin signaling. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 271:239-48. [PMID: 23707771 PMCID: PMC3742697 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cr(VI) compounds are known human carcinogens that primarily target the lungs. Cr(VI) produces reactive oxygen species (ROS), but the exact effects of ROS on the signaling molecules involved in Cr(VI)-induced carcinogenesis have not been extensively studied. Chronic exposure of human bronchial epithelial cells to Cr(VI) at nanomolar concentrations (10-100nM) for 3months not only induced cell transformation, but also increased the potential of these cells to invade and migrate. Injection of Cr(VI)-stimulated cells into nude mice resulted in the formation of tumors. Chronic exposure to Cr(VI) increased levels of intracellular ROS and antiapoptotic proteins. Transfection with catalase or superoxide dismutase (SOD) prevented Cr(VI)-mediated increases in colony formation, cell invasion, migration, and xenograft tumors. While chronic Cr(VI) exposure led to activation of signaling cascades involving PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β/β-catenin and PI3K/AKT/mTOR, transfection with catalase or SOD markedly inhibited Cr(VI)-mediated activation of these signaling proteins. Inhibitors specific for AKT or β-catenin almost completely suppressed the Cr(VI)-mediated increase in total and active β-catenin proteins and colony formation. In particular, Cr(VI) suppressed autophagy of epithelial cells under nutrition deprivation. Furthermore, there was a marked induction of AKT, GSK-3β, β-catenin, mTOR, and carcinogenic markers in tumor tissues formed in mice after injection with Cr(VI)-stimulated cells. Collectively, our findings suggest that ROS is a key mediator of Cr(VI)-induced carcinogenesis through the activation of PI3K/AKT-dependent GSK-3β/β-catenin signaling and the promotion of cell survival mechanisms via the inhibition of apoptosis and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Ok Son
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0305, USA
| | - Poyil Pratheeshkumar
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0305, USA
| | - Wang Lei
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0305, USA
| | - Xin Wang
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0305, USA
| | - Dong-Hern Kim
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0305, USA
| | - Ju-Yeon Lee
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0305, USA
| | - Zhuo Zhang
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0305, USA
| | - Jeong-Chae Lee
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0305, USA
- School of Dentistry and Institute of Oral Biosciences, Research Center of Bioactive Materials, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, South Korea
| | - Xianglin Shi
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0305, USA
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Tong M, Ziplow J, Chen WC, Nguyen QG, Kim C, de la Monte SM. Motor Function Deficits Following Chronic Prenatal Ethanol Exposure are Linked to Impairments in Insulin/IGF, Notch and Wnt Signaling in the Cerebellum. J Diabetes Metab 2013; 4:238. [PMID: 25035811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is associated with deficits in cerebellar function that can persist through adolescence. Previous studies demonstrated striking inhibition of insulin and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling in ethanol-exposed cerebella. OBJECTIVES We sought to determine if FASD-induced impairments in motor function were associated with deficits in insulin/IGF signaling in juvenile cerebella. Given the growing evidence that insulin/IGF pathways cross-talk with Notch and Wnt to promote brain development and maturation; we also examined the integrity of canonical Wnt and Notch signaling networks in the brain following chronic prenatal ethanol exposure. METHODS Pregnant Long Evans rats were fed isocaloric liquid diets containing 0% or 24% ethanol by caloric content from gestation day 6 through delivery. Pups were subjected to rotarod testing on postnatal days (P) 15-16 and sacrificed on P30. Cerebella were used for molecular and biochemical analysis of insulin/IGF-1, canonical Wnt, and Notch signaling mechanisms. RESULTS Prenatal ethanol exposures impaired rotarod performance, inhibited signaling through insulin and IGF-1 receptors, IRS-1, and Akt, increased activation of GSK-3β, and broadly suppressed genes mediating the canonical Wnt and Notch networks. CONCLUSIONS Abnormalities in cerebellar function following chronic prenatal ethanol exposure are associated with inhibition of insulin/IGF, canonical Wnt, and Notch networks that cross-talk via GSK-3β. Effective therapeutic measures for FASD may require multi-pronged support of interrelated signaling networks that regulate brain development.
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