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Nicolas G. Lessons from genetic studies in Alzheimer disease. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2024; 180:368-377. [PMID: 38429159 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2023.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Research on Alzheimer disease (AD) genetics has provided critical advances to the knowledge of AD pathophysiological mechanisms. The etiology of AD can be divided into monogenic (autosomal dominant inheritance) and complex (multifactorial determinism). In monogenic AD, recent advances mainly concern mutation-associated mechanisms, presymptomatic clinical studies, and the search for modifiers of ages of onset that are still ongoing. In complex AD, genetic factors can be further categorized into three classes: (i) the APOE-ɛ4 and ɛ2 common alleles that represent a category by themselves as they are both common and with a strong impact on AD risk; (ii) common variants with a modest effect, identified in genome-wide association studies (GWAS); and (iii) rare variants with a moderate-to-strong effect, identified in case-control sequencing studies. Regarding APOE, odds ratios, available in multiple ethnicities, can now be converted into penetrance curves, although such curves remain to be performed in diverse ethnicities. In addition, advances in the understanding of mechanisms have been recently reported and rare APOE variants add to the complexity. In the GWAS category, novel loci have been discovered thanks to larger studies, doubling the number of hits as compared to the previous reference meta-analysis. However, such modest risk factors cannot be used in the clinic, neither individually, nor in genetic risk scores. In the category of rare variants, two novel genes, ABCA1 and ATP8B4 now add to the three main ones, TREM2, SORL1, and ABCA7. The study of such rare variants suggests oligogenic inheritance in some families, as also suggested by digenic penetrance curves for SORL1 loss-of-function variants with APOE-ɛ4. Cumulate frequencies of definite (so-called) rare risk factors are 2.3% to 3.6% (depending on thresholds on odds ratios) in control databases and many more remain to be classified and identified, showing how important these risk factors may be as part of the complex determinism of AD. A better understanding of these rare risk factors and their combined effects on each other, with common variants, and with environmental factors, should allow for a prediction of AD risk and, eventually, preventive medicine. Taken together, most genetic determinants of AD, in monogenic and in complex forms, point toward the aggregation of Aβ as a pivotal triggering factor, such that targeting it may be efficient as prevention in at-risk individuals. The role of neuroinflammation, microglia, and Tau pathology modulation are important sources of research for disease modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Nicolas
- Univ Rouen Normandie, Normandie Univ, Inserm U1245 and CHU Rouen, Department of Genetics and CNRMAJ, 76000 Rouen, France.
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2
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Nicolas G. Recent advances in Alzheimer disease genetics. Curr Opin Neurol 2024; 37:154-165. [PMID: 38235704 DOI: 10.1097/wco.0000000000001242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Genetics studies provide important insights into Alzheimer disease (AD) etiology and mechanisms. Critical advances have been made recently, mainly thanks to the access to novel techniques and larger studies. RECENT FINDINGS In monogenic AD, progress has been made with a better understanding of the mechanisms associated with pathogenic variants and the input of clinical studies in presymptomatic individuals. In complex AD, increasing sample sizes in both DNA chip-based (genome-wide association studies, GWAS) and exome/genome sequencing case-control studies unveiled novel common and rare risk factors, while the understanding of their combined effect starts to suggest the existence of rare families with oligogenic inheritance of early-onset, nonmonogenic, AD. SUMMARY Most genetic risk factors with a known consequence designate the aggregation of the Aβ peptide as a core etiological factor in complex AD thus confirming that the research based on monogenic AD - where the amyloid cascade seems more straightforward - is relevant to complex AD as well. Novel mechanistic insights and risk factor studies unveiling novel factors and attempting to combine the effect of common and rare variants will offer promising perspectives for future AD prevention, at least regarding early-onset AD, and probably in case of later onset as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaël Nicolas
- Univ Rouen Normandie, Normandie Univ, Inserm U1245 and CHU Rouen, Department of Genetics and CNRMAJ, F-76000 Rouen, France
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3
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Vance JM, Farrer LA, Huang Y, Cruchaga C, Hyman BT, Pericak-Vance MA, Goate AM, Greicius MD, Griswold AJ, Haines JL, Tcw J, Schellenberg GD, Tsai LH, Herz J, Holtzman DM. Report of the APOE4 National Institute on Aging/Alzheimer Disease Sequencing Project Consortium Working Group: Reducing APOE4 in Carriers is a Therapeutic Goal for Alzheimer's Disease. Ann Neurol 2024; 95:625-634. [PMID: 38180638 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder and one of the leading causes of disability worldwide. The apolipoprotein E4 gene (APOE4) is the strongest genetic risk factor for AD. In 2023, the APOE4 National Institute on Aging/Alzheimer's Disease Sequencing Project working group came together to gather data and discuss the question of whether to reduce or increase APOE4 as a therapeutic intervention for AD. It was the unanimous consensus that cumulative data from multiple studies in humans and animal models support that lowering APOE4 should be a target for therapeutic approaches for APOE4 carriers. ANN NEUROL 2024;95:625-634.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery M Vance
- John T. McDonald Department of Human Genetics, John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Lindsay A Farrer
- Departments of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Neurology and Ophthalmology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yadong Huang
- Department of Neurology, Gladstone Center for Translational Advancement, Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Carlos Cruchaga
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Bradley T Hyman
- Alzheimer Research Unit, Department of Neurology, The Massachusetts General Hospital Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Margaret A Pericak-Vance
- John T. McDonald Department of Human Genetics, John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Alison M Goate
- Departments of Genetics & Genomic Sciences, Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael D Greicius
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Anthony J Griswold
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, The Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jonathan L Haines
- Department of Population & Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Julia Tcw
- Departments of Pharmacology, Physiology & Biophysics, Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Bioinformatics Program, Faculty of Computing & Data Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gerard D Schellenberg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Li-Huei Tsai
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Joachim Herz
- Departments of Molecular Genetics, Neuroscience, Neurology, Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, UT Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - David M Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
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4
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de Lima Pizzico F, Beatriz Máximo R, Hirata MH, Monteiro Ferreira G. Mapping the APOE structurally on missense variants in elderly Brazilians. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024:1-9. [PMID: 38520131 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2024.2328743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) pose a significant global health threat, with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) being a key genetic contributor. The apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene plays a vital role in lipid metabolism, and its variants are associated with CVD risk. This study explores prevalent APOE variants (p.R163C, p.R176C, p.R246C and p.V254E) using genetic and structural analyses. The research, initiated by identifying high-frequency APOE variants through the ABraOM database, utilizes homology modeling and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to understand the structural consequences. The major lipid-binding region, a critical domain for lipid metabolism, was a focal point. Structural dynamics, including principal component analyses and domain movement analyses, highlighted distinct patterns in APOE variants compared to the wild type (WT). Results revealed significant differences in the structural behavior of variants, particularly in the Major lipid-binding region. The identification of an 'elbow' structure with two states (Elbow I and Elbow II) provided insights into conformational changes. Notably, variants exhibited unique patterns in hydrogen bonding (hb) and hydrophobic interactions, indicating potential functional consequences. The study further associated APOE variants with clinical outcomes, including cognitive impairment and cholesterol levels. Specific variants demonstrated correlations with cognitive decline and variations in lipid profiles, emphasizing their relevance to cardiovascular and neurobiological health. In conclusion, this integrated approach enhances our understanding of APOE variants, shedding light on their role in lipid metabolism and cardiovascular health. The identified structural 'elbows' and their association with clinical outcomes offer a nuanced perspective, guiding future research toward targeted interventions for diseases linked to lipid metabolism and neurobiology.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe de Lima Pizzico
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rebeca Beatriz Máximo
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mario Hiroyuki Hirata
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Glaucio Monteiro Ferreira
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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5
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Nelson MR, Liu P, Agrawal A, Yip O, Blumenfeld J, Traglia M, Kim MJ, Koutsodendris N, Rao A, Grone B, Hao Y, Yoon SY, Xu Q, De Leon S, Choenyi T, Thomas R, Lopera F, Quiroz YT, Arboleda-Velasquez JF, Reiman EM, Mahley RW, Huang Y. The APOE-R136S mutation protects against APOE4-driven Tau pathology, neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation. Nat Neurosci 2023; 26:2104-2121. [PMID: 37957317 PMCID: PMC10689245 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-023-01480-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) is the strongest genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD), leading to earlier age of clinical onset and exacerbating pathologies. There is a critical need to identify protective targets. Recently, a rare APOE variant, APOE3-R136S (Christchurch), was found to protect against early-onset AD in a PSEN1-E280A carrier. In this study, we sought to determine if the R136S mutation also protects against APOE4-driven effects in LOAD. We generated tauopathy mouse and human iPSC-derived neuron models carrying human APOE4 with the homozygous or heterozygous R136S mutation. We found that the homozygous R136S mutation rescued APOE4-driven Tau pathology, neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation. The heterozygous R136S mutation partially protected against APOE4-driven neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation but not Tau pathology. Single-nucleus RNA sequencing revealed that the APOE4-R136S mutation increased disease-protective and diminished disease-associated cell populations in a gene dose-dependent manner. Thus, the APOE-R136S mutation protects against APOE4-driven AD pathologies, providing a target for therapeutic development against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxine R Nelson
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Peng Liu
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ayushi Agrawal
- Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Oscar Yip
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jessica Blumenfeld
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michela Traglia
- Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Min Joo Kim
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nicole Koutsodendris
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Antara Rao
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Brian Grone
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Gladstone Center for Translational Advancement, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yanxia Hao
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Gladstone Center for Translational Advancement, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Seo Yeon Yoon
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Qin Xu
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Gladstone Center for Translational Advancement, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Samuel De Leon
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tenzing Choenyi
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Gladstone Center for Translational Advancement, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Reuben Thomas
- Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Francisco Lopera
- Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia de la Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Yakeel T Quiroz
- Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia de la Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
- Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joseph F Arboleda-Velasquez
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear and Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eric M Reiman
- Banner Alzheimer's Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Robert W Mahley
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yadong Huang
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Gladstone Center for Translational Advancement, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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6
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Liu Y, Tian J. Neuroprotective factors affect the progression of Alzheimer's disease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 681:276-282. [PMID: 37797415 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease(AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that occurs mostly in the elderly and is characterized by chronic progressive cognitive dysfunction, which seriously threatens the health and life-quality of patients. Alterations at the molecular level, which causes pathological changes of AD brain, have impacted the progression of AD. In this review, we illustrate the recent evidence of the alteration of neuroprotective proteins in AD, such as changes in their contents and variants. Furthermore, we elucidate the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and gene changes. Finally, we highlight the epigenetic changes in AD, which helps to display the characteristics of the disease and provides guidance regarding research hot spots in the field against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Department of Neurology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Jinzhou Tian
- Department of Neurology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, China.
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7
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Vuic B, Milos T, Tudor L, Nikolac Perkovic M, Konjevod M, Nedic Erjavec G, Farkas V, Uzun S, Mimica N, Svob Strac D. Pharmacogenomics of Dementia: Personalizing the Treatment of Cognitive and Neuropsychiatric Symptoms. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:2048. [PMID: 38002991 PMCID: PMC10671071 DOI: 10.3390/genes14112048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Dementia is a syndrome of global and progressive deterioration of cognitive skills, especially memory, learning, abstract thinking, and orientation, usually affecting the elderly. The most common forms are Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, and other (frontotemporal, Lewy body disease) dementias. The etiology of these multifactorial disorders involves complex interactions of various environmental and (epi)genetic factors and requires multiple forms of pharmacological intervention, including anti-dementia drugs for cognitive impairment, antidepressants, antipsychotics, anxiolytics and sedatives for behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia, and other drugs for comorbid disorders. The pharmacotherapy of dementia patients has been characterized by a significant interindividual variability in drug response and the development of adverse drug effects. The therapeutic response to currently available drugs is partially effective in only some individuals, with side effects, drug interactions, intolerance, and non-compliance occurring in the majority of dementia patients. Therefore, understanding the genetic basis of a patient's response to pharmacotherapy might help clinicians select the most effective treatment for dementia while minimizing the likelihood of adverse reactions and drug interactions. Recent advances in pharmacogenomics may contribute to the individualization and optimization of dementia pharmacotherapy by increasing its efficacy and safety via a prediction of clinical outcomes. Thus, it can significantly improve the quality of life in dementia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Vuic
- Laboratory for Molecular Neuropsychiatry, Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (B.V.); (T.M.); (L.T.); (M.N.P.); (M.K.); (G.N.E.); (V.F.)
| | - Tina Milos
- Laboratory for Molecular Neuropsychiatry, Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (B.V.); (T.M.); (L.T.); (M.N.P.); (M.K.); (G.N.E.); (V.F.)
| | - Lucija Tudor
- Laboratory for Molecular Neuropsychiatry, Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (B.V.); (T.M.); (L.T.); (M.N.P.); (M.K.); (G.N.E.); (V.F.)
| | - Matea Nikolac Perkovic
- Laboratory for Molecular Neuropsychiatry, Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (B.V.); (T.M.); (L.T.); (M.N.P.); (M.K.); (G.N.E.); (V.F.)
| | - Marcela Konjevod
- Laboratory for Molecular Neuropsychiatry, Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (B.V.); (T.M.); (L.T.); (M.N.P.); (M.K.); (G.N.E.); (V.F.)
| | - Gordana Nedic Erjavec
- Laboratory for Molecular Neuropsychiatry, Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (B.V.); (T.M.); (L.T.); (M.N.P.); (M.K.); (G.N.E.); (V.F.)
| | - Vladimir Farkas
- Laboratory for Molecular Neuropsychiatry, Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (B.V.); (T.M.); (L.T.); (M.N.P.); (M.K.); (G.N.E.); (V.F.)
| | - Suzana Uzun
- Department for Biological Psychiatry and Psychogeriatry, University Hospital Vrapce, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (S.U.); (N.M.)
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ninoslav Mimica
- Department for Biological Psychiatry and Psychogeriatry, University Hospital Vrapce, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (S.U.); (N.M.)
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dubravka Svob Strac
- Laboratory for Molecular Neuropsychiatry, Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (B.V.); (T.M.); (L.T.); (M.N.P.); (M.K.); (G.N.E.); (V.F.)
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8
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Kosik KS. Search Strategies for Alzheimer Protector Genes. Ann Neurol 2023; 94:613-617. [PMID: 37574772 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Large families with autosomal dominant mutations leading to Alzheimer's disease and related conditions can show putative protective gene variants; however, no systematic search strategy exists to find these genes. Described here are the unique demographic circumstances and genetic setting in which the discovery of protective variants is likely. The identification of these genes may reveal pathways with therapeutic implications. ANN NEUROL 2023;94:613-617.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth S Kosik
- The Neuroscience Research Institute and The Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA
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9
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Lambert JC, Ramirez A, Grenier-Boley B, Bellenguez C. Step by step: towards a better understanding of the genetic architecture of Alzheimer's disease. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:2716-2727. [PMID: 37131074 PMCID: PMC10615767 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02076-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is considered to have a large genetic component. Our knowledge of this component has progressed over the last 10 years, thanks notably to the advent of genome-wide association studies and the establishment of large consortia that make it possible to analyze hundreds of thousands of cases and controls. The characterization of dozens of chromosomal regions associated with the risk of developing AD and (in some loci) the causal genes responsible for the observed disease signal has confirmed the involvement of major pathophysiological pathways (such as amyloid precursor protein metabolism) and opened up new perspectives (such as the central role of microglia and inflammation). Furthermore, large-scale sequencing projects are starting to reveal the major impact of rare variants - even in genes like APOE - on the AD risk. This increasingly comprehensive knowledge is now being disseminated through translational research; in particular, the development of genetic risk/polygenic risk scores is helping to identify the subpopulations more at risk or less at risk of developing AD. Although it is difficult to assess the efforts still needed to comprehensively characterize the genetic component of AD, several lines of research can be improved or initiated. Ultimately, genetics (in combination with other biomarkers) might help to redefine the boundaries and relationships between various neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Charles Lambert
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1167-RID-AGE Facteurs de risque et déterminants moléculaires des maladies liées au vieillissement, Lille, France.
| | - Alfredo Ramirez
- Division of Neurogenetics and Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Neurodegenerative diseases and Geriatric Psychiatry, University Hospital Bonn, Medical Faculty, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry & Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, San Antonio, TX, USA
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Benjamin Grenier-Boley
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1167-RID-AGE Facteurs de risque et déterminants moléculaires des maladies liées au vieillissement, Lille, France
| | - Céline Bellenguez
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1167-RID-AGE Facteurs de risque et déterminants moléculaires des maladies liées au vieillissement, Lille, France
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10
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Bunner W, Wang J, Cohen S, Bashtovyy D, Perry R, Shookster D, Landry T, Harris EM, Stackman R, Tran TD, Yasuda R, Szatmari EM. Behavioral and Transcriptome Profiling of Heterozygous Rab10 Knock-Out Mice. eNeuro 2023; 10:ENEURO.0459-22.2023. [PMID: 37156612 PMCID: PMC10208283 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0459-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A central question in the field of aging research is to identify the cellular and molecular basis of neuroresilience. One potential candidate is the small GTPase, Rab10. Here, we used Rab10+/- mice to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying Rab10-mediated neuroresilience. Brain expression analysis of 880 genes involved in neurodegeneration showed that Rab10+/- mice have increased activation of pathways associated with neuronal metabolism, structural integrity, neurotransmission, and neuroplasticity compared with their Rab10+/+ littermates. Lower activation was observed for pathways involved in neuroinflammation and aging. We identified and validated several differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including Stx2, Stx1b, Vegfa, and Lrrc25 (downregulated) and Prkaa2, Syt4, and Grin2d (upregulated). Behavioral testing showed that Rab10+/- mice perform better in a hippocampal-dependent spatial task (object in place test), while their performance in a classical conditioning task (trace eyeblink classical conditioning, TECC) was significantly impaired. Therefore, our findings indicate that Rab10 differentially controls the brain circuitry of hippocampal-dependent spatial memory and higher-order behavior that requires intact cortex-hippocampal circuitry. Transcriptome and biochemical characterization of these mice suggest that glutamate ionotropic receptor NMDA type subunit 2D (GRIN2D or GluN2D) is affected by Rab10 signaling. Further work is needed to evaluate whether GRIN2D mediates the behavioral phenotypes of the Rab10+/- mice. We conclude that Rab10+/- mice described here can be a valuable tool to study the mechanisms of resilience in Alzheimer's disease (AD) model mice and to identify novel therapeutical targets to prevent cognitive decline associated with normal and pathologic aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wyatt Bunner
- Department of Physical Therapy, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834
| | - Jie Wang
- Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, FL 33458
| | - Sarah Cohen
- Jupiter Life Science Initiative, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL 33458
| | - Denys Bashtovyy
- Department of Physical Therapy, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834
| | - Rachel Perry
- Department of Physical Therapy, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834
| | | | - Taylor Landry
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, NC 27858
| | - Elizabeth M Harris
- Department of Psychology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858
| | - Robert Stackman
- Jupiter Life Science Initiative, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL 33458
| | - Tuan D Tran
- Department of Psychology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858
| | - Ryohei Yasuda
- Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, FL 33458
| | - Erzsebet M Szatmari
- Department of Physical Therapy, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834
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11
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Abondio P, Bruno F, Luiselli D. Apolipoprotein E (APOE) Haplotypes in Healthy Subjects from Worldwide Macroareas: A Population Genetics Perspective for Cardiovascular Disease, Neurodegeneration, and Dementia. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:2817-2831. [PMID: 37185708 PMCID: PMC10137191 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45040184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Human APOE is a 299-amino acid long protein expressed and secreted in several tissues and body districts, where it exerts different functions mainly related to lipid metabolism, with specific activities around cholesterol transport and absorption/elimination. It has three main isoforms, determined by the pair of mutations rs7412-C/T and rs429358-C/T, which gives rise to the functionally different APOE variants ε2, ε3, and ε4. These have a distinct impact on lipid metabolism and are differentially implicated in Alzheimer’s disease and neurodegeneration, cardiovascular disease, and dyslipidemia. A plethora of other single nucleotide variants along the sequence of the APOE gene have been studied in cohorts of affected individuals, where they also modulate the influence of the three main isoforms to determine the risk of developing the disease. However, no contextual analysis of gene-long haplotypes has been carried out so far, and never extensively in cohorts of healthy individuals from different worldwide populations. Leveraging a rich population genomics dataset, this study elucidates the distribution of APOE variants and haplotypes that are shared across populations and to specific macroareas, revealing a variety of risk-allele associations that distinguish specific ancestral backgrounds and can be leveraged for specific ancestry-informed screenings in medicine and public health.
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12
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Miyashita A, Kikuchi M, Hara N, Ikeuchi T. Genetics of Alzheimer's disease: an East Asian perspective. J Hum Genet 2023; 68:115-124. [PMID: 35641666 PMCID: PMC9968656 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-022-01050-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder. Advances in genome technology, including next generation sequencing have uncovered complex genetic effects in AD by analyzing both common and rare functional variants. Multiple lines of evidence suggest that the pathogenesis of AD is influenced by multiple genetic components rather than single genetic factor. Previous genetic studies on AD have predominantly included European ancestry cohorts; hence, the non-European population may be underrepresented, potentially leading to reduced diversity in AD genetic research. Additionally, ethnic diversity may result in dissimilar effects of genetic determinants in AD. APOE genotypes are a well-established genetic risk factor in AD, with the East Asian population having a higher risk of AD associated with the APOE ε4 allele. To date, seven genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been conducted in East Asians, which report a total of 26 AD-associated loci. Several rare variants, including the p.H157Y variant in TREM2, and the p.G186R and p.R274W variants in SHARPIN are associated with risk of AD in East Asians. Extending genetic studies to diverse populations, including East Asians is necessary, which could yield more comprehensive insights into AD, and here we review the recent findings regarding the genetic determinants of AD from an East Asian perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinori Miyashita
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Masataka Kikuchi
- Department of Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norikazu Hara
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ikeuchi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan.
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13
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Le Guen Y, Raulin AC, Logue MW, Sherva R, Belloy ME, Eger SJ, Chen A, Kennedy G, Kuchenbecker L, O’Leary JP, Zhang R, Merritt VC, Panizzon MS, Hauger RL, Gaziano JM, Bu G, Thornton TA, Farrer LA, Napolioni V, He Z, Greicius MD. Association of African Ancestry-Specific APOE Missense Variant R145C With Risk of Alzheimer Disease. JAMA 2023; 329:551-560. [PMID: 36809323 PMCID: PMC9945061 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2023.0268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Importance Numerous studies have established the association of the common APOE ε2 and APOE ε4 alleles with Alzheimer disease (AD) risk across ancestries. Studies of the interaction of these alleles with other amino acid changes on APOE in non-European ancestries are lacking and may improve ancestry-specific risk prediction. Objective To determine whether APOE amino acid changes specific to individuals of African ancestry modulate AD risk. Design, Setting, and Participants Case-control study including 31 929 participants and using a sequenced discovery sample (Alzheimer Disease Sequencing Project; stage 1) followed by 2 microarray imputed data sets derived from the Alzheimer Disease Genetic Consortium (stage 2, internal replication) and the Million Veteran Program (stage 3, external validation). This study combined case-control, family-based, population-based, and longitudinal AD cohorts, which recruited participants (1991-2022) in primarily US-based studies with 1 US/Nigerian study. Across all stages, individuals included in this study were of African ancestry. Exposures Two APOE missense variants (R145C and R150H) were assessed, stratified by APOE genotype. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was AD case-control status, and secondary outcomes included age at AD onset. Results Stage 1 included 2888 cases (median age, 77 [IQR, 71-83] years; 31.3% male) and 4957 controls (median age, 77 [IQR, 71-83] years; 28.0% male). In stage 2, across multiple cohorts, 1201 cases (median age, 75 [IQR, 69-81] years; 30.8% male) and 2744 controls (median age, 80 [IQR, 75-84] years; 31.4% male) were included. In stage 3, 733 cases (median age, 79.4 [IQR, 73.8-86.5] years; 97.0% male) and 19 406 controls (median age, 71.9 [IQR, 68.4-75.8] years; 94.5% male) were included. In ε3/ε4-stratified analyses of stage 1, R145C was present in 52 individuals with AD (4.8%) and 19 controls (1.5%); R145C was associated with an increased risk of AD (odds ratio [OR], 3.01; 95% CI, 1.87-4.85; P = 6.0 × 10-6) and was associated with a reported younger age at AD onset (β, -5.87 years; 95% CI, -8.35 to -3.4 years; P = 3.4 × 10-6). Association with increased AD risk was replicated in stage 2 (R145C was present in 23 individuals with AD [4.7%] and 21 controls [2.7%]; OR, 2.20; 95% CI, 1.04-4.65; P = .04) and was concordant in stage 3 (R145C was present in 11 individuals with AD [3.8%] and 149 controls [2.7%]; OR, 1.90; 95% CI, 0.99-3.64; P = .051). Association with earlier AD onset was replicated in stage 2 (β, -5.23 years; 95% CI, -9.58 to -0.87 years; P = .02) and stage 3 (β, -10.15 years; 95% CI, -15.66 to -4.64 years; P = 4.0 × 10-4). No significant associations were observed in other APOE strata for R145C or in any APOE strata for R150H. Conclusions and Relevance In this exploratory analysis, the APOE ε3[R145C] missense variant was associated with an increased risk of AD among individuals of African ancestry with the ε3/ε4 genotype. With additional external validation, these findings may inform AD genetic risk assessment in individuals of African ancestry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Le Guen
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California
- Institut du Cerveau–Paris Brain Institute–ICM, Paris, France
| | | | - Mark W. Logue
- National Center for PTSD, Behavioral Sciences Division, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
- Biomedical Genetics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Richard Sherva
- Biomedical Genetics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michael E. Belloy
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Sarah J. Eger
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Annabel Chen
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Gabriel Kennedy
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | | | | | - Rui Zhang
- National Center for PTSD, Behavioral Sciences Division, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Victoria C. Merritt
- Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California
| | - Matthew S. Panizzon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
- Division of Aging, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Richard L. Hauger
- Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - J. Michael Gaziano
- Division of Aging, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center (MAVERIC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston
| | - Guojun Bu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | | | - Lindsay A. Farrer
- Biomedical Genetics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Valerio Napolioni
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Zihuai He
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California
- Quantitative Sciences Unit, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Michael D. Greicius
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California
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14
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Fan K, Francis L, Aslam MM, Bedison MA, Lawrence E, Acharya V, Snitz BE, Ganguli M, DeKosky ST, Lopez OL, Feingold E, Kamboh MI. Investigation of the independent role of a rare APOE variant (L28P; APOE*4Pittsburgh) in late-onset Alzheimer disease. Neurobiol Aging 2023; 122:107-111. [PMID: 36528961 PMCID: PMC9839598 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2022.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A rare missense APOE variant (L28P; APOE*4Pittsburgh), which is present only in populations with European ancestry, has been reported to be a risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD). However, due to the complete linkage disequilibrium of L28P with APOE*4 (C112R), its independent genetic association is uncertain. The original association study implicating L28P with LOAD risk was carried out in a relatively small sample size. In the current study, we have re-evaluated this association in a large case-control sample of 15,762 White U.S. subjects and investigated its independent effect in APOE 3/4 subjects, as L28P has been observed only in the heterozygous state of APOE*4 carriers and 3/4 is the most common genotype containing the APOE*4 allele. The heterozygous carrier frequency of L28P, all with APOE*4, was about 3-fold higher in AD cases than in cognitively intact controls (0.845% vs. 0.277%). The age- and sex-adjusted meta-analysis odds ratio (OR) was 2.87 (95% CI: 1.34 - 6.13; = 0.0066). Among APOE 3/4 subjects, age- and sex-adjusted meta-analysis OR was 1.53 (95% CI: 0.70 - 3.36; p = 0.28), indicating its effect was independent of APOE*4. The lack of statistical significance appears mainly due to the low power of 4138 subjects with the 3/4 genotype (12% power at α= 0.05) compared to the required sample of 139,088 subjects with the 3/4 genotype to detect an OR of 1.5 at α= 0.05 and 80% power. Our data suggesting that L28P has an independent genetic effect on AD risk is reinforced by earlier experimental findings showing that this mutation leads to significant structural and conformational changes in the ApoE4 molecule and can induce functional defects associated with neuronal Aβ42 accumulation and oxidative stress. Additional functional studies in cell-based systems and animal models will help to delineate its functional significance in the etiology of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- KangHsien Fan
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lily Francis
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - M Muaaz Aslam
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Margret A Bedison
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Lawrence
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Vibha Acharya
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Beth E Snitz
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mary Ganguli
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Steven T DeKosky
- McKnight Brain Institute and Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, FL, USA
| | - Oscar L Lopez
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Eleanor Feingold
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - M Ilyas Kamboh
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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15
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Moon SW. Neuroimaging Genetics and Network Analysis in Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Alzheimer Res 2023; 20:526-538. [PMID: 37957920 DOI: 10.2174/0115672050265188231107072215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
The issue of the genetics in brain imaging phenotypes serves as a crucial link between two distinct scientific fields: neuroimaging genetics (NG). The articles included here provide solid proof that this NG link has considerable synergy. There is a suitable collection of articles that offer a wide range of viewpoints on how genetic variations affect brain structure and function. They serve as illustrations of several study approaches used in contemporary genetics and neuroscience. Genome-wide association studies and candidate-gene association are two examples of genetic techniques. Cortical gray matter structural/volumetric measures from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are sources of information on brain phenotypes. Together, they show how various scientific disciplines have benefited from significant technological advances, such as the single-nucleotide polymorphism array in genetics and the development of increasingly higher-resolution MRI imaging. Moreover, we discuss NG's contribution to expanding our knowledge about the heterogeneity within Alzheimer's disease as well as the benefits of different network analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok Woo Moon
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Chungju, Republic of Korea
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16
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Roberts BR, Laffoon SB, Roberts AM, Porter T, Fowler C, Masters CL, Dratz EA, Laws SM. Discovery of a Missense Mutation (Q222K) of the APOE Gene from the Australian Imaging, Biomarker and Lifestyle Study. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2023; 7:165-172. [PMID: 36891255 PMCID: PMC9986708 DOI: 10.3233/adr-220075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
After age, polymorphisms of the Apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene are the biggest risk factor for the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). During our investigation to discovery biomarkers in plasma, using 2D gel electrophoresis, we found an individual with and unusual apoE isoelectric point compared to APOE ɛ2, ɛ3, and ɛ4 carriers. Whole exome sequencing of APOE from the donor confirmed a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in exon 4, translating to a rare Q222K missense mutation. The apoE ɛ4 (Q222K) mutation did not form dimers or complexes observed for apoE ɛ2 & ɛ3 proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaine R Roberts
- Emory School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Department of Neurology, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Scott B Laffoon
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Anne M Roberts
- Emory School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Department of Neurology, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Tenielle Porter
- Centre for Precision Health, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.,Collaborative Genomics and Translation Group, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Chris Fowler
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Colin L Masters
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Edward A Dratz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Simon M Laws
- Centre for Precision Health, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.,Collaborative Genomics and Translation Group, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
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17
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Lozupone M, Imbimbo BP, Balducci C, Lo Vecchio F, Bisceglia P, Latino RR, Leone M, Dibello V, Solfrizzi V, Greco A, Daniele A, Watling M, Seripa D, Panza F. Does the imbalance in the apolipoprotein E isoforms underlie the pathophysiological process of sporadic Alzheimer's disease? Alzheimers Dement 2023; 19:353-368. [PMID: 35900209 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Human apolipoprotein E (apoE) is a 299-amino acid secreted glycoprotein binding cholesterol and phospholipids, and with three common isoforms (APOE ε2, APOE ε3, and APOE ε4). The exact mechanism by which APOE gene variants increase/decrease Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk is not fully understood, but APOE isoforms differently affect brain homeostasis and neuroinflammation, blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, glial function, synaptogenesis, oral/gut microbiota, neural networks, amyloid beta (Aβ) deposition, and tau-mediated neurodegeneration. In this perspective, we propose a comprehensive interpretation of APOE-mediated effects within AD pathophysiology, describing some specific cellular, biochemical, and epigenetic mechanisms and updating the different APOE-targeting approaches being developed as potential AD therapies. Intracisternal adeno-associated viral-mediated delivery of APOE ε2 is being tested in AD APOE ε4/ε4 carriers, while APOE mimetics are being used in subjects with perioperative neurocognitive disorders. Other approaches including APOE ε4 antisense oligonucleotides, anti-APOE ε4 monoclonal antibodies, APOE ε4 structure correctors, and APOE-Aβ interaction inhibitors produced positive results in transgenic AD mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madia Lozupone
- Neurodegenerative Disease Unit, Department of Basic Medicine, Neuroscience, and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Claudia Balducci
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri" IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Filomena Lo Vecchio
- Research Laboratory, Complex Structure of Geriatrics, Department of Medical Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy
| | - Paola Bisceglia
- Research Laboratory, Complex Structure of Geriatrics, Department of Medical Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy
| | - Raffaela Rita Latino
- Complex Structure of Neurology, Department of Medical Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy
| | - Maurizio Leone
- Complex Structure of Neurology, Department of Medical Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy
| | - Vittorio Dibello
- Department of Orofacial Pain and Dysfunction, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Vincenzo Solfrizzi
- "Cesare Frugoni" Internal and Geriatric Medicine and Memory Unit, University of Bari "Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Greco
- Research Laboratory, Complex Structure of Geriatrics, Department of Medical Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy
| | - Antonio Daniele
- Department of Neuroscience, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy.,Neurology Unit, IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, Rome, Italy
| | - Mark Watling
- CNS & Pain Department, TranScrip Ltd, Reading, UK
| | - Davide Seripa
- Hematology and Stem Cell Transplant Unit, "Vito Fazzi" Hospital, Lecce, Italy
| | - Francesco Panza
- Unit of Research Methodology and Data Sciences for Population Health, National Institute of Gastroenterology "Saverio de Bellis,", Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy
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18
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Johnson NR, Wang ACJ, Coughlan C, Sillau S, Lucero E, Viltz L, Markham N, Allen C, Dhanasekaran AR, Chial HJ, Potter H. Imipramine and olanzapine block apoE4-catalyzed polymerization of Aβ and show evidence of improving Alzheimer’s disease cognition. Alzheimers Res Ther 2022; 14:88. [PMID: 35768831 PMCID: PMC9241285 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-022-01020-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Background The apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele confers the strongest risk for late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (AD) besides age itself, but the mechanisms underlying this risk are debated. One hypothesis supported by evidence from multiple labs is that apoE4 binds to the amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide and catalyzes its polymerization into neurotoxic oligomers and fibrils. Inhibiting this early step in the amyloid cascade may thereby reduce or prevent neurodegeneration and AD. Methods Using a design of experiments (DOE) approach, we developed a high-throughput assay to identify inhibitors of apoE4-catalyzed polymerization of Aβ into oligomers and fibrils. We used it to screen the NIH Clinical Collection of small molecule drugs tested previously in human clinical trials. We then evaluated the efficacy and cytotoxicity of the hit compounds in primary neuron models of apoE4-induced Aβ and phosphorylated tau aggregation. Finally, we performed retrospective analyses of the National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Center (NACC) clinical dataset, using Cox regression and Cox proportional hazards models to determine if the use of two FDA-approved hit compounds was associated with better cognitive scores (Mini-Mental State Exam), or improved AD clinical diagnosis, when compared with other medications of the same clinical indication. Results Our high-throughput screen identified eight blood-brain barrier (BBB)-permeable hit compounds that reduced apoE4-catalyzed Aβ oligomer and fibril formation in a dose-dependent manner. Five hit compounds were non-toxic toward cultured neurons and also reduced apoE4-promoted Aβ and tau neuropathology in a dose-dependent manner. Three of the five compounds were determined to be specific inhibitors of apoE4, whereas the other two compounds were Aβ or tau aggregation inhibitors. When prescribed to AD patients for their normal clinical indications, two of the apoE4 inhibitors, imipramine and olanzapine, but not other (non-hit) antipsychotic or antidepressant medications, were associated with improvements in cognition and clinical diagnosis, especially among APOE4 carriers. Conclusions The critical test of any proposed AD mechanism is whether it leads to effective treatments. Our high-throughput screen identified two promising FDA-approved drugs, imipramine and olanzapine, which have no structural, functional, or clinical similarities other than their shared ability to inhibit apoE4-catalyzed Aβ polymerization, thus identifying this mechanism as an essential contribution of apoE4 to AD. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13195-022-01020-9.
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19
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Raulin AC, Doss SV, Trottier ZA, Ikezu TC, Bu G, Liu CC. ApoE in Alzheimer’s disease: pathophysiology and therapeutic strategies. Mol Neurodegener 2022; 17:72. [PMID: 36348357 PMCID: PMC9644639 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-022-00574-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia worldwide, and its prevalence is rapidly increasing due to extended lifespans. Among the increasing number of genetic risk factors identified, the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene remains the strongest and most prevalent, impacting more than half of all AD cases. While the ε4 allele of the APOE gene significantly increases AD risk, the ε2 allele is protective relative to the common ε3 allele. These gene alleles encode three apoE protein isoforms that differ at two amino acid positions. The primary physiological function of apoE is to mediate lipid transport in the brain and periphery; however, additional functions of apoE in diverse biological functions have been recognized. Pathogenically, apoE seeds amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques in the brain with apoE4 driving earlier and more abundant amyloids. ApoE isoforms also have differential effects on multiple Aβ-related or Aβ-independent pathways. The complexity of apoE biology and pathobiology presents challenges to designing effective apoE-targeted therapeutic strategies. This review examines the key pathobiological pathways of apoE and related targeting strategies with a specific focus on the latest technological advances and tools.
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20
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Apolipoprotein E in Cardiometabolic and Neurological Health and Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179892. [PMID: 36077289 PMCID: PMC9456500 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A preponderance of evidence obtained from genetically modified mice and human population studies reveals the association of apolipoprotein E (apoE) deficiency and polymorphisms with pathogenesis of numerous chronic diseases, including atherosclerosis, obesity/diabetes, and Alzheimer’s disease. The human APOE gene is polymorphic with three major alleles, ε2, ε3 and ε4, encoding apoE2, apoE3, and apoE4, respectively. The APOE gene is expressed in many cell types, including hepatocytes, adipocytes, immune cells of the myeloid lineage, vascular smooth muscle cells, and in the brain. ApoE is present in subclasses of plasma lipoproteins, and it mediates the clearance of atherogenic lipoproteins from plasma circulation via its interaction with LDL receptor family proteins and heparan sulfate proteoglycans. Extracellular apoE also interacts with cell surface receptors and confers signaling events for cell regulation, while apoE expressed endogenously in various cell types regulates cell functions via autocrine and paracrine mechanisms. This review article focuses on lipoprotein transport-dependent and -independent mechanisms by which apoE deficiency or polymorphisms contribute to cardiovascular disease, metabolic disease, and neurological disorders.
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21
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Bu G. APOE targeting strategy in Alzheimer's disease: lessons learned from protective variants. Mol Neurodegener 2022; 17:51. [PMID: 35922805 PMCID: PMC9351235 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-022-00556-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Guojun Bu
- Molecular Neurodegeneration, Jacksonville, USA.
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22
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Le Guen Y, Belloy ME, Grenier-Boley B, de Rojas I, Castillo-Morales A, Jansen I, Nicolas A, Bellenguez C, Dalmasso C, Küçükali F, Eger SJ, Rasmussen KL, Thomassen JQ, Deleuze JF, He Z, Napolioni V, Amouyel P, Jessen F, Kehoe PG, van Duijn C, Tsolaki M, Sánchez-Juan P, Sleegers K, Ingelsson M, Rossi G, Hiltunen M, Sims R, van der Flier WM, Ramirez A, Andreassen OA, Frikke-Schmidt R, Williams J, Ruiz A, Lambert JC, Greicius MD, Arosio B, Benussi L, Boland A, Borroni B, Caffarra P, Daian D, Daniele A, Debette S, Dufouil C, Düzel E, Galimberti D, Giedraitis V, Grimmer T, Graff C, Grünblatt E, Hanon O, Hausner L, Heilmann-Heimbach S, Holstege H, Hort J, Jürgen D, Kuulasmaa T, van der Lugt A, Masullo C, Mecocci P, Mehrabian S, de Mendonça A, Moebus S, Nacmias B, Nicolas G, Olaso R, Papenberg G, Parnetti L, Pasquier F, Peters O, Pijnenburg YAL, Popp J, Rainero I, Ramakers I, Riedel-Heller S, Scarmeas N, Scheltens P, Scherbaum N, Schneider A, Seripa D, Soininen H, Solfrizzi V, Spalletta G, Squassina A, van Swieten J, Tegos TJ, Tremolizzo L, Verhey F, Vyhnalek M, Wiltfang J, Boada M, García-González P, Puerta R, Real LM, Álvarez V, Bullido MJ, Clarimon J, García-Alberca JM, Mir P, Moreno F, Pastor P, Piñol-Ripoll G, Molina-Porcel L, Pérez-Tur J, Rodríguez-Rodríguez E, Royo JL, Sánchez-Valle R, Dichgans M, Rujescu D. Association of Rare APOE Missense Variants V236E and R251G With Risk of Alzheimer Disease. JAMA Neurol 2022; 79:652-663. [PMID: 35639372 PMCID: PMC9157381 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2022.1166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Importance The APOE ε2 and APOE ε4 alleles are the strongest protective and risk-increasing, respectively, genetic variants for late-onset Alzheimer disease (AD). However, the mechanisms linking APOE to AD-particularly the apoE protein's role in AD pathogenesis and how this is affected by APOE variants-remain poorly understood. Identifying missense variants in addition to APOE ε2 and APOE ε4 could provide critical new insights, but given the low frequency of additional missense variants, AD genetic cohorts have previously been too small to interrogate this question robustly. Objective To determine whether rare missense variants on APOE are associated with AD risk. Design, Setting, and Participants Association with case-control status was tested in a sequenced discovery sample (stage 1) and followed up in several microarray imputed cohorts as well as the UK Biobank whole-exome sequencing resource using a proxy-AD phenotype (stages 2 and 3). This study combined case-control, family-based, population-based, and longitudinal AD-related cohorts that recruited referred and volunteer participants. Stage 1 included 37 409 nonunique participants of European or admixed European ancestry, with 11 868 individuals with AD and 11 934 controls passing analysis inclusion criteria. In stages 2 and 3, 475 473 participants were considered across 8 cohorts, of which 84 513 individuals with AD and proxy-AD and 328 372 controls passed inclusion criteria. Selection criteria were cohort specific, and this study was performed a posteriori on individuals who were genotyped. Among the available genotypes, 76 195 were excluded. All data were retrieved between September 2015 and November 2021 and analyzed between April and November 2021. Main Outcomes and Measures In primary analyses, the AD risk associated with each missense variant was estimated, as appropriate, with either linear mixed-model regression or logistic regression. In secondary analyses, associations were estimated with age at onset using linear mixed-model regression and risk of conversion to AD using competing-risk regression. Results A total of 544 384 participants were analyzed in the primary case-control analysis; 312 476 (57.4%) were female, and the mean (SD; range) age was 64.9 (15.2; 40-110) years. Two missense variants were associated with a 2-fold to 3-fold decreased AD risk: APOE ε4 (R251G) (odds ratio, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.33-0.59; P = 4.7 × 10-8) and APOE ε3 (V236E) (odds ratio, 0.37; 95% CI, 0.25-0.56; P = 1.9 × 10-6). Additionally, the cumulative incidence of AD in carriers of these variants was found to grow more slowly with age compared with noncarriers. Conclusions and Relevance In this genetic association study, a novel variant associated with AD was identified: R251G always coinherited with ε4 on the APOE gene, which mitigates the ε4-associated AD risk. The protective effect of the V236E variant, which is always coinherited with ε3 on the APOE gene, was also confirmed. The location of these variants confirms that the carboxyl-terminal portion of apoE plays an important role in AD pathogenesis. The large risk reductions reported here suggest that protein chemistry and functional assays of these variants should be pursued, as they have the potential to guide drug development targeting APOE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Le Guen
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California.,Institut du Cerveau, Paris Brain Institute, Paris, France
| | - Michael E Belloy
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Benjamin Grenier-Boley
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1167-RID-AGE Facteurs de risque et déterminants moléculaires des maladies liées au vieillissement, Lille, France
| | - Itziar de Rojas
- Research Center and Memory Clinic Fundació ACE, Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Iris Jansen
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Aude Nicolas
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1167-RID-AGE Facteurs de risque et déterminants moléculaires des maladies liées au vieillissement, Lille, France
| | - Céline Bellenguez
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1167-RID-AGE Facteurs de risque et déterminants moléculaires des maladies liées au vieillissement, Lille, France
| | - Carolina Dalmasso
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Estudios en Neurociencias y Sistemas Complejos (ENyS) CONICET-HEC-UNAJ, Universidad Nacional Arturo Jauretche, Florencio Varela, Argentina
| | - Fahri Küçükali
- Complex Genetics of Alzheimer's Disease Group, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium.,Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Born-Bunge Institute, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sarah J Eger
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Katrine Laura Rasmussen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jesper Qvist Thomassen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jean-François Deleuze
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, Evry, France
| | - Zihuai He
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California.,Quantitative Sciences Unit, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Valerio Napolioni
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Philippe Amouyel
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1167-RID-AGE Facteurs de risque et déterminants moléculaires des maladies liées au vieillissement, Lille, France
| | - Frank Jessen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Patrick G Kehoe
- Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Cornelia van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, ErasmusMC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Nuffield Department of Population Health Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Magda Tsolaki
- 1st Department of Neurology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Pascual Sánchez-Juan
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Alzheimer's Centre Reina Sofia-CIEN Foundation, Madrid, Spain
| | - Kristel Sleegers
- Complex Genetics of Alzheimer's Disease Group, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium.,Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Born-Bunge Institute, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Martin Ingelsson
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences / Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Giacomina Rossi
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Mikko Hiltunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Rebecca Sims
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Wiesje M van der Flier
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Alfredo Ramirez
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geriatric Psychiatry, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, UT Health San Antonio, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- NORMENT Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ruth Frikke-Schmidt
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Julie Williams
- UKDRI@Cardiff, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Agustín Ruiz
- Research Center and Memory Clinic Fundació ACE, Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jean-Charles Lambert
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1167-RID-AGE Facteurs de risque et déterminants moléculaires des maladies liées au vieillissement, Lille, France
| | - Michael D Greicius
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | | | - Beatrice Arosio
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Luisa Benussi
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Anne Boland
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, Evry, France
| | - Barbara Borroni
- Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Delphine Daian
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, Evry, France
| | - Antonio Daniele
- Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.,Neurology Unit, IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, Rome, Italy
| | - Stéphanie Debette
- University Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Bordeaux, France.,Department of Neurology, Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
| | - Carole Dufouil
- Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, UMR 1219, University of Bordeaux, ISPED, CIC 1401-EC, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,CHU de Bordeaux, Pole santé publique, Bordeaux, France
| | - Emrah Düzel
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany.,Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research (IKND), Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Daniela Galimberti
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Vilmantas Giedraitis
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences / Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Timo Grimmer
- Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Munich, Germany
| | - Caroline Graff
- Unit for Hereditary Dementias, Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital-Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Edna Grünblatt
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Hanon
- Université de Paris, EA 4468, APHP, Hôpital Broca, Paris, France
| | - Lucrezia Hausner
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Heilmann-Heimbach
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Henne Holstege
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jakub Hort
- Memory Clinic, Department of Neurology, Charles University, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic.,International Clinical Research Center, St Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Deckert Jürgen
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Teemu Kuulasmaa
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Aad van der Lugt
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, ErasmusMC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Carlo Masullo
- Institute of Neurology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Mecocci
- Institute of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Shima Mehrabian
- Clinic of Neurology, UH Alexandrovska, Medical University Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | | | - Susanne Moebus
- Institute for Urban Public Health, University Hospital of University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Benedetta Nacmias
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Gael Nicolas
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and CHU Rouen, Department of Genetics and CNR-MAJ, Rouen, France
| | - Robert Olaso
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, Evry, France
| | - Goran Papenberg
- Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lucilla Parnetti
- Centre for Memory Disturbances, Lab of Clinical Neurochemistry, Section of Neurology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Florence Pasquier
- Université de Lille, Inserm 1172, CHU Clinical and Research Memory Research Centre (CMRR) of Distalz, Lille, France
| | - Oliver Peters
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Berlin, Germany.,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yolande A L Pijnenburg
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Julius Popp
- Old Age Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Innocenzo Rainero
- Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini," University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Inez Ramakers
- Maastricht University, Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychologie, Alzheimer Center Limburg, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Steffi Riedel-Heller
- Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nikolaos Scarmeas
- 1st Department of Neurology, Aiginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece.,Taub Institute for Research in Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Philip Scheltens
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Norbert Scherbaum
- LVR-Hospital Essen, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Anja Schneider
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany.,Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geriatric Psychiatry, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Davide Seripa
- Laboratory for Advanced Hematological Diagnostics, Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplant, "Vito Fazzi" Hospital, Lecce, Italy
| | - Hilkka Soininen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Vincenzo Solfrizzi
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Geriatric Medicine and Memory Unit, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Spalletta
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Alessio Squassina
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | | | - Thomas J Tegos
- 1st Department of Neurology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Lucio Tremolizzo
- Neurology, "San Gerardo" Hospital, Monza and University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Frans Verhey
- Maastricht University, Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychologie, Alzheimer Center Limburg, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Martin Vyhnalek
- Memory Clinic, Department of Neurology, Charles University, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic.,International Clinical Research Center, St Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jens Wiltfang
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Goettingen, Germany.,Neurosciences and Signaling Group, Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Mercè Boada
- Research Center and Memory Clinic Fundació ACE, Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo García-González
- Research Center and Memory Clinic Fundació ACE, Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Puerta
- Research Center and Memory Clinic Fundació ACE, Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luis M Real
- Unidad Clínica de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología, Hospital Universitario de Valme, Sevilla, Spain.,Depatamento de Especialidades Quirúrgicas, Bioquímica e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Victoria Álvarez
- Laboratorio de Genética, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - María J Bullido
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (UAM-CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria 'Hospital la Paz' (IdIPaz), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordi Clarimon
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Neurology, II B Sant Pau, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José María García-Alberca
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Alzheimer Research Center & Memory Clinic, Andalusian Institute for Neuroscience, Málaga, Spain
| | - Pablo Mir
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Fermin Moreno
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Donostia, San Sebastian, Spain.,Neurosciences Area, Instituto Biodonostia, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Pau Pastor
- Fundació Docència i Recerca MútuaTerrassa, Terrassa, Spain.,Memory Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari Mutua de Terrassa, Terrassa, Spain
| | - Gerard Piñol-Ripoll
- Unitat Trastorns Cognitius, Hospital Universitari Santa Maria de Lleida, Lleida, Spain.,Institut de Recerca Biomedica de Lleida (IRBLLeida), Lleida, Spain
| | - Laura Molina-Porcel
- Neurological Tissue Bank (Biobanc), Hospital Clinic IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain.,Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Pérez-Tur
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Unitat de Genètica Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina de València-CSIC, Valencia, Spain.,Unidad Mixta de Neurologia Genètica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Eloy Rodríguez-Rodríguez
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Neurology Service, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital (University of Cantabria and IDIVAL), Santander, Spain
| | - Jose Luís Royo
- Depatamento de Especialidades Quirúrgicas, Bioquímica e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Raquel Sánchez-Valle
- Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Martin Dichgans
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Dan Rujescu
- Medical University of Vienna, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vienna, Austria
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Rabinovici GD, Dubal DB. Rare APOE Missense Variants-Can We Overcome APOE ε4 and Alzheimer Disease Risk? JAMA Neurol 2022; 79:649-651. [PMID: 35639398 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2022.0854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gil D Rabinovici
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco.,Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco.,Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco.,Associate Editor, JAMA Neurology
| | - Dena B Dubal
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco.,Associate Editor, JAMA Neurology
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24
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Golde TE. Alzheimer’s disease – the journey of a healthy brain into organ failure. Mol Neurodegener 2022; 17:18. [PMID: 35248124 PMCID: PMC8898417 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-022-00523-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
As the most common dementia, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) exacts an immense personal, societal, and economic toll. AD was first described at the neuropathological level in the early 1900s. Today, we have mechanistic insight into select aspects of AD pathogenesis and have the ability to clinically detect and diagnose AD and underlying AD pathologies in living patients. These insights demonstrate that AD is a complex, insidious, degenerative proteinopathy triggered by Aβ aggregate formation. Over time Aβ pathology drives neurofibrillary tangle (NFT) pathology, dysfunction of virtually all cell types in the brain, and ultimately, overt neurodegeneration. Yet, large gaps in our knowledge of AD pathophysiology and huge unmet medical need remain. Though we largely conceptualize AD as a disease of aging, heritable and non-heritable factors impact brain physiology, either continuously or at specific time points during the lifespan, and thereby alter risk for devolvement of AD. Herein, I describe the lifelong journey of a healthy brain from birth to death with AD, while acknowledging the many knowledge gaps that remain regarding our understanding of AD pathogenesis. To ensure the current lexicon surrounding AD changes from inevitable, incurable, and poorly manageable to a lexicon of preventable, curable, and manageable we must address these knowledge gaps, develop therapies that have a bigger impact on clinical symptoms or progression of disease and use these interventions at the appropriate stage of disease.
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Raulin AC, Martens YA, Bu G. Lipoproteins in the Central Nervous System: From Biology to Pathobiology. Annu Rev Biochem 2022; 91:731-759. [PMID: 35303786 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biochem-032620-104801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The brain, as one of the most lipid-rich organs, heavily relies on lipid transport and distribution to maintain homeostasis and neuronal function. Lipid transport mediated by lipoprotein particles, which are complex structures composed of apolipoproteins and lipids, has been thoroughly characterized in the periphery. Although lipoproteins in the central nervous system (CNS) were reported over half a century ago, the identification of APOE4 as the strongest genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease has accelerated investigation of the biology and pathobiology of lipoproteins in the CNS. This review provides an overview of the different components of lipoprotein particles, in particular apolipoproteins, and their involvements in both physiological functions and pathological mechanisms in the CNS. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Biochemistry, Volume 91 is June 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuka A Martens
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA;
| | - Guojun Bu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA;
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Khani M, Gibbons E, Bras J, Guerreiro R. Challenge accepted: uncovering the role of rare genetic variants in Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2022; 17:3. [PMID: 35000612 PMCID: PMC8744312 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-021-00505-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The search for rare variants in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is usually deemed a high-risk - high-reward situation. The challenges associated with this endeavor are real. Still, the application of genome-wide technologies to large numbers of cases and controls or to small, well-characterized families has started to be fruitful.Rare variants associated with AD have been shown to increase risk or cause disease, but also to protect against the development of AD. All of these can potentially be targeted for the development of new drugs.Multiple independent studies have now shown associations of rare variants in NOTCH3, TREM2, SORL1, ABCA7, BIN1, CLU, NCK2, AKAP9, UNC5C, PLCG2, and ABI3 with AD and suggested that they may influence disease via multiple mechanisms. These genes have reported functions in the immune system, lipid metabolism, synaptic plasticity, and apoptosis. However, the main pathway emerging from the collective of genes harboring rare variants associated with AD is the Aβ pathway. Associations of rare variants in dozens of other genes have also been proposed, but have not yet been replicated in independent studies. Replication of this type of findings is one of the challenges associated with studying rare variants in complex diseases, such as AD. In this review, we discuss some of these primary challenges as well as possible solutions.Integrative approaches, the availability of large datasets and databases, and the development of new analytical methodologies will continue to produce new genes harboring rare variability impacting AD. In the future, more extensive and more diverse genetic studies, as well as studies of deeply characterized families, will enhance our understanding of disease pathogenesis and put us on the correct path for the development of successful drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Khani
- School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elizabeth Gibbons
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, 333 Bostwick Ave. N.E., Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503-2518 USA
| | - Jose Bras
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, 333 Bostwick Ave. N.E., Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503-2518 USA
- Division of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, MI USA
| | - Rita Guerreiro
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, 333 Bostwick Ave. N.E., Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503-2518 USA
- Division of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, MI USA
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex and multifactorial neurodegenerative disease. Due to its long clinical course and lack of an effective treatment, AD has become a major public health problem in the USA and worldwide. Due to variation in age-at-onset, AD is classified into early-onset (< 60 years) and late-onset (≥ 60 years) forms with early-onset accounting for only 5-10% of all cases. With the exception of a small number of early-onset cases that are afflicted because of high penetrant single gene mutations in APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2 genes, AD is genetically heterogeneous, especially the late-onset form having a polygenic or oligogenic risk inheritance. Since the identification of APOE as the most significant risk factor for late-onset AD in 1993, the path to the discovery of additional AD risk genes had been arduous until 2009 when the use of large genome-wide association studies opened up the discovery gateways that led the identification of ~ 95 additional risk loci from 2009 to early 2022. This article reviews the history of AD genetics followed by the potential molecular pathways and recent application of functional genomics methods to identify the causal AD gene(s) among the many genes that reside within a single locus. The ultimate goal of integrating genomics and functional genomics is to discover novel pathways underlying the AD pathobiology in order to identify drug targets for the therapeutic treatment of this heterogeneous disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ilyas Kamboh
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Liu CC, Murray ME, Li X, Zhao N, Wang N, Heckman MG, Shue F, Martens Y, Li Y, Raulin AC, Rosenberg CL, Doss SV, Zhao J, Wren MC, Jia L, Ren Y, Ikezu TC, Lu W, Fu Y, Caulfield T, Trottier ZA, Knight J, Chen Y, Linares C, Wang X, Kurti A, Asmann YW, Wszolek ZK, Smith GE, Vemuri P, Kantarci K, Knopman DS, Lowe VJ, Jack CR, Parisi JE, Ferman TJ, Boeve BF, Graff-Radford NR, Petersen RC, Younkin SG, Fryer JD, Wang H, Han X, Frieden C, Dickson DW, Ross OA, Bu G. APOE3-Jacksonville (V236E) variant reduces self-aggregation and risk of dementia. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:eabc9375. [PMID: 34586832 PMCID: PMC8824726 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abc9375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (APOE) genetic variants have been shown to modify Alzheimer’s disease (AD) risk. We previously identified an APOE3 variant (APOE3-V236E), named APOE3-Jacksonville (APOE3-Jac), associated with healthy brain aging and reduced risk for AD and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). Herein, we resolved the functional mechanism by which APOE3-Jac reduces APOE aggregation and enhances its lipidation in human brains, as well as in cellular and biochemical assays. Compared to APOE3, expression of APOE3-Jac in astrocytes increases several classes of lipids in the brain including phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidic acid, and sulfatide, critical for synaptic functions. Mice expressing APOE3-Jac have reduced amyloid pathology, plaque-associated immune responses, and neuritic dystrophy. The V236E substitution is also sufficient to reduce the aggregation of APOE4, whose gene allele is a major genetic risk factor for AD and DLB. These findings suggest that targeting APOE aggregation might be an effective strategy for treating a subgroup of individuals with AD and DLB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chen Liu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | | | - Xia Li
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Na Zhao
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Na Wang
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Michael G. Heckman
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Francis Shue
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Yuka Martens
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Yonghe Li
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | | | | | - Sydney V. Doss
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Melissa C. Wren
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Lin Jia
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Yingxue Ren
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | | | - Wenyan Lu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Yuan Fu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Thomas Caulfield
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | | | - Joshua Knight
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Yixing Chen
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Cynthia Linares
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Xue Wang
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Aishe Kurti
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Yan W. Asmann
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | | | - Glenn E. Smith
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Kejal Kantarci
- Department of Radiology Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Val J. Lowe
- Department of Radiology Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Joseph E. Parisi
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Tanis J. Ferman
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - John D. Fryer
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
| | - Hu Wang
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229
| | - Xianlin Han
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229
| | - Carl Frieden
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Owen A. Ross
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Guojun Bu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
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Yee A, Tsui NBY, Kwan RYC, Leung AYM, Lai CKY, Chung T, Lau JYN, Fok M, Dai DLK, Lau LT. Apolipoprotein E Gene Revisited: Contribution of Rare Variants to Alzheimer's Disease Susceptibility in Southern Chinese. Curr Alzheimer Res 2021; 18:67-79. [PMID: 33761857 DOI: 10.2174/1567205018666210324111401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND APOE ε4 is the best-known risk factor for late-onset alzheimer's disease (AD). Population studies have demonstrated a relatively low prevalence of APOE ε4 among Chinese population, implying additional risk factors that are Chinese-specific may exist. Apart from - alleles, genetic variation profile along the full-length APOE has rarely been investigated. OBJECTIVE In this study, we filled this gap by comprehensively determining all genetic variations in APOE and investigated their potential associations with late-onset AD and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in southern Chinese. METHODS Two hundred and fifty-seven southern Chinese participants were recruited, of whom 69 were AD patients, 83 had MCI, and 105 were normal controls. Full-length APOE from promoter to 3'UTR regions were sequenced. Genetic variants were identified and compared among the three groups. RESULTS While APOE ε4 was more significantly found in AD patients, the prevalence of APOE ε4 in southern Chinese AD patients was the lowest when compared to other areas of China and nearby regions, as well as other countries worldwide. We further identified 13 rare non-singleton variants in APOE. Significantly more AD patients carried any of the rare non-singleton variants than MCI and normal subjects. Such difference was observed in the non-carriers of ε4-allele only. Among the identified rare variants, the potential functional impact was predicted for rs532314089, rs553874843, rs533904656 and rs370594287. CONCLUSION Our study suggests an ethnic difference in genetic risk composition of AD in southern Chinese. Rare variants on APOE are a potential candidate for AD risk stratification biomarker in addition to APOE-ε4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Yee
- Avalon Genomics (Hong Kong) Limited, Shatin,Hong Kong
| | | | - Rick Y C Kwan
- Centre for Gerontological Nursing, School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom,Hong Kong
| | - Angela Y M Leung
- Centre for Gerontological Nursing, School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom,Hong Kong
| | - Claudia K Y Lai
- Centre for Gerontological Nursing, School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom,Hong Kong
| | - Teresa Chung
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom,Hong Kong
| | | | - Manson Fok
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau,Hong Kong
| | - David L K Dai
- Hong Kong Alzheimer's Disease Association, Wang Tau Hom,Hong Kong
| | - Lok-Ting Lau
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom,Hong Kong
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30
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Li Z, Shue F, Zhao N, Shinohara M, Bu G. APOE2: protective mechanism and therapeutic implications for Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2020; 15:63. [PMID: 33148290 PMCID: PMC7640652 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-020-00413-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Investigations of apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene, the major genetic risk modifier for Alzheimer's disease (AD), have yielded significant insights into the pathogenic mechanism. Among the three common coding variants, APOE*ε4 increases, whereas APOE*ε2 decreases the risk of late-onset AD compared with APOE*ε3. Despite increased understanding of the detrimental effect of APOE*ε4, it remains unclear how APOE*ε2 confers protection against AD. Accumulating evidence suggests that APOE*ε2 protects against AD through both amyloid-β (Aβ)-dependent and independent mechanisms. In addition, APOE*ε2 has been identified as a longevity gene, suggesting a systemic effect of APOE*ε2 on the aging process. However, APOE*ε2 is not entirely benign; APOE*ε2 carriers exhibit increased risk of certain cerebrovascular diseases and neurological disorders. Here, we review evidence from both human and animal studies demonstrating the protective effect of APOE*ε2 against AD and propose a working model depicting potential underlying mechanisms. Finally, we discuss potential therapeutic strategies designed to leverage the protective effect of APOE2 to treat AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zonghua Li
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Francis Shue
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Na Zhao
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Mitsuru Shinohara
- Department of Aging Neurobiology, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430 Morioka, Obu, Aichi, 474-8511, Japan.
| | - Guojun Bu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
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31
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The Role of HDL and HDL Mimetic Peptides as Potential Therapeutics for Alzheimer's Disease. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10091276. [PMID: 32899606 PMCID: PMC7563116 DOI: 10.3390/biom10091276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of high-density lipoproteins (HDL) in the cardiovascular system has been extensively studied and the cardioprotective effects of HDL are well established. As HDL particles are formed both in the systemic circulation and in the central nervous system, the role of HDL and its associated apolipoproteins in the brain has attracted much research interest in recent years. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder and the leading cause of dementia worldwide, for which there currently exists no approved disease modifying treatment. Multiple lines of evidence, including a number of large-scale human clinical studies, have shown a robust connection between HDL levels and AD. Low levels of HDL are associated with increased risk and severity of AD, whereas high levels of HDL are correlated with superior cognitive function. Although the mechanisms underlying the protective effects of HDL in the brain are not fully understood, many of the functions of HDL, including reverse lipid/cholesterol transport, anti-inflammation/immune modulation, anti-oxidation, microvessel endothelial protection, and proteopathy modification, are thought to be critical for its beneficial effects. This review describes the current evidence for the role of HDL in AD and the potential of using small peptides mimicking HDL or its associated apolipoproteins (HDL-mimetic peptides) as therapeutics to treat AD.
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32
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Rasmussen KL, Tybjaerg-Hansen A, Nordestgaard BG, Frikke-Schmidt R. APOE and dementia - resequencing and genotyping in 105,597 individuals. Alzheimers Dement 2020; 16:1624-1637. [PMID: 32808727 PMCID: PMC7984319 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Introduction The mechanism behind the strong association between the ɛ2/ɛ3/ɛ4 apolipoprotein E gene (APOE) polymorphism and Alzheimer's disease is not well‐characterized. Because low plasma levels of apoE associate with risk of dementia, genetic variants altering apoE levels in general may also associate with dementia. Methods The APOE gene was sequenced in 10,369 individuals, and nine amino acid–changing variants with frequencies ≥2/10,000 were further genotyped in 95,228 individuals. Plasma apoE levels were measured directly. Results Risk of all dementia and Alzheimer's disease (AD) increased with decreasing genetically determined apoE levels (P = 5 × 10−4 and P = 1 × 10−4 after APOE ɛ2/ɛ3/ɛ4 adjustment). Hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) for all dementia and AD were 2.76 (1.39 to 5.47) and 4.92 (2.36 to 10.29) for the group with the genetically lowest apoE versus ɛ33. Discussion We found that genetically low apoE levels increase and genetically high levels decrease risk, beyond ɛ2/ɛ3/ɛ4. This underscores that dementia risk more likely relates to variants affecting levels of apoE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrine L Rasmussen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Anne Tybjaerg-Hansen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Herlev, Denmark.,Copenhagen City Heart Study, Frederiksberg Hospital, Frederiksberg, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Børge G Nordestgaard
- Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Herlev, Denmark.,Copenhagen City Heart Study, Frederiksberg Hospital, Frederiksberg, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Ruth Frikke-Schmidt
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Herlev, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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33
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Harris SS, Wolf F, De Strooper B, Busche MA. Tipping the Scales: Peptide-Dependent Dysregulation of Neural Circuit Dynamics in Alzheimer’s Disease. Neuron 2020; 107:417-435. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Wisniewski T, Drummond E. APOE-amyloid interaction: Therapeutic targets. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 138:104784. [PMID: 32027932 PMCID: PMC7118587 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder that is growing in prevalence globally. It is the only major cause of death without any effective pharmacological means to treat or slow progression. Inheritance of the ε4 allele of the Apolipoprotein (APO) E gene is the strongest genetic risk factor for late-onset AD. The interaction between APOE and amyloid β (Aβ) plays a key role in AD pathogenesis. The APOE-Aβ interaction regulates Aβ aggregation and clearance and therefore directly influences the development of amyloid plaques, congophilic amyloid angiopathy and subsequent tau related pathology. Relatively few AD therapeutic approaches have directly targeted the APOE-Aβ interaction thus far. Here we review the critical role of APOE in the pathogenesis of AD and some of the most promising therapeutic approaches that focus on the APOE-Aβ interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wisniewski
- Departments of Neurology, Pathology and Psychiatry, Center for Cognitive Neurology, NYU School of Medicine, Science Building, Rm 1017, 435 East 30(th) Street, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Eleanor Drummond
- Brain & Mind Centre and Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Zhang X, Zhu C, Beecham G, Vardarajan BN, Ma Y, Lancour D, Farrell JJ, Chung J, Mayeux R, Haines JL, Schellenberg GD, Pericak-Vance MA, Lunetta KL, Farrer LA. A rare missense variant of CASP7 is associated with familial late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2019; 15:441-452. [PMID: 30503768 PMCID: PMC6408965 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The genetic architecture of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is only partially understood. METHODS We conducted an association study for AD using whole sequence data from 507 genetically enriched AD cases (i.e., cases having close relatives affected by AD) and 4917 cognitively healthy controls of European ancestry (EA) and 172 enriched cases and 179 controls of Caribbean Hispanic ancestry. Confirmation of top findings from stage 1 was sought in two family-based genome-wide association study data sets and in a whole genome-sequencing data set comprising members from 42 EA and 115 Caribbean Hispanic families. RESULTS We identified associations in EAs with variants in 12 novel loci. The most robust finding is a rare CASP7 missense variant (rs116437863; P = 2.44 × 10-10) which improved when combined with results from stage 2 data sets (P = 1.92 × 10-10). DISCUSSION Our study demonstrated that an enriched case design can strengthen genetic signals, thus allowing detection of associations that would otherwise be missed in a traditional case-control study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Zhang
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Congcong Zhu
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gary Beecham
- Hussman Institute of Human Genetics, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Yiyi Ma
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel Lancour
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John J Farrell
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jaeyoon Chung
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richard Mayeux
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jonathan L Haines
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Gerard D Schellenberg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Kathryn L Lunetta
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lindsay A Farrer
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
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36
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Marais AD. Apolipoprotein E in lipoprotein metabolism, health and cardiovascular disease. Pathology 2018; 51:165-176. [PMID: 30598326 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (apoE), a 34 kDa circulating glycoprotein of 299 amino acids, predominantly synthesised in the liver, associates with triglyceride-rich lipoproteins to mediate the clearance of their remnants after enzymatic lipolysis in the circulation. Its synthesis in macrophages initiates the formation of high density-like lipoproteins to effect reverse cholesterol transport to the liver. In the nervous system apoE forms similar lipoproteins which perform the function of distributing lipids amongst cells. ApoE accounts for much of the variation in plasma lipoproteins by three common variants (isoforms) that influence low-density lipoprotein concentration and the risk of atherosclerosis. ApoE2 generally is most favourable and apoE4 least favourable for cardiovascular and neurological health. The apoE variants relate to different amino acids at positions 112 and 158: cysteine in both for apoE2, arginine at both sites for apoE4, and respectively cysteine and arginine for apoE3 that is viewed as the wild type. Paradoxically, under metabolic stress, homozygosity for apoE2 may result in dysbetalipoproteinaemia in adults owing to impaired binding of remnant lipoproteins to the LDL receptor and related proteins as well as heparan sulphate proteoglycans. This highly atherogenic condition is also seen with other mutations in apoE, but with autosomal dominant inheritance. Mutations in apoE may also cause lipoprotein glomerulopathy. In the central nervous system apoE binds amyloid β-protein and tau protein and fragments may incur cellular damage. ApoE4 is a strong risk factor for the development of Alzheimer's disease. ApoE has several other physiological effects that may influence health and disease, including supply of docosahexaenoic acid for the brain and modulating immune and inflammatory responses. Genotyping of apoE may have application in disorders of lipoprotein metabolism as well as glomerulopathy and may be relevant to personalised medicine in understanding cardiovascular risk, and the outcome of nutritional and therapeutic interventions. Quantitation of apoE will probably not be clinically useful. ApoE is also of interest as it may generate peptides with biological function and could be employed in nanoparticles that may allow crossing of the blood-brain barrier. Therapeutic options may emerge from these newer insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- A David Marais
- Chemical Pathology Division, Pathology Department, University of Cape Town Health Science Faculty and National Health Laboratory Service, Cape Town, South Africa.
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Kumar S, Yadav N, Pandey S, Thelma BK. Advances in the discovery of genetic risk factors for complex forms of neurodegenerative disorders: contemporary approaches, success, challenges and prospects. J Genet 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12041-018-0953-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Kumar S, Yadav N, Pandey S, Thelma BK. Advances in the discovery of genetic risk factors for complex forms of neurodegenerative disorders: contemporary approaches, success, challenges and prospects. J Genet 2018; 97:625-648. [PMID: 30027900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases constitute a large proportion of disorders in elderly, majority being sporadic in occurrence with ∼5-10% familial. A strong genetic component underlies the Mendelian forms but nongenetic factors together with genetic vulnerability contributes to the complex sporadic forms. Several gene discoveries in the familial forms have provided novel insights into the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration with implications for treatment. Conversely, findings from genetic dissection of the sporadic forms, despite large genomewide association studies and more recently whole exome and whole genome sequencing, have been limited. This review provides a concise account of the genetics that we know, the pathways that they implicate, the challenges that are faced and the prospects that are envisaged for the sporadic, complex forms of neurodegenerative diseases, taking four most common conditions, namely Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Huntington disease as examples. Poor replication across studies, inability to establish genotype-phenotype correlations and the overall failure to predict risk and/or prevent disease in this group poses a continuing challenge. Among others, clinical heterogeneity emerges as the most important impediment warranting newer approaches. Advanced computational and system biology tools to analyse the big data are being generated and the alternate strategy such as subgrouping of case-control cohorts based on deep phenotyping using the principles of Ayurveda to overcome current limitation of phenotype heterogeneity seem to hold promise. However, at this point, with advances in discovery genomics and functional analysis of putative determinants with translation potential for the complex forms being minimal, stem cell therapies are being attempted as potential interventions. In this context, the possibility to generate patient derived induced pluripotent stem cells, mutant/gene/genome correction through CRISPR/Cas9 technology and repopulating the specific brain regions with corrected neurons, which may fulfil the dream of personalized medicine have been mentioned briefly. Understanding disease pathways/biology using this technology, with implications for development of novel therapeutics are optimistic expectations in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumeet Kumar
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi 110 021, India.
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Forero DA, López-León S, González-Giraldo Y, Dries DR, Pereira-Morales AJ, Jiménez KM, Franco-Restrepo JE. APOE gene and neuropsychiatric disorders and endophenotypes: A comprehensive review. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2018; 177:126-142. [PMID: 27943569 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The Apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene is one of the main candidates in neuropsychiatric genetics, with hundreds of studies carried out in order to explore the possible role of polymorphisms in the APOE gene in a large number of neurological diseases, psychiatric disorders, and related endophenotypes. In the current article, we provide a comprehensive review of the structural and functional aspects of the APOE gene and its relationship with brain disorders. Evidence from genome-wide association studies and meta-analyses shows that the APOE gene has been significantly associated with several neurodegenerative disorders. Cellular and animal models show growing evidence of the key role of APOE in mechanisms of brain plasticity and behavior. Future analyses of the APOE gene might find a possible role in other neurological diseases and psychiatric disorders and related endophenotypes. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego A Forero
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Genetics, Biomedical Sciences Research Group, School of Medicine, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Bogotá, Colombia.,PhD Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Yeimy González-Giraldo
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Daniel R Dries
- Chemistry Department, Juniata College, Huntingdon, Pennsylvania
| | - Angela J Pereira-Morales
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Genetics, Biomedical Sciences Research Group, School of Medicine, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Karen M Jiménez
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Genetics, Biomedical Sciences Research Group, School of Medicine, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Juan E Franco-Restrepo
- PhD Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Bogotá, Colombia
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Blue EE, Bis JC, Dorschner MO, Tsuang D, Barral SM, Beecham G, Below JE, Bush WS, Butkiewicz M, Cruchaga C, DeStefano A, Farrer LA, Goate A, Haines J, Jaworski J, Jun G, Kunkle B, Kuzma A, Lee JJ, Lunetta K, Ma Y, Martin E, Naj A, Nato AQ, Navas P, Nguyen H, Reitz C, Reyes D, Salerno W, Schellenberg GD, Seshadri S, Sohi H, Thornton TA, Valladares O, van Duijn C, Vardarajan BN, Wang LS, Boerwinkle E, Dupuis J, Pericak-Vance MA, Mayeux R, Wijsman EM. Genetic Variation in Genes Underlying Diverse Dementias May Explain a Small Proportion of Cases in the Alzheimer's Disease Sequencing Project. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2018; 45:1-17. [PMID: 29486463 PMCID: PMC5971141 DOI: 10.1159/000485503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The Alzheimer's Disease Sequencing Project (ADSP) aims to identify novel genes influencing Alzheimer's disease (AD). Variants within genes known to cause dementias other than AD have previously been associated with AD risk. We describe evidence of co-segregation and associations between variants in dementia genes and clinically diagnosed AD within the ADSP. METHODS We summarize the properties of known pathogenic variants within dementia genes, describe the co-segregation of variants annotated as "pathogenic" in ClinVar and new candidates observed in ADSP families, and test for associations between rare variants in dementia genes in the ADSP case-control study. The participants were clinically evaluated for AD, and they represent European, Caribbean Hispanic, and isolate Dutch populations. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS Pathogenic variants in dementia genes were predominantly rare and conserved coding changes. Pathogenic variants within ARSA, CSF1R, and GRN were observed, and candidate variants in GRN and CHMP2B were nominated in ADSP families. An independent case-control study provided evidence of an association between variants in TREM2, APOE, ARSA, CSF1R, PSEN1, and MAPT and risk of AD. Variants in genes which cause dementing disorders may influence the clinical diagnosis of AD in a small proportion of cases within the ADSP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Debby Tsuang
- University of Washington
- Veterans Administration Puget Sound Health Care
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Baylor College of Medicine
- University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston
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Zhao N, Liu CC, Qiao W, Bu G. Apolipoprotein E, Receptors, and Modulation of Alzheimer's Disease. Biol Psychiatry 2018; 83:347-357. [PMID: 28434655 PMCID: PMC5599322 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (apoE) is a lipid carrier in both the peripheral and the central nervous systems. Lipid-loaded apoE lipoprotein particles bind to several cell surface receptors to support membrane homeostasis and injury repair in the brain. Considering prevalence and relative risk magnitude, the ε4 allele of the APOE gene is the strongest genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). ApoE4 contributes to AD pathogenesis by modulating multiple pathways, including but not limited to the metabolism, aggregation, and toxicity of amyloid-β peptide, tauopathy, synaptic plasticity, lipid transport, glucose metabolism, mitochondrial function, vascular integrity, and neuroinflammation. Emerging knowledge on apoE-related pathways in the pathophysiology of AD presents new opportunities for AD therapy. We describe the biochemical and biological features of apoE and apoE receptors in the central nervous system. We also discuss the evidence and mechanisms addressing differential effects of apoE isoforms and the role of apoE receptors in AD pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on the clinical and preclinical studies related to amyloid-β pathology. Finally, we summarize the current strategies of AD therapy targeting apoE, and postulate that effective strategies require an apoE isoform-specific approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhao
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Chia-Chen Liu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Wenhui Qiao
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Guojun Bu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
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Linkage, whole genome sequence, and biological data implicate variants in RAB10 in Alzheimer's disease resilience. Genome Med 2017; 9:100. [PMID: 29183403 PMCID: PMC5706401 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-017-0486-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background While age and the APOE ε4 allele are major risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a small percentage of individuals with these risk factors exhibit AD resilience by living well beyond 75 years of age without any clinical symptoms of cognitive decline. Methods We used over 200 “AD resilient” individuals and an innovative, pedigree-based approach to identify genetic variants that segregate with AD resilience. First, we performed linkage analyses in pedigrees with resilient individuals and a statistical excess of AD deaths. Second, we used whole genome sequences to identify candidate SNPs in significant linkage regions. Third, we replicated SNPs from the linkage peaks that reduced risk for AD in an independent dataset and in a gene-based test. Finally, we experimentally characterized replicated SNPs. Results Rs142787485 in RAB10 confers significant protection against AD (p value = 0.0184, odds ratio = 0.5853). Moreover, we replicated this association in an independent series of unrelated individuals (p value = 0.028, odds ratio = 0.69) and used a gene-based test to confirm a role for RAB10 variants in modifying AD risk (p value = 0.002). Experimentally, we demonstrated that knockdown of RAB10 resulted in a significant decrease in Aβ42 (p value = 0.0003) and in the Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio (p value = 0.0001) in neuroblastoma cells. We also found that RAB10 expression is significantly elevated in human AD brains (p value = 0.04). Conclusions Our results suggest that RAB10 could be a promising therapeutic target for AD prevention. In addition, our gene discovery approach can be expanded and adapted to other phenotypes, thus serving as a model for future efforts to identify rare variants for AD and other complex human diseases. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13073-017-0486-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Urfer-Buchwalder A, Urfer R. Identification of a Nuclear Respiratory Factor 1 Recognition Motif in the Apolipoprotein E Variant APOE4 linked to Alzheimer's Disease. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40668. [PMID: 28094792 PMCID: PMC5240558 DOI: 10.1038/srep40668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease affects tens of millions of people worldwide and its prevalence continues to rise. It is caused by a combination of a subject’s heredity, environment, lifestyle, and medical condition. The most significant genetic risk factor for late onset Alzheimer’s disease is a variant of the apolipoprotein E gene, APOE4. Here we show that the single nucleotide polymorphism rs429358 that defines APOE4 is located in a short sequence motif repeated several times within exon 4 of apolipoprotein E, reminiscent of the structure of transcriptional enhancers. A JASPAR database search predicts that the T to C transition in rs429358 generates a binding motif for nuclear respiratory factor NRF1. This site appears to be part of a binding site cluster for this transcription factor on exon 4 of APOE. This de novo NRF1 binding site has therefore the potential to affect the expression of multiple genes in its genomic vicinity. Our in silico analysis, suggesting a novel function for APOE4 at the DNA level, offers a potential mechanism for the observed tissue specific neurodegeneration and the role of environmental factors in Alzheimer’s disease etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roman Urfer
- Selonterra LLC, 1025 Alameda de las Pulgas, Suite 126, Belmont CA 94002, USA
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45
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Chen XF, Wei Z, Wang T, Zhang ZL, Wang Y, Heckman MG, Diehl NN, Zhang YW, Xu H, Bu G. Demographic and Lifestyle Characteristics, but Not Apolipoprotein E Genotype, Are Associated with Intelligence among Young Chinese College Students. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143157. [PMID: 26574747 PMCID: PMC4648581 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intelligence is an important human feature that strongly affects many life outcomes, including health, life-span, income, educational and occupational attainments. People at all ages differ in their intelligence but the origins of these differences are much debated. A variety of environmental and genetic factors have been reported to be associated with individual intelligence, yet their nature and contribution to intelligence differences have been controversial. OBJECTIVE To investigate the contribution of apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype, which is associated with the risk for Alzheimer's disease, as well as demographic and lifestyle characteristics, to the variation in intelligence. METHODS A total of 607 Chinese college students aged 18 to 25 years old were included in this prospective observational study. The Chinese revision of Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (the fourth edition, short version) was used to determine the intelligence level of participants. Demographic and lifestyle characteristics data were obtained from self-administered questionnaires. RESULTS No significant association was found between APOE polymorphic alleles and different intelligence quotient (IQ) measures. Interestingly, a portion of demographic and lifestyle characteristics, including age, smoking and sleep quality were significantly associated with different IQ measures. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that demographic features and lifestyle characteristics, but not APOE genotype, are associated with intelligence measures among young Chinese college students. Thus, although APOE ε4 allele is a strong genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease, it does not seem to impact intelligence at young ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Fen Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
- * E-mail: (XC); (GB)
| | - Zichen Wei
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Zhen-Lian Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Yiwei Wang
- The first affiliated hospital of Xiamen university, Xiamen, 361003, China
| | - Michael G. Heckman
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, United States of America
| | - Nancy N. Diehl
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, United States of America
| | - Yun-Wu Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Huaxi Xu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Guojun Bu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, United States of America
- * E-mail: (XC); (GB)
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McVeigh TP, Sweeney KJ, Kerin MJ, Gallagher DJ. A qualitative analysis of the attitudes of Irish patients towards participation in genetic-based research. Ir J Med Sci 2015; 185:825-831. [DOI: 10.1007/s11845-015-1373-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Talwar P, Sinha J, Grover S, Rawat C, Kushwaha S, Agarwal R, Taneja V, Kukreti R. Dissecting Complex and Multifactorial Nature of Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis: a Clinical, Genomic, and Systems Biology Perspective. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:4833-64. [PMID: 26351077 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9390-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by loss of memory and other cognitive functions. AD can be classified into familial AD (FAD) and sporadic AD (SAD) based on heritability and into early onset AD (EOAD) and late onset AD (LOAD) based on age of onset. LOAD cases are more prevalent with genetically complex architecture. In spite of significant research focused on understanding the etiological mechanisms, search for diagnostic biomarker(s) and disease-modifying therapy is still on. In this article, we aim to comprehensively review AD literature on established etiological mechanisms including role of beta-amyloid and apolipoprotein E (APOE) along with promising newer etiological factors such as epigenetic modifications that have been associated with AD suggesting its multifactorial nature. As genomic studies have recently played a significant role in elucidating AD pathophysiology, a systematic review of findings from genome-wide linkage (GWL), genome-wide association (GWA), genome-wide expression (GWE), and epigenome-wide association studies (EWAS) was conducted. The availability of multi-dimensional genomic data has further coincided with the advent of computational and network biology approaches in recent years. Our review highlights the importance of integrative approaches involving genomics and systems biology perspective in elucidating AD pathophysiology. The promising newer approaches may provide reliable means of early and more specific diagnosis and help identify therapeutic interventions for LOAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puneet Talwar
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB) Campus, New Delhi, India.,Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Mall Road, Delhi, 110 007, India
| | - Juhi Sinha
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Mall Road, Delhi, 110 007, India
| | - Sandeep Grover
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Mall Road, Delhi, 110 007, India.,Department of Paediatrics, Division of Pneumonology-Immunology, Charité University Medical Centre, Berlin, Germany
| | - Chitra Rawat
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB) Campus, New Delhi, India.,Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Mall Road, Delhi, 110 007, India
| | - Suman Kushwaha
- Institute of Human Behaviour and Allied Sciences (IHBAS), Delhi, India
| | - Rachna Agarwal
- Institute of Human Behaviour and Allied Sciences (IHBAS), Delhi, India
| | - Vibha Taneja
- Department of Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Ritushree Kukreti
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB) Campus, New Delhi, India. .,Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Mall Road, Delhi, 110 007, India.
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Lord J, Lu AJ, Cruchaga C. Identification of rare variants in Alzheimer's disease. Front Genet 2014; 5:369. [PMID: 25389433 PMCID: PMC4211559 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2014.00369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Much progress has been made in recent years in identifying genes involved in the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common form of dementia. Yet despite the identification of over 20 disease associated loci, mainly through genome wide association studies (GWAS), a large proportion of the genetic component of the disorder remains unexplained. Recent evidence from the AD field, as with other complex diseases, suggests a large proportion of this "missing heritability" may be due to rare variants of moderate to large effect size, but the methodologies to detect such variants are still in their infancy. The latest studies in the field have been focused on the identification of coding variation associated with AD risk, through whole-exome or whole-genome sequencing. Such variants are expected to have larger effect sizes than GWAS loci, and are easier to functionally characterize, and develop cellular and animal models for. This review explores the issues involved in detecting rare variant associations in the context of AD, highlighting some successful approaches utilized to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Lord
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of MedicineSt. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Alexander J. Lu
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of MedicineSt. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Carlos Cruchaga
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of MedicineSt. Louis, MO, USA
- Hope Center Program on Protein Aggregation and Neurodegeneration, Washington University School of MedicineSt. Louis, MO, USA
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a clinically heterogeneous neurodegenerative disease with a strong genetic component. Several genes have been associated with AD risk for nearly 20 years. However, it was not until the recent technological advances that allow for the analysis of millions of polymorphisms in thousands of subjects that we have been able to advance our understanding of the genetic complexity of AD susceptibility. Genome-wide association studies and whole-exome and whole-genome sequencing have revealed more than 20 loci associated with AD risk. These studies have provided insights into the molecular pathways that are altered in AD pathogenesis, which have, in turn, provided insight into novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste M Karch
- Department of Psychiatry and Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Carlos Cruchaga
- Department of Psychiatry and Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Alison M Goate
- Department of Psychiatry and Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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