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Osborne A, James PB, Olorunsaiye CZ, Bangura C, Lebbie A. Cannabis use and its psychosocial correlates among school-going adolescents in Sierra Leone. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:986. [PMID: 38589826 PMCID: PMC11003035 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-18491-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Sierra Leone, adolescents are increasingly engaging in risky activities, including cannabis use, which can lead to substance abuse, poor academic performance, and psychotic symptoms. This study aims to investigate the prevalence and associated factors of cannabis use among school-going adolescents in the country. METHOD Data for the study was sourced from the 2017 Sierra Leone Global School-based Student Health Survey (GSHS), a nationally representative survey conducted among adolescents aged 10-19 years using a multistage sampling methodology. A weighted sample of 1,467 adolescents in Sierra Leone was included in the study. The study utilised bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analysis to identify factors linked to cannabis use, presenting results using adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS The prevalence of cannabis use was 5.1% [3.0,8.6] among school-going adolescents in Sierra Leone. School-going adolescents who attempted suicide [aOR = 6.34, 95% CI = 1.71-23.45], used amphetamine [aOR = 15.84, 95% CI = 7.94-31.62] and were involved in sexual risk behaviour [aOR = 5.56, 95% CI = 2.18-14.20] were more likely to be associated with cannabis use. CONCLUSION In Sierra Leone, a small but non-trivial minority of students use cannabis. Ever-used amphetamines or methamphetamines, suicidal attempts, and sexual risk behaviour were the factors associated with cannabis use in Sierra Leone. The development of school-based health intervention programmes is crucial to address the risk factors associated with cannabis use among school-going adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augustus Osborne
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Basic Sciences, Njala University, PMB, Freetown, Sierra Leone.
| | - Peter Bai James
- National Centre for Naturopathic Medicine, Faculty of Health, Southern Cross University, Lismore, Australia
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Comfort Z Olorunsaiye
- Department of Public Health, Arcadia University, 450 S Easton Road, Glenside, PA, 19038, USA
| | - Camilla Bangura
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Basic Sciences, Njala University, PMB, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Aiah Lebbie
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Basic Sciences, Njala University, PMB, Freetown, Sierra Leone
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Gloria AO, Ogochukwu A, Uchenna I, Chibueze A. Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Substance Use in Nigeria among Secondary School Students. CHRISMED J Health Res 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/cjhr.cjhr_180_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Jatau AI, Sha'aban A, Gulma KA, Shitu Z, Khalid GM, Isa A, Wada AS, Mustapha M. The Burden of Drug Abuse in Nigeria: A Scoping Review of Epidemiological Studies and Drug Laws. Public Health Rev 2021; 42:1603960. [PMID: 33796340 PMCID: PMC7904248 DOI: 10.3389/phrs.2021.1603960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The burden of drug abuse is becoming a public health concern in Nigeria. Preventive measures should include identifying the root causes of the burden for targeted intervention. We, therefore, aim to conduct a scoping review of the literature to summarize the findings of epidemiological studies on drug abuse and provisions of drug laws in Nigeria. The review also provides appropriate recommendations as interventions for prevention. Methods: We conducted a systematic search of the literature on PubMed to identify information on drug abuse and drug laws in Nigeria from the inception of the database to March 2020. Additional information was retrieved from Google Scholar, a manual search of included articles, discussion with experts on the subject matter, and gray literature. Study selection was performed using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statements. Information from gray literature was assessed for quality and accuracy using the AACODS checklist (authority, accuracy, coverage, objectively, date, significance). Results: The systematic search of the literature generated 253 studies. Nine articles were obtained from other sources. After the selection process, 23 eligible studies were included for review. A prevalence of 20-40% and 20.9% of drug abuse was reported among students and youths, respectively. Commonly abused drugs include cannabis, cocaine, amphetamine, heroin, diazepam, codeine, cough syrup and tramadol. Sources where abusers obtained drugs, were pharmacies/patent medicine shops, open drug markets, drug hawkers, fellow drug abusers, friends, and drug pushers. Drug abuse was common among undergraduates and secondary school students, youths, commercial bus drivers, farmers, and sex workers. Reason for use included to increase physical performance, stress and to derive pleasure. Poor socioeconomic factors and low educational background were the common risk factors associated with drug abuse. We identified several drug laws and policies that were established under government agencies such as the National Drug Law Enforcement Agency (NDLEA), National Agency for Foods and Drugs Administration and Control (NAFDAC), Pharmacists Council of Nigeria (PCN) and a Presidential Advisory Committee. Conclusion: Findings from epidemiological studies on drug abuse in Nigeria has demonstrated that the burden of drug abuse is still high despite the existing drug laws, policies, and strategies for prevention. Measures to reduce the burden should involve the community, government, and religious bodies. Preventive measures should target the youths, the students, identified sources of the drugs, reasons and risk factors associated with drug abuse in Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abubakar Sha'aban
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | | | - Zayyanu Shitu
- Hospital Services Management Board, Ministry of health, Gusau, Nigeria
| | - Garba Mohammed Khalid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Abubakar S Wada
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Mohammed Mustapha
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
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Omotoso AB, Makanjuola AB, Abiodun OA. Recreational use of psychoactive substances among secondary school students in North-Central Nigeria. Journal of Substance Use 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/14659891.2020.1779361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayotunde B. Omotoso
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Unit, Department of Behavioural Sciences, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Alfred B. Makanjuola
- Drug Abuse Treatment, Research & Rehabilitation Centre, Department of Behavioural Sciences, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Olatunji A. Abiodun
- Department of Behavioural Sciences, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
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Mbachu CNP, Ebenebe JC, Mbachu II, Ndukwu CI, Elo-Ilo JC, Azubuike CM, Ofora VC, Uwakwe R. Sociodemographic profile of psychoactive substance use among selected secondary school students in rural Nigeria. Int J Adolesc Med Health 2020; 34:275-280. [PMID: 32887185 DOI: 10.1515/ijamh-2020-0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Use of Psychoactive substances by young people poses an important public health threat despite mass campaigns and education. There have been documentations of rise in prevalence and use of psychoactive substances by Nigerian adolescents in urban areas of Nigeria. Few reports exist on in-school adolescents in rural areas, and differences in their sociodemographic profile such as public/private school attendance, day/boarding status and socioeconomic status of students. The study determined the rate and sociodemographic profile of psychoactive substance use among secondary school students in selected rural communities in Anambra state, Nigeria. Methods This was a cross-sectional study in which multistage sampling was used to select 494 students from selected secondary schools in Anambra state. Data on age, gender, socioeconomic status, student status, school category, alcohol, tobacco and intravenous drug use were obtained using pretested semi-structured questionnaires. Analysis of data was done using IBM SPSS statistics software version 20.0, frequency, percentages and means were calculated, with cross-tabulation done for variables (Chi-square and Fishers exact test where applicable). Level of significance for tests of association set at 5%. Results A total of 494 participants were studied of which 48.8% (n=241) were males. The mean age was 14.5 ± 1.8 years. The prevalence of lifetime use of psychoactive substance was 22.5%. Prevalence for individual substances were 21.9% (n=108), 1.8% (n=9) and 0.8% (n=4) respectively for alcohol, tobacco and illicit intravenous drugs. Neither gender {6 males (2.5%), 3 females (1.2%), p=0.890}, age {10-13 years (1.3%), 14-16 years (2.1%), >16 years (1.7%), p=0.329}, student status {day (2.6%), boarding (1.2%), p=0.320}, social class {upper (0.9%), middle (0.6%), lower (3.1%), p=0.208 } nor school category {private (1.5%), public (2.1%), p=0.742} of students was significantly associated with smoking and respectively. More males (73/241=30.3%, p<0.001) took alcohol than females (35/253 = 13.8%) and this was statistically significant. Participants from the lower socioeconomic class (30.3%, p<0.001) had a significantly higher rate of alcohol consumption than those from the upper (11.8%) and middle classes (16.7%) respectively. Higher rate was noted among those who attended public schools (30.8%, p<0.001) compared to those who attended private schools (13.8%). Day students (30.2%, p<0.001) indulged more in alcohol than boarding students (14.3%). There was no association between either the class (junior=22.5%, senior=21.3%, p=0.759) or age of participants (10-13 years=20.7%, 14-16 years=20.1%, >16 years=33.3%, p=0.071) and alcohol consumption. No association was found between age (0.7%, 1.1%, p=1.000), gender (male=1.2%, female=0.4%, p=0.362), social class (lower=1.3%, upper=0.9%, p=0.443), student status (day=0.9%, boarding=0.8%, p=1.000), school category (junior=0.8%, senior=0.8%, p=1.000) and intravenous drug use. Conclusions The rate of about 22% alcohol use by secondary school students in rural south eastern Nigeria, which is strongly associated with male gender, low socioeconomic status, day student status and public school attendance is high.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joy C Ebenebe
- Department of Paediatrics, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
| | - Ikechukwu I Mbachu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
| | - Chizalu I Ndukwu
- Department of Paediatrics, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
| | | | - Chimaobi M Azubuike
- Department of Paediatrics, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, Nigeria
| | - Victoria C Ofora
- Department of Paediatrics, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, Nigeria
| | - Richard Uwakwe
- Department of Mental Health, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
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Abstract
Background Tobacco use is the most important preventable cause of premature death and major risk factor for non-communicable diseases. Due to strict tobacco legislation in the western hemisphere, many African nations like Nigeria have shifted from being a tobacco-producing nation to a tobacco-consuming one. The purpose of this study was to systematically review existing literature on tobacco use among Nigerian adolescents and young people and identify the prevalence, distribution and factors influencing of tobacco smoking. These data are necessary to formulate and adapt control measures aimed at tobacco cessation among young people, and preventing long-term smoking behaviors. Methods Three databases (African Journals Online, PsychInfo, PubMed) were searched for peer-reviewed publications, published between January 2000 and March 2017. Additional searches were completed on Google Scholar, and other documents and reports of the Nigerian government and the Global Youth Tobacco Survey were consulted. Using the PRISMA guidelines to evaluate studies, we included studies that reported prevalence of tobacco use in adolescents or youths, aged 10 to 24, and excluded evaluations of tobacco-related medical conditions. Results A total of 30 studies with a total population of 26,709 were reviewed. Prevalence rates of tobacco smoking ranged from 0.2% to 32.5%. Among the gender-specific studies, the prevalence of smoking among females ranged between 2.2% to 10% while that of males ranged from 1% to 32.5%. Gender distribution among these studies was mixed (80.0%), males only (13.3%) and females only (6.7%). Smoking prevalence was higher among males than females. The most common risk factors for tobacco use included peer influence, family conditions, psychosocial factors and male gender. Additional risk factors included concomitant substance abuse, media advertisements and increasing age. Conclusions Tobacco smoking poses a huge burden to Nigerian youths and various determinants were highlighted in this review. It is imperative that all stakeholders engage in concerted efforts to target both in-school and out-of-school youths in tobacco control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bankole K. Oyewole
- Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo College of Health Sciences, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Sagamu, Nigeria
- Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria
- * E-mail:
| | - Victor J. Animasahun
- Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo College of Health Sciences, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Sagamu, Nigeria
- Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Helena J. Chapman
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
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Atilola O, Ola B. Towards school mental health programmes in Nigeria: systematic review revealed the need for contextualised and culturally-nuanced research. J Child Adolesc Ment Health 2016; 28:47-70. [PMID: 27088276 DOI: 10.2989/17280583.2016.1144607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND School-based mental health programmes, a potential avenue to reach many children and youth, are not yet developed in Nigeria. In view of the importance of cultural nuances in mental health issues, initial groundwork towards the establishment of these programmes in Nigeria must be cognizant of cultural peculiarities at the outset. OBJECTIVES The objective of the study was to critically examine, through the lens of transcultural psychiatry, all the currently available epidemiological studies and needs assessments relevant to school-based mental health programmes in Nigeria. METHODS The study was a systematic review of relevant studies available from MEDLINE, Science Direct, PsychInfo, Google Scholar, and AJOL databases. RESULTS This review shows that there is an ongoing effort at documenting the burden of mental health problems and risks, resource needs, and the available resource and capacity for school-based mental health programmes in Nigeria. However, generally speaking these epidemiological data and needs assessments are significantly limited in epistemological philosophy and cultural contextualisation. This was evidenced by a preponderance of non-representative data, quantitative assessments, and decontextualised interpretation of results and conclusions. CONCLUSIONS Going forward, recommendations are offered for culturally-nuanced epidemiology and the direction is set for context-appropriate needs assessments for school-based mental health programmes in Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olayinka Atilola
- a Department of Behavioural Medicine , Lagos State University College of Medicine Ikeja , Lagos Nigeria
| | - Bolanle Ola
- a Department of Behavioural Medicine , Lagos State University College of Medicine Ikeja , Lagos Nigeria
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Dumbili EW. A review of substance use among secondary school students in Nigeria: Implications for policies. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy 2015. [DOI: 10.3109/09687637.2015.1041455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Chinawa JM, Manyike PC, Obu HA, Odetunde OI, Aniwada EC, Ndu IK, Chinawa AT. Behavioral disorder amongst adolescents attending secondary school in southeast Nigeria. Behav Neurol 2014; 2014:705835. [PMID: 25276048 DOI: 10.1155/2014/705835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Adolescents are prone to various forms of behavioral problems. These behavioral issues in adolescents can have serious consequences for the adolescents. Objectives. The objectives of the study are to determine the causative factors of adolescent problems and specific manifestations. Methods. Behavioral problems were investigated using a random sampling of adolescents from secondary schools in southeast Nigeria from February to April, 2014. A self-administered questionnaire was developed from Health Kids Colorado Questionnaire. Results. A total of 763 subjects completed the questionnaire. Adolescents who reported to have used tobacco 3 to 5 and 6 to 9 times during the last 30 days are just 3.14% and 3.4%, respectively. Nineteen (2.49%) adolescents claimed that they have had sex before but not in the last 3 months. Adolescents who attempted suicide are from 15 years and peaked at 18. Eighty-three (11%) adolescents who are 15 years old attempted suicide in a year; this peaks at 17 years where 235 (30.8%) committed suicide. Majority of adolescents with behavioral disorder are from the upper class family. Conclusion. This study revealed that adolescents exhibit several forms of behavioral problems.
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Siziya S, Muula AS, Besa C, Babaniyi O, Songolo P, Kankiza N, Rudatsikira E. Cannabis use and its socio-demographic correlates among in-school adolescents in Zambia. Ital J Pediatr 2013; 39:13. [PMID: 23415178 PMCID: PMC3599579 DOI: 10.1186/1824-7288-39-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cannabis dependence in adolescents predicts increased risks of using other illicit drugs, poor academic performance and reporting psychotic symptoms. The prevalence of cannabis use was estimated two decades ago in Zambia among secondary school students. There are no recent estimates of the extent of the problem; further, correlates for its use have not been documented in Zambia. The objective of study was to estimate the current prevalence of cannabis use and its socio-demographic correlates among in-school adolescents. Methods We conducted secondary analysis of data that was obtained from the 2004 Zambia Global School-Based Health Survey. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify the socio-demographic factors associated with cannabis use. Results A total of 2,257 adolescents participated in the survey of which 53.9% were females. The overall prevalence of self reported ever-used cannabis was 37.2% (34.5% among males and 39.5% among females). In multivariate analysis, males were 8% (AOR = 0.92; 95% CI [0.89, 0.95]) less likely to have ever smoked cannabis. Compared to adolescents aged 16 years or older, adolescents aged 14 years were 45% (AOR = 1.45; 95% CI [1.37, 1.55]) more likely, and those aged 15 years were 44% (AOR = 0.56; 95% CI [0.53, 0.60]) less likely to report to have ever smoked cannabis. Other factors that were significantly associated with cannabis use were history of having engaged in sexual intercourse (AOR = 2.55; 95% CI [2.46, 2.64]), alcohol use (AOR = 4.38; 95% CI [4.24, 4.53]), and having been bullied (AOR = 1.77; 95% CI [1.71, 1.83]). Adolescents who reported being supervised by parents during free time were less likely to have smoked cannabis (AOR = 0.92; 95% CI [0.88, 0.95]). Conclusions The use of cannabis is prevalent among Zambian in-school adolescents. Efforts to prevent adolescents’ psychoactive drug use in Zambia should be designed considering the significant factors associated with drug use in the current study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seter Siziya
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, Copperbelt University, Ndola, Zambia.
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Gautam DK, Jindal V, Gupta SC, Tuli A, Kotwal B, Thakur R. Effect of cigarette smoking on the periodontal health status: A comparative, cross sectional study. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2011; 15:383-7. [PMID: 22368364 PMCID: PMC3283937 DOI: 10.4103/0972-124x.92575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Survey. AIMS The objective of the study was to evaluate the periodontal health status among cigarette smokers and non cigarette smokers, and oral hygiene measures. SETTINGS AND DESIGN Cross sectional study. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study included 400 male (200 cigarette smokers and 200 non smokers) aged 18-65 years. The subjects were randomly selected from the patients attending dental out-patient department of civil hospital and Himachal Dental College, Sundernagar. Community Periodontal Index (CPI) score was recorded for each patient and a questionnaire was completed by each patient. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED Chi square and t-test. RESULTS Periodontal condition as assessed by CPI score showed that there was statistically significant difference in the findings between cigarette smokers and non-smokers. CONCLUSIONS Within the limits of this study, positive association was observed between periodontal disease and cigarette smoking. It was found that cigarette smoking was associated with lesser gingival bleeding and deeper pockets as compared to non-smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. K. Gautam
- Department of Periodontics, Himachal Dental College, Sundernagar, District Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Vikas Jindal
- Department of Periodontics, Himachal Dental College, Sundernagar, District Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - S. C. Gupta
- Department of Periodontics, Himachal Dental College, Sundernagar, District Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Amrinder Tuli
- Department of Periodontics, Himachal Dental College, Sundernagar, District Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Bhanu Kotwal
- Department of Periodontics, Himachal Dental College, Sundernagar, District Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Rambhika Thakur
- Department of Periodontics, Himachal Dental College, Sundernagar, District Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
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Famuyiwa O, Aina OF, Bankole-Oki OM. Epidemiology of psychoactive drug use amongst adolescents in metropolitan Lagos, Nigeria. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2011; 20:351-9. [PMID: 21713507 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-011-0180-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2008] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The study was conducted in response to the lack of epidemiological data in recent time on the use of psychoactive substances by adolescents in metropolitan Lagos-a city unique for its socio-economic profile. We considered some methodological issues omitted in several previous studies. A total of 4,286 school pupils (mean age 15.2) were anonymously administered a Self-Report Questionnaire to ascertain a range of key drug use factors in lifetime and 1-year periods. The rate of use of most of the 14 substances investigated was much higher than reported in any other study on comparable population sample. We found that 61.8 and 32.1% of respondents have used one or more substances in their lifetime and in the past 1 year, respectively. High lifetime rates of use were found for common stimulants: coffee, kolanut, and prescription drugs (barbiturates and minor tranquilisers). The rate of use of proscribed addictive substances, cannabis, heroin, and cocaine, ranged between 4.0 and 4.8%. Missing data and non-response rates were few; however, social acquiescence, under and over reporting, could be mitigant to estimation of rates and patterns of use. We advocate properly articulated school-based educative programmes that can facilitate drug demand reduction.
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Igwe WC, Ojinnaka NC. Mental health of adolescents who abuse psychoactive substances in Enugu, Nigeria - a cross-sectional study. Ital J Pediatr 2010; 36:53. [PMID: 20698990 PMCID: PMC2928240 DOI: 10.1186/1824-7288-36-53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2010] [Accepted: 08/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Association between psychiatric morbidity and substance abuse among adolescent has been reported. However prevalence and pattern of such dysfunctions are unknown in our environment. AIMS To determine the prevalence of psychosocial dysfunction and depressive symptoms among adolescents who abuse substance and also note the influence of socio-demographic factors and type of substance on the pattern of dysfunction. METHOD A cross-sectional study was carried out among 900 adolescents selected from 29 secondary schools in Enugu metropolis. A multi-stage sampling procedure was used to select the students. The student drug use questionnaire was used to screen respondents for substance abuse. Those who were abusing substance and matched controls (non substance abusers) were assessed for psychiatric symptoms using the 35-item Paediatric Symptom Checklist (PSC) and the Zung Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS). Social classification was done using the parental educational attainment and occupation. RESULT A total of 290 students were current substance abusers. The substances most commonly abused were alcohol (31.6%), cola nitida (kola nut) (20.7%) and coffee (15.7%). Using the PSC scale, 70 (24.1%) subjects compared to 29 (10.7%) of the controls had scores in the morbidity range of >or= 28 for psychosocial dysfunction. This was statistically significant (chi(2) = 17.57 p = 0.001). Fifty-four subjects (18.6%) had scores in the morbidity range of >or= 50 for depressive symptoms using the Zung SDS compared to 21 (7.7%) of controls. This was statistically significant (chi(2) = 14.43, p = 0.001). Prevalence of dysfunction was not significantly related to age in both subjects and controls (chi(2) = 4.62, p = 0.010, chi(2) = 4.8, p = 0.10 respectively). Also using both scales, there was no significant relationship between psychosocial dysfunction and gender or social class in both subjects and control. The prevalence of dysfunction using both scales was significantly higher in multiple abusers compared to single abusers. Subjects abusing alcohol scored more on both scales compared to those abusing other substances. CONCLUSION Prevalence of psychosocial dysfunction is higher in adolescents abusing substance compare to controls. The prevalence of psychiatric morbidity was not related to the age, gender or social classes in the study population.We advocate periodic screening of our adolescents for drug abuse regular evaluation of such group for possible psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilson C Igwe
- MBBS, FWACP (Paed), Consultant Paediatrician Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, Nigeria
| | - Ngozi C Ojinnaka
- MBBS, FWACP (Paed) Consultant Paediatrician and Child Neurologist, University of Nigeria teaching Hospital Enugu, Nigeria
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Abstract
New estimates for the risk of becoming stimulant dependent within 24 months after first extra-medical (EM) use of a stimulant drug compound are presented, with a focus on subgroup variations in this risk (e.g., alcohol dependence, male-female differences). The study estimates are derived from a representative sample of United States residents ages 12 and older (n=166,737) obtained from the 2003 to 2005 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health. A total of 1700 respondents were found to have used stimulants extra-medically for the first time within 24 months prior to assessment. Approximately 5% of these recent-onset EM users had become stimulant dependent since onset of EM use. As hypothesized, alcohol dependence cases were found to have experienced an excess risk of becoming stimulant dependent soon after onset of stimulant drug use; there was no robust male-female difference in risk. Independently, initiates who had used multiple types of stimulants extra-medically, and methamphetamine users, were more likely to have become stimulant dependent soon after onset of use; by comparison, EM users of methylphenidate (Ritalin) were less likely to have developed rapid-onset dependence. These epidemiologic findings help quantify a continuing public health burden associated with new onsets of extra-medical stimulant use in the 21st century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan S. O’Brien
- University of Kansas School of Social Welfare, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - James C. Anthony
- Department of Epidemiology, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, B601 West Fee Hall, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA,Corresponding author. (J.C. Anthony)
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Aina OF, Olorunshola DA. Alcohol and substance use portrayals in Nigerian video tapes: an analysis of 479 films and implications for public drug education. Int Q Community Health Educ 2009; 28:63-71. [PMID: 18644765 DOI: 10.2190/iq.28.1.f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
There is an observed increasing trend of substance use among the adolescents and young adults. One of the important aetiologies is "modeling" especially from popular artists portraying their use to the viewing public over the electronic media. Indigenous films on video tapes acted in English or "Yoruba" (a popular Nigerian language) were randomly selected from various retail outlets in Lagos for viewing. The settings were the Ikorodu and Ipaja suburbs of Lagos. The viewing audience in each center was made up of a researcher and two adolescent secondary school students. They were to make notes on each film with scenes of substance use, type, and nature of use. A total of 479 video tapes were studied over a 6 month period, of which 268 (55.9%) contained scenes portraying the use of one or more substances. Two hundred forty-seven (51.6%, N = 479) depicted the use of only one type of substance and the rest, 21 (4.3%, N = 479), portrayed the use of multiple substances. The commonest substance portrayed to be used was alcohol, 197 (41.1%, N = 479), followed by tobacco, 81 (16.9%, N = 479). Cannabis was shown to be used in only 3 (0.6%, N = 479); Cocaine and Heroin in 8 (1.6%, N = 479) of the films. There was no statistically significant difference on substance use portrayal between the home movies acted in English and Yoruba (chi2 = 32.8; df = 7 at p > or = 0.05). A significant number of films on video tapes in Nigeria portrayed substance use which could act as triggers or reinforcement for substance use among the viewing audience, especially adolescents and young adults. The need to censor video tapes on substance use portrayal was advocated.
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Al-Kandari FH, Yacoub K, Omu FE. Effect of Drug Addiction on the Biopsychosocial Aspects of Persons with Addiction in Kuwait: Nursing Implications. J Addict Nurs 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10884600600995374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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