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Rimal A, Swayne TM, Kamdar ZP, Tewey MA, Winter E. Isc10, an inhibitor of the Smk1 MAPK, prevents activation-loop autophosphorylation and substrate phosphorylation through separate mechanisms. J Biol Chem 2022;:102450. [PMID: 36063999 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Many eukaryotic protein kinases are activated by the intramolecular autophosphorylation of activation loop residues. Smk1 is a meiosis-specific mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in yeast that autophosphorylates its activation loop tyrosine and thereby upregulates catalytic output. This reaction is controlled by an inhibitor, Isc10, that binds the MAPK during meiosis I and an activator, Ssp2, that binds Smk1/Isc10 during meiosis II. Upon completion of the meiotic divisions, Isc10 is degraded, and Smk1 undergoes autophosphorylation to generate the high activity form of the MAPK that controls spore formation. How Isc10 inhibits Smk1 is not clear. Here, we use a bacterial coexpression/reconstitution system to define a domain in the carboxy-terminal half of Isc10 that specifically inhibits Smk1 autophosphorylation. Nevertheless, Smk1 bound by this domain is able to phosphorylate other substrates, and it phosphorylates the amino-terminal half of Isc10 on serine 97. In turn, the phosphorylated motif in Isc10 inhibits the Smk1 active site. These data show that Isc10 inhibits autophosphorylation and the phosphorylation of substrates by separate mechanisms. Furthermore, we demonstrate Isc10 can inhibit the autophosphorylation of the mammalian intestinal cell kinase ICK1 (also known as CILK1), suggesting a conserved mechanism of action. These findings define a novel class of developmentally regulated molecules that prevent the self-activation of MAPKs and MAPK-like enzymes.
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2
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Leberecht C, Schroeder M, Labudde D. A multiscale model of the regulation of aquaporin 2 recycling. NPJ Syst Biol Appl 2022; 8. [PMID: 35534498 PMCID: PMC9085758 DOI: 10.1038/s41540-022-00223-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The response of cells to their environment is driven by a variety of proteins and messenger molecules. In eukaryotes, their distribution and location in the cell are regulated by the vesicular transport system. The transport of aquaporin 2 between membrane and storage region is a crucial part of the water reabsorption in renal principal cells, and its malfunction can lead to Diabetes insipidus. To understand the regulation of this system, we aggregated pathways and mechanisms from literature and derived three models in a hypothesis-driven approach. Furthermore, we combined the models to a single system to gain insight into key regulatory mechanisms of Aquaporin 2 recycling. To achieve this, we developed a multiscale computational framework for the modeling and simulation of cellular systems. The analysis of the system rationalizes that the compartmentalization of cAMP in renal principal cells is a result of the protein kinase A signalosome and can only occur if specific cellular components are observed in conjunction. Endocytotic and exocytotic processes are inherently connected and can be regulated by the same protein kinase A signal.
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3
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Kocik RA, Gasch AP. Breadth and Specificity in Pleiotropic Protein Kinase A Activity and Environmental Responses. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:803392. [PMID: 35252178 PMCID: PMC8888911 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.803392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein Kinase A (PKA) is an essential kinase that is conserved across eukaryotes and plays fundamental roles in a wide range of organismal processes, including growth control, learning and memory, cardiovascular health, and development. PKA mediates these responses through the direct phosphorylation of hundreds of proteins-however, which proteins are phosphorylated can vary widely across cell types and environmental cues, even within the same organism. A major question is how cells enact specificity and precision in PKA activity to mount the proper response, especially during environmental changes in which only a subset of PKA-controlled processes must respond. Research over the years has uncovered multiple strategies that cells use to modulate PKA activity and specificity. This review highlights recent advances in our understanding of PKA signaling control including subcellular targeting, phase separation, feedback control, and standing waves of allosteric regulation. We discuss how the complex inputs and outputs to the PKA network simultaneously pose challenges and solutions in signaling integration and insulation. PKA serves as a model for how the same regulatory factors can serve broad pleiotropic functions but maintain specificity in localized control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Kocik
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.,Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Audrey P Gasch
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.,Center for Genomic Science Innovation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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4
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Abstract
Protein Kinase A (PKA) is the major intracellular receptor for cAMP. Research into this prototype kinase is supported by kinase assays that are typically performed in vitro using radio-labeled ATP. For in vivo studies, genetically encoded FRET-based sensors have become popular for monitoring PKA activity. Here, we show that it is also possible to apply such reporters in vitro. We describe how to express and purify milligram quantities of a FRET-based PKA activity reporter using cultured human embryonic kidney cells. We demonstrate how to utilize the purified reporter in a plate reader to determine the IC50 for the widely utilized PKA inhibitor H89 in the presence of a physiologically relevant concentration of ATP. The protocol takes advantage of the economical transfection reagent polyethylenimine and can be performed in a standard cell culture facility. Whereas assays based on radiolabelling are more sensitive, the approach presented here has several advantages: It enables continuous measurement of changes in substrate phosphorylation; a single preparation produces enough reporter for thousands of recordings; the reporter has a long shelf life; and it avoids the safety considerations that arise when working with radioactive material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashton J Curtis
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ryan S Dowsell
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Matthew G Gold
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK.
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5
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Church TW, Tewatia P, Hannan S, Antunes J, Eriksson O, Smart TG, Hellgren Kotaleski J, Gold MG. AKAP79 enables calcineurin to directly suppress protein kinase A activity. eLife 2021; 10:e68164. [PMID: 34612814 PMCID: PMC8560092 DOI: 10.7554/elife.68164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Interplay between the second messengers cAMP and Ca2+ is a hallmark of dynamic cellular processes. A common motif is the opposition of the Ca2+-sensitive phosphatase calcineurin and the major cAMP receptor, protein kinase A (PKA). Calcineurin dephosphorylates sites primed by PKA to bring about changes including synaptic long-term depression (LTD). AKAP79 supports signaling of this type by anchoring PKA and calcineurin in tandem. In this study, we discovered that AKAP79 increases the rate of calcineurin dephosphorylation of type II PKA regulatory subunits by an order of magnitude. Fluorescent PKA activity reporter assays, supported by kinetic modeling, show how AKAP79-enhanced calcineurin activity enables suppression of PKA without altering cAMP levels by increasing PKA catalytic subunit capture rate. Experiments with hippocampal neurons indicate that this mechanism contributes toward LTD. This non-canonical mode of PKA regulation may underlie many other cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy W Church
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Parul Tewatia
- Science for Life Laboratory, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of TechnologyStockholmSweden
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska InstituteStockholmSweden
| | - Saad Hannan
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - João Antunes
- Science for Life Laboratory, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of TechnologyStockholmSweden
| | - Olivia Eriksson
- Science for Life Laboratory, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of TechnologyStockholmSweden
| | - Trevor G Smart
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Jeanette Hellgren Kotaleski
- Science for Life Laboratory, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of TechnologyStockholmSweden
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska InstituteStockholmSweden
| | - Matthew G Gold
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
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6
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Isensee J, van Cann M, Despang P, Araldi D, Moeller K, Petersen J, Schmidtko A, Matthes J, Levine JD, Hucho T. Depolarization induces nociceptor sensitization by CaV1.2-mediated PKA-II activation. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:212600. [PMID: 34431981 PMCID: PMC8404467 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202002083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Depolarization drives neuronal plasticity. However, whether depolarization drives sensitization of peripheral nociceptive neurons remains elusive. By high-content screening (HCS) microscopy, we revealed that depolarization of cultured sensory neurons rapidly activates protein kinase A type II (PKA-II) in nociceptors by calcium influx through CaV1.2 channels. This effect was modulated by calpains but insensitive to inhibitors of cAMP formation, including opioids. In turn, PKA-II phosphorylated Ser1928 in the distal C terminus of CaV1.2, thereby increasing channel gating, whereas dephosphorylation of Ser1928 involved the phosphatase calcineurin. Patch-clamp and behavioral experiments confirmed that depolarization leads to calcium- and PKA-dependent sensitization of calcium currents ex vivo and local peripheral hyperalgesia in the skin in vivo. Our data suggest a local activity-driven feed-forward mechanism that selectively translates strong depolarization into further activity and thereby facilitates hypersensitivity of nociceptor terminals by a mechanism inaccessible to opioids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Isensee
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Translational Pain Research, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marianne van Cann
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Translational Pain Research, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Patrick Despang
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Dioneia Araldi
- Division of Neuroscience, Departments of Medicine and Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Katharina Moeller
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Translational Pain Research, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jonas Petersen
- Institute for Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Achim Schmidtko
- Institute for Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jan Matthes
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jon D Levine
- Division of Neuroscience, Departments of Medicine and Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Tim Hucho
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Translational Pain Research, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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7
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Cai E, Zhang J, Ge X. Control of the Hedgehog pathway by compartmentalized PKA in the primary cilium. Sci China Life Sci 2021; 65:500-514. [PMID: 34505970 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-021-1975-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling is one of the essential signaling pathways during embryogenesis and in adults. Hh signal transduction relies on primary cilium, a specialized cell surface organelle viewed as the hub of cell signaling. Protein kinase A (PKA) has been recognized as a potent negative regulator of the Hh pathway, raising the question of how such a ubiquitous kinase specifically regulates one signaling pathway. We reviewed recent genetic, molecular and biochemical studies that have advanced our mechanistic understanding of PKA's role in Hh signaling in vertebrates, focusing on the compartmentalized PKA at the centrosome and in the primary cilium. We outlined the recently developed genetic and optical tools that can be harvested to study PKA activities during the course of Hh signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Cai
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, CA, 95340, USA
| | - Jingyi Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, CA, 95340, USA
| | - Xuecai Ge
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, CA, 95340, USA.
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8
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Zhang J, Zhang C, Chen X, Wang B, Ma W, Yang Y, Zheng R, Huang Z. PKA-RIIβ autophosphorylation modulates PKA activity and seizure phenotypes in mice. Commun Biol 2021; 4:263. [PMID: 33649504 PMCID: PMC7921646 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01748-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is one of the most common and intractable neurological disorders in adults. Dysfunctional PKA signaling is causally linked to the TLE. However, the mechanism underlying PKA involves in epileptogenesis is still poorly understood. In the present study, we found the autophosphorylation level at serine 114 site (serine 112 site in mice) of PKA-RIIβ subunit was robustly decreased in the epileptic foci obtained from both surgical specimens of TLE patients and seizure model mice. The p-RIIβ level was negatively correlated with the activities of PKA. Notably, by using a P-site mutant that cannot be autophosphorylated and thus results in the released catalytic subunit to exert persistent phosphorylation, an increase in PKA activities through transduction with AAV-RIIβ-S112A in hippocampal DG granule cells decreased mIPSC frequency but not mEPSC, enhanced neuronal intrinsic excitability and seizure susceptibility. In contrast, a reduction of PKA activities by RIIβ knockout led to an increased mIPSC frequency, a reduction in neuronal excitability, and mice less prone to experimental seizure onset. Collectively, our data demonstrated that the autophosphorylation of RIIβ subunit plays a critical role in controlling neuronal and network excitabilities by regulating the activities of PKA, providing a potential therapeutic target for TLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Chenyu Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoling Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Bingwei Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Weining Ma
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University College of Pharmacy, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Ruimao Zheng
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing, China.
- Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.
- Key Laboratory for Neuroscience of National Health Commission, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhuo Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.
- Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.
- Key Laboratory for Neuroscience of National Health Commission, Beijing, China.
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9
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Lee S, Kim J, Jo J, Chang JW, Sim J, Yun H. Recent advances in development of hetero-bivalent kinase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 216:113318. [PMID: 33730624 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Identifying a pharmacological agent that targets only one of more than 500 kinases present in humans is an important challenge. One potential solution to this problem is the development of bivalent kinase inhibitors, which consist of two connected fragments, each bind to a dissimilar binding site of the bisubstrate enzyme. The main advantage of bivalent (type V) kinase inhibitors is generating more interactions with target enzymes that can enhance the molecules' selectivity and affinity compared to single-site inhibitors. Earlier type V inhibitors were not suitable for the cellular environment and were mostly used in in vitro studies. However, recently developed bivalent compounds have high kinase affinity, high biological and chemical stability in vivo. This review summarized the hetero-bivalent kinase inhibitors described in the literature from 2014 to the present. We attempted to classify the molecules by serine/threonine and tyrosine kinase inhibitors, and then each target kinase and its hetero-bivalent inhibitor was assessed in depth. In addition, we discussed the analysis of advantages, limitations, and perspectives of bivalent kinase inhibitors compared with the monovalent kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungbeom Lee
- College of Pharmacy, CHA University, Pocheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 11160, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisu Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeyun Jo
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Won Chang
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Hematology & Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jaehoon Sim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hwayoung Yun
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Baro Graf C, Ritagliati C, Stival C, Luque GM, Gentile I, Buffone MG, Krapf D. Everything you ever wanted to know about PKA regulation and its involvement in mammalian sperm capacitation. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 518:110992. [PMID: 32853743 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The 3', 5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) dependent protein kinase (PKA) is a tetrameric holoenzyme comprising a set of two regulatory subunits (PKA-R) and two catalytic (PKA-C) subunits. The PKA-R subunits act as sensors of cAMP and allow PKA-C activity. One of the first signaling events observed during mammalian sperm capacitation is PKA activation. Thus, understanding how PKA activity is restricted in space and time is crucial to decipher the critical steps of sperm capacitation. It is widely accepted that PKA specificity depends on several levels of regulation. Anchoring proteins play a pivotal role in achieving proper localization signaling, subcellular targeting and cAMP microdomains. These multi-factorial regulation steps are necessary for a precise spatio-temporal activation of PKA. Here we discuss recent understanding of regulatory mechanisms of PKA in mammalian sperm, such as post-translational modifications, in the context of its role as the master orchestrator of molecular events conducive to capacitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Baro Graf
- Laboratory of Cell Signal Transduction Networks, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), CONICET-UNR, Rosario, Argentina; Laboratorio de Medicina Reproductiva (LMR), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Carla Ritagliati
- Laboratory of Cell Signal Transduction Networks, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), CONICET-UNR, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Cintia Stival
- Laboratory of Cell Signal Transduction Networks, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), CONICET-UNR, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Guillermina M Luque
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Reproductive Biology, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Iñaki Gentile
- Laboratory of Cell Signal Transduction Networks, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), CONICET-UNR, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Mariano G Buffone
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Reproductive Biology, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Dario Krapf
- Laboratory of Cell Signal Transduction Networks, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), CONICET-UNR, Rosario, Argentina; Laboratorio de Medicina Reproductiva (LMR), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina.
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11
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Nonga OE, Enkvist E, Herberg FW, Uri A. Inhibitors and fluorescent probes for protein kinase PKAcβ and its S54L mutant, identified in a patient with cortisol producing adenoma. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2020; 84:1839-1845. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2020.1772038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Recently, a mutation was discovered in the gene PRKACB encoding the catalytic subunit β of PKA (PKAcβ) from a patient with severe Cushing’s syndrome. This mutation, S54L, leads to a structural change in the glycine-rich loop of the protein. In the present study, an inhibitor with six-fold selectivity toward S54L-PKAcβ mutant over the wild-type enzyme was constructed. Moreover, we developed a fluorescent assay allowing to determine side by side the affinity of commercially available PKA inhibitors, newly synthesized compounds, and fluorescent probes toward PKAcβ and S54L-PKAcβ.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erki Enkvist
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Asko Uri
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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12
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Gold MG. Swimming regulations for protein kinase A catalytic subunit. Biochem Soc Trans 2019; 47:1355-66. [PMID: 31671183 DOI: 10.1042/BST20190230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) plays a central role in important biological processes including synaptic plasticity and sympathetic stimulation of the heart. Elevations of cAMP trigger release of PKA catalytic (C) subunits from PKA holoenzymes, thereby coupling cAMP to protein phosphorylation. Uncontrolled C subunit activity, such as occurs in genetic disorders in which regulatory subunits are depleted, is pathological. Anchoring proteins that associate with PKA regulatory subunits are important for localising PKA activity in cells. However, anchoring does not directly explain how unrestrained 'free swimming' of C subunits is avoided following C subunit release. In this review, I discuss new mechanisms that have been posited to account for this old problem. One straightforward explanation is that cAMP does not trigger C subunit dissociation but instead activates intact PKA holoenzymes whose activity is restrained through anchoring. A comprehensive comparison of observations for and against cAMP-activation of intact PKA holoenzymes does not lend credence to this mechanism. Recent measurements have revealed that PKA regulatory subunits are expressed at very high concentrations, and in large molar excess relative to C subunits. I discuss the implications of these skewed PKA subunit concentrations, before considering how phosphorylation of type II regulatory subunits and myristylation of C subunits are likely to contribute to controlling C subunit diffusion and recapture in cells. Finally, I speculate on future research directions that may be pursued on the basis of these emerging mechanisms.
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13
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Lu TW, Wu J, Aoto PC, Weng JH, Ahuja LG, Sun N, Cheng CY, Zhang P, Taylor SS. Two PKA RIα holoenzyme states define ATP as an isoform-specific orthosteric inhibitor that competes with the allosteric activator, cAMP. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:16347-16356. [PMID: 31363049 PMCID: PMC6697891 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1906036116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase A (PKA) holoenzyme, comprised of a cAMP-binding regulatory (R)-subunit dimer and 2 catalytic (C)-subunits, is the master switch for cAMP-mediated signaling. Of the 4 R-subunits (RIα, RIβ, RIIα, RIIβ), RIα is most essential for regulating PKA activity in cells. Our 2 RIα2C2 holoenzyme states, which show different conformations with and without ATP, reveal how ATP/Mg2+ functions as a negative orthosteric modulator. Biochemical studies demonstrate how the removal of ATP primes the holoenzyme for cAMP-mediated activation. The opposing competition between ATP/cAMP is unique to RIα. In RIIβ, ATP serves as a substrate and facilitates cAMP-activation. The isoform-specific RI-holoenzyme dimer interface mediated by N3A-N3A' motifs defines multidomain cross-talk and an allosteric network that creates competing roles for ATP and cAMP. Comparisons to the RIIβ holoenzyme demonstrate isoform-specific holoenzyme interfaces and highlights distinct allosteric mechanisms for activation in addition to the structural diversity of the isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsan-Wen Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Jian Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Phillip C Aoto
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Jui-Hung Weng
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Lalima G Ahuja
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Nicholas Sun
- Department of Biological Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Cecilia Y Cheng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Ping Zhang
- Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Susan S Taylor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093;
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
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14
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Abstract
A dense interplay between structure and dynamics underlies the working of proteins, especially enzymes. Protein kinases are molecular switches that are optimized for their regulation rather than catalytic turnover rates. Using long-simulations dynamic allostery analysis, this study describes an exploration of the dynamic kinase:peptide complex. We have used protein kinase A (PKA) as a model system as a generic prototype of the protein kinase superfamily of signaling enzymes. Our results explain the role of dynamic coupling of active-site residues that must work in coherence to provide for a successful activation or inhibition response from the kinase. Amino acid networks-based community analysis allows us to ponder the conformational entropy of the kinase:nucleotide:peptide ternary complex. We use a combination of 7 peptides that include 3 types of PKA-binding partners: Substrates, products, and inhibitors. The substrate peptides provide for dynamic insights into the enzyme:substrate complex, while the product phospho-peptide allows for accessing modes of enzyme:product release. Mapping of allosteric communities onto the PKA structure allows us to locate the more unvarying and flexible dynamic regions of the kinase. These distributions, when correlated with the structural elements of the kinase core, allow for a detailed exploration of key dynamics-based signatures that could affect peptide recognition and binding at the kinase active site. These studies provide a unique dynamic allostery-based perspective to kinase:peptide complexes that have previously been explored only in a structural or thermodynamic context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalima G Ahuja
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093;
| | - Phillip C Aoto
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Alexandr P Kornev
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Gianluigi Veglia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Susan S Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093;
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
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15
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Knape MJ, Ballez M, Burghardt NC, Zimmermann B, Bertinetti D, Kornev AP, Herberg FW. Divalent metal ions control activity and inhibition of protein kinases. Metallomics 2018; 9:1576-1584. [PMID: 29043344 DOI: 10.1039/c7mt00204a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinases are key enzymes in the regulation of eukaryotic signal transduction. As metalloenzymes they employ divalent cations for catalysis and regulation. We used the catalytic (C) subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) as a model protein to investigate the role of a variety of physiologically or pathophysiologically relevant divalent metal ions in distinct steps within the catalytic cycle. It is established that divalent metal ions play a crucial role in co-binding of nucleotides and also assist in catalysis. Our studies reveal that besides the physiologically highly relevant magnesium, metals like zinc and manganese can assist in phosphoryl transfer, however, only a few support efficient substrate turnover (turnover catalysis). Those trace metals allow for substrate binding and phosphotransfer but hamper product release. We further established the unique role of magnesium as the common biologically relevant divalent metal ideally enabling (co-) substrate binding and orientation. Magnesium allows stable substrate binding and, on the other hand accelerates product release, thus being extremely efficient in turnover catalysis. We extended our studies to non-catalytic functions of protein kinases looking at pseudokinases, a subfamily of protein kinases inherently lacking critical residues for catalysis. Recently, pseudokinases have been linked to human diseases. Some pseudokinases are still capable of binding metal ions, yet have lost the ability to transfer the phosphoryl group from ATP to a given substrate. Here metal ions stabilize an active like, though catalytically unproductive conformation and are therefore crucial to maintain non-catalytic function. Finally, we demonstrate for the canonical kinase PKA that the trace metal manganese alone can stabilize protein kinases in an active like conformation allowing them to bind substrates even in the absence of nucleotides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias J Knape
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kassel, 34132 Kassel, Germany.
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16
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Abstract
Smith and Scott discuss work from Isensee et al. addressing the long-standing question of the regulation of protein kinase A–II activity by phosphorylation. The role of autophosphorylation of the type II regulatory subunit in activation of protein kinase A (PKA) has been a longstanding question. In this issue, Isensee et al. (2018. J. Cell Biol.https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201708053) use antibody tools that selectively recognize phosphorylated RII and the catalytic subunit active site to reexamine PKA holoenzyme activation mechanisms in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Donelson Smith
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - John D Scott
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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17
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Isensee J, Kaufholz M, Knape MJ, Hasenauer J, Hammerich H, Gonczarowska-Jorge H, Zahedi RP, Schwede F, Herberg FW, Hucho T. PKA-RII subunit phosphorylation precedes activation by cAMP and regulates activity termination. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:2167-2184. [PMID: 29615473 PMCID: PMC5987717 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201708053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Activity of endogenous protein kinase A (PKA) could never be analyzed directly in the cellular environment. Isensee et al. used antibodies to quantify conformational changes leading to an open conformation of endogenous PKA-II holoenzymes, which allowed them to analyze and model its activation cycle in primary sensory neurons. Type II isoforms of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)–dependent protein kinase A (PKA-II) contain a phosphorylatable epitope within the inhibitory domain of RII subunits (pRII) with still unclear function. In vitro, RII phosphorylation occurs in the absence of cAMP, whereas staining of cells with pRII-specific antibodies revealed a cAMP-dependent pattern. In sensory neurons, we found that increased pRII immunoreactivity reflects increased accessibility of the already phosphorylated RII epitope during cAMP-induced opening of the tetrameric RII2:C2 holoenzyme. Accordingly, induction of pRII by cAMP was sensitive to novel inhibitors of dissociation, whereas blocking catalytic activity was ineffective. Also in vitro, cAMP increased the binding of pRII antibodies to RII2:C2 holoenzymes. Identification of an antibody specific for the glycine-rich loop of catalytic subunits facing the pRII-epitope confirmed activity-dependent binding with similar kinetics, proving that the reassociation is rapid and precisely controlled. Mechanistic modeling further supported that RII phosphorylation precedes cAMP binding and controls the inactivation by modulating the reassociation involving the coordinated action of phosphodiesterases and phosphatases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Isensee
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Experimental Anesthesiology and Pain Research, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Melanie Kaufholz
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Matthias J Knape
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Jan Hasenauer
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Center for Mathematics, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Hanna Hammerich
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Experimental Anesthesiology and Pain Research, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Humberto Gonczarowska-Jorge
- ISAS, Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften, Dortmund, Germany.,CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasília, Brazil
| | - René P Zahedi
- ISAS, Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften, Dortmund, Germany
| | | | | | - Tim Hucho
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Experimental Anesthesiology and Pain Research, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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18
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Antunes G, Roque AC, Simoes-de-Souza FM. Molecular mechanisms of detection and discrimination of dynamic signals. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2480. [PMID: 29410522 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20842-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Many molecules decode not only the concentration of cellular signals, but also their temporal dynamics. However, little is known about the mechanisms that underlie the detection and discrimination of dynamic signals. We used computational modelling of the interaction of a ligand with multiple targets to investigate how kinetic and thermodynamic parameters regulate their capabilities to respond to dynamic signals. Our results demonstrated that the detection and discrimination of temporal features of signal inputs occur for reactions proceeding outside mass-action equilibrium. For these reactions, thermodynamic parameters such as affinity do not predict their outcomes. Additionally, we showed that, at non-equilibrium, the association rate constants determine the amount of product formed in reversible reactions. In contrast, the dissociation rate constants regulate the time interval required for reversible reactions to achieve equilibrium and, consequently, control their ability to detect and discriminate dynamic features of cellular signals.
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19
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Walker-Gray R, Stengel F, Gold MG. Mechanisms for restraining cAMP-dependent protein kinase revealed by subunit quantitation and cross-linking approaches. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:10414-9. [PMID: 28893983 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1701782114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) underlies key cellular processes, including sympathetic stimulation of heart cells, and potentiation of synaptic strength in neurons. Unrestrained PKA activity is pathological, and an enduring challenge is to understand how the activity of PKA catalytic subunits is directed in cells. We developed a light-activated cross-linking approach to monitor PKA subunit interactions with temporal precision in living cells. This enabled us to refute the recently proposed theory that PKA catalytic subunits remain tethered to regulatory subunits during cAMP elevation. Instead, we have identified other features of PKA signaling for reducing catalytic subunit diffusion and increasing recapture rate. Comprehensive quantitative immunoblotting of protein extracts from human embryonic kidney cells and rat organs reveals that regulatory subunits are always in large molar excess of catalytic subunits (average ∼17-fold). In the majority of organs tested, type II regulatory (RII) subunits were found to be the predominant PKA subunit. We also examined the architecture of PKA complexes containing RII subunits using cross-linking coupled to mass spectrometry. Quantitative comparison of cross-linking within a complex of RIIβ and Cβ, with or without the prototypical anchoring protein AKAP18α, revealed that the dimerization and docking domain of RIIβ is between its second cAMP binding domains. This architecture is compatible with anchored RII subunits directing the myristylated N terminus of catalytic subunits toward the membrane for release and recapture within the plane of the membrane.
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20
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Torres-Quesada O, Mayrhofer JE, Stefan E. The many faces of compartmentalized PKA signalosomes. Cell Signal 2017; 37:1-11. [PMID: 28528970 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cellular signal transmission requires the dynamic formation of spatiotemporally controlled molecular interactions. At the cell surface information is received by receptor complexes and relayed through intracellular signaling platforms which organize the actions of functionally interacting signaling enzymes and substrates. The list of hormone or neurotransmitter pathways that utilize the ubiquitous cAMP-sensing protein kinase A (PKA) system is expansive. This requires that the specificity, duration, and intensity of PKA responses are spatially and temporally restricted. Hereby, scaffolding proteins take the center stage for ensuring proper signal transmission. They unite second messenger sensors, activators, effectors, and kinase substrates within cellular micro-domains to precisely control and route signal propagation. A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs) organize such subcellular signalosomes by tethering the PKA holoenzyme to distinct cell compartments. AKAPs differ in their modular organization showing pathway specific arrangements of interaction motifs or domains. This enables the cell- and compartment- guided assembly of signalosomes with unique enzyme composition and function. The AKAP-mediated clustering of cAMP and other second messenger sensing and interacting signaling components along with functional successive enzymes facilitates the rapid and precise dissemination of incoming signals. This review article delineates examples for different means of PKA regulation and for snapshots of compartmentalized PKA signalosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Torres-Quesada
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Johanna E Mayrhofer
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Eduard Stefan
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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21
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Abstract
The diffusible second messenger cyclic AMP (cAMP) originates from multiple G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) cascades activating the intracellular key effector protein kinase A (PKA). Spatially and temporally restricted cAMP-fluxes are directly sensed by macromolecular PKA complexes. The consequences are alterations of molecular interactions, which lead to activation of compartmentalized PKA phosphotransferase activities, regulating a vast array of cellular functions. To decode cell-type and cell-compartment specific PKA functions, the spatio-temporal dynamics of small molecule:protein interactions, protein:protein interactions (PPIs), cAMP-mobilization, and phosphotransferase activities need to be determined directly in the appropriate cellular context. A collection of cell-based reporters has been developed to either visualize or quantitatively measure kinase activities or PKA complex formation/dissociation. In this review, we list a collection of unimolecular and bimolecular PKA biosensors, followed by the specification of the modular design of a Renilla luciferase based protein-fragment complementation assay (PCA) platform for measuring PKA network interactions. We discuss the application spectrum of the PCA reporter to identify, quantify, and dissect dynamic and transient PKA complexes downstream of specific GPCR activities. We specify the implementation of a PCA PKA platform to systematically quantify the concurrent involvement of receptor-cAMP signaling, post-translational modifications, and kinase subunit mutations/perturbations in PKA activation. The systematic quantification of transient PKA network interactions will contribute to a better understanding how GPCR-recognized input signals are streamlined through the compartmentalized and cAMP-interacting PKA signalosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Torres-Quesada
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - R Röck
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - E Stefan
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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22
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Isensee J, Krahé L, Moeller K, Pereira V, Sexton JE, Sun X, Emery E, Wood JN, Hucho T. Synergistic regulation of serotonin and opioid signaling contributes to pain insensitivity in Nav1.7 knockout mice. Sci Signal 2017; 10:10/461/eaah4874. [PMID: 28074005 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aah4874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Genetic loss of the voltage-gated sodium channel Nav1.7 (Nav1.7-/-) results in lifelong insensitivity to pain in mice and humans. One underlying cause is an increase in the production of endogenous opioids in sensory neurons. We analyzed whether Nav1.7 deficiency altered nociceptive heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling, such as initiated by GPCRs that respond to serotonin (pronociceptive) or opioids (antinociceptive), in sensory neurons. We found that the nociceptive neurons of Nav1.7 knockout (Nav1.7-/-) mice, but not those of Nav1.8 knockout (Nav1.8-/-) mice, exhibited decreased pronociceptive serotonergic signaling through the 5-HT4 receptors, which are Gαs-coupled GPCRs that stimulate the production of cyclic adenosine monophosphate resulting in protein kinase A (PKA) activity, as well as reduced abundance of the RIIβ regulatory subunit of PKA. Simultaneously, the efficacy of antinociceptive opioid signaling mediated by the Gαi-coupled mu opioid receptors was increased. Consequently, opioids inhibited more efficiently tetrodotoxin-resistant sodium currents, which are important for pain-initiating neuronal activity in nociceptive neurons. Thus, Nav1.7 controls the efficacy and balance of GPCR-mediated pro- and antinociceptive intracellular signaling, such that without Nav1.7, the balance is shifted toward antinociception, resulting in lifelong endogenous analgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Isensee
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Experimental Anesthesiology and Pain Research, University Hospital of Cologne, Robert Koch Str. 10, 50931 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Leonhardt Krahé
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Experimental Anesthesiology and Pain Research, University Hospital of Cologne, Robert Koch Str. 10, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Katharina Moeller
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Experimental Anesthesiology and Pain Research, University Hospital of Cologne, Robert Koch Str. 10, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Vanessa Pereira
- Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Jane E Sexton
- Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Xiaohui Sun
- Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Edward Emery
- Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - John N Wood
- Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Tim Hucho
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Experimental Anesthesiology and Pain Research, University Hospital of Cologne, Robert Koch Str. 10, 50931 Cologne, Germany.
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23
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Sayyed DR, Jung SH, Kim MS, Han ET, Park WS, Hong SH, Kim YM, Ha KS. In situ PKA activity assay by selective detection of its catalytic subunit using antibody arrays. BioChip J 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13206-016-1108-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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24
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Soriano EV, Ivanova ME, Fletcher G, Riou P, Knowles PP, Barnouin K, Purkiss A, Kostelecky B, Saiu P, Linch M, Elbediwy A, Kjær S, O'Reilly N, Snijders AP, Parker PJ, Thompson BJ, McDonald NQ. aPKC Inhibition by Par3 CR3 Flanking Regions Controls Substrate Access and Underpins Apical-Junctional Polarization. Dev Cell 2016; 38:384-98. [PMID: 27554858 PMCID: PMC4998004 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2016.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Atypical protein kinase C (aPKC) is a key apical-basal polarity determinant and Par complex component. It is recruited by Par3/Baz (Bazooka in Drosophila) into epithelial apical domains through high-affinity interaction. Paradoxically, aPKC also phosphorylates Par3/Baz, provoking its relocalization to adherens junctions (AJs). We show that Par3 conserved region 3 (CR3) forms a tight inhibitory complex with a primed aPKC kinase domain, blocking substrate access. A CR3 motif flanking its PKC consensus site disrupts the aPKC kinase N lobe, separating P-loop/αB/αC contacts. A second CR3 motif provides a high-affinity anchor. Mutation of either motif switches CR3 to an efficient in vitro substrate by exposing its phospho-acceptor site. In vivo, mutation of either CR3 motif alters Par3/Baz localization from apical to AJs. Our results reveal how Par3/Baz CR3 can antagonize aPKC in stable apical Par complexes and suggests that modulation of CR3 inhibitory arms or opposing aPKC pockets would perturb the interaction, promoting Par3/Baz phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika V Soriano
- Structural Biology, The Francis Crick Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Marina E Ivanova
- Structural Biology, The Francis Crick Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Georgina Fletcher
- Epithelial Biology, The Francis Crick Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Philippe Riou
- Protein Phosphorylation Laboratories, The Francis Crick Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Philip P Knowles
- Structural Biology, The Francis Crick Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Karin Barnouin
- Protein Analysis, The Francis Crick Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Andrew Purkiss
- Structural Biology, The Francis Crick Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Brenda Kostelecky
- Structural Biology, The Francis Crick Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Peter Saiu
- Structural Biology, The Francis Crick Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Mark Linch
- Protein Phosphorylation Laboratories, The Francis Crick Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Ahmed Elbediwy
- Epithelial Biology, The Francis Crick Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Svend Kjær
- Protein Purification Facilities, The Francis Crick Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Nicola O'Reilly
- Peptide Chemistry, The Francis Crick Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Ambrosius P Snijders
- Protein Analysis, The Francis Crick Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Peter J Parker
- Protein Phosphorylation Laboratories, The Francis Crick Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK; Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Barry J Thompson
- Epithelial Biology, The Francis Crick Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK.
| | - Neil Q McDonald
- Structural Biology, The Francis Crick Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK; Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, School of Biological Science, Birkbeck College, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, UK.
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25
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Ivan T, Enkvist E, Viira B, Manoharan GB, Raidaru G, Pflug A, Alam KA, Zaccolo M, Engh RA, Uri A. Bifunctional Ligands for Inhibition of Tight-Binding Protein-Protein Interactions. Bioconjug Chem 2016; 27:1900-10. [PMID: 27389935 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The acknowledged potential of small-molecule therapeutics targeting disease-related protein-protein interactions (PPIs) has promoted active research in this field. The strategy of using small molecule inhibitors (SMIs) to fight strong (tight-binding) PPIs tends to fall short due to the flat and wide interfaces of PPIs. Here we propose a biligand approach for disruption of strong PPIs. The potential of this approach was realized for disruption of the tight-binding (KD = 100 pM) tetrameric holoenzyme of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA). Supported by X-ray analysis of cocrystals, bifunctional inhibitors (ARC-inhibitors) were constructed that simultaneously associated with both the ATP-pocket and the PPI interface area of the catalytic subunit of PKA (PKAc). Bifunctional inhibitor ARC-1411, possessing a KD value of 3 pM toward PKAc, induced the dissociation of the PKA holoenzyme with a low-nanomolar IC50, whereas the ATP-competitive inhibitor H89 bound to the PKA holoenzyme without disruption of the protein tetramer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taavi Ivan
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu , 50410 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Erki Enkvist
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu , 50410 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Birgit Viira
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu , 50410 Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Gerda Raidaru
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu , 50410 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Alexander Pflug
- The Norwegian Structural Biology Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Tromsø , N-9019 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Kazi Asraful Alam
- The Norwegian Structural Biology Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Tromsø , N-9019 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Manuela Zaccolo
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford , OX1 3QX Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Alan Engh
- The Norwegian Structural Biology Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Tromsø , N-9019 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Asko Uri
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu , 50410 Tartu, Estonia
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26
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Knape MJ, Ahuja LG, Bertinetti D, Burghardt NC, Zimmermann B, Taylor SS, Herberg FW. Divalent Metal Ions Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺ Have Distinct Effects on Protein Kinase A Activity and Regulation. ACS Chem Biol 2015. [PMID: 26200257 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b00271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) is regulated primarily in response to physiological signals while nucleotides and metals may provide fine-tuning. PKA can use different metal ions for phosphoryl transfer, yet some, like Ca(2+), do not support steady-state catalysis. Fluorescence Polarization (FP) and Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) were used to study inhibitor and substrate interactions with PKA. The data illustrate how metals can act differentially as a result of their inherent coordination properties. We found that Ca(2+), in contrast to Mg(2+), does not induce high-affinity binding of PKA to pseudosubstrate inhibitors. However, Ca(2+) works in a single turnover mode to allow for phosphoryl-transfer. Using a novel SPR approach, we were able to directly monitor the interaction of PKA with a substrate in the presence of Mg(2+)ATP. This allows us to depict the entire kinase reaction including complex formation as well as release of the phosphorylated substrate. In contrast to Mg(2+), Ca(2+) apparently slows down the enzymatic reaction. A focus on individual reaction steps revealed that Ca(2+) is not as efficient as Mg(2+) in stabilizing the enzyme:substrate complex. The opposite holds true for product dissociation where Mg(2+) easily releases the phospho-substrate while Ca(2+) traps both reaction products at the active site. This explains the low steady-state activity in the presence of Ca(2+). Furthermore, Ca(2+) is able to modulate kinase activity as well as inhibitor binding even in the presence of Mg(2+). We therefore hypothesize that the physiological metal ions Mg(2+) and Ca(2+) both play a role in kinase activity and regulation. Since PKA is localized close to calcium channels and may render PKA activity susceptible to Ca(2+), our data provide a possible mechanism for novel crosstalk between cAMP and calcium signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias J. Knape
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Kassel, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Lalima G. Ahuja
- Department
of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | | | | | | | - Susan S. Taylor
- Department
of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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