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Kim DM, Lee JH, Pan Q, Han HW, Shen Z, Eshghjoo S, Wu CS, Yang W, Noh JY, Threadgill DW, Guo S, Wright G, Alaniz R, Sun Y. Nutrient-sensing growth hormone secretagogue receptor in macrophage programming and meta-inflammation. Mol Metab 2024; 79:101852. [PMID: 38092245 PMCID: PMC10772824 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obesity-associated chronic inflammation, aka meta-inflammation, is a key pathogenic driver for obesity-associated comorbidity. Growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) is known to mediate the effects of nutrient-sensing hormone ghrelin in food intake and fat deposition. We previously reported that global Ghsr ablation protects against diet-induced inflammation and insulin resistance, but the site(s) of action and mechanism are unknown. Macrophages are key drivers of meta-inflammation. To unravel the role of GHSR in macrophages, we generated myeloid-specific Ghsr knockout mice (LysM-Cre;Ghsrf/f). METHODS LysM-Cre;Ghsrf/f and control Ghsrf/f mice were subjected to 5 months of high-fat diet (HFD) feeding to induce obesity. In vivo, metabolic profiling of food intake, physical activity, and energy expenditure, as well as glucose and insulin tolerance tests (GTT and ITT) were performed. At termination, peritoneal macrophages (PMs), epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT), and liver were analyzed by flow cytometry and histology. For ex vivo studies, bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) were generated from the mice and treated with palmitic acid (PA) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). For in vitro studies, macrophage RAW264.7 cells with Ghsr overexpression or Insulin receptor substrate 2 (Irs2) knockdown were studied. RESULTS We found that Ghsr expression in PMs was increased under HFD feeding. In vivo, HFD-fed LysM-Cre;Ghsrf/f mice exhibited significantly attenuated systemic inflammation and insulin resistance without affecting food intake or body weight. Tissue analysis showed that HFD-fed LysM-Cre;Ghsrf/f mice have significantly decreased monocyte/macrophage infiltration, pro-inflammatory activation, and lipid accumulation, showing elevated lipid-associated macrophages (LAMs) in eWAT and liver. Ex vivo, Ghsr-deficient macrophages protected against PA- or LPS-induced pro-inflammatory polarization, showing reduced glycolysis, increased fatty acid oxidation, and decreased NF-κB nuclear translocation. At molecular level, GHSR metabolically programs macrophage polarization through PKA-CREB-IRS2-AKT2 signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS These novel results demonstrate that macrophage GHSR plays a key role in the pathogenesis of meta-inflammation, and macrophage GHSR promotes macrophage infiltration and induces pro-inflammatory polarization. These exciting findings suggest that GHSR may serve as a novel immunotherapeutic target for the treatment of obesity and its associated comorbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Mi Kim
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Jong Han Lee
- Department of Marine Bioindustry, Hanseo University, Seosan 31962, South Korea; USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Quan Pan
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Hye Won Han
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Zheng Shen
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Sahar Eshghjoo
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA; Agilent technologies, Aanta Clara, CA 95051, USA
| | - Chia-Shan Wu
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Wanbao Yang
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Ji Yeon Noh
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - David W Threadgill
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; Texas A&M Institute for Genome Sciences and Society, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Shaodong Guo
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Gus Wright
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Robert Alaniz
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA; Tlaloc Therapeutics Inc., College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - Yuxiang Sun
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Priego M, Noriega L, Kalinin S, Hoffman LM, Feinstein DL, Morfini G. Genetic deletion of c-Jun amino-terminal kinase 3 (JNK3) modestly increases disease severity in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2023; 382:578152. [PMID: 37454525 PMCID: PMC10527920 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2023.578152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
The c-Jun amino terminal kinases (JNKs) regulate transcription, and studies suggest they contribute to neuropathology in the EAE model of MS. To examine the role of the JNK3 isoform, we compared EAE in JNK3 null mice to wild type (WT) littermates. Although disease severity was similar in female mice, in male JNK3 null mice the day of onset and time to reach 100% incidence occurred sooner, and disease severity was increased. While glial activation in spinal cord was similar, white matter lesions were increased in JNK3 null mice. These results suggest JNK3 normally limits EAE disease in a sex-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Priego
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612, United States of America
| | - Lorena Noriega
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612, United States of America
| | - Sergey Kalinin
- Department of Research, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, United States of America
| | - Lisa M Hoffman
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612, United States of America
| | - Douglas L Feinstein
- Department of Research, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, United States of America; Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612, United States of America.
| | - Gerardo Morfini
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612, United States of America.
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Roca-Rivada A, Marín-Cañas S, Colli ML, Vinci C, Sawatani T, Marselli L, Cnop M, Marchetti P, Eizirik DL. Inhibition of the type 1 diabetes candidate gene PTPN2 aggravates TNF-α-induced human beta cell dysfunction and death. Diabetologia 2023; 66:1544-1556. [PMID: 36988639 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-023-05908-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS TNF-α plays a role in pancreatic beta cell loss in type 1 diabetes mellitus. In clinical interventions, TNF-α inhibition preserves C-peptide levels in early type 1 diabetes. In this study we evaluated the crosstalk of TNF-α, as compared with type I IFNs, with the type 1 diabetes candidate gene PTPN2 (encoding protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 2 [PTPN2]) in human beta cells. METHODS EndoC-βH1 cells, dispersed human pancreatic islets or induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived islet-like cells were transfected with siRNAs targeting various genes (siCTRL, siPTPN2, siJNK1, siJNK3 or siBIM). Cells were treated for 48 h with IFN-α (2000 U/ml) or TNF-α (1000 U/ml). Cell death was evaluated using Hoechst 33342 and propidium iodide staining. mRNA levels were assessed by quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) and protein expression by immunoblot. RESULTS PTPN2 silencing sensitised beta cells to cytotoxicity induced by IFN-α and/or TNF-α by 20-50%, depending on the human cell model utilised; there was no potentiation between the cytokines. We silenced c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)1 or Bcl-2-like protein 2 (BIM), and this abolished the proapoptotic effects of IFN-α, TNF-α or the combination of both after PTPN2 inhibition. We further observed that PTPN2 silencing increased TNF-α-induced JNK1 and BIM phosphorylation and that JNK3 is necessary for beta cell resistance to IFN-α cytotoxicity. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION We show that the type 1 diabetes candidate gene PTPN2 is a key regulator of the deleterious effects of TNF-α in human beta cells. It is conceivable that people with type 1 diabetes carrying risk-associated PTPN2 polymorphisms may particularly benefit from therapies inhibiting TNF-α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Roca-Rivada
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Université Libre De Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Sandra Marín-Cañas
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Université Libre De Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Maikel L Colli
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Université Libre De Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Chiara Vinci
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Université Libre De Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Toshiaki Sawatani
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Université Libre De Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lorella Marselli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Miriam Cnop
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Université Libre De Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Piero Marchetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Decio L Eizirik
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Université Libre De Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- WELBIO Department, WEL Research Institute, Wavre, Belgium
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Schepetkin IA, Karpenko OS, Kovrizhina AR, Kirpotina LN, Khlebnikov AI, Chekal SI, Radudik AV, Shybinska MO, Quinn MT. Novel Tryptanthrin Derivatives with Selectivity as c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase (JNK) 3 Inhibitors. Molecules 2023; 28:4806. [PMID: 37375361 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28124806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) family includes three proteins (JNK1-3) that regulate many physiological processes, including cell proliferation and differentiation, cell survival, and inflammation. Because of emerging data suggesting that JNK3 may play an important role in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease, as well as cancer pathogenesis, we sought to identify JNK inhibitors with increased selectivity for JNK3. A panel of 26 novel tryptanthrin-6-oxime analogs was synthesized and evaluated for JNK1-3 binding (Kd) and inhibition of cellular inflammatory responses. Compounds 4d (8-methoxyindolo[2,1-b]quinazolin-6,12-dione oxime) and 4e (8-phenylindolo[2,1-b]quinazolin-6,12-dione oxime) had high selectivity for JNK3 versus JNK1 and JNK2 and inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nuclear factor-κB/activating protein 1 (NF-κB/AP-1) transcriptional activity in THP-1Blue cells and interleukin-6 (IL-6) production by MonoMac-6 monocytic cells in the low micromolar range. Likewise, compounds 4d, 4e, and pan-JNK inhibitor 4h (9-methylindolo[2,1-b]quinazolin-6,12-dione oxime) decreased LPS-induced c-Jun phosphorylation in MonoMac-6 cells, directly confirming JNK inhibition. Molecular modeling suggested modes of binding interaction of these compounds in the JNK3 catalytic site that were in agreement with the experimental data on JNK3 binding. Our results demonstrate the potential for developing anti-inflammatory drugs based on these nitrogen-containing heterocyclic systems with selectivity for JNK3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor A Schepetkin
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Oleksander S Karpenko
- O.V. Bogatsky Physico-Chemical Institute, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 65080 Odesa, Ukraine
| | | | - Liliya N Kirpotina
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | | | - Stepan I Chekal
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Odesa I.I. Mechnikov National University, 65082 Odesa, Ukraine
| | - Alevtyna V Radudik
- O.V. Bogatsky Physico-Chemical Institute, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 65080 Odesa, Ukraine
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Odesa I.I. Mechnikov National University, 65082 Odesa, Ukraine
| | - Maryna O Shybinska
- O.V. Bogatsky Physico-Chemical Institute, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 65080 Odesa, Ukraine
| | - Mark T Quinn
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
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Yadav Y, Dey CS. PP2Cα positively regulates neuronal insulin signalling and aggravates neuronal insulin resistance. FEBS J 2022; 289:7561-7581. [PMID: 35810470 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PP2Cα is one of the newly identified isoforms of metal-dependent protein phosphatases (PPM). The role of this phosphatase in neuronal insulin signalling is completely unknown. In the present study, we show insulin-mediated rapid upregulation of a protein of the insulin signalling cascade, PP2Cα, in mouse N2a cells and human SH-SY5Y cells. By contrast, such PP2Cα upregulation is not observed in insulin-resistant conditions despite insulin stimulation. Here, we report that, under insulin-sensitive and insulin-resistant conditions, the translation of PP2Cα was regulated by insulin through c-Jun N-terminal kinase. PP2Cα in turn dephosphorylated a novel inhibitory site of insulin receptor substrate-1 at Ser522 and AMP-activated protein kinase, hence positively regulating neuronal insulin signalling and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamini Yadav
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India
| | - Chinmoy Sankar Dey
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India
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Garg R, Kumariya S, Katekar R, Verma S, Goand UK, Gayen JR. JNK signaling pathway in metabolic disorders: An emerging therapeutic target. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 901:174079. [PMID: 33812885 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic Syndrome is a multifactorial disease associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disorders, type 2 diabetes mellitus, fatty liver disease, etc. Various stress stimuli such as reactive oxygen species, endoplasmic reticulum stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, increased cytokines, or free fatty acids are known to aggravate progressive development of hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia. Although the exact mechanism contributing to altered metabolism is unclear. Evidence suggests stress kinase role to be a crucial one in metabolic syndrome. Stress kinase, c-jun N-terminal kinase activation (JNK) is involved in various metabolic manifestations including obesity, insulin resistance, fatty liver disease as well as cardiometabolic disorders. It emerged as a foremost mediator in regulating metabolism in the liver, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue as well as pancreatic β cells. It has three isoforms each having a unique and tissue-specific role in altered metabolism. Current findings based on genetic manipulation or chemical inhibition studies identified JNK isoforms to play a central role in the regulation of whole-body metabolism, suggesting it to be a novel therapeutic target. Hence, it is imperative to elucidate its role in metabolic syndrome onset and progression. The purpose of this review is to elucidate in vitro and in vivo implications of JNK signaling along with the therapeutic strategy to inhibit specific isoform. Since metabolic syndrome is an array of diseases and complex pathway, carefully examining each tissue will be important for specific treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Garg
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow, 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Sanjana Kumariya
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Roshan Katekar
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow, 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Saurabh Verma
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow, 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Umesh K Goand
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow, 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Jiaur R Gayen
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow, 226031, India; Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow, 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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Kassouf T, Sumara G. Impact of Conventional and Atypical MAPKs on the Development of Metabolic Diseases. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10091256. [PMID: 32872540 PMCID: PMC7563211 DOI: 10.3390/biom10091256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The family of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) consists of fourteen members and has been implicated in regulation of virtually all cellular processes. MAPKs are divided into two groups, conventional and atypical MAPKs. Conventional MAPKs are further classified into four sub-families: extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK1, 2 and 3), p38 (α, β, γ, δ), and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 (ERK5). Four kinases, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 3, 4, and 7 (ERK3, 4 and 7) as well as Nemo-like kinase (NLK) build a group of atypical MAPKs, which are activated by different upstream mechanisms than conventional MAPKs. Early studies identified JNK1/2 and ERK1/2 as well as p38α as a central mediators of inflammation-evoked insulin resistance. These kinases have been also implicated in the development of obesity and diabetes. Recently, other members of conventional MAPKs emerged as important mediators of liver, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and pancreatic β-cell metabolism. Moreover, latest studies indicate that atypical members of MAPK family play a central role in the regulation of adipose tissue function. In this review, we summarize early studies on conventional MAPKs as well as recent findings implicating previously ignored members of the MAPK family. Finally, we discuss the therapeutic potential of drugs targeting specific members of the MAPK family.
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Nakano R, Nakayama T, Sugiya H. Biological Properties of JNK3 and Its Function in Neurons, Astrocytes, Pancreatic β-Cells and Cardiovascular Cells. Cells 2020; 9:cells9081802. [PMID: 32751228 PMCID: PMC7464089 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
JNK is a protein kinase, which induces transactivation of c-jun. The three isoforms of JNK, JNK1, JNK2, and JNK3, are encoded by three distinct genes. JNK1 and JNK2 are expressed ubiquitously throughout the body. By contrast, the expression of JNK3 is limited and observed mainly in the brain, heart, and testes. Concerning the biological properties of JNKs, the contribution of upstream regulators and scaffold proteins plays an important role in the activation of JNKs. Since JNK signaling has been described as a form of stress-response signaling, the contribution of JNK3 to pathophysiological events, such as stress response or cell death including apoptosis, has been well studied. However, JNK3 also regulates the physiological functions of neurons and non-neuronal cells, such as development, regeneration, and differentiation/reprogramming. In this review, we shed light on the physiological functions of JNK3. In addition, we summarize recent advances in the knowledge regarding interactions between JNK3 and cellular reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rei Nakano
- Laboratory for Cellular Function Conversion Technology, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
- Laboratory of Veterinary Radiology, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa 252-0880, Japan; (T.N.); (H.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Tomohiro Nakayama
- Laboratory of Veterinary Radiology, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa 252-0880, Japan; (T.N.); (H.S.)
| | - Hiroshi Sugiya
- Laboratory of Veterinary Radiology, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa 252-0880, Japan; (T.N.); (H.S.)
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Duong MTH, Lee JH, Ahn HC. C-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitors: Structural insight into kinase-inhibitor complexes. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2020; 18:1440-1457. [PMID: 32637042 PMCID: PMC7327381 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2020.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) plays an important role in physiological processes including neuronal function, immune activity, and development, and thus, JNKs have been a therapeutic target for various diseases such as neurodegenerative diseases, inflammation, and cancer. Efforts to develop JNK-specific inhibitors have been ongoing for several decades. In this process, the structures of JNK in complex with various inhibitors have contributed greatly to the design of novel compounds and to the elucidation of structure-activity relationships. Almost 100 JNK structures with various compounds have been determined. Here we summarize the information gained from these structures and classify the inhibitors into several groups based on the binding mode. These groups include inhibitors in the open conformation and closed conformation of the gatekeeper residue, non-ATP site binders, peptides, covalent inhibitors, and type II kinase inhibitors. Through this work, deep insight into the interaction of inhibitors with JNKs can be gained and this will be helpful for developing novel, potent, and selective inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Men Thi Hoai Duong
- Department of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, Gyeonggi 10326, South Korea
| | - Joon-Hwa Lee
- Department of Chemistry and RINS, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam 52828, South Korea
| | - Hee-Chul Ahn
- Department of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, Gyeonggi 10326, South Korea
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Yung JHM, Giacca A. Role of c-Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK) in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes. Cells 2020; 9:E706. [PMID: 32183037 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity has been described as a global epidemic and is a low-grade chronic inflammatory disease that arises as a consequence of energy imbalance. Obesity increases the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D), by mechanisms that are not entirely clarified. Elevated circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines and free fatty acids (FFA) during obesity cause insulin resistance and ß-cell dysfunction, the two main features of T2D, which are both aggravated with the progressive development of hyperglycemia. The inflammatory kinase c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) responds to various cellular stress signals activated by cytokines, free fatty acids and hyperglycemia, and is a key mediator in the transition between obesity and T2D. Specifically, JNK mediates both insulin resistance and ß-cell dysfunction, and is therefore a potential target for T2D therapy.
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Lorenzo PI, Cobo-vuilleumier N, Gauthier BR. Therapeutic potential of pancreatic PAX4-regulated pathways in treating diabetes mellitus. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2018; 43:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Solinas G, Becattini B. JNK at the crossroad of obesity, insulin resistance, and cell stress response. Mol Metab 2016; 6:174-184. [PMID: 28180059 PMCID: PMC5279903 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cJun-N-terminal-kinase (JNK) plays a central role in the cell stress response, with outcomes ranging from cell death to cell proliferation and survival, depending on the specific context. JNK is also one of the most investigated signal transducers in obesity and insulin resistance, and studies have identified new molecular mechanisms linking obesity and insulin resistance. Emerging evidence indicates that whereas JNK1 and JNK2 isoforms promote the development of obesity and insulin resistance, JNK3 activity protects from excessive adiposity. Furthermore, current evidence indicates that JNK activity within specific cell types may, in specific stages of disease progression, promote cell tolerance to the stress associated with obesity and type-2 diabetes. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review provides an overview of the current literature on the role of JNK in the progression from obesity to insulin resistance, NAFLD, type-2 diabetes, and diabetes complications. MAJOR CONCLUSION Whereas current evidence indicates that JNK1/2 inhibition may improve insulin sensitivity in obesity, the role of JNK in the progression from insulin resistance to diabetes, and its complications is largely unresolved. A better understanding of the role of JNK in the stress response to obesity and type-2 diabetes, and the development of isoform-specific inhibitors with specific tissue distribution will be necessary to exploit JNK as possible drug target for the treatment of type-2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Solinas
- The Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Barbara Becattini
- The Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Nandipati KC, Subramanian S, Agrawal DK. Protein kinases: mechanisms and downstream targets in inflammation-mediated obesity and insulin resistance. Mol Cell Biochem 2016; 426:27-45. [PMID: 27868170 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-016-2878-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Obesity-induced low-grade inflammation (metaflammation) impairs insulin receptor signaling. This has been implicated in the development of insulin resistance. Insulin signaling in the target tissues is mediated by stress kinases such as p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase, inhibitor of NF-kB kinase complex β (IKKβ), AMP-activated protein kinase, protein kinase C, Rho-associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase, and RNA-activated protein kinase. Most of these kinases phosphorylate several key regulators in glucose homeostasis. The phosphorylation of serine residues in the insulin receptor and IRS-1 molecule results in diminished enzymatic activity in the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway. This has been one of the key mechanisms observed in the tissues that are implicated in insulin resistance especially in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2-DM). Identifying the specific protein kinases involved in obesity-induced chronic inflammation may help in developing the targeted drug therapies to minimize the insulin resistance. This review is focused on the protein kinases involved in the inflammatory cascade and molecular mechanisms and their downstream targets with special reference to obesity-induced T2-DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalyana C Nandipati
- Department of Surgery, Creighton University School of Medicine, 601 N. 30th Street, Suite # 3700, Omaha, NE, 68131, USA.
- Department of Clinical & Translational Science, Creighton University School of Medicine, 2500, California Plaza, Room # 510, Criss II, Omaha, NE, 68131, USA.
| | - Saravanan Subramanian
- Department of Clinical & Translational Science, Creighton University School of Medicine, 2500, California Plaza, Room # 510, Criss II, Omaha, NE, 68131, USA
| | - Devendra K Agrawal
- Department of Clinical & Translational Science, Creighton University School of Medicine, 2500, California Plaza, Room # 510, Criss II, Omaha, NE, 68131, USA
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Weisberg S, Leibel R, Tortoriello DV. Proteasome inhibitors, including curcumin, improve pancreatic β-cell function and insulin sensitivity in diabetic mice. Nutr Diabetes 2016; 6:e205. [PMID: 27110686 DOI: 10.1038/nutd.2016.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Type 2 diabetes stems from obesity-associated insulin resistance, and in the genetically susceptible, concomitant pancreatic β-cell failure can occur, which further exacerbates hyperglycemia. Recent work by our group and others has shown that the natural polyphenol curcumin attenuates the development of insulin resistance and hyperglycemia in mouse models of hyperinsulinemic or compensated type 2 diabetes. Although several potential downstream molecular targets of curcumin exist, it is now recognized to be a direct inhibitor of proteasome activity. We now show that curcumin also prevents β-cell failure in a mouse model of uncompensated obesity-related insulin resistance (Leprdb/db on the Kaliss background). Results: In this instance, dietary supplementation with curcumin prevented hyperglycemia, increased insulin production and lean body mass, and prolonged lifespan. In addition, we show that short-term in vivo treatment with low dosages of two molecularly distinct proteasome inhibitors celastrol and epoxomicin reverse hyperglycemia in mice with β-cell failure by increasing insulin production and insulin sensitivity. Conclusions: These studies suggest that proteasome inhibitors may prove useful for patients with diabetes by improving both β-cell function and relieving insulin resistance.
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Prause M, Mayer CM, Brorsson C, Frederiksen KS, Billestrup N, Størling J, Mandrup-Poulsen T. JNK1 Deficient Insulin-Producing Cells Are Protected against Interleukin-1β-Induced Apoptosis Associated with Abrogated Myc Expression. J Diabetes Res 2016; 2016:1312705. [PMID: 26962537 PMCID: PMC4745310 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1312705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The relative contributions of the JNK subtypes in inflammatory β-cell failure and apoptosis are unclear. The JNK protein family consists of JNK1, JNK2, and JNK3 subtypes, encompassing many different isoforms. INS-1 cells express JNK1α1, JNK1α2, JNK1β1, JNK1β2, JNK2α1, JNK2α2, JNK3α1, and JNK3α2 mRNA isoform transcripts translating into 46 and 54 kDa isoform JNK proteins. Utilizing Lentiviral mediated expression of shRNAs against JNK1, JNK2, or JNK3 in insulin-producing INS-1 cells, we investigated the role of individual JNK subtypes in IL-1β-induced β-cell apoptosis. JNK1 knockdown prevented IL-1β-induced INS-1 cell apoptosis associated with decreased 46 kDa isoform JNK protein phosphorylation and attenuated Myc expression. Transient knockdown of Myc also prevented IL-1β-induced apoptosis as well as caspase 3 cleavage. JNK2 shRNA potentiated IL-1β-induced apoptosis and caspase 3 cleavage, whereas JNK3 shRNA did not affect IL-1β-induced β-cell death compared to nonsense shRNA expressing INS-1 cells. In conclusion, JNK1 mediates INS-1 cell death associated with increased Myc expression. These findings underline the importance of differentiated targeting of JNK subtypes in the development of inflammatory β-cell failure and destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michala Prause
- Immuno-Endocrinology Lab, Endocrinology Research Section, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
- Section of Cellular and Metabolic Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
- *Michala Prause:
| | | | - Caroline Brorsson
- Copenhagen Diabetes Research Center, Herlev University Hospital, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | | | - Nils Billestrup
- Section of Cellular and Metabolic Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Joachim Størling
- Copenhagen Diabetes Research Center, Herlev University Hospital, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - Thomas Mandrup-Poulsen
- Immuno-Endocrinology Lab, Endocrinology Research Section, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
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Fukaya M, Brorsson CA, Meyerovich K, Catrysse L, Delaroche D, Vanzela EC, Ortis F, Beyaert R, Nielsen LB, Andersen ML, Mortensen HB, Pociot F, van Loo G, Størling J, Cardozo AK. A20 Inhibits β-Cell Apoptosis by Multiple Mechanisms and Predicts Residual β-Cell Function in Type 1 Diabetes. Mol Endocrinol 2015; 30:48-61. [PMID: 26652732 DOI: 10.1210/me.2015-1176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (NFkB) contributes to β-cell death in type 1 diabetes (T1D). Genome-wide association studies have identified the gene TNF-induced protein 3 (TNFAIP3), encoding for the zinc finger protein A20, as a susceptibility locus for T1D. A20 restricts NF-κB signaling and has strong antiapoptotic activities in β-cells. Although the role of A20 on NF-κB inhibition is well characterized, its other antiapoptotic functions are largely unknown. By studying INS-1E cells and rat dispersed islet cells knocked down or overexpressing A20 and islets isolated from the β-cell-specific A20 knockout mice, we presently demonstrate that A20 has broader effects in β-cells that are not restricted to inhibition of NF-κB. These involves, suppression of the proapoptotic mitogen-activated protein kinase c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), activation of survival signaling via v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog (Akt) and consequently inhibition of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Finally, in a cohort of T1D children, we observed that the risk allele of the rs2327832 single nucleotide polymorphism of TNFAIP3 predicted lower C-peptide and higher hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels 12 months after disease onset, indicating reduced residual β-cell function and impaired glycemic control. In conclusion, our results indicate a critical role for A20 in the regulation of β-cell survival and unveil novel mechanisms by which A20 controls β-cell fate. Moreover, we identify the single nucleotide polymorphism rs2327832 of TNFAIP3 as a possible prognostic marker for diabetes outcome in children with T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makiko Fukaya
- Université Libre de Bruxelles Center for Diabetes Research (M.F., K.M., D.D., E.C.V., A.K.C.), Free University Brussels, 1070 Brussels, Belgium; Copenhagen Diabetes Research Center (C.A.B., L.B.N., M.L.A., H.B.M., F.P., J.S.), Department of Pediatrics E, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, DL-2730 Herlev, Denmark; Inflammation Research Center (L.C., R.B., G.v.L.), Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, 9052 Gent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology (L.C., R.B., G.v.L.), 9052 Gent University, Gent, Belgium; Laboratory of Endocrine Pancreas and Metabolism (E.C.V.), Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, 13083-970 Campinas, Brazil; and Department of Development and Cellular Biology (F.O.), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, 05508-900 São Paulo University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Caroline A Brorsson
- Université Libre de Bruxelles Center for Diabetes Research (M.F., K.M., D.D., E.C.V., A.K.C.), Free University Brussels, 1070 Brussels, Belgium; Copenhagen Diabetes Research Center (C.A.B., L.B.N., M.L.A., H.B.M., F.P., J.S.), Department of Pediatrics E, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, DL-2730 Herlev, Denmark; Inflammation Research Center (L.C., R.B., G.v.L.), Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, 9052 Gent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology (L.C., R.B., G.v.L.), 9052 Gent University, Gent, Belgium; Laboratory of Endocrine Pancreas and Metabolism (E.C.V.), Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, 13083-970 Campinas, Brazil; and Department of Development and Cellular Biology (F.O.), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, 05508-900 São Paulo University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kira Meyerovich
- Université Libre de Bruxelles Center for Diabetes Research (M.F., K.M., D.D., E.C.V., A.K.C.), Free University Brussels, 1070 Brussels, Belgium; Copenhagen Diabetes Research Center (C.A.B., L.B.N., M.L.A., H.B.M., F.P., J.S.), Department of Pediatrics E, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, DL-2730 Herlev, Denmark; Inflammation Research Center (L.C., R.B., G.v.L.), Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, 9052 Gent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology (L.C., R.B., G.v.L.), 9052 Gent University, Gent, Belgium; Laboratory of Endocrine Pancreas and Metabolism (E.C.V.), Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, 13083-970 Campinas, Brazil; and Department of Development and Cellular Biology (F.O.), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, 05508-900 São Paulo University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leen Catrysse
- Université Libre de Bruxelles Center for Diabetes Research (M.F., K.M., D.D., E.C.V., A.K.C.), Free University Brussels, 1070 Brussels, Belgium; Copenhagen Diabetes Research Center (C.A.B., L.B.N., M.L.A., H.B.M., F.P., J.S.), Department of Pediatrics E, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, DL-2730 Herlev, Denmark; Inflammation Research Center (L.C., R.B., G.v.L.), Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, 9052 Gent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology (L.C., R.B., G.v.L.), 9052 Gent University, Gent, Belgium; Laboratory of Endocrine Pancreas and Metabolism (E.C.V.), Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, 13083-970 Campinas, Brazil; and Department of Development and Cellular Biology (F.O.), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, 05508-900 São Paulo University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Diane Delaroche
- Université Libre de Bruxelles Center for Diabetes Research (M.F., K.M., D.D., E.C.V., A.K.C.), Free University Brussels, 1070 Brussels, Belgium; Copenhagen Diabetes Research Center (C.A.B., L.B.N., M.L.A., H.B.M., F.P., J.S.), Department of Pediatrics E, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, DL-2730 Herlev, Denmark; Inflammation Research Center (L.C., R.B., G.v.L.), Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, 9052 Gent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology (L.C., R.B., G.v.L.), 9052 Gent University, Gent, Belgium; Laboratory of Endocrine Pancreas and Metabolism (E.C.V.), Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, 13083-970 Campinas, Brazil; and Department of Development and Cellular Biology (F.O.), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, 05508-900 São Paulo University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Emerielle C Vanzela
- Université Libre de Bruxelles Center for Diabetes Research (M.F., K.M., D.D., E.C.V., A.K.C.), Free University Brussels, 1070 Brussels, Belgium; Copenhagen Diabetes Research Center (C.A.B., L.B.N., M.L.A., H.B.M., F.P., J.S.), Department of Pediatrics E, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, DL-2730 Herlev, Denmark; Inflammation Research Center (L.C., R.B., G.v.L.), Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, 9052 Gent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology (L.C., R.B., G.v.L.), 9052 Gent University, Gent, Belgium; Laboratory of Endocrine Pancreas and Metabolism (E.C.V.), Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, 13083-970 Campinas, Brazil; and Department of Development and Cellular Biology (F.O.), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, 05508-900 São Paulo University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Ortis
- Université Libre de Bruxelles Center for Diabetes Research (M.F., K.M., D.D., E.C.V., A.K.C.), Free University Brussels, 1070 Brussels, Belgium; Copenhagen Diabetes Research Center (C.A.B., L.B.N., M.L.A., H.B.M., F.P., J.S.), Department of Pediatrics E, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, DL-2730 Herlev, Denmark; Inflammation Research Center (L.C., R.B., G.v.L.), Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, 9052 Gent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology (L.C., R.B., G.v.L.), 9052 Gent University, Gent, Belgium; Laboratory of Endocrine Pancreas and Metabolism (E.C.V.), Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, 13083-970 Campinas, Brazil; and Department of Development and Cellular Biology (F.O.), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, 05508-900 São Paulo University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rudi Beyaert
- Université Libre de Bruxelles Center for Diabetes Research (M.F., K.M., D.D., E.C.V., A.K.C.), Free University Brussels, 1070 Brussels, Belgium; Copenhagen Diabetes Research Center (C.A.B., L.B.N., M.L.A., H.B.M., F.P., J.S.), Department of Pediatrics E, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, DL-2730 Herlev, Denmark; Inflammation Research Center (L.C., R.B., G.v.L.), Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, 9052 Gent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology (L.C., R.B., G.v.L.), 9052 Gent University, Gent, Belgium; Laboratory of Endocrine Pancreas and Metabolism (E.C.V.), Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, 13083-970 Campinas, Brazil; and Department of Development and Cellular Biology (F.O.), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, 05508-900 São Paulo University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lotte B Nielsen
- Université Libre de Bruxelles Center for Diabetes Research (M.F., K.M., D.D., E.C.V., A.K.C.), Free University Brussels, 1070 Brussels, Belgium; Copenhagen Diabetes Research Center (C.A.B., L.B.N., M.L.A., H.B.M., F.P., J.S.), Department of Pediatrics E, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, DL-2730 Herlev, Denmark; Inflammation Research Center (L.C., R.B., G.v.L.), Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, 9052 Gent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology (L.C., R.B., G.v.L.), 9052 Gent University, Gent, Belgium; Laboratory of Endocrine Pancreas and Metabolism (E.C.V.), Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, 13083-970 Campinas, Brazil; and Department of Development and Cellular Biology (F.O.), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, 05508-900 São Paulo University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marie L Andersen
- Université Libre de Bruxelles Center for Diabetes Research (M.F., K.M., D.D., E.C.V., A.K.C.), Free University Brussels, 1070 Brussels, Belgium; Copenhagen Diabetes Research Center (C.A.B., L.B.N., M.L.A., H.B.M., F.P., J.S.), Department of Pediatrics E, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, DL-2730 Herlev, Denmark; Inflammation Research Center (L.C., R.B., G.v.L.), Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, 9052 Gent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology (L.C., R.B., G.v.L.), 9052 Gent University, Gent, Belgium; Laboratory of Endocrine Pancreas and Metabolism (E.C.V.), Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, 13083-970 Campinas, Brazil; and Department of Development and Cellular Biology (F.O.), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, 05508-900 São Paulo University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Henrik B Mortensen
- Université Libre de Bruxelles Center for Diabetes Research (M.F., K.M., D.D., E.C.V., A.K.C.), Free University Brussels, 1070 Brussels, Belgium; Copenhagen Diabetes Research Center (C.A.B., L.B.N., M.L.A., H.B.M., F.P., J.S.), Department of Pediatrics E, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, DL-2730 Herlev, Denmark; Inflammation Research Center (L.C., R.B., G.v.L.), Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, 9052 Gent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology (L.C., R.B., G.v.L.), 9052 Gent University, Gent, Belgium; Laboratory of Endocrine Pancreas and Metabolism (E.C.V.), Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, 13083-970 Campinas, Brazil; and Department of Development and Cellular Biology (F.O.), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, 05508-900 São Paulo University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flemming Pociot
- Université Libre de Bruxelles Center for Diabetes Research (M.F., K.M., D.D., E.C.V., A.K.C.), Free University Brussels, 1070 Brussels, Belgium; Copenhagen Diabetes Research Center (C.A.B., L.B.N., M.L.A., H.B.M., F.P., J.S.), Department of Pediatrics E, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, DL-2730 Herlev, Denmark; Inflammation Research Center (L.C., R.B., G.v.L.), Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, 9052 Gent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology (L.C., R.B., G.v.L.), 9052 Gent University, Gent, Belgium; Laboratory of Endocrine Pancreas and Metabolism (E.C.V.), Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, 13083-970 Campinas, Brazil; and Department of Development and Cellular Biology (F.O.), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, 05508-900 São Paulo University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Geert van Loo
- Université Libre de Bruxelles Center for Diabetes Research (M.F., K.M., D.D., E.C.V., A.K.C.), Free University Brussels, 1070 Brussels, Belgium; Copenhagen Diabetes Research Center (C.A.B., L.B.N., M.L.A., H.B.M., F.P., J.S.), Department of Pediatrics E, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, DL-2730 Herlev, Denmark; Inflammation Research Center (L.C., R.B., G.v.L.), Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, 9052 Gent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology (L.C., R.B., G.v.L.), 9052 Gent University, Gent, Belgium; Laboratory of Endocrine Pancreas and Metabolism (E.C.V.), Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, 13083-970 Campinas, Brazil; and Department of Development and Cellular Biology (F.O.), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, 05508-900 São Paulo University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joachim Størling
- Université Libre de Bruxelles Center for Diabetes Research (M.F., K.M., D.D., E.C.V., A.K.C.), Free University Brussels, 1070 Brussels, Belgium; Copenhagen Diabetes Research Center (C.A.B., L.B.N., M.L.A., H.B.M., F.P., J.S.), Department of Pediatrics E, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, DL-2730 Herlev, Denmark; Inflammation Research Center (L.C., R.B., G.v.L.), Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, 9052 Gent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology (L.C., R.B., G.v.L.), 9052 Gent University, Gent, Belgium; Laboratory of Endocrine Pancreas and Metabolism (E.C.V.), Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, 13083-970 Campinas, Brazil; and Department of Development and Cellular Biology (F.O.), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, 05508-900 São Paulo University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alessandra K Cardozo
- Université Libre de Bruxelles Center for Diabetes Research (M.F., K.M., D.D., E.C.V., A.K.C.), Free University Brussels, 1070 Brussels, Belgium; Copenhagen Diabetes Research Center (C.A.B., L.B.N., M.L.A., H.B.M., F.P., J.S.), Department of Pediatrics E, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, DL-2730 Herlev, Denmark; Inflammation Research Center (L.C., R.B., G.v.L.), Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, 9052 Gent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology (L.C., R.B., G.v.L.), 9052 Gent University, Gent, Belgium; Laboratory of Endocrine Pancreas and Metabolism (E.C.V.), Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, 13083-970 Campinas, Brazil; and Department of Development and Cellular Biology (F.O.), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, 05508-900 São Paulo University, São Paulo, Brazil
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Chen RJ, Zhang G, Garfield SH, Shi YJ, Chen KG, Robey PG, Leapman RD. Variations in Glycogen Synthesis in Human Pluripotent Stem Cells with Altered Pluripotent States. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142554. [PMID: 26565809 PMCID: PMC4643957 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) represent very promising resources for cell-based regenerative medicine. It is essential to determine the biological implications of some fundamental physiological processes (such as glycogen metabolism) in these stem cells. In this report, we employ electron, immunofluorescence microscopy, and biochemical methods to study glycogen synthesis in hPSCs. Our results indicate that there is a high level of glycogen synthesis (0.28 to 0.62 μg/μg proteins) in undifferentiated human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) compared with the glycogen levels (0 to 0.25 μg/μg proteins) reported in human cancer cell lines. Moreover, we found that glycogen synthesis was regulated by bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP-4) and the glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) pathway. Our observation of glycogen bodies and sustained expression of the pluripotent factor Oct-4 mediated by the potent GSK-3 inhibitor CHIR-99021 reveals an altered pluripotent state in hPSC culture. We further confirmed glycogen variations under different naïve pluripotent cell growth conditions based on the addition of the GSK-3 inhibitor BIO. Our data suggest that primed hPSCs treated with naïve growth conditions acquire altered pluripotent states, similar to those naïve-like hPSCs, with increased glycogen synthesis. Furthermore, we found that suppression of phosphorylated glycogen synthase was an underlying mechanism responsible for altered glycogen synthesis. Thus, our novel findings regarding the dynamic changes in glycogen metabolism provide new markers to assess the energetic and various pluripotent states in hPSCs. The components of glycogen metabolic pathways offer new assays to delineate previously unrecognized properties of hPSCs under different growth conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J. Chen
- Laboratory of Cellular Imaging and Macromolecular Biophysics, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, United States of America
| | - Guofeng Zhang
- Laboratory of Cellular Imaging and Macromolecular Biophysics, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, United States of America
| | - Susan H. Garfield
- Experimental Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States of America
| | - Yi-Jun Shi
- NIH Stem Cell Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States of America
| | - Kevin G. Chen
- NIH Stem Cell Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States of America
| | - Pamela G. Robey
- Craniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, United States of America
| | - Richard D. Leapman
- Laboratory of Cellular Imaging and Macromolecular Biophysics, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abdelli S, Papas KK, Mueller KR, Murtaugh MP, Hering BJ, Bonny C. Regulation of the JNK3 signaling pathway during islet isolation: JNK3 and c-fos as new markers of islet quality for transplantation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99796. [PMID: 24983249 PMCID: PMC4077704 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress conditions generated throughout pancreatic islet processing initiate the activation of pro-inflammatory pathways and beta-cell destruction. Our goal is to identify relevant and preferably beta-specific markers to assess the activation of beta-cell stress and apoptotic mechanisms, and therefore the general quality of the islet preparation prior to transplantation. Protein expression and activation were analyzed by Western blotting and kinase assays. ATP measurements were performed by a luminescence-based assay. Oxygen consumption rate (OCR) was measured based on standard protocols using fiber optic sensors. Total RNA was used for gene expression analyzes. Our results indicate that pancreas digestion initiates a potent stress response in the islets by activating two stress kinases, c-Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK) and p38. JNK1 protein levels remained unchanged between different islet preparations and following culture. In contrast, levels of JNK3 increased after islet culture, but varied markedly, with a subset of preparations bearing low JNK3 expression. The observed changes in JNK3 protein content strongly correlated with OCR measurements as determined by the Spearman's rank correlation coefficient rho in the matching islet samples, while inversely correlating with c-fos mRNA expression . In conclusion, pancreas digestion recruits JNK and p38 kinases that are known to participate to beta-cell apoptosis. Concomitantly, the islet isolation alters JNK3 and c-fos expression, both strongly correlating with OCR. Thus, a comparative analysis of JNK3 and c-fos expression before and after culture may provide for novel markers to assess islet quality prior to transplantation. JNK3 has the advantage over all other proposed markers to be islet-specific, and thus to provide for a marker independent of non-beta cell contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saida Abdelli
- Departement of Medical Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Klearchos K. Papas
- Department of Surgery, University of Arizona, Institute for Cellular Transplantation, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Kate R. Mueller
- Department of Surgery, University of Arizona, Institute for Cellular Transplantation, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Mike P. Murtaugh
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, St. Paul, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Bernhard J. Hering
- Department of Surgery, Schulze Diabetes Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Christophe Bonny
- Departement of Medical Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Disseminated cancer cells rely on intricate interactions among diverse cell types in the tumor-associated stroma, vasculature, and immune system for survival and growth. Ubiquitous expression of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (jnk) genes in various cell types permits their control of metastasis. In early stages of metastasis, JNKs affect tumor-associated inflammation and angiogenesis as well as tumor cell migration and intravasation. Within the tumor stroma, JNKs are essential for the release of growth factors that promote epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in tumor cells. JNK3, the least ubiquitous isoform, facilitates angiogenesis by increasing endothelial cell migration. Importantly, JNK expression in tumor cells integrates stromal signals to promote tumor cell invasion. However, JNK isoforms differentially regulate migration toward the endothelial barrier. Once tumor cells enter the bloodstream, JNKs increase circulating tumor cell (CTC) survival and homing to tissues. By promoting fibrosis, JNKs improve CTC attachment to the endothelium. Once anchored, JNKs stimulate EMT to facilitate tumor cell extravasation and enhance the secretion of endothelial barrier disrupters. Tumor cells attract barrier-disrupting macrophages by JNK-dependent transcription of macrophage chemoattractant molecules. In the secondary tissue, JNKs are instrumental in the premetastatic niche and stimulate tumor cell proliferation. JNK expression in cancer cells stimulates tissue-remodeling macrophages to improve tumor colonization. However, in T-cells, JNKs alter cytokine production that increases tumor surveillance and inhibits the recruitment of tissue-remodeling macrophages. Therapeutically targeting JNKs for metastatic disease is attractive considering their promotion of metastasis; however, specific JNK tools are needed to determine their definitive actions within the context of the entire metastatic cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy D Ebelt
- Institute of Cellular & Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Michael A Cantrell
- Institute of Cellular & Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Carla L Van Den Berg
- Institute of Cellular & Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA ; Division of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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Ezanno H, Pawlowski V, Abdelli S, Boutry R, Gmyr V, Kerr-Conte J, Bonny C, Pattou F, Abderrahmani A. JNK3 is required for the cytoprotective effect of exendin 4. J Diabetes Res 2014; 2014:814854. [PMID: 25025079 PMCID: PMC4083605 DOI: 10.1155/2014/814854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Preservation of beta cell against apoptosis is one of the therapeutic benefits of the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP1) antidiabetic mimetics for preserving the functional beta cell mass exposed to diabetogenic condition including proinflammatory cytokines. The mitogen activated protein kinase 10 also called c-jun amino-terminal kinase 3 (JNK3) plays a protective role in insulin-secreting cells against death caused by cytokines. In this study, we investigated whether the JNK3 expression is associated with the protective effect elicited by the GLP1 mimetic exendin 4. We found an increase in the abundance of JNK3 in isolated human islets and INS-1E cells cultured with exendin 4. Induction of JNK3 by exendin 4 was associated with an increased survival of INS-1E cells. Silencing of JNK3 prevented the cytoprotective effect of exendin 4 against apoptosis elicited by culture condition and cytokines. These results emphasize the requirement of JNK3 in the antiapoptotic effects of exendin 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Ezanno
- Lille 2 University, University of Lille Nord de France, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, EGID FR 3508, UMR 8199, Lille, France
| | - Valérie Pawlowski
- Lille 2 University, University of Lille Nord de France, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, EGID FR 3508, UMR 8199, Lille, France
- Department of Endocrine Surgery, Lille 2 University, University of Lille Nord de France, Lille University Hospital, INSERM UMR 859, Biotherapies for Diabetes, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France
| | - Saida Abdelli
- Service of Medical Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Raphael Boutry
- Lille 2 University, University of Lille Nord de France, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, EGID FR 3508, UMR 8199, Lille, France
| | - Valery Gmyr
- Department of Endocrine Surgery, Lille 2 University, University of Lille Nord de France, Lille University Hospital, INSERM UMR 859, Biotherapies for Diabetes, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France
| | - Julie Kerr-Conte
- Department of Endocrine Surgery, Lille 2 University, University of Lille Nord de France, Lille University Hospital, INSERM UMR 859, Biotherapies for Diabetes, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France
| | - Christophe Bonny
- Service of Medical Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - François Pattou
- Department of Endocrine Surgery, Lille 2 University, University of Lille Nord de France, Lille University Hospital, INSERM UMR 859, Biotherapies for Diabetes, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France
| | - Amar Abderrahmani
- Lille 2 University, University of Lille Nord de France, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, EGID FR 3508, UMR 8199, Lille, France
- Department of Endocrine Surgery, Lille 2 University, University of Lille Nord de France, Lille University Hospital, INSERM UMR 859, Biotherapies for Diabetes, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France
- *Amar Abderrahmani:
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21
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Abstract
JNK is involved in a broad range of physiological processes. Several inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease have been linked with the dysregulated JNK pathway. Research on disease models using the relevant knockout mice has highlighted the importance of specific JNK isoformsin-particular disorders and has stimulated further efforts in the drug-discovery area. However, most of the experimental evidence for the efficacy of JNK inhibition in animal models is from studies using JNK inhibitors, which are not isoform selective. Some of the more recent compounds exhibit good oral bioavailability, CNS penetration and selectivity against the rest of the kinome. Efforts to design isoform-selective inhibitors have produced a number of examples with various selectivity profiles. This article presents recent progress in this area and comment on the role of isoform selectivity for efficacy.
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Sampath S, Narasimhan A, Chinta R, Nair KJ, Khurana A, Nayak D, Kumar A, Karundevi B. Effect of homeopathic preparations of Syzygium jambolanum and Cephalandra indica on gastrocnemius muscle of high fat and high fructose-induced type-2 diabetic rats. HOMEOPATHY 2013; 102:160-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.homp.2013.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2012] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Verma G, Bhatia H, Datta M. JNK1/2 regulates ER-mitochondrial Ca2+ cross-talk during IL-1β-mediated cell death in RINm5F and human primary β-cells. Mol Biol Cell 2013; 24:2058-71. [PMID: 23615449 PMCID: PMC3681707 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e12-12-0885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated interleukin-1β (IL-1β) induces apoptosis in pancreatic β-cells through endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress induction and subsequent c-jun-N-terminal kinase 1/2 (JNK1/2) activation. In earlier work we showed that JNK1/2 activation is initiated before ER stress and apoptotic induction in response to IL-1β. However, the detailed regulatory mechanisms are not completely understood. Because the ER is the organelle responsible for Ca(2+) handling and storage, here we examine the effects of IL-1β on cellular Ca(2+) movement and mitochondrial dysfunction and evaluate the role of JNK1/2. Our results show that in RINm5F cells and human primary β-cells, IL-1β alters mitochondrial membrane potential, mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening, ATP content, and reactive oxygen species production and these alterations are preceded by ER Ca(2+) release via IP3R channels and mitochondrial Ca(2+) uptake. All these events are prevented by JNK1/2 small interfering RNA (siRNA), indicating the mediating role of JNK1/2 in IL-1β-induced cellular alteration. This is accompanied by IL-1β-induced apoptosis, which is prevented by JNK1/2 siRNA and the IP3R inhibitor xestospongin C. This suggests a regulatory role of JNK1/2 in modulating the ER-mitochondrial-Ca(2+) axis by IL-1β in apoptotic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Verma
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, Delhi 110 007, India
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Balaji V, Selvaraj J, Sathish S, Mayilvanan C, Balasubramanian K. Molecular Mechanism Underlying the Antidiabetic Effects of a Siddha Polyherbal Preparation in the Liver of Type 2 Diabetic Adult Male Rats. J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med 2012. [DOI: 10.1177/2156587212460047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A siddha polyherbal preparation consisting of 5 medicinal plants, namely, Asparagus racemosus, Emblica officinalis, Salacia oblonga, Syzygium aromaticum, and Tinospora cordifolia, in equal ratio, was formulated to examine the molecular mechanism by which it exhibits antidiabetic effects in the liver of high-fat and fructose-induced type 2 diabetic rats. The polyherbal preparation treated type 2 diabetic rats showed an increase in insulin receptor, Akt, and glucose transporter2 mRNA levels compared with diabetic rats. Insulin receptor, insulin receptor substrate-2, Akt, phosphorylated Akt substrate of 160kDaThreonine642, α-Actinin-4, β-arrestin-2, and glucose transporter2 proteins were also markedly decreased in diabetic rats, whereas the polyherbal preparation treatment significantly improved the expression of these proteins more than that of metformin-treated diabetic rats. The expression pattern of insulin signaling molecules analyzed in the present study signifies the therapeutic efficacy of the siddha polyherbal preparation.
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