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Lee VW, Kam KQ, Mohamed AR, Musa H, Anandakrishnan P, Shen Q, Palazzo AF, Dale RC, Lim M, Thomas T. Defining the Clinicoradiologic Syndrome of SARS-CoV-2 Acute Necrotizing Encephalopathy: A Systematic Review and 3 New Pediatric Cases. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 2024; 11:e200186. [PMID: 38086061 PMCID: PMC10758947 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000200186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES We characterize clinical and neuroimaging features of SARS-CoV-2-related acute necrotizing encephalopathy (ANE). METHODS Systematic review of English language publications in PubMed and reference lists between January 1, 2020, and June 30, 2023, in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection who fulfilled diagnostic criteria for sporadic and genetic ANE were included. RESULTS From 899 articles, 20 cases (17 single case reports and 3 additional cases) were curated for review (50% female; 8 were children). Associated COVID-19 illnesses were febrile upper respiratory tract infections in children while adults had pneumonia (45.6%) and myocarditis (8.2%). Children had early neurologic deterioration (median day 2 in children vs day 4 in adults), seizures (5 (62.5%) children vs 3 of 9 (33.3%) adults), and motor abnormalities (6 of 7 (85.7%) children vs 3 of 7 (42.9%) adults). Eight of 12 (66.7%) adults and 4 (50.0%) children had high-risk ANE scores. Five (62.5%) children and 12 (66.7%) adults had brain lesions bilaterally and symmetrically in the putamina, external capsules, insula cortex, or medial temporal lobes, in addition to typical thalamic lesions of ANE. Hypotension was only seen in adults (30%). Hematologic derangements were common: lymphopenia (66.7%), coagulopathy (60.0%), or elevated D-dimers (100%), C-reactive protein (91.7%), and ferritin (62.5%). A pathogenic heterozygous c/.1754 C>T variant in RANBP2 was present in 2 children: one known to have this before SARS-CoV-2 infection, and a patient tested because the SARS-CoV-2 infection was the second encephalopathic illness. Three other children with no prior encephalopathy or family history of encephalopathy were negative for this variant. Fifteen (75%) received immunotherapy (with IV methylprednisolone, immunoglobulins, tocilizumab, or plasma exchange): 6 (40.0%) with monotherapy and 9 (60.0%) had combination therapy. Deaths were in 8 of 17 with data (47.1%): a 2-month-old male infant and 7 adults (87.5%) of median age 56 years (33-70 years), 4 of whom did not receive immunotherapy. DISCUSSION Children and adults with SARS-CoV-2 ANE have similar clinical features and neuroimaging characteristics. Mortality is high, predominantly in patients not receiving immunotherapy and at the extremes of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa W Lee
- From the Children's Neurosciences (V.W.L., M.L.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's Health Partners Academic Health Science Centre; Infectious Disease Service (K.Q.K.), Department of Paediatrics, KK Women's and Children's Hospital; SingHealth Duke-NUS Paediatrics Academic Clinical Program (ACP) (K.Q.K., T.T.), KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore; Paediatric Neurology Unit (A.R.M., H.M., P.A.), Hospital Tunku Azizah, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Paediatrics (H.M.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang; Department of Immunology (Q.S.), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University; Department of Obstetrics (Q.S.), Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Fuzhou, China; Department of Biochemistry (A.F.P.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Kids Neuroscience Centre (R.C.D.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney; Clinical School (R.C.D.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Department Women and Children's Health (M.L.), School of Life Course Sciences (SoLCS), King's College London, United Kingdom; and Neurology Service (T.T.), Department of Paediatrics, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore
| | - Kai Qian Kam
- From the Children's Neurosciences (V.W.L., M.L.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's Health Partners Academic Health Science Centre; Infectious Disease Service (K.Q.K.), Department of Paediatrics, KK Women's and Children's Hospital; SingHealth Duke-NUS Paediatrics Academic Clinical Program (ACP) (K.Q.K., T.T.), KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore; Paediatric Neurology Unit (A.R.M., H.M., P.A.), Hospital Tunku Azizah, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Paediatrics (H.M.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang; Department of Immunology (Q.S.), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University; Department of Obstetrics (Q.S.), Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Fuzhou, China; Department of Biochemistry (A.F.P.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Kids Neuroscience Centre (R.C.D.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney; Clinical School (R.C.D.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Department Women and Children's Health (M.L.), School of Life Course Sciences (SoLCS), King's College London, United Kingdom; and Neurology Service (T.T.), Department of Paediatrics, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore
| | - Ahmad R Mohamed
- From the Children's Neurosciences (V.W.L., M.L.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's Health Partners Academic Health Science Centre; Infectious Disease Service (K.Q.K.), Department of Paediatrics, KK Women's and Children's Hospital; SingHealth Duke-NUS Paediatrics Academic Clinical Program (ACP) (K.Q.K., T.T.), KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore; Paediatric Neurology Unit (A.R.M., H.M., P.A.), Hospital Tunku Azizah, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Paediatrics (H.M.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang; Department of Immunology (Q.S.), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University; Department of Obstetrics (Q.S.), Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Fuzhou, China; Department of Biochemistry (A.F.P.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Kids Neuroscience Centre (R.C.D.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney; Clinical School (R.C.D.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Department Women and Children's Health (M.L.), School of Life Course Sciences (SoLCS), King's College London, United Kingdom; and Neurology Service (T.T.), Department of Paediatrics, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore
| | - Husna Musa
- From the Children's Neurosciences (V.W.L., M.L.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's Health Partners Academic Health Science Centre; Infectious Disease Service (K.Q.K.), Department of Paediatrics, KK Women's and Children's Hospital; SingHealth Duke-NUS Paediatrics Academic Clinical Program (ACP) (K.Q.K., T.T.), KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore; Paediatric Neurology Unit (A.R.M., H.M., P.A.), Hospital Tunku Azizah, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Paediatrics (H.M.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang; Department of Immunology (Q.S.), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University; Department of Obstetrics (Q.S.), Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Fuzhou, China; Department of Biochemistry (A.F.P.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Kids Neuroscience Centre (R.C.D.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney; Clinical School (R.C.D.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Department Women and Children's Health (M.L.), School of Life Course Sciences (SoLCS), King's College London, United Kingdom; and Neurology Service (T.T.), Department of Paediatrics, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore
| | - Poorani Anandakrishnan
- From the Children's Neurosciences (V.W.L., M.L.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's Health Partners Academic Health Science Centre; Infectious Disease Service (K.Q.K.), Department of Paediatrics, KK Women's and Children's Hospital; SingHealth Duke-NUS Paediatrics Academic Clinical Program (ACP) (K.Q.K., T.T.), KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore; Paediatric Neurology Unit (A.R.M., H.M., P.A.), Hospital Tunku Azizah, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Paediatrics (H.M.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang; Department of Immunology (Q.S.), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University; Department of Obstetrics (Q.S.), Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Fuzhou, China; Department of Biochemistry (A.F.P.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Kids Neuroscience Centre (R.C.D.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney; Clinical School (R.C.D.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Department Women and Children's Health (M.L.), School of Life Course Sciences (SoLCS), King's College London, United Kingdom; and Neurology Service (T.T.), Department of Paediatrics, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore
| | - Qingtang Shen
- From the Children's Neurosciences (V.W.L., M.L.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's Health Partners Academic Health Science Centre; Infectious Disease Service (K.Q.K.), Department of Paediatrics, KK Women's and Children's Hospital; SingHealth Duke-NUS Paediatrics Academic Clinical Program (ACP) (K.Q.K., T.T.), KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore; Paediatric Neurology Unit (A.R.M., H.M., P.A.), Hospital Tunku Azizah, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Paediatrics (H.M.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang; Department of Immunology (Q.S.), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University; Department of Obstetrics (Q.S.), Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Fuzhou, China; Department of Biochemistry (A.F.P.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Kids Neuroscience Centre (R.C.D.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney; Clinical School (R.C.D.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Department Women and Children's Health (M.L.), School of Life Course Sciences (SoLCS), King's College London, United Kingdom; and Neurology Service (T.T.), Department of Paediatrics, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore
| | - Alexander F Palazzo
- From the Children's Neurosciences (V.W.L., M.L.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's Health Partners Academic Health Science Centre; Infectious Disease Service (K.Q.K.), Department of Paediatrics, KK Women's and Children's Hospital; SingHealth Duke-NUS Paediatrics Academic Clinical Program (ACP) (K.Q.K., T.T.), KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore; Paediatric Neurology Unit (A.R.M., H.M., P.A.), Hospital Tunku Azizah, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Paediatrics (H.M.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang; Department of Immunology (Q.S.), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University; Department of Obstetrics (Q.S.), Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Fuzhou, China; Department of Biochemistry (A.F.P.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Kids Neuroscience Centre (R.C.D.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney; Clinical School (R.C.D.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Department Women and Children's Health (M.L.), School of Life Course Sciences (SoLCS), King's College London, United Kingdom; and Neurology Service (T.T.), Department of Paediatrics, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore
| | - Russell C Dale
- From the Children's Neurosciences (V.W.L., M.L.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's Health Partners Academic Health Science Centre; Infectious Disease Service (K.Q.K.), Department of Paediatrics, KK Women's and Children's Hospital; SingHealth Duke-NUS Paediatrics Academic Clinical Program (ACP) (K.Q.K., T.T.), KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore; Paediatric Neurology Unit (A.R.M., H.M., P.A.), Hospital Tunku Azizah, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Paediatrics (H.M.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang; Department of Immunology (Q.S.), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University; Department of Obstetrics (Q.S.), Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Fuzhou, China; Department of Biochemistry (A.F.P.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Kids Neuroscience Centre (R.C.D.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney; Clinical School (R.C.D.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Department Women and Children's Health (M.L.), School of Life Course Sciences (SoLCS), King's College London, United Kingdom; and Neurology Service (T.T.), Department of Paediatrics, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore
| | - Ming Lim
- From the Children's Neurosciences (V.W.L., M.L.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's Health Partners Academic Health Science Centre; Infectious Disease Service (K.Q.K.), Department of Paediatrics, KK Women's and Children's Hospital; SingHealth Duke-NUS Paediatrics Academic Clinical Program (ACP) (K.Q.K., T.T.), KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore; Paediatric Neurology Unit (A.R.M., H.M., P.A.), Hospital Tunku Azizah, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Paediatrics (H.M.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang; Department of Immunology (Q.S.), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University; Department of Obstetrics (Q.S.), Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Fuzhou, China; Department of Biochemistry (A.F.P.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Kids Neuroscience Centre (R.C.D.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney; Clinical School (R.C.D.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Department Women and Children's Health (M.L.), School of Life Course Sciences (SoLCS), King's College London, United Kingdom; and Neurology Service (T.T.), Department of Paediatrics, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore
| | - Terrence Thomas
- From the Children's Neurosciences (V.W.L., M.L.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's Health Partners Academic Health Science Centre; Infectious Disease Service (K.Q.K.), Department of Paediatrics, KK Women's and Children's Hospital; SingHealth Duke-NUS Paediatrics Academic Clinical Program (ACP) (K.Q.K., T.T.), KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore; Paediatric Neurology Unit (A.R.M., H.M., P.A.), Hospital Tunku Azizah, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Paediatrics (H.M.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang; Department of Immunology (Q.S.), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University; Department of Obstetrics (Q.S.), Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Fuzhou, China; Department of Biochemistry (A.F.P.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Kids Neuroscience Centre (R.C.D.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney; Clinical School (R.C.D.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Department Women and Children's Health (M.L.), School of Life Course Sciences (SoLCS), King's College London, United Kingdom; and Neurology Service (T.T.), Department of Paediatrics, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore
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Cao Y, Huang C, Zhao X, Yu J. Regulation of SUMOylation on RNA metabolism in cancers. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1137215. [PMID: 36911524 PMCID: PMC9998694 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1137215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications of proteins play very important roles in regulating RNA metabolism and affect many biological pathways. Here we mainly summarize the crucial functions of small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) modification in RNA metabolism including transcription, splicing, tailing, stability and modification, as well as its impact on the biogenesis and function of microRNA (miRNA) in particular. This review also highlights the current knowledge about SUMOylation regulation in RNA metabolism involved in many cellular processes such as cell proliferation and apoptosis, which is closely related to tumorigenesis and cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingting Cao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Caihu Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xian Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianxiu Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Ingelson-Filpula WA, Storey KB. MicroRNA biogenesis proteins follow tissue-dependent expression during freezing in Dryophytes versicolor. J Comp Physiol B 2022; 192:611-622. [PMID: 35748902 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-022-01444-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Grey tree frogs (Dryophytes versicolor) have the remarkable ability to endure full-body freezing over the winter, with up to 42% of total body water converted into extracellular ice. Survival is aided by metabolic rate depression that greatly reduces tissue energy costs over the winter. Post-transcriptional controls on gene expression which include miRNA regulation of gene transcripts can aid implementation of the reversible changes required for freeze tolerance, since miRNAs are ideal for facilitating the rapid metabolic reorganization needed for this process. The energy cost for synthesizing new miRNAs is low, and miRNAs' ability to target more than one mRNA transcript (and vice versa) allows a wide versatility in their capability for metabolic restructuring. Western immunoblotting was used to examine protein expression levels of members of the miRNA biogenesis pathway in D. versicolor liver, skeletal muscle, and kidney. Four of these proteins (Dicer, Drosha, Trbp, Xpo5) were upregulated in liver of frozen frogs, suggesting enhanced capacity for miRNA biogenesis, whereas expression of four proteins in frozen muscle (Ago1, Ago2, Dgcr8, Xpo5) and six proteins in kidney (Ago1, Ago2, Ago3, Ago4, Dgcr8, Ran-GTP) were downregulated, indicating an opposite trend. Overall, the data show that miRNA biosynthesis is altered during freezing and differentially regulated across tissues. We suggest that miRNAs are central for the freeze tolerance strategy developed by D. versicolor, and future research will expound upon specific miRNAs and their roles in mediating responses to freezing stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kenneth B Storey
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada.
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Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) bind to complementary target RNAs and regulate their gene expression post-transcriptionally. These non-coding regulatory RNAs become functional after loading into Argonaute (AGO) proteins to form the effector complexes. Humans have four AGO proteins, AGO1, AGO2, AGO3 and AGO4, which share a high sequence identity. Since most miRNAs are found across the four AGOs, it has been thought that they work redundantly, and AGO2 has been heavily studied as the exemplified human paralog. Nevertheless, an increasing number of studies have found that the other paralogs play unique roles in various biological processes and diseases. In the last decade, the structural study of the four AGOs has provided the field with solid structural bases. This review exploits the completed structural catalog to describe common features and differences in target specificity across the four AGOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Nakanishi
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +1 614 688 2188;
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Abstract
Pancreatic β-cells within the islets of Langerhans respond to rising blood glucose levels by secreting insulin that stimulates glucose uptake by peripheral tissues to maintain whole body energy homeostasis. To different extents, failure of β-cell function and/or β-cell loss contribute to the development of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. Chronically elevated glycaemia and high circulating free fatty acids, as often seen in obese diabetics, accelerate β-cell failure and the development of the disease. MiRNAs are essential for endocrine development and for mature pancreatic β-cell function and are dysregulated in diabetes. In this review, we summarize the different molecular mechanisms that control miRNA expression and function, including transcription, stability, posttranscriptional modifications, and interaction with RNA binding proteins and other non-coding RNAs. We also discuss which of these mechanisms are responsible for the nutrient-mediated regulation of the activity of β-cell miRNAs and identify some of the more important knowledge gaps in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aida Martinez-Sanchez
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Li JN, Sun HL, Wang MY, Chen PS. E-cadherin Interacts With Posttranslationally-Modified AGO2 to Enhance miRISC Activity. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:671244. [PMID: 34291046 PMCID: PMC8287304 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.671244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs which post-transcriptionally suppress target mRNAs expression and/or translation to modulate pathophyological processes. Expression and function of miRNAs are fine-tuned by a conserved biogenesis machinery involves two RNase-dependent processing steps of miRNA maturation and the final step of miRNA-induced silencing complex (miRISC)-mediated target silencing. A functional miRISC requires Argonaute 2 (AGO2) as an essential catalytic component which plays central roles in miRISC function. We uncovered a post-translational regulatory mechanism of AGO2 by E-cadherin. Mechanistically, E-cadherin activates ERK to phosphorylate AGO2, along with enhanced protein glycosylation. Consequently, the phosphorylated AGO2 was stabilized and ultimately resulted in induced miRISC activity on gene silencing. This study revealed a novel pathway for miRNA regulation through an E-cadherin-mediated miRISC activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Ning Li
- College of Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Lung Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Ming-Yang Wang
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Surgical Oncology, National Taiwan University Cancer Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pai-Sheng Chen
- College of Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Shen Q, Wang YE, Truong M, Mahadevan K, Wu JJ, Zhang H, Li J, Smith HW, Smibert CA, Palazzo AF. RanBP2/Nup358 enhances miRNA activity by sumoylating Argonautes. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009378. [PMID: 33600493 PMCID: PMC7924746 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in RanBP2 (also known as Nup358), one of the main components of the cytoplasmic filaments of the nuclear pore complex, contribute to the overproduction of acute necrotizing encephalopathy (ANE1)-associated cytokines. Here we report that RanBP2 represses the translation of the interleukin 6 (IL6) mRNA, which encodes a cytokine that is aberrantly up-regulated in ANE1. Our data indicates that soon after its production, the IL6 messenger ribonucleoprotein (mRNP) recruits Argonautes bound to let-7 microRNA. After this mRNP is exported to the cytosol, RanBP2 sumoylates mRNP-associated Argonautes, thereby stabilizing them and enforcing mRNA silencing. Collectively, these results support a model whereby RanBP2 promotes an mRNP remodelling event that is critical for the miRNA-mediated suppression of clinically relevant mRNAs, such as IL6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingtang Shen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yifan E. Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mathew Truong
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kohila Mahadevan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jingze J. Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jiawei Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Harrison W. Smith
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Craig A. Smibert
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Hegde S, Soory A, Kaduskar B, Ratnaparkhi GS. SUMO conjugation regulates immune signalling. Fly (Austin) 2020; 14:62-79. [PMID: 32777975 PMCID: PMC7714519 DOI: 10.1080/19336934.2020.1808402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are critical drivers and attenuators for proteins that regulate immune signalling cascades in host defence. In this review, we explore functional roles for one such PTM, the small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO). Very few of the SUMO conjugation targets identified by proteomic studies have been validated in terms of their roles in host defence. Here, we compare and contrast potential SUMO substrate proteins in immune signalling for flies and mammals, with an emphasis on NFκB pathways. We discuss, using the few mechanistic studies that exist for validated targets, the effect of SUMO conjugation on signalling and also explore current molecular models that explain regulation by SUMO. We also discuss in detail roles of evolutionary conservation of mechanisms, SUMO interaction motifs, crosstalk of SUMO with other PTMs, emerging concepts such as group SUMOylation and finally, the potentially transforming roles for genome-editing technologies in studying the effect of PTMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushmitha Hegde
- Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education & Research (IISER), Pune, India
| | - Amarendranath Soory
- Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education & Research (IISER), Pune, India
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Abstract
Activity-dependent protein synthesis plays an important role during neuronal development by fine-tuning the formation and function of neuronal circuits. Recent studies have shown that miRNAs are integral to this regulation because of their ability to control protein synthesis in a rapid, specific and potentially reversible manner. miRNA mediated regulation is a multistep process that involves inhibition of translation before degradation of targeted mRNA, which provides the possibility to store and reverse the inhibition at multiple stages. This flexibility is primarily thought to be derived from the composition of miRNA induced silencing complex (miRISC). AGO2 is likely the only obligatory component of miRISC, while multiple RBPs are shown to be associated with this core miRISC to form diverse miRISC complexes. The formation of these heterogeneous miRISC complexes is intricately regulated by various extracellular signals and cell-specific contexts. In this review, we discuss the composition of miRISC and its functions during neuronal development. Neurodevelopment is guided by both internal programs and external cues. Neuronal activity and external signals play an important role in the formation and refining of the neuronal network. miRISC composition and diversity have a critical role at distinct stages of neurodevelopment. Even though there is a good amount of literature available on the role of miRNAs mediated regulation of neuronal development, surprisingly the role of miRISC composition and its functional dynamics in neuronal development is not much discussed. In this article, we review the available literature on the heterogeneity of the neuronal miRISC composition and how this may influence translation regulation in the context of neuronal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharti Nawalpuri
- Centre for Brain Development and Repair, Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (Instem), Bangalore, India.,School of Chemical and Biotechnology, Shanmugha Arts, Science, and Technology and Research Academy (SASTRA) University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Sreenath Ravindran
- Centre for Brain Development and Repair, Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (Instem), Bangalore, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Ravi S Muddashetty
- Centre for Brain Development and Repair, Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (Instem), Bangalore, India
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10
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Müller M, Fazi F, Ciaudo C. Argonaute Proteins: From Structure to Function in Development and Pathological Cell Fate Determination. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 7:360. [PMID: 32039195 PMCID: PMC6987405 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The highly conserved Argonaute protein family members play a central role in the regulation of gene expression networks, orchestrating the establishment and the maintenance of cell identity throughout the entire life cycle, as well as in several human disorders, including cancers. Four functional Argonaute proteins (AGO1-4), with high structure similarity, have been described in humans and mice. Interestingly, only AGO2 is robustly expressed during human and mouse early development, in contrast to the other AGOs. Consequently, AGO2 is indispensable for early development in vivo and in vitro. Here, we review the roles of Argonaute proteins during early development by focusing on the interplay between specific domains of the protein and their function. Moreover, we report recent works highlighting the importance of AGO posttranslational modifications in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madlen Müller
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Department of Biology, IMHS, Zurich, Switzerland
- Life Science Zurich Graduate School, Molecular Life Sciences Program, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Fazi
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic & Orthopedic Sciences, Section of Histology & Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory Affiliated to Instituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Constance Ciaudo
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Department of Biology, IMHS, Zurich, Switzerland
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11
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Wesalo JS, Luo J, Morihiro K, Liu J, Deiters A. Phosphine-Activated Lysine Analogues for Fast Chemical Control of Protein Subcellular Localization and Protein SUMOylation. Chembiochem 2020; 21:141-148. [PMID: 31664790 PMCID: PMC6980333 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The Staudinger reduction and its variants have exceptional compatibility with live cells but can be limited by slow kinetics. Herein we report new small-molecule triggers that turn on proteins through a Staudinger reduction/self-immolation cascade with substantially improved kinetics and yields. We achieved this through site-specific incorporation of a new set of azidobenzyloxycarbonyl lysine derivatives in mammalian cells. This approach allowed us to activate proteins by adding a nontoxic, bioorthogonal phosphine trigger. We applied this methodology to control a post-translational modification (SUMOylation) in live cells, using native modification machinery. This work significantly improves the rate, yield, and tunability of the Staudinger reduction-based activation, paving the way for its application in other proteins and organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua S. Wesalo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 (USA)
| | - Ji Luo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 (USA)
| | - Kunihiko Morihiro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 (USA)
| | - Jihe Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 (USA)
| | - Alexander Deiters
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 (USA)
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12
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Abstract
Since their serendipitous discovery in nematodes, microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as key regulators of biological processes in animals. These small RNAs form complex networks that regulate cell differentiation, development and homeostasis. Deregulation of miRNA function is associated with an increasing number of human diseases, particularly cancer. Recent discoveries have expanded our understanding of the control of miRNA function. Here, we review the mechanisms that modulate miRNA activity, stability and cellular localization through alternative processing and maturation, sequence editing, post-translational modifications of Argonaute proteins, viral factors, transport from the cytoplasm and regulation of miRNA-target interactions. We conclude by discussing intriguing, unresolved research questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca F R Gebert
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ian J MacRae
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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13
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Zhang H, Wang Y, Dou J, Guo Y, He J, Li L, Liu X, Chen R, Deng R, Huang J, Xie R, Zhao X, Yu J. Acetylation of AGO2 promotes cancer progression by increasing oncogenic miR-19b biogenesis. Oncogene 2019; 38:1410-31. [PMID: 30305728 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0530-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Argonaute2 (AGO2) is an effector of small RNA mediated gene silencing. Increasing evidence show that post-translational modifications of AGO2 can change miRNA activity at specific or global levels. Among the six mature miRNAs that are encoded by miR-17-92, miR-19b1 is the most powerful to exert the oncogenic properties of the entire cluster. Here we identify that AGO2 can be acetylated by P300/CBP and deacetylated by HDAC7, and that acetylation occurs at three sites K720, K493, and K355. Mutation of K493R/K720R, but not K355R at AGO2, inhibits miR-19b biogenesis. We demonstrate that acetylation of AGO2 specifically increases its recruiting pre-miR-19b1 to form the miPDC (miRNA precursor deposit complex), thereby to enhance miR-19b maturation. The motif UGUGUG in the terminal-loop of pre-miR-19b1, as a specific processing feature that is recognized and bound by acetylated AGO2, is essential for the assembly of miRISC (miRNA-induced silencing complex) loading complex. Analyses on public clinical data, xenograft mouse models, and IHC and ISH staining of lung cancer tissues, further confirm that the high levels of both AGO2 acetylation and miR-19b correlate with poor prognosis in lung cancer patients. Our finding reveals a novel function of AGO2 acetylation in increasing oncogenic miR-19b biogenesis and suggests that modulation of AGO2 acetylation has potential clinical implications.
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14
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Sheng W, LaFleur MW, Nguyen TH, Chen S, Chakravarthy A, Conway JR, Li Y, Chen H, Yang H, Hsu PH, Van Allen EM, Freeman GJ, De Carvalho DD, He HH, Sharpe AH, Shi Y. LSD1 Ablation Stimulates Anti-tumor Immunity and Enables Checkpoint Blockade. Cell 2018; 174:549-563.e19. [PMID: 29937226 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 420] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Chromatin regulators play a broad role in regulating gene expression and, when gone awry, can lead to cancer. Here, we demonstrate that ablation of the histone demethylase LSD1 in cancer cells increases repetitive element expression, including endogenous retroviral elements (ERVs), and decreases expression of RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) components. Significantly, this leads to double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) stress and activation of type 1 interferon, which stimulates anti-tumor T cell immunity and restrains tumor growth. Furthermore, LSD1 depletion enhances tumor immunogenicity and T cell infiltration in poorly immunogenic tumors and elicits significant responses of checkpoint blockade-refractory mouse melanoma to anti-PD-1 therapy. Consistently, TCGA data analysis shows an inverse correlation between LSD1 expression and CD8+ T cell infiltration in various human cancers. Our study identifies LSD1 as a potent inhibitor of anti-tumor immunity and responsiveness to immunotherapy and suggests LSD1 inhibition combined with PD-(L)1 blockade as a novel cancer treatment strategy.
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15
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Paradis-Isler N, Boehm J. NMDA receptor-dependent dephosphorylation of serine 387 in Argonaute 2 increases its degradation and affects dendritic spine density and maturation. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:9311-9325. [PMID: 29735530 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.001007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Argonaute (AGO) proteins are essential components of the microRNA (miRNA) pathway. AGO proteins are loaded with miRNAs to target mRNAs and thereby regulate mRNA stability and protein translation. As such, AGO proteins are important actors in controlling local protein synthesis, for instance, at dendritic spines and synapses. Although miRNA-mediated regulation of dendritic mRNAs has become a focus of intense interest over the past years, the mechanisms regulating neuronal AGO proteins remain largely unknown. Here, using rat hippocampal neurons, we report that dendritic Ago2 is down-regulated by the proteasome upon NMDA receptor activation. We found that Ser-387 in Ago2 is dephosphorylated upon NMDA treatment and that this dephosphorylation precedes Ago2 degradation. Expressing Ser-387 phosphorylation-deficient or phosphomimetic Ago2 in neurons, we observed that this phosphorylation site is involved in modulating dendritic spine morphology and postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD-95) expression in spines. Collectively, our results point toward a signaling pathway linking NMDA receptor-dependent Ago2 dephosphorylation and turnover to postsynaptic structural changes. They support a model in which NMDA receptor-mediated dephosphorylation of Ago2 and Ago2 turnover contributes to the de-repression of mRNAs involved in spine growth and maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Paradis-Isler
- From the Département Neurosciences, Groupe de Recherche sur le Système Nerveux Central, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Jannic Boehm
- From the Département Neurosciences, Groupe de Recherche sur le Système Nerveux Central, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
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16
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Sisti F, Wang S, Brandt SL, Glosson-Byers N, Mayo LD, Son YM, Sturgeon S, Filgueiras L, Jancar S, Wong H, Dela Cruz CS, Andrews N, Alves-Filho JC, Cunha FQ, Serezani CH. Nuclear PTEN enhances the maturation of a microRNA regulon to limit MyD88-dependent susceptibility to sepsis. Sci Signal 2018; 11:11/528/eaai9085. [PMID: 29717063 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aai9085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis-induced organ damage is caused by systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), which results in substantial comorbidities. Therefore, it is of medical importance to identify molecular brakes that can be exploited to dampen inflammation and prevent the development of SIRS. We investigated the role of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) in suppressing SIRS, increasing microbial clearance, and preventing lung damage. Septic patients and mice with sepsis exhibited increased PTEN expression in leukocytes. Myeloid-specific Pten deletion in an animal model of sepsis increased bacterial loads and cytokine production, which depended on enhanced myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88) abundance and resulted in mortality. PTEN-mediated induction of the microRNAs (miRNAs) miR125b and miR203b reduced the abundance of MyD88. Loss- and gain-of-function assays demonstrated that PTEN induced miRNA production by associating with and facilitating the nuclear localization of Drosha-Dgcr8, part of the miRNA-processing complex. Reconstitution of PTEN-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts with a mutant form of PTEN that does not localize to the nucleus resulted in retention of Drosha-Dgcr8 in the cytoplasm and impaired production of mature miRNAs. Thus, we identified a regulatory pathway involving nuclear PTEN-mediated miRNA generation that limits the production of MyD88 and thereby limits sepsis-associated mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Sisti
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Soujuan Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Stephanie L Brandt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Nicole Glosson-Byers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Lindsey D Mayo
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Young Min Son
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Sarah Sturgeon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Luciano Filgueiras
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.,Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Sonia Jancar
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Hector Wong
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Charles S Dela Cruz
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Nathaniel Andrews
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Jose Carlos Alves-Filho
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Fernando Q Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14049-900, Brazil
| | - C Henrique Serezani
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA. .,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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17
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Bridge KS, Shah KM, Li Y, Foxler DE, Wong SCK, Miller DC, Davidson KM, Foster JG, Rose R, Hodgkinson MR, Ribeiro PS, Aboobaker AA, Yashiro K, Wang X, Graves PR, Plevin MJ, Lagos D, Sharp TV. Argonaute Utilization for miRNA Silencing Is Determined by Phosphorylation-Dependent Recruitment of LIM-Domain-Containing Proteins. Cell Rep 2018; 20:173-187. [PMID: 28683311 PMCID: PMC5507773 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
As core components of the microRNA-induced silencing complex (miRISC), Argonaute (AGO) proteins interact with TNRC6 proteins, recruiting other effectors of translational repression/mRNA destabilization. Here, we show that LIMD1 coordinates the assembly of an AGO-TNRC6 containing miRISC complex by binding both proteins simultaneously at distinct interfaces. Phosphorylation of AGO2 at Ser 387 by Akt3 induces LIMD1 binding, which in turn enables AGO2 to interact with TNRC6A and downstream effector DDX6. Conservation of this serine in AGO1 and 4 indicates this mechanism may be a fundamental requirement for AGO function and miRISC assembly. Upon CRISPR-Cas9-mediated knockout of LIMD1, AGO2 miRNA-silencing function is lost and miRNA silencing becomes dependent on a complex formed by AGO3 and the LIMD1 family member WTIP. The switch to AGO3 utilization occurs due to the presence of a glutamic acid residue (E390) on the interaction interface, which allows AGO3 to bind to LIMD1, AJUBA, and WTIP irrespective of Akt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine S Bridge
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Kunal M Shah
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Yigen Li
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Daniel E Foxler
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Sybil C K Wong
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Duncan C Miller
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Kathryn M Davidson
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - John G Foster
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Ruth Rose
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Fogg Building, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| | | | - Paulo S Ribeiro
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - A Aziz Aboobaker
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, The Tinbergen Building, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Kenta Yashiro
- Cardiac Regeneration and Therapeutics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Xiaozhong Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Cell Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Paul R Graves
- Department of Radiation Oncology, New York-Presbyterian Brooklyn Methodist Hospital, 506 6th Street, Brooklyn, NY 11215, USA
| | - Michael J Plevin
- Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Dimitris Lagos
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Hull York Medical School and Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Tyson V Sharp
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
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18
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Liu Y, Zhao D, Qiu F, Zhang LL, Liu SK, Li YY, Liu MT, Wu D, Wang JX, Ding XQ, Liu YX, Dong CJ, Shao XQ, Yang BF, Chu WF. Manipulating PML SUMOylation via Silencing UBC9 and RNF4 Regulates Cardiac Fibrosis. Mol Ther 2017; 25:666-678. [PMID: 28143738 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2016.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) is essential in the assembly of dynamic subnuclear structures called PML nuclear bodies (PML-NBs), which are involved in regulating diverse cellular functions. However, the possibility of PML being involved in cardiac disease has not been examined. In mice undergoing transverse aortic constriction (TAC) and arsenic trioxide (ATO) injection, transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) was upregulated along with dynamic alteration of PML SUMOylation. In cultured neonatal mouse cardiac fibroblasts (NMCFs), ATO, angiotensin II (Ang II), and fetal bovine serum (FBS) significantly triggered PML SUMOylation and the assembly of PML-NBs. Inhibition of SUMOylated PML by silencing UBC9, the unique SUMO E2-conjugating enzyme, reduced the development of cardiac fibrosis and partially improved cardiac function in TAC mice. In contrast, enhancing SUMOylated PML accumulation, by silencing RNF4, a poly-SUMO-specific E3 ubiquitin ligase, accelerated the induction of cardiac fibrosis and promoted cardiac function injury. PML colocalized with Pin1 (a positive regulator for TGF-β1 mRNA expression in PML-NBs) and increased TGF-β1 activity. These findings suggest that the UBC9/PML/RNF4 axis plays a critical role as an important SUMO pathway in cardiac fibrosis. Modulating the protein levels of the pathway provides an attractive therapeutic target for the treatment of cardiac fibrosis and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, The State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University at Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Dan Zhao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Key Laboratories of Education Ministry for Myocardial Ischemia Mechanism and Treatment, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University at Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Fang Qiu
- Department of Pharmacology, The State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University at Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Ling-Ling Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, The State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University at Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Shang-Kun Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, The State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University at Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, The State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University at Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Mei-Tong Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, The State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University at Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, The State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University at Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Xin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, The State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University at Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Qing Ding
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Key Laboratories of Education Ministry for Myocardial Ischemia Mechanism and Treatment, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University at Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Xin Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, The State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University at Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Chang-Jiang Dong
- Department of Pharmacology, The State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University at Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Qi Shao
- Department of Pharmacology, The State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University at Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Bao-Feng Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, The State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University at Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China.
| | - Wen-Feng Chu
- Department of Pharmacology, The State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University at Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China.
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19
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Chinen M, Lei EP. Drosophila Argonaute2 turnover is regulated by the ubiquitin proteasome pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 483:951-957. [PMID: 28087276 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Argonaute (AGO) proteins play a central role in the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway, which is a cytoplasmic mechanism important for post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. In Drosophila, AGO2 also functions in the nucleus to regulate chromatin insulator activity and transcription. Although there are a number of studies focused on AGO2 function, the regulation of AGO2 turnover is not well understood. We found that mutation of T1149 or R1158 in the conserved PIWI domain causes AGO2 protein instability, but only T1149 affects RNAi activity. Mass spec analysis shows that several proteasome components co-purify with both wildtype and mutant AGO2, and knockdown of two proteasome pathway components results in AGO2 protein accumulation. Finally, AGO2 protein levels increase after treatment with the proteasome inhibitor MG132. Our results indicate that the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway is involved in AGO2 protein turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madoka Chinen
- Nuclear Organization and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Elissa P Lei
- Nuclear Organization and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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20
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Sahoo MR, Gaikwad S, Khuperkar D, Ashok M, Helen M, Yadav SK, Singh A, Magre I, Deshmukh P, Dhanvijay S, Sahoo PK, Ramtirtha Y, Madhusudhan MS, Gayathri P, Seshadri V, Joseph J. Nup358 binds to AGO proteins through its SUMO-interacting motifs and promotes the association of target mRNA with miRISC. EMBO Rep 2016; 18:241-263. [PMID: 28039207 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201642386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA (miRNA)-guided mRNA repression, mediated by the miRNA-induced silencing complex (miRISC), is an important component of post-transcriptional gene silencing. However, how miRISC identifies the target mRNA in vivo is not well understood. Here, we show that the nucleoporin Nup358 plays an important role in this process. Nup358 localizes to the nuclear pore complex and to the cytoplasmic annulate lamellae (AL), and these structures dynamically associate with two mRNP granules: processing bodies (P bodies) and stress granules (SGs). Nup358 depletion disrupts P bodies and concomitantly impairs the miRNA pathway. Furthermore, Nup358 interacts with AGO and GW182 proteins and promotes the association of target mRNA with miRISC A well-characterized SUMO-interacting motif (SIM) in Nup358 is sufficient for Nup358 to directly bind to AGO proteins. Moreover, AGO and PIWI proteins interact with SIMs derived from other SUMO-binding proteins. Our study indicates that Nup358-AGO interaction is important for miRNA-mediated gene silencing and identifies SIM as a new interacting motif for the AGO family of proteins. The findings also support a model wherein the coupling of miRISC with the target mRNA could occur at AL, specialized domains within the ER, and at the nuclear envelope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manas Ranjan Sahoo
- National Centre for Cell Science, S.P. Pune University Campus, Pune, India
| | - Swati Gaikwad
- National Centre for Cell Science, S.P. Pune University Campus, Pune, India
| | - Deepak Khuperkar
- National Centre for Cell Science, S.P. Pune University Campus, Pune, India
| | - Maitreyi Ashok
- National Centre for Cell Science, S.P. Pune University Campus, Pune, India
| | - Mary Helen
- National Centre for Cell Science, S.P. Pune University Campus, Pune, India
| | | | - Aditi Singh
- National Centre for Cell Science, S.P. Pune University Campus, Pune, India
| | - Indrasen Magre
- National Centre for Cell Science, S.P. Pune University Campus, Pune, India
| | - Prachi Deshmukh
- National Centre for Cell Science, S.P. Pune University Campus, Pune, India
| | - Supriya Dhanvijay
- National Centre for Cell Science, S.P. Pune University Campus, Pune, India
| | | | - Yogendra Ramtirtha
- Division of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, India
| | | | - Pananghat Gayathri
- Division of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, India
| | - Vasudevan Seshadri
- National Centre for Cell Science, S.P. Pune University Campus, Pune, India
| | - Jomon Joseph
- National Centre for Cell Science, S.P. Pune University Campus, Pune, India
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Meredith LJ, Wang CM, Nascimento L, Liu R, Wang L, Yang WH. The Key Regulator for Language and Speech Development, FOXP2, is a Novel Substrate for SUMOylation. J Cell Biochem 2016. [PMID: 26212494 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Transcription factor forkhead box protein P2 (FOXP2) plays an essential role in the development of language and speech. However, the transcriptional activity of FOXP2 regulated by the post-translational modifications remains unknown. Here, we demonstrated that FOXP2 is clearly defined as a SUMO target protein at the cellular levels as FOXP2 is covalently modified by both SUMO1 and SUMO3. Furthermore, SUMOylation of FOXP2 was significantly decreased by SENP2 (a specific SUMOylation protease). We further showed that FOXP2 is selectively SUMOylated in vivo on a phylogenetically conserved lysine 674 but the SUMOylation does not alter subcellular localization and stability of FOXP2. Interestingly, we observed that human etiological FOXP2 R553H mutation robustly reduces its SUMOylation potential as compared to wild-type FOXP2. In addition, the acidic residues downstream the core SUMO motif on FOXP2 are required for its full SUMOylation capacity. Finally, our functional analysis using reporter gene assays showed that SUMOylation may modulate transcriptional activity of FOXP2 in regulating downstream target genes (DISC1, SRPX2, and MiR200c). Altogether, we provide the first evidence that FOXP2 is a substrate for SUMOylation and SUMOylation of FOXP2 plays a functional role in regulating its transcriptional activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie J Meredith
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, Georgia 30404
| | - Chiung-Min Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, Georgia 30404
| | - Leticia Nascimento
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, Georgia 30404
| | - Runhua Liu
- Department of Genetics and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - Lizhong Wang
- Department of Genetics and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - Wei-Hsiung Yang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, Georgia 30404
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22
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Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a conserved class of approximately 22 nucleotide (nt) short noncoding RNAs that normally silence gene expression via translational repression and/or degradation of targeted mRNAs in plants and animals. Identifying the whereabouts of miRNAs potentially informs miRNA functions, some of which are perhaps specialized to specific cellular compartments. In this review, the significance of miRNA localizations in the cytoplasm, including those at RNA granules and endomembranes, and the export of miRNAs to extracellular space will be discussed. How miRNA localizations and functions are regulated by protein modifications on the core miRNA-binding protein Argonaute (AGO) during normal and stress conditions will be explored, and in conclusion new AGO partners, non-AGO miRNA-binding proteins, and the emergent understanding of miRNAs found in the nucleoplasm, nucleoli, and mitochondria will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony K L Leung
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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23
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Alessi AF, Khivansara V, Han T, Freeberg MA, Moresco JJ, Tu PG, Montoye E, Yates JR 3rd, Karp X, Kim JK. Casein kinase II promotes target silencing by miRISC through direct phosphorylation of the DEAD-box RNA helicase CGH-1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E7213-22. [PMID: 26669440 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1509499112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play essential, conserved roles in diverse developmental processes through association with the miRNA-induced silencing complex (miRISC). Whereas fundamental insights into the mechanistic framework of miRNA biogenesis and target gene silencing have been established, posttranslational modifications that affect miRISC function are less well understood. Here we report that the conserved serine/threonine kinase, casein kinase II (CK2), promotes miRISC function in Caenorhabditis elegans. CK2 inactivation results in developmental defects that phenocopy loss of miRISC cofactors and enhances the loss of miRNA function in diverse cellular contexts. Whereas CK2 is dispensable for miRNA biogenesis and the stability of miRISC cofactors, it is required for efficient miRISC target mRNA binding and silencing. Importantly, we identify the conserved DEAD-box RNA helicase, CGH-1/DDX6, as a key CK2 substrate within miRISC and demonstrate phosphorylation of a conserved N-terminal serine is required for CGH-1 function in the miRNA pathway.
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24
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Handu M, Kaduskar B, Ravindranathan R, Soory A, Giri R, Elango VB, Gowda H, Ratnaparkhi GS. SUMO-Enriched Proteome for Drosophila Innate Immune Response. G3 (Bethesda) 2015; 5:2137-54. [PMID: 26290570 DOI: 10.1534/g3.115.020958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) modification modulates the expression of defense genes in Drosophila, activated by the Toll/nuclear factor-κB and immune-deficient/nuclear factor-κB signaling networks. We have, however, limited understanding of the SUMO-modulated regulation of the immune response and lack information on SUMO targets in the immune system. In this study, we measured the changes to the SUMO proteome in S2 cells in response to a lipopolysaccharide challenge and identified 1619 unique proteins in SUMO-enriched lysates. A confident set of 710 proteins represents the immune-induced SUMO proteome and analysis suggests that specific protein domains, cellular pathways, and protein complexes respond to immune stress. A small subset of the confident set was validated by in-bacto SUMOylation and shown to be bona-fide SUMO targets. These include components of immune signaling pathways such as Caspar, Jra, Kay, cdc42, p38b, 14-3-3ε, as well as cellular proteins with diverse functions, many being components of protein complexes, such as prosß4, Rps10b, SmD3, Tango7, and Aats-arg. Caspar, a human FAF1 ortholog that negatively regulates immune-deficient signaling, is SUMOylated at K551 and responds to treatment with lipopolysaccharide in cultured cells. Our study is one of the first to describe SUMO proteome for the Drosophila immune response. Our data and analysis provide a global framework for the understanding of SUMO modification in the host response to pathogens.
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25
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Josa-Prado F, Henley JM, Wilkinson KA. SUMOylation of Argonaute-2 regulates RNA interference activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 464:1066-1071. [PMID: 26188511 PMCID: PMC4624959 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.07.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Post-translational modification of substrate proteins by small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) regulates a vast array of cellular processes. SUMOylation occurs through three sequential enzymatic steps termed E1, E2 and E3. Substrate selection can be determined through interactions between the target protein and the SUMO E2 conjugating enzyme Ubc9 and specificity can be enhanced by substrate interactions with E3 ligase enzymes. We used the putative substrate recognition (PINIT) domain from the SUMO E3 PIAS3 as bait to identify potential SUMO substrates. One protein identified was Argonaute-2 (Ago2), which mediates RNA-induced gene silencing through binding small RNAs and promoting degradation of complimentary target mRNAs. We show that Ago2 can be SUMOylated in mammalian cells by both SUMO1 and SUMO2. SUMOylation occurs primarily at K402, and mutation of the SUMO consensus site surrounding this lysine reduces Ago2-mediated siRNA-induced silencing in a luciferase-based reporter assay. These results identify SUMOylation as a potential regulator of Ago2 activity and open new avenues for research into the mechanisms underlying the regulation of RNA-induced gene silencing. Argonaute-2 (Ago2) is SUMOylated in mammalian cells. SUMOylation of Ago2 takes place primarily at lysine 402. Abolishing Ago2 SUMOylation reduces its functional activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Josa-Prado
- School of Biochemistry, Medical Sciences Building, University Walk, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy M Henley
- School of Biochemistry, Medical Sciences Building, University Walk, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin A Wilkinson
- School of Biochemistry, Medical Sciences Building, University Walk, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, United Kingdom.
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27
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Wilczynska A, Bushell M. The complexity of miRNA-mediated repression. Cell Death Differ 2014; 22:22-33. [PMID: 25190144 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Since their discovery 20 years ago, miRNAs have attracted much attention from all areas of biology. These short (∼22 nt) non-coding RNA molecules are highly conserved in evolution and are present in nearly all eukaryotes. They have critical roles in virtually every cellular process, particularly determination of cell fate in development and regulation of the cell cycle. Although it has long been known that miRNAs bind to mRNAs to trigger translational repression and degradation, there had been much debate regarding their precise mode of action. It is now believed that translational control is the primary event, only later followed by mRNA destabilisation. This review will discuss the most recent advances in our understanding of the molecular underpinnings of miRNA-mediated repression. Moreover, we highlight the multitude of regulatory mechanisms that modulate miRNA function.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wilczynska
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - M Bushell
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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