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Wang Z, Wang H, Zhou Y, Li L, Lyu M, Wu C, He T, Tan L, Zhu Y, Guo T, Wu H, Zhang H, Sun Y. An individualized protein-based prognostic model to stratify pediatric patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3560. [PMID: 38671151 PMCID: PMC11053152 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47926-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Pediatric papillary thyroid carcinomas (PPTCs) exhibit high inter-tumor heterogeneity and currently lack widely adopted recurrence risk stratification criteria. Hence, we propose a machine learning-based objective method to individually predict their recurrence risk. We retrospectively collect and evaluate the clinical factors and proteomes of 83 pediatric benign (PB), 85 pediatric malignant (PM) and 66 adult malignant (AM) nodules, and quantify 10,426 proteins by mass spectrometry. We find 243 and 121 significantly dysregulated proteins from PM vs. PB and PM vs. AM, respectively. Function and pathway analyses show the enhanced activation of the inflammatory and immune system in PM patients compared with the others. Nineteen proteins are selected to predict recurrence using a machine learning model with an accuracy of 88.24%. Our study generates a protein-based personalized prognostic prediction model that can stratify PPTC patients into high- or low-recurrence risk groups, providing a reference for clinical decision-making and individualized treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Wang
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - He Wang
- School of Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
- Westlake Center for Intelligent Proteomics, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, China
- Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- School of Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
- Westlake Center for Intelligent Proteomics, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, China
- Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lu Li
- School of Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
- Westlake Center for Intelligent Proteomics, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, China
- Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mengge Lyu
- School of Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
- Westlake Center for Intelligent Proteomics, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, China
- Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chunlong Wu
- Westlake Omics (Hangzhou) Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China
| | - Tianen He
- School of Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
- Westlake Center for Intelligent Proteomics, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, China
- Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lingling Tan
- Westlake Omics (Hangzhou) Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Zhu
- School of Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
- Westlake Center for Intelligent Proteomics, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, China
- Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tiannan Guo
- School of Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
- Westlake Center for Intelligent Proteomics, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, China
- Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongkun Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Yaoting Sun
- School of Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China.
- Westlake Center for Intelligent Proteomics, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, China.
- Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China.
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Kuo CY, Tsai CH, Wu JK, Cheng SP. Sublethal thermal stress promotes migration and invasion of thyroid cancer cells. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0298903. [PMID: 38394093 PMCID: PMC10889624 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Radiofrequency ablation is a viable option in the treatment of benign thyroid nodules. Some reports suggest that thermal ablation may also be safe for the management of low-risk thyroid cancer. In this study, we applied transient heat treatment to thyroid cancer cells to mimic clinical scenarios in which insufficient ablation leads to incomplete eradication of thyroid cancer. METHODS Differentiated thyroid cancer cell lines B-CPAP, TPC-1, and FTC-133 were subjected to heat treatment at different temperatures for 10 min. Effects on cell growth, clonogenicity, wound healing assay, and Transwell invasion were determined. RESULTS Heat treatment at 45°C or higher reduced cell growth, whereas viability of thyroid cancer cells was not changed after heat treatment at 37, 40, or 42°C. Heat treatment at 40°C increased the number of colony formations by 16% to 39%. Additionally, transient heat treatment at 40°C resulted in a 1.75-fold to 2.56-fold higher migratory activity than treatment at 37°C. Invasive capacity was increased after heat treatment, ranging from 115% to 126%. Expression of several epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers, including ZEB1, N-cadherin, and MMP2, was upregulated following heat treatment at 40°C. CONCLUSION We for the first time demonstrate that sublethal thermal stress may increase clonogenicity, migration, and invasion of thyroid cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Yu Kuo
- Department of Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hsin Tsai
- Department of Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Jun Kui Wu
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ping Cheng
- Department of Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
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Kuo CY, Hsu YC, Liu CL, Li YS, Chang SC, Cheng SP. SOX4 is a pivotal regulator of tumorigenesis in differentiated thyroid cancer. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2023; 578:112062. [PMID: 37673293 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2023.112062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
The SOX family consists of about 20 transcription factors involved in embryonic development, reprogramming, and cell fate determination. In this study, we demonstrated that SOX4 was significantly upregulated in differentiated thyroid cancer. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that high SOX4 expression was associated with papillary histology, extrathyroidal extension, lymph node metastasis, and advanced disease stage. Patients whose tumors exhibited high SOX4 expression had a shorter recurrence-free survival, though significance was lost in multivariate Cox regression analysis. SOX4 silencing in thyroid cancer cells slowed cell growth, attenuated clonogenicity, and suppressed anoikis resistance. Additionally, SOX4 knockdown impeded xenograft tumor growth in nude mice. Knockdown of SOX4 expression was accompanied by reduced phosphorylation of AKT and ERK. Furthermore, CRABP2 expression correlated with SOX4 expression, and SOX4 silencing decreased CRABP2 expression and its downstream effectors such as integrin β1 and β4. These results indicate that SOX4 has both prognostic and therapeutic implications in differentiated thyroid cancer, and targeting SOX4 may modulate tumorigenic processes in the thyroid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Yu Kuo
- Department of Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chiung Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Liang Liu
- Department of Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Syuan Li
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Chiang Chang
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ping Cheng
- Department of Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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4
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Hsu YC, Huang WC, Kuo CY, Li YS, Cheng SP. Downregulation of cellular retinoic acid binding protein 1 fosters epithelial-mesenchymal transition in thyroid cancer. Mol Carcinog 2023; 62:1935-1946. [PMID: 37642311 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Cellular retinoic acid binding protein 1 (CRABP1) participates in the regulation of retinoid signaling. Previous studies showed conflicting results regarding the role of CRABP1 in tumor biology, including protumorigenic and tumor-suppressive effects in different types of cancer. Our bioinformatics analyses suggested that CRABP1 expression was downregulated in thyroid cancer. Ectopic expression of CRABP1 in thyroid cancer cells suppressed migratory and invasive activity without affecting cell growth or cell cycle distribution. In transformed normal thyroid follicular epithelial cells, silencing of CRABP1 expression increased invasiveness. Additionally, CRABP1 overexpression was associated with downregulation of the mesenchymal phenotype. Kinase phosphorylation profiling indicated that CRABP1 overexpression was accompanied by a decrease in phosphorylation of epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor and downstream phosphorylation of Akt, STAT3, and FAK, which were reversed by exogenous EGF treatment. Immunohistochemical analysis of our tissue microarrays revealed an inverse association between CRABP1 expression and disease stage of differentiated thyroid cancer. Taken together, our results suggest that CRABP1 expression is aberrantly lost in thyroid cancer, and this downregulation promotes the epithelial-mesenchymal transition at least partly through modulating EGF receptor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chiung Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chien Huang
- Department of Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital and MacKay Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Yu Kuo
- Department of Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital and MacKay Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Syuan Li
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ping Cheng
- Department of Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital and MacKay Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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5
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Cheng SYH, Huang SY, Cheng SP. Acute exposure to diesel particulate matter promotes collective cell migration in thyroid cancer cells. Front Toxicol 2023; 5:1294760. [PMID: 38098751 PMCID: PMC10720445 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2023.1294760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Several ecological studies suggest that ambient air pollution is associated with the occurrence of thyroid cancer. In this study, we used certified diesel particulate matter as a proxy for fine particulate matter. Human thyroid cancer cell lines 8505C and TPC-1 were incubated with different concentrations of NIST1650b for 5 days and subjected to functional assays. We found that NIST1650b treatment did not affect short-term cell growth but reduced colony formation at high concentrations. Notably, NIST1650b-treated cells showed altered morphology toward cluster coalescence following treatment. Wound healing assays revealed that leading-edge cells formed protruding tips while maintaining cell-cell adhesion, and a significantly higher ratio of wound closure following treatment at 10 μg/mL was seen in both cell lines. A weak stimulatory effect on transwell cell migration was observed in 8505C cells. Taken together, our results suggest that fine particulate matter induced a coherent phenotype accompanied by augmented collective cell migration in thyroid cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shih-Yuan Huang
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ping Cheng
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital and MacKay Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, MacKay Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
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Ma L, Liu L, Ji M, Su L, Guan Y, Xiao J, Pu H. Ezrin promotes esophageal squamous cell carcinoma progression via the Hippo signaling pathway. Open Life Sci 2023; 18:20220743. [PMID: 37791063 PMCID: PMC10543706 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2022-0743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the role of Ezrin in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and investigate potential therapeutic targets for ESCC by interfering with Ezrin expression. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that Ezrin expression differed significantly among patients with different clinical stage ESCC. Moreover, there was a significant correlation between Ezrin and yes-associated protein/connective tissue growth factor (YAP1/CTGF) levels in esophageal cancer. Sixty paraffin-embedded ESCC tissue samples were examined and Ezrin and YAP1/CTGF levels were determined using immunohistochemistry. The positive expression rates of Ezrin and YAP1/CTGF were significantly lower in adjacent tissues than in ESCC tissues. Furthermore, knockdown of Ezrin expression inhibited colony formation and reduced cell migration and invasion. Compared with control ESCC cells, protein expression levels of YAP1 and CTGF were significantly downregulated in cells with Ezrin knocked down. We conclude that Ezrin may be involved in ESCC progression through the Hippo signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinjiang Medical University, No. 567, Shangde North Road, Urumqi830017, Xinjiang, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University, No. 137, Liyushan South Road, Urumqi830054, Xinjiang, China
| | - Min Ji
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University, No. 137, Liyushan South Road, Urumqi830054, Xinjiang, China
| | - Liping Su
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University, No. 137, Liyushan South Road, Urumqi830054, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yaling Guan
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinjiang Medical University, No. 567, Shangde North Road, Urumqi830017, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jinling Xiao
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinjiang Medical University, No. 567, Shangde North Road, Urumqi830017, Xinjiang, China
| | - Hongwei Pu
- Department of Discipline Construction, First Affiliated Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University, No. 137, Liyushan South Road, Urumqi830054, Xinjiang, China
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Lee JJ, Hsu YC, Huang WC, Cheng SP. Upregulation of dendrocyte-expressed seven transmembrane protein is associated with unfavorable outcomes in differentiated thyroid cancer. Endocrine 2023; 81:513-520. [PMID: 37058220 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-023-03364-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Dendritic cell infiltrates are increased in thyroid cancer but may have a defective ability to provoke effective immune responses. In this study, we aimed to identify potential thyroid cancer biomarkers linked to dendritic cell development and evaluate their prognostic relevance. METHODS Through a bioinformatics search, we identified the dendrocyte-expressed seven transmembrane protein (DCSTAMP) as a prognostic gene involved in dendritic cell differentiation for thyroid cancer. Immunohistochemical analyses of DCSTAMP expression were performed and correlated with clinical outcomes. RESULTS DCSTAMP was overexpressed in a variety of types of thyroid cancers, while normal thyroid tissue or benign thyroid lesions exhibited low or undetectable DCSTAMP immunoreactivity. The results of automated quantification were consistent with subjective semiquantitative scoring. Among 144 patients with differentiated thyroid cancer, high DCSTAMP expression was associated with papillary tumor type (p < 0.001), extrathyroidal extension (p = 0.007), lymph node metastasis (p < 0.001), and BRAF V600E mutation (p = 0.029). Patients with tumors showing high DCSTAMP expression had shorter overall (p = 0.027) and recurrence-free (p = 0.042) survival. CONCLUSION This study provides the first evidence of DCSTAMP overexpression in thyroid cancer. Apart from the prognostic implications, studies are needed to explore its potential immunomodulatory role in thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Jen Lee
- Department of Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital and MacKay Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chiung Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chien Huang
- Department of Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital and MacKay Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ping Cheng
- Department of Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital and MacKay Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei, Taiwan.
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Zhai L, Yang X, Dong J, Qian L, Gao Y, Lv Y, Chen L, Chen B, Zhou F. O‑GlcNAcylation mediates endometrial cancer progression by regulating the Hippo‑YAP pathway. Int J Oncol 2023; 63:90. [PMID: 37350405 PMCID: PMC10552701 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2023.5538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of endometrial cancer (EC) is rapidly increasing worldwide. The majority of endometrial cancers are diagnosed at an early stage and are associated with a good prognosis; however, patients with advanced‑stage EC have a poor prognosis and present with invasive metastasis. The mechanisms responsible for the invasion and metastasis of endometrial cancer remain unknown. Here, the present study aimed to examine the effects of O‑GlcNAcylation on the malignancy of EC and its association with Yes‑associated protein (YAP). It was found that the expression of O‑GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O‑GlcNAcylation were increased in EC tissues; the decrease in O‑GlcNAcylation levels was found to lead to the decreased proliferation, migration and invasion of EC cells. Mass spectrometric analysis revealed that OGT knockdown reduced the O‑GlcNAcylation of YAP. Furthermore, it was found that the reduction in the O‑GlcNAcylation of YAP promoted its phosphorylation, which in turn inhibited the access of YAP to the nucleus and downstream target gene activation, demonstrating that the level of O‑GlcNAcylation affects the development of EC. On the whole, the findings of the present study indicate that YAP is a key molecule linking the O‑GlcNAcylation and Hippo pathways, which together regulate the progression of EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianghao Zhai
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032
| | - Xiaoshan Yang
- Stomatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032
| | - Jian Dong
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032
| | - Luomeng Qian
- Department of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P.R. China
| | - Yunge Gao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032
| | - Yanhong Lv
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032
| | - Ligang Chen
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032
| | - Biliang Chen
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032
| | - Fuxing Zhou
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032
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Flinn MA, Alvarez-Argote S, Knas MC, Almeida VA, Paddock SJ, Zhou X, Buddell T, Jamal A, Taylor R, Liu P, Drnevich J, Patterson M, Link BA, O’Meara CC. Myofibroblast Ccn3 is regulated by Yap and Wwtr1 and contributes to adverse cardiac outcomes. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1142612. [PMID: 36998974 PMCID: PMC10043314 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1142612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction While Yap and Wwtr1 regulate resident cardiac fibroblast to myofibroblast differentiation following cardiac injury, their role specifically in activated myofibroblasts remains unexplored. Methods We assessed the pathophysiological and cellular consequence of genetic depletion of Yap alone (Yap fl/fl ;Postn MCM ) or Yap and Wwtr1 (Yap fl/fl ;Wwtr1 fl/+ ;Postn MCM ) in adult mouse myofibroblasts following myocardial infarction and identify and validate novel downstream factors specifically in cardiac myofibroblasts that mediate pathological remodeling. Results Following myocardial infarction, depletion of Yap in myofibroblasts had minimal effect on heart function while depletion of Yap/Wwtr1 resulted in smaller scars, reduced interstitial fibrosis, and improved ejection fraction and fractional shortening. Single cell RNA sequencing of interstitial cardiac cells 7 days post infarction showed suppression of pro-fibrotic genes in fibroblasts derived from Yap fl/fl ,Wwtr1 fl/+ ;Postn MCM hearts. In vivo myofibroblast depletion of Yap/Wwtr1 as well in vitro knockdown of Yap/Wwtr1 dramatically decreased RNA and protein expression of the matricellular factor Ccn3. Administration of recombinant CCN3 to adult mice following myocardial infarction remarkably aggravated cardiac function and scarring. CCN3 administration drove myocardial gene expression of pro-fibrotic genes in infarcted left ventricles implicating CCN3 as a novel driver of cardiac fibrotic processes following myocardial infarction. Discussion Yap/Wwtr1 depletion in myofibroblasts attenuates fibrosis and significantly improves cardiac outcomes after myocardial infarction and we identify Ccn3 as a factor downstream of Yap/Wwtr1 that contributes to adverse cardiac remodeling post MI. Myofibroblast expression of Yap, Wwtr1, and Ccn3 could be further explored as potential therapeutic targets for modulating adverse cardiac remodeling post injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Flinn
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Santiago Alvarez-Argote
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Makenna C. Knas
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Victor Alencar Almeida
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Samantha J. Paddock
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Xiaoxu Zhou
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine,Hangzhou, China
| | - Tyler Buddell
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Ayana Jamal
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Reiauna Taylor
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Pengyuan Liu
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine,Hangzhou, China
| | - Jenny Drnevich
- High Performance Computing in Biology (HPCBio) and the Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Michaela Patterson
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Brian A. Link
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Caitlin C. O’Meara
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Genomics Sciences and Precision Medicine Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
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He W, Cheng Z, Huo Z, Lin B, Wang X, Sun Y, Yu S, Cao S, Xue J, Liu R, Lv W, Li Y, Hong S, Xiao H. STRA6 Promotes Thyroid Carcinoma Progression via Activation of the ILK/AKT/mTOR Axis in Cells and Female Nude Mice. Endocrinology 2023; 164:6967061. [PMID: 36592123 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metastasis has emerged to be an important cause for poor prognosis of thyroid carcinoma (TC) and its molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. STRA6 is a multifunctional membrane protein widely expressed in embryonic and adult tissues. The function and mechanism of STRA6 in TC remain elusive. OBJECTIVE We aimed to explore the role of STRA6 in TC progression and provide a therapeutic target for TC. METHODS The expression and clinicopathological relevance of STRA6 were explored in TC. Stable STRA6-knockdown TC cells were established and used to determine the biological function of STRA6 in vitro and in vivo. RNA sequencing and co-immunoprecipitation were performed to unveil the molecular mechanism of STRA6 in TC progression. The potential of STRA6 as a therapeutic target was evaluated by lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) containing siRNA. RESULTS STRA6 was upregulated in TC and correlated with aggressive clinicopathological features, including extrathyroidal extension and lymph node metastasis, which contributed to the poor prognosis of TC. STRA6 facilitated TC progression by enhancing proliferation and metastasis in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, STRA6 could interact with integrin-linked kinase (ILK) and subsequently activate the protein kinase B/mechanistic target of rapamycin (AKT/mTOR) signaling pathway. We further unveiled that STRA6 reprogrammed lipid metabolism through SREBP1, which was crucial for the metastasis of TC. Moreover, STRA6 siRNA delivered by LNPs significantly inhibited cell growth in xenograft tumor models. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates the critical roles of STRA6 contributing to TC progression via the ILK/AKT/mTOR axis, which may provide a novel prognostic marker as well as a promising therapeutic target for aggressive TC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiman He
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Zhen Cheng
- Department of Pulmonary Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524000, China
| | - Zijun Huo
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Bo Lin
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Xuejie Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Yijia Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Shuang Yu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Siting Cao
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Junyu Xue
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Rengyun Liu
- Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Weiming Lv
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Yanbing Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Shubin Hong
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Haipeng Xiao
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
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11
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Zheng N, Liu S, Zeng H, Zhao H, Jin L. Molecular Mechanism of Curcumin Derivative on YAP Pathway against Ovarian Cancer. J Clin Med 2022; 11. [PMID: 36498794 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11237220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to study the effect of curcumin derivative WZ10 on the proliferation, invasion and apoptosis of ovarian cancer OVCAR3 cells, and to explore its mechanism. MTT assay was used to detect the effect of WZ10 on the proliferation of ovarian cancer OVCAR3 cells; Annexin V/PI double staining flow cytometry was used to detect the effect of WZ10 on cell apoptosis; Transwell method was used to detect the effect of WZ10 on cell invasiveness; Western blot was used to investigate the effect of WZ10 Mechanisms affecting OVCAR3 activity in ovarian cancer in vitro. Our results show that WZ10 treatment could significantly inhibit the proliferation and invasion of OVCAR3 cells, induce apoptosis of OVCAR3 cells in a dose-dependent manner. After knockdown of Hippo expression with sh-RNA, further combined treatment with WZ10 had no significant image on ovarian cancer OVCAR3 cells. In conclusion: WZ10 can significantly inhibit the proliferation of OVCAR3 cells, reduce cell invasion and proliferation by downregulating the activation of Hippo-YAP pathway, and induce cell apoptosis.
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12
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Liu CL, Hsu YC, Kuo CY, Jhuang JY, Li YS, Cheng SP. CRABP2 Is Associated With Thyroid Cancer Recurrence and Promotes Invasion via the Integrin/FAK/AKT Pathway. Endocrinology 2022; 163:6761323. [PMID: 36240291 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cellular retinoic acid-binding protein 2 (CRABP2) participates in retinoid partitioning between different nuclear receptors. Recently, we identified that CRABP2 is one of the progression-associated genes in thyroid cancer. To explore the prognostic and functional significance of CRABP2, immunohistochemical analysis was performed in thyroid tissues and neoplasms. Overexpression of CRABP2 was observed in malignant thyroid neoplasms but not in benign thyroid lesions. CRABP2 expression was an independent predictive factor for recurrence-free survival in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. Knockdown of CRABP2 reduced the sensitivity of thyroid cancer cells to retinoic acid. Importantly, CRABP2 expression in thyroid cancer cells was associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition properties, including anoikis resistance, migration, and invasion capacity. Furthermore, invasion promoted by CRABP2 was mediated at least partly by the integrin/focal adhesion kinase/AKT pathway. In summary, CRABP2 expression is upregulated in thyroid cancer with adverse prognostic implications. The invasion-stimulating effects appear independent of canonical retinoic acid signaling and may serve as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Liang Liu
- Department of Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chiung Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Yu Kuo
- Department of Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Jie-Yang Jhuang
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Department of Pathology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Syuan Li
- Department of Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ping Cheng
- Department of Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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13
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Huang SS, Tsai CH, Kuo CY, Li YS, Cheng SP. ACLY inhibitors induce apoptosis and potentiate cytotoxic effects of sorafenib in thyroid cancer cells. Endocrine 2022; 78:85-94. [PMID: 35761130 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-022-03124-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY) is a critical enzyme at the intersection of glucose and lipid metabolism. ACLY is often upregulated or activated in cancer cells to accelerate lipid synthesis and promote tumor progression. In this study, we aimed to explore the possibility of utilizing ACLY inhibition as a new strategy in the treatment of thyroid cancer. METHODS Bioinformatics analysis of the public datasets was performed. Thyroid cancer cells were treated with two different ACLY inhibitors, SB-204990 and NDI-091143. RESULTS Bioinformatics analysis revealed that ACLY expression was increased in anaplastic thyroid cancer. In thyroid cancer cell lines FTC-133 and 8505C, ACLY inhibitors suppressed monolayer cell growth and clonogenic ability in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner. Flow cytometry analysis showed that ACLY inhibitors increased the proportion of sub-G1 cells in the cell cycle and the number of annexin V-positive cells. Immunoblotting confirmed caspase-3 activation and PARP1 cleavage following treatment with ACLY inhibitors. Compromised cell viability could be partially rescued by co-treatment with the pan-caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK. Additionally, we showed that ACLY inhibitors impeded three-dimensional growth and cell invasion in thyroid cancer cells. Isobolograms and combination index analysis indicated that ACLY inhibitors synergistically potentiated the cytotoxicity rendered by sorafenib. CONCLUSIONS Targeting ACLY holds the potential for being a novel therapeutic strategy for thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shou-Sen Huang
- Department of Surgery, Taitung MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taitung, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hsin Tsai
- Department of Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital and MacKay Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Yu Kuo
- Department of Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital and MacKay Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Syuan Li
- Department of Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital and MacKay Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ping Cheng
- Department of Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital and MacKay Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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14
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Kuo CY, Jhuang JY, Huang WC, Cheng SP. Aberrant Expression of Thymosin Beta-4 Correlates With Advanced Disease and BRAF V600E Mutation in Thyroid Cancer. J Histochem Cytochem 2022; 70:707-716. [PMID: 36321670 PMCID: PMC9660367 DOI: 10.1369/00221554221138370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymosin beta-4 (TMSB4X) was recently identified as a differentially expressed gene between malignant and non-malignant thyroid cells via single-cell RNA sequencing. In the present study, we aimed to study the immunostaining pattern of TMSB4X in benign and malignant thyroid neoplasms. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that normal thyroid tissue or benign thyroid disorders exhibited undetectable immunoreactivity against TMSB4X except for positive staining of inflammatory infiltrates and stromal cells associated with autoimmune thyroid disease. By contrast, overexpression of TMSB4X was observed in a variety of thyroid malignancies, including papillary, follicular, poorly differentiated, and undifferentiated thyroid cancer. Among 141 patients with differentiated thyroid cancer, higher TMSB4X expression was associated with papillary tumor type, extrathyroidal extension, lymph node metastasis, and BRAF V600E mutation. The results were consistent with those from the public transcriptomic datasets. In summary, TMSB4X expression was aberrantly increased in various types of thyroid cancer, and higher TMSB4X expression was correlated with advanced disease characteristics. Thymosin beta-4 may be a novel downstream effector of the BRAF V600E mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Yu Kuo
- Department of Surgery, MacKay Memorial
Hospital, Taipei
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine,
MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City
| | - Jie-Yang Jhuang
- Department of Pathology, MacKay Memorial
Hospital, Taipei
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine,
MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City
| | - Wen-Chien Huang
- Department of Surgery, MacKay Memorial
Hospital, Taipei
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine,
MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City
| | - Shih-Ping Cheng
- Department of Surgery, MacKay Memorial
Hospital, Taipei
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine,
MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, MacKay
Medical College, New Taipei City
- Department of Pharmacology, School of
Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei
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15
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Abstract
Sterol regulatory element binding protein-1 (SREBP-1), a transcription factor with a basic helix–loop–helix leucine zipper, has two isoforms, SREBP-1a and SREBP-1c, derived from the same gene for regulating the genes of lipogenesis, including acetyl-CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthase, and stearoyl-CoA desaturase. Importantly, SREBP-1 participates in metabolic reprogramming of various cancers and has been a biomarker for the prognosis or drug efficacy for the patients with cancer. In this review, we first introduced the structure, activation, and key upstream signaling pathway of SREBP-1. Then, the potential targets and molecular mechanisms of SREBP-1-regulated lipogenesis in various types of cancer, such as colorectal, prostate, breast, and hepatocellular cancer, were summarized. We also discussed potential therapies targeting the SREBP-1-regulated pathway by small molecules, natural products, or the extracts of herbs against tumor progression. This review could provide new insights in understanding advanced findings about SREBP-1-mediated lipogenesis in cancer and its potential as a target for cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiushi Zhao
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xingyu Lin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Xingyu Lin, ; Guan Wang,
| | - Guan Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Xingyu Lin, ; Guan Wang,
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16
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Liu CL, Chien MN, Hsu YC, Cheng SP. Transcriptomic Characteristics Associated With Aging in the Thyroid Gland. Front Nutr 2022; 9:859702. [PMID: 35694164 PMCID: PMC9174607 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.859702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aging thyroid is associated with a plethora of morphological and functional changes. Limited studies have addressed the gene expression signature in the aging thyroid, except for sporadic reports using data from postmortem samples in the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project. In this investigation, we analyzed the RNA sequencing data of 58 samples of normal-appearing counterpart thyroid tissues from The Cancer Genome Atlas. Aging-correlated genes were identified by determining the Spearman rank-order correlation between patient age and gene expression level. Additionally, we performed gene set enrichment analysis and conducted a weighted correlation network analysis. The results were compared with those analyzed using the GTEx data. The over-represented protein class of aging-correlated genes is mainly metabolite interconversion enzymes. Our analyses identified alterations in immune and inflammatory responses, mitochondrial functions, cytoskeletal proteins, as well as amino acid and cytochrome P450 metabolism. There was no significant association between thyroid differentiation and age. Our findings may shed molecular light on thyroid disorders in the geriatric population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Liang Liu
- Department of Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital and Mackay Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Nan Chien
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, MacKay Memorial Hospital and Mackay Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chiung Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ping Cheng
- Department of Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital and Mackay Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Shih-Ping Cheng
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