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Mohamed RA, Kassem LM, Ghazali NM, Elgazzar E, Mostafa WA. Modulation of the Morphological Architecture of Mn 2O 3 Nanoparticles to MnCoO Nanoflakes by Loading Co 3+ Via a Co-Precipitation Approach for Mosquitocidal Development. Micromachines (Basel) 2023; 14:567. [PMID: 36984973 PMCID: PMC10058717 DOI: 10.3390/mi14030567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The spread of many infectious diseases by vectors is a globally severe issue. Climate change and the increase of vector resistance are the primary sources of rising mosquito populations. Therefore, advanced approaches are needed to prevent the dispersal of life-threatening diseases. Herein, Mn2O3 NPs and MnCoO nanocomposites were presented as mosquitocidal agents. The synthesized samples were prepared by a co-precipitation route and characterized using different techniques indicating the change of host Mn2O3 structure to 2D MnCoO nanoflakes with Co3+ integration. The thermal decomposition of the nanoparticles was examined by TGA analysis, showing high stability. The energy gap (Eg) of Mn2O3 was estimated within the visible spectrum of the value 2.95 eV, which reduced to 2.80 eV with doping support. The impact of Mn2O3 and MnCoO on immature stages was investigated by semithin photomicrographs exhibiting significant changes in the midgut, fat tissue and muscles of the third larval instar. Moreover, the external deformations in pupae were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania A. Mohamed
- Department of Biology, Deanship of Educational Services, Qassim University, P.O. Box 5888, Unaizah 56219, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, P.O. Box 44519, Zagazig 44516, Egypt
| | - Lamyaa M. Kassem
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, P.O. Box 5888, Unaizah 51911, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Niveen M. Ghazali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognozy, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, P.O. Box 5888, Unaizah 51911, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Elsayed Elgazzar
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Wageha A. Mostafa
- Entomology Section, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
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Sharma A, Mishra M, Dagar VS, Kumar S. Morphological and physiological changes induced by Achyranthes aspera-mediated silver nanocomposites in Aedes aegypti larvae. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1031285. [PMID: 36311240 PMCID: PMC9596920 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1031285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aedes aegypti is responsible for the global spread of several ailments such as chikungunya, dengue, yellow fever, and Zika. The use of synthetic chemicals is the primary intervention in mosquito management. However, their excessive utilization resulting in the spread of toxic ingredients in the environment and posing threats to beneficial organisms has prompted the recommendation for the use of biologically synthesized nanocomposites as a promising approach for vector control. Silver nanocomposites were synthesized using leaf (AL-AgNCs) and stem (AS-AgNCs) extracts of Achyranthes aspera. The early fourth instars of A. aegypti were exposed to lethal doses of these nanocomposites to evaluate their effects on larval development, behavior, morphology, and mid-gut histoarchitecture. The cellular damage and deposition of nanocomposite residues in the mid-gut were studied using light and transmission electron microscopy. The A. aspera silver nanocomposite (AA-AgNC)-exposed larvae exhibited dose-dependent extended duration of development and diminished adult emergence, but did not exhibit modified behavior. Intense damage to the cuticle membrane and slight contraction in the internal membrane of anal papillae were noticed. Morphologically, the mid-gut appeared disorganized, darkly pigmented, and shrunk. Histological investigations of the mid-gut revealed significantly disordered internal architecture with lysed cells, damaged peritrophic membrane and microvilli, disintegrated epithelial layer, and a ruptured and displaced basement membrane. Visualization of the larval mid-gut through TEM showed severe cellular damage and aggregation of black spots, indicating the deposition of silver particles released by AA-AgNCs. The investigations revealed the bio-efficacy of A. aspera-mediated AgNCs against A. aegypti inducing stomach and contact toxicity in the larvae. The utilization of AA-AgNCs is recommended for A. aegypti management as a safe and effective intervention.
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Kelly PH, Yingling AV, Ahmed A, Hurwitz I, Ramalho-Ortigao M. Defining the mechanisms of action and mosquito larva midgut response to a yeast-encapsulated orange oil larvicide. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:183. [PMID: 35643588 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05307-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Yeast-encapsulated orange oil (YEOO) is a novel, ingestible larvicide that combines the benefits of a low-cost essential oil with yeast, an attractive food source for mosquito larvae. In this work, we investigated the underlying mechanisms of action associated with YEOO ingestion by Aedes aegypti larvae. METHODS Aedes aegypti third-stage larvae (L3) were treated with sublethal or lethal concentrations of YEOO. Genes associated with apoptosis, autophagy and innate immune responses were investigated by RT-qPCR in guts and carcasses dissected from treated and control larvae. Differential expression of cytochrome P450 genes in the CYP6 and CYP9 families were also investigated. Confocal and transmission electron microscopy were used to assess damage caused by YEOO throughout the larval alimentary canal. TUNEL was used to assess apoptosis via DNA fragmentation. RESULTS The apoptosis genes IAP1 and IAP2 in larvae displayed opposing effects following exposure to lethal doses of YEOO, with a 26-fold induction of IAP1 at 8 h post YEOO ingestion. The effector caspase CASPS8 displayed a 6.7-fold induction in the gut and concomitant 70-fold induction in the carcass at 8 h post YEOO ingestion. The midgut epithelia regenerator, Vein, had an 11-fold induction in the gut after 4 h and was repressed 7.6-fold in the carcass at 24 h. Sublethal concentrations (< LC50) led to significant differential expression of CYP6 and CYP9 genes. Midgut epithelial damage was highlighted by the destruction of microvilli, vacuolization of midgut cells and damage to cell junctions and basal lamina as early as 30 min. Larval type 2 peritrophic matrix structural integrity and porosity remain unchanged. CONCLUSION Our results strongly suggest that the robust larvicidal activity of YEOO is due to a generalized broad-acting mechanism combining epithelial damage and apoptosis, with concomitant expression of multiple innate response genes involved in epithelial regeneration and detoxification. YEOO's amenability for use as part of an integrated vector management program makes this novel larvicide a practical approach for mosquito larval control in the future.
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Abutaha N, Al-Mekhlafi FA, Al-Khalifa MS, Wadaan MA. Larvicidal activity and Histopathological changes of Cinnamomum burmannii, Syzygium aromaticum extracts and their combination on Culex pipiens. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:2591-2596. [PMID: 35531167 PMCID: PMC9073042 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to develop an eco-friendly botanical larvicide alternative to the synthetic larvicides, extracts were prepared from the Cinnamomum burmannii (C.B.) and Syzygium aromaticum (S.A.) with hexane using a sonicator. The extracts were evaluated for larvicidal activity individually and in combination against the Culex pipiens larvae. The LC50 value of C.B. and the S.A. hexane extracts tested individually were 184.2 and 363.7 µg/mL against Cx. pipiens respectively. All the combinations of the extract of C.B. and S.A. showed synergistic factors higher than one. Among the different ratios of extracts, the SA25%: CB75% extract was found to be more toxic than the other combinations (LC50:125.7 µg/mL). Midgut cells treated with S.A. 25%: C.B. 75% extract showed severe morphological alterations such as degradation of microvilli; degeneration of epithelial cells, and peritrophic membrane; loss of nuclei, irregular and damage of microvilli. The extract has a promising larvicidal potential against Cx. pipiens, However, the extract was toxic against HUVEC cells, as evident from MTT and cell morphology. Further investigation is required to assess the toxicity of the extract on aquatic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nael Abutaha
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455 Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahd A Al-Mekhlafi
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455 Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed S Al-Khalifa
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455 Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A Wadaan
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455 Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Valli M, Atanázio LCV, Monteiro GC, Coelho RR, Demarque DP, Andricopulo AD, Espindola LS, Bolzani VDS. The Potential of Biologically Active Brazilian Plant Species as a Strategy to Search for Molecular Models for Mosquito Control. Planta Med 2021; 87:6-23. [PMID: 33348409 DOI: 10.1055/a-1320-4610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Natural products are a valuable source of biologically active compounds and continue to play an important role in modern drug discovery due to their great structural diversity and unique biological properties. Brazilian biodiversity is one of the most extensive in the world and could be an effective source of new chemical entities for drug discovery. Mosquitoes are vectors for the transmission of dengue, Zika, chikungunya, yellow fever, and many other diseases of public health importance. These diseases have a major impact on tropical and subtropical countries, and their incidence has increased dramatically in recent decades, reaching billions of people at risk worldwide. The prevention of these diseases is mainly through vector control, which is becoming more difficult because of the emergence of resistant mosquito populations to the chemical insecticides. Strategies to provide efficient and safe vector control are needed, and secondary metabolites from plant species from the Brazilian biodiversity, especially Cerrado, that are biologically active for mosquito control are herein highlighted. Also, this is a literature revision of targets as insights to promote advances in the task of developing active compounds for vector control. In view of the expansion and occurrence of arboviruses diseases worldwide, scientific reviews on bioactive natural products are important to provide molecular models for vector control and contribute with effective measures to reduce their incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilia Valli
- Laboratory of Medicinal and Computational Chemistry (LQMC), Centre for Research and Innovation in Biodiversity and Drug Discovery (CIBFar), Institute of Physics of São Carlos, University of São Paulo (USP), São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Letícia Cristina Vieira Atanázio
- Nuclei of Bioassays, Biosynthesis and Ecophysiology of Natural Products (NuBBE), Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Claro Monteiro
- Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Universidade de Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Roberta Ramos Coelho
- Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Universidade de Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Daniel Pecoraro Demarque
- Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Universidade de Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Adriano Defini Andricopulo
- Laboratory of Medicinal and Computational Chemistry (LQMC), Centre for Research and Innovation in Biodiversity and Drug Discovery (CIBFar), Institute of Physics of São Carlos, University of São Paulo (USP), São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Laila Salmen Espindola
- Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Universidade de Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Vanderlan da Silva Bolzani
- Nuclei of Bioassays, Biosynthesis and Ecophysiology of Natural Products (NuBBE), Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
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Silvério MRS, Espindola LS, Lopes NP, Vieira PC. Plant Natural Products for the Control of Aedes aegypti: The Main Vector of Important Arboviruses. Molecules 2020; 25:E3484. [PMID: 32751878 PMCID: PMC7435582 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25153484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The mosquito species Aedes aegypti is one of the main vectors of arboviruses, including dengue, Zika and chikungunya. Considering the deficiency or absence of vaccines to prevent these diseases, vector control remains an important strategy. The use of plant natural product-based insecticides constitutes an alternative to chemical insecticides as they are degraded more easily and are less harmful to the environment, not to mention their lower toxicity to non-target insects. This review details plant species and their secondary metabolites that have demonstrated insecticidal properties (ovicidal, larvicidal, pupicidal, adulticidal, repellent and ovipositional effects) against the mosquito, together with their mechanisms of action. In particular, essential oils and some of their chemical constituents such as terpenoids and phenylpropanoids offer distinct advantages. Thiophenes, amides and alkaloids also possess high larvicidal and adulticidal activities, adding to the wealth of plant natural products with potential in vector control applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maíra Rosato Silveiral Silvério
- NPPNS, Departamento de Ciências BioMoleculares, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-903, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Norberto Peporine Lopes
- NPPNS, Departamento de Ciências BioMoleculares, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-903, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo Cézar Vieira
- NPPNS, Departamento de Ciências BioMoleculares, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-903, São Paulo, Brazil
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Arruda CC, Freitas DV, Seabra MA, Xavier-júnior FH, Figueiredo RC, Napoleão TH, Paiva PM, Navarro DM, Navarro M. CdTe-GSH as luminescent biomarker for labeling the larvicidal action of WSMoL lectin in Aedes aegypti larvae. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2020; 187:110672. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.110672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Pavela R, Maggi F, Iannarelli R, Benelli G. Plant extracts for developing mosquito larvicides: From laboratory to the field, with insights on the modes of action. Acta Trop 2019; 193:236-271. [PMID: 30711422 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In the last decades, major research efforts have been done to investigate the insecticidal activity of plant-based products against mosquitoes. This is a modern and timely challenge in parasitology, aimed to reduce the frequent overuse of synthetic pesticides boosting resistance development in mosquitoes and causing serious threats to human health and environment. This review covers the huge amount of literature available on plant extracts tested as mosquito larvicides, particularly aqueous and alcoholic ones, due to their easy formulation in water without using surfactants. We analysed results obtained on more than 400 plant species, outlining that 29 of them have outstanding larvicidal activity (i.e., LC50 values below 10 ppm) against major vectors belonging to the genera Anopheles, Aedes and Culex, among others. Furthermore, synergistic and antagonistic effects between plant extracts and conventional pesticides, as well as among selected plant extracts are discussed. The efficacy of pure compounds isolated from the most effective plant extracts and - when available - their mechanism of action, as well as the impact on non-target species, is also covered. These belong to the following class of secondary metabolites: alkaloids, alkamides, sesquiterpenes, triterpenes, sterols, flavonoids, coumarins, anthraquinones, xanthones, acetogenonins and aliphatics. Their mode of action on mosquito larvae ranges from neurotoxic effects to inhibition of detoxificant enzymes and larval development and/or midugut damages. In the final section, current drawbacks as well as key challenges for future research, including technologies to synergize efficacy and improve stability - thus field performances - of the selected plant extracts, are outlined. Unfortunately, despite the huge amount of laboratory evidences about their efficacy, only a limited number of studies was aimed to validate their efficacy in the field, nor the epidemiological impact potentially arising from these vector control operations has been assessed. This strongly limits the development of commercial mosquito larvicides of botanical origin, at variance with plant-borne products developed in the latest decades to kill or repel other key arthropod species of medical and veterinary importance (e.g., ticks and lice), as well as mosquito adults. Further research on these issues is urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Pavela
- Crop Research Institute, Drnovska 507, 161 06, Prague 6, Ruzyne, Czech Republic
| | - Filippo Maggi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, via Sant'Agostino, 62032 Camerino, Italy.
| | - Romilde Iannarelli
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, via Sant'Agostino, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Giovanni Benelli
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
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Rodrigues Neto AA, Gomes Júnior PP, Silva MC, Lima CSA, Yara R, Guimarães EB, Santana ESDE, Silva LADA, Lira EJRVDE, Vieira JRC. Evaluation of embryotoxic and embryostatic effects of the aqueous extract of Rhizophora mangle and tannic acid on eggs and larvae of Aedes aegypti. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2017; 90:2141-2148. [PMID: 29044325 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201720170297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhizophora mangle is an abundant plant in mangroves and tannic acid is a polyphenol produced by the secondary metabolism of plants. The aim of the study was to evaluate the embryotoxic and embriostatic effects of the aqueous extract of R. mangle and synthetic tannic acid on eggs and larvae of Aedes aegypti. A. aegypti eggs were exposed in duplicate at concentrations of 250, 500, 750 and 1000 µg/mL of extract and tannic acid for a period of 14 days. Mineral water was used as a negative control. The eggs were observed and counted in a stereomicroscope (1.2x). In all extract concentrations there was stimulation in hatching in relation to the control, but only in concentration of 750 mg/mL it was statistically significant. In tannic acid (250µg/ml) there was significant stimulus in hatching, but in 500, 750 and 1000 µg/mL there was significant inhibition. All concentrations of aqueous extract and tannic acid on larvae showed embryotoxic and embryostatic effects when compared to the control. The aqueous extract of R. mangle showed effect on hatching of A. aegypti eggs and synthetic tannic acid showed embryotoxic and embryostatic effects. On larvae, both the aqueous extract as tannic acid showed embryotoxic and embryostatic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ageu A Rodrigues Neto
- Departamento de Histologia e Embriologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, 50760-420, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Plínio P Gomes Júnior
- Laboratório de Biologia da Unidade de Serra Talhada, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Av. Gregório Ferraz Nogueira, 56909-535, Serra Talhada, PE, Brazil
| | - Mauricio C Silva
- Departamento de Histologia e Embriologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, 50760-420, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Cláudia S A Lima
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, 50760-420 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Yara
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, 50760-420 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Emília B Guimarães
- Departamento de Histologia e Embriologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, 50760-420, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Eduarda S DE Santana
- Departamento de Histologia e Embriologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, 50760-420, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Luzia A DA Silva
- Departamento de Histologia e Embriologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, 50760-420, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Eduardo J R V DE Lira
- Departamento de Histologia e Embriologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, 50760-420, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Jeymesson R C Vieira
- Departamento de Histologia e Embriologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, 50760-420, Recife, PE, Brazil
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Al-Mekhlafi FA. Larvicidal, ovicidal activities and histopathological alterations induced by Carum copticum (Apiaceae) extract against Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae). Saudi J Biol Sci 2018; 25:52-6. [PMID: 29379357 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2017.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
An experiment was carried out, firstly, to determine the possible toxicity of Carum copticum (Apiaceae) extract against Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae), and, secondly, to study the histopathological alterations in the midgut of Cx. pipiens as a result of treatment with C. copticum extract. Larvicidal and ovicidal activities of C. copticum extract against the larvae of Cx. pipiens was determined according to World health organization (WHO). The inhibition effect of C. copticum was assessed by determining the mortality of the treated larvae and eggs. The histopathological effect of the C. copticum extracts on midgut epithelium of the larvae was examined under both light and transmission electron microscopy. The crude extract of C. copticum exerted 100% mortality for Cx. pipiens after 24 h at 200 μm/ml, and zero hatchability (100% mortality) at 150 μm/ml for Cx. pipiens. The histopathological study showed that larvae treated with C. copticum extract had cytopathological alterations of the midgut epithelium. The study provided information on various effects of C. copticum extract against Cx. pipiens.
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Yu KX, Wong CL, Ahmad R, Jantan I. Larvicidal activity, inhibition effect on development, histopathological alteration and morphological aberration induced by seaweed extracts in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2015; 8:1006-1012. [PMID: 26706671 DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtm.2015.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the larvicidal activity, inhibition effect on development, histopathological alteration and morphological aberration induced by the extracts derived from seaweeds Bryopsis pennata (B. pennata), Sargassum binderi (S. binderi) and Padina australis in Aedes aegypti (Ae. aegypti) larvae and to characterize the phytochemical components of the three seaweeds. METHODS Larvicidal activity of the seaweeds towards the larvae of Ae. aegypti was determined according to WHO. The inhibition effect of seaweeds was assessed by determining the mortality, adult emergence rate, larval and pupa duration of the treated larvae. Histopathological effect on midgut epithelium of larvae and morphological aberration induced by the methanol extracts were examined. Phytochemical analysis was done to determine the presence of alkaloids, saponins, steroids and terpenoids in the seaweeds. RESULTS Chloroform partition of B. pennata extract exhibited the strongest larvicidal activity (LC50 = 82.55 μg/mL), followed by methanol extract of B. pennata (LC50 = 160.07 μg/mL) and chloroform partition of S. binderi extract (LC50 = 192.43 μg/mL). The methanol extract of S. binderi exhibited the strongest effect on prolongation of larval period (1.5-fold longer as compared to control) and resulted in strongest inhibition effect in adult emergence (98.67%). The histopathological study showed that larvae treated with seaweed extracts had cytopathological alteration of the midgut epithelium. The morphological observation revealed that the anal papillae and terminal spiracles of larvae were the common sites of aberrations. CONCLUSIONS The study provided information on various effects of seaweed extracts on Ae. aegypti. Further investigation on identifying the active compounds and their mechanisms of action is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Xin Yu
- Drug and Herbal Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ching-Lee Wong
- School of Biosciences, Taylor's University, Taylor's Lakeside Campus, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rohani Ahmad
- Medical Entomology Unit, Infectious Disease Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, 50588 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ibrahim Jantan
- Drug and Herbal Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Procópio TF, Fernandes KM, Pontual EV, Ximenes RM, de Oliveira ARC, Souza CDS, Melo AMMDA, Navarro DMDAF, Paiva PMG, Martins GF, Napoleão TH. Schinus terebinthifolius Leaf Extract Causes Midgut Damage, Interfering with Survival and Development of Aedes aegypti Larvae. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126612. [PMID: 25974067 PMCID: PMC4431797 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a leaf extract from Schinus terebinthifolius was evaluated for effects on survival, development, and midgut of A. aegypti fourth instar larvae (L4), as well as for toxic effect on Artemia salina. Leaf extract was obtained using 0.15 M NaCl and evaluated for phytochemical composition and lectin activity. Early L4 larvae were incubated with the extract (0.3–1.35%, w/v) for 8 days, in presence or absence of food. Polymeric proanthocyanidins, hydrolysable tannins, heterosid and aglycone flavonoids, cinnamic acid derivatives, traces of steroids, and lectin activity were detected in the extract, which killed the larvae at an LC50 of 0.62% (unfed larvae) and 1.03% (fed larvae). Further, the larvae incubated with the extract reacted by eliminating the gut content. No larvae reached the pupal stage in treatments at concentrations between 0.5% and 1.35%, while in the control (fed larvae), 61.7% of individuals emerged as adults. The extract (1.0%) promoted intense disorganization of larval midgut epithelium, including deformation and hypertrophy of cells, disruption of microvilli, and vacuolization of cytoplasms, affecting digestive, enteroendocrine, regenerative, and proliferating cells. In addition, cells with fragmented DNA were observed. Separation of extract components by solid phase extraction revealed that cinnamic acid derivatives and flavonoids are involved in larvicidal effect of the extract, being the first most efficient in a short time after larvae treatment. The lectin present in the extract was isolated, but did not show deleterious effects on larvae. The extract and cinnamic acid derivatives were toxic to A. salina nauplii, while the flavonoids showed low toxicity. S. terebinthifolius leaf extract caused damage to the midgut of A. aegypti larvae, interfering with survival and development. The larvicidal effect of the extract can be attributed to cinnamic acid derivatives and flavonoids. The data obtained using A. salina indicates that caution should be used when employing this extract as a larvicidal agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thamara Figueiredo Procópio
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Cidade Universitária, 50670–420, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Kenner Morais Fernandes
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570–900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Emmanuel Viana Pontual
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Cidade Universitária, 50670–420, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
- Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Dois Irmãos, 52171–900, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Rafael Matos Ximenes
- Departamento de Antibióticos, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50670–420, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Aline Rafaella Cardoso de Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Cidade Universitária, 50670–420, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Carolina de Santana Souza
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Cidade Universitária, 50670–420, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | - Daniela Maria do Amaral Ferraz Navarro
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Cidade Universitária, 50740–560, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Maria Guedes Paiva
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Cidade Universitária, 50670–420, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Ferreira Martins
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570–900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Thiago Henrique Napoleão
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Cidade Universitária, 50670–420, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Costa MS, Cossolin JF, Pereira MJ, Sant'Ana AE, Lima MD, Zanuncio JC, Serrão JE. Larvicidal and cytotoxic potential of squamocin on the midgut of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:1169-76. [PMID: 24674934 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6041169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetogenins are secondary metabolites exclusively produced by Annonaceae, which have antitumor, cytotoxic, and pesticide activities. In this study, we evaluated the larvicidal and cytotoxic effect of squamocin from Annona squamosa on Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) midgut. The compound was solubilized in 2% Tween 20 at 10, 20, 50, 80 and 100 ppm. The assay was conducted in a completely randomized design with four replications, each with 20 third-instar larvae. Larval mortality was assessed every hour until total mortality, and the data were subjected to Probit analysis. Cellular damage was evaluated every 30 min in groups comprising five larvae subjected to squamocin at 50 and 100 ppm for 240 min. The total larval mortality occurred after 360 min following application of 50, 80, and 100 ppm squamocin, and 600 min after applying other concentrations with LC50 at 6.4 ppm. Both 50 and 100 ppm of squamocin showed cytotoxic activity in the midgut epithelium of A. aegypti after 240 min with 50 ppm resulting in midgut cells with light cytoplasm containing small vacuoles, whereas at 100 ppm were found cells with cytoplasm highly vacuolated, damaged apical surface and cell protrusion toward the gut lumen. In conclusion, squamocin has the potential to control A. aegypti.
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Maheswaran R, Ignacimuthu S. Bioefficacy of essential oil from Polygonum hydropiper L. against mosquitoes, Anopheles stephensi and Culex quinquefasciatus. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2013; 97:26-31. [PMID: 23942240 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The biological activity of essential oil extracted from the leaves of Polygonum hydropiper and a compound, confertifolin, isolated from this plant was bioassayed against larva of mosquitoes, Anopheles stephensi and Culex quinquefasciatus. The essential oil showed the LC50 values of 189 and 243ppm; 217 and 242ppm, confertifolin (6,6,9a-trimethyl-4,5,5a,6,7,8,9,9a-octahydronaphtho[1,2-c]furan-3(1H)-one) showed the LC50 values of 2.40 and 3.09ppm; 4.07 and 4.18ppm against the second and fourth instar larvae of An. stephensi and Cx. quinquefasciatus, respectively. At 10ppm confertifolin showed ovicidal activity of 100, 98.6 and 86.4% against An. stephensi and 100, 100 and 75.2% against Cx. quinquefasciatus on 0-6, 6-12 and 12-18h old eggs; the repellent activity persisted for 314.6 and 319.0min; oviposition deterrent activity was 97.2 and 99% and adulticidal activity was 100 and 100% against An. stephensi and Cx. quinquefasciatus, respectively. The results were statistically significant. Confertifolin could be considered for use in the control of human vector mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajan Maheswaran
- Entomology Research Institute, Loyola College, Chennai 600 034, Tamil Nadu, India
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Costa MS, Pinheiro DO, Serrão JE, Pereira MJB. Morphological changes in the midgut of Aedes aegypti L. (Diptera: Culicidae) larvae following exposure to an Annona coriacea (Magnoliales: Annonaceae) extract. Neotrop Entomol 2012; 41:311-314. [PMID: 23950067 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-012-0050-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Bioinsecticides are important in the control of disease vectors, but data regarding their physiological effects on target insects are incomplete. This study describes morphological changes that occur in the midgut of third instar Aedes aegypti L. (Diptera: Culicidae) following treatment with a methanolic extract of Annona coriacea (Magnoliales: Annonaceae). Dissected midguts were subdivided into anterior and posterior regions and analyzed by light and scanning electron microscopy. Insects exposed to the extract displayed intense, destructive cytoplasmic vacuolization in columnar and regenerative midgut cells. The apical surfaces of columnar cells exhibited cytoplasmic protrusions oriented toward the lumen, suggesting that these cells could be involved in apocrine secretory processes and/or apoptosis. We report that A. coriacea extracts induced morphological alterations in the midgut of A. aegypti midgut larvae, supporting the use of plant extracts for control of the dengue vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Costa
- Depto de Ciências Biológicas, UNEMAT, Tangará da Serra, Mato Grosso, Brasil
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Vieira JRC, Leite RMP, Lima IR, Navarro DDAF, Bianco EM, Leite SP. Oviposition and Embryotoxicity of Indigofera suffruticosa on Early Development of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2011; 2012:741638. [PMID: 21822443 PMCID: PMC3147128 DOI: 10.1155/2012/741638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2010] [Revised: 06/02/2011] [Accepted: 06/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Aqueous extract of Indigofera suffruticosa leaves obtained by infusion was used to evaluate the oviposition, its effect on development of eggs and larvae, and morphological changes in larvae of Aedes aegypti. The bioassays were carried out with aqueous extract in different concentrations on eggs, larvae, and female mosquitoes, and the morphological changes were observed in midgut of larvae. The extract showed repellent activity on A. aegypti mosquitoes, reducing significantly the egg laying by females with control substrate (343 (185-406)) compared with the treated substrate (88 (13-210)). No eclosion of A. aegypti eggs at different concentrations studied was observed. The controleclodedin 35%. At concentration of 250 μg/mL, 93.3% of larvae remained in the second instar of development and at concentrations of 500, 750, and 1000 μg/mL the inhibitory effect was lower with percentages of 20%, 53.3%, and 46.6%, respectively. Morphological changes like disruption on the peritrophic envelope (PE), discontinued underlying epithelium, increased gut lumen, and segments with hypertrophic aspects were observed in anterior region of medium midgut of larvae of A. aegypti. The results showed repellent activity, specific embryotoxicity, and general growth retardation in A. aegypti by medium containing aqueous extract of I. suffruticosa leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeymesson Raphael Cardoso Vieira
- Departamento de Histologia e Embriologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Cidade Universitária, 50670-420 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Roberta Maria Pereira Leite
- Departamento de Histologia e Embriologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Cidade Universitária, 50670-420 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Izabela Rangel Lima
- Departamento de Histologia e Embriologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Cidade Universitária, 50670-420 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Daniela do Amaral Ferraz Navarro
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Natureza da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Cidade Universitária, 50740-560 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Everson Miguel Bianco
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Natureza da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Cidade Universitária, 50740-560 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Sônia Pereira Leite
- Departamento de Histologia e Embriologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Cidade Universitária, 50670-420 Recife, PE, Brazil
- Laboratório de Cultura de Células II—Departamento de Histologia e Embriologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Cidade Universitária, 50670-420 Recife, PE, Brazil
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Coelho JS, Santos NDL, Napoleão TH, Gomes FS, Ferreira RS, Zingali RB, Coelho LCBB, Leite SP, Navarro DMAF, Paiva PMG. Effect of Moringa oleifera lectin on development and mortality of Aedes aegypti larvae. Chemosphere 2009; 77:934-938. [PMID: 19747711 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2009] [Revised: 08/10/2009] [Accepted: 08/15/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Aedes aegypti larvae have developed tolerance to many insecticides used for mosquito control. Moringa oleifera seeds contain a water-soluble lectin (WSMoL) and this paper reports the effect of M. oleifera seed extracts (MoE(1-15)) and WSMoL on development and survival of A. aegypti larvae. WSMoL peptide from in-gel trypsin digestion is also described. MoE(1-15) showed hemagglutinating activity and WSMoL had similarity with flocculating proteins from M. oleifera seeds. MoE(1) and MoE(3) delayed larval development which stopped in the third instar (L3) in MoE(6) and MoE(15). Significant (p<0.0001) larval mortality was only detected in MoE(15). Native WSMoL showed larvicidal activity (LC(50) 0.197 mg mL(-1)) and heated lectin, without hemagglutinating activity, did not kill fourth instar (L4) larvae. Optical microscopy showed that live L4 from MoE(1) presented underlying epithelium, increased gut lumen and hypertrophic segments; dead L4 from WSMoL were absent of underlying epithelium, had increased gut lumen and hypertrophic segments. The presence of hemagglutinating activity in the extracts suggests that soluble lectin promotes the delay of larval development and mortality; furthermore, the absence of larvicidal activity in heat-denatured WSMoL strengthens the involvement of lectin in this activity mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliene S Coelho
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Cidade Universitária, 50670-420 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
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Silva ECC, Cavalcanti BC, Amorim RCN, Lucena JF, Quadros DS, Tadei WP, Montenegro RC, Costa-Lotufo LV, Pessoa C, Moraes MO, Nunomura RCS, Nunomura SM, Melo MRS, Andrade-Neto VFD, Silva LFR, Vieira PPR, Pohlit AM. Biological activity of neosergeolide and isobrucein B (and two semi-synthetic derivatives) isolated from the Amazonian medicinal plant Picrolemma sprucei (Simaroubaceae). Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2009; 104:48-56. [PMID: 19274376 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762009000100008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2008] [Accepted: 12/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, in vitro techniques were used to investigate a range of biological activities of known natural quassinoids isobrucein B (1) and neosergeolide (2), known semi-synthetic derivative 1,12-diacetylisobrucein B (3), and a new semi-synthetic derivative, 12-acetylneosergeolide (4). These compounds were evaluated for general toxicity toward the brine shrimp species Artemia franciscana, cytotoxicity toward human tumour cells, larvicidal activity toward the dengue fever mosquito vector Aedes aegypti, haemolytic activity in mouse erythrocytes and antimalarial activity against the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Compounds 1 and 2 exhibited the greatest cytotoxicity against all the tumor cells tested (IC50 = 5-27 microg/L) and against multidrug-resistant P. falciparum K1 strain (IC50 = 1.0-4.0 g/L) and 3 was only cytotoxic toward the leukaemia HL-60 strain (IC50 = 11.8 microg/L). Quassinoids 1 and 2 (LC50 = 3.2-4.4 mg/L) displayed greater lethality than derivative 4 (LC50 = 75.0 mg/L) toward A. aegypti larvae, while derivative 3 was inactive. These results suggest a novel application for these natural quassinoids as larvicides. The toxicity toward A. franciscana could be correlated with the activity in several biological models, a finding that is in agreement with the literature. Importantly, none of the studied compounds exhibited in vitro haemolytic activity, suggesting specificity of the observed cytotoxic effects. This study reveals the biological potential of quassinoids 1 and 2 and to a lesser extent their semi-synthetic derivatives for their in vitro antimalarial and cytotoxic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen C C Silva
- Laboratório de Princípios Ativos da Amazônia, Coordenação de Pesquisas em Produtos Naturais, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Avenida André Araújo 2936, 69060-001Manaus, AM, Brasil
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Lima MGAD, Maia ICC, Sousa BDD, Morais SMD, Freitas SM. Effect of stalk and leaf extracts from Euphorbiaceae species on Aedes aegypti (Diptera, Culicidae) larvae. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2007; 48:211-4. [PMID: 17119677 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652006000400007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2005] [Accepted: 05/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the larvicidal activity of essential oil aqueous solutions (hydrolates) obtained by steam distillation of stalks and leaves of Croton argyrophylloides, Croton nepetaefolius, Croton sonderianus and Croton zehntneri against Aedes aegypti larvae. Twenty-five larvae of third instar were placed in plastic beckers, containing the hydrolates (50 mL), in a four repetitions scheme. Water was used as control and the number of dead larvae was counted after 24 hours. The data obtained were submitted to Variance Analysis and Tukey test. Significant differences were observed among the hydrolates from different species and from different parts of each plant (p < 0.001). The hydrolates of stalk and leaf from C. nepetaefolius and C. zehntneri and leaf hydrolate of C. argyrophylloides presented 100% mortality against larvae. The compounds present in C. zenhtneri and C. nepetaefolius are oxygenated phenylpropanoids that are more soluble in water than the monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes detected in the oils of C. argyrophylloides and C. sonderianus. This study showed that all species analyzed presented compounds with larvicidal properties, with differences between each plant parts.
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