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Furukawa S, Nagamatsu A, Nenoi M, Fujimori A, Kakinuma S, Katsube T, Wang B, Tsuruoka C, Shirai T, Nakamura AJ, Sakaue-Sawano A, Miyawaki A, Harada H, Kobayashi M, Kobayashi J, Kunieda T, Funayama T, Suzuki M, Miyamoto T, Hidema J, Yoshida Y, Takahashi A. Space Radiation Biology for "Living in Space". Biomed Res Int 2020; 2020:4703286. [PMID: 32337251 PMCID: PMC7168699 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4703286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Space travel has advanced significantly over the last six decades with astronauts spending up to 6 months at the International Space Station. Nonetheless, the living environment while in outer space is extremely challenging to astronauts. In particular, exposure to space radiation represents a serious potential long-term threat to the health of astronauts because the amount of radiation exposure accumulates during their time in space. Therefore, health risks associated with exposure to space radiation are an important topic in space travel, and characterizing space radiation in detail is essential for improving the safety of space missions. In the first part of this review, we provide an overview of the space radiation environment and briefly present current and future endeavors that monitor different space radiation environments. We then present research evaluating adverse biological effects caused by exposure to various space radiation environments and how these can be reduced. We especially consider the deleterious effects on cellular DNA and how cells activate DNA repair mechanisms. The latest technologies being developed, e.g., a fluorescent ubiquitination-based cell cycle indicator, to measure real-time cell cycle progression and DNA damage caused by exposure to ultraviolet radiation are presented. Progress in examining the combined effects of microgravity and radiation to animals and plants are summarized, and our current understanding of the relationship between psychological stress and radiation is presented. Finally, we provide details about protective agents and the study of organisms that are highly resistant to radiation and how their biological mechanisms may aid developing novel technologies that alleviate biological damage caused by radiation. Future research that furthers our understanding of the effects of space radiation on human health will facilitate risk-mitigating strategies to enable long-term space and planetary exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Furukawa
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, 2-1-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8505, Japan
| | - Aiko Nagamatsu
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, 2-1-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8505, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Nenoi
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Akira Fujimori
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Shizuko Kakinuma
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Takanori Katsube
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Bing Wang
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Chizuru Tsuruoka
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Shirai
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Asako J. Nakamura
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Ibaraki University, 2-1-1, Bunkyo, Mito, Ibaraki 310-8512, Japan
| | - Asako Sakaue-Sawano
- Lab for Cell Function and Dynamics, CBS, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Atsushi Miyawaki
- Lab for Cell Function and Dynamics, CBS, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Harada
- Radiation Biology Center, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Minoru Kobayashi
- Radiation Biology Center, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Junya Kobayashi
- Radiation Biology Center, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Takekazu Kunieda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tomoo Funayama
- Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, QST, 1233 Watanuki-machi, Takasaki, Gunma 370-1292, Japan
| | - Michiyo Suzuki
- Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, QST, 1233 Watanuki-machi, Takasaki, Gunma 370-1292, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Miyamoto
- Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Kasumi 1-2-3, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Jun Hidema
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
- Division for the Establishment of Frontier Sciences of the Organization for Advanced Studies, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
| | - Yukari Yoshida
- Gunma University Heavy Ion Medical Center, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Akihisa Takahashi
- Gunma University Heavy Ion Medical Center, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
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Funayama T. Heavy-Ion Microbeams for Biological Science: Development of System and Utilization for Biological Experiments in QST-Takasaki. QuBS 2019; 3:13. [DOI: 10.3390/qubs3020013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Target irradiation of biological material with a heavy-ion microbeam is a useful means to analyze the mechanisms underlying the effects of heavy-ion irradiation on cells and individuals. At QST-Takasaki, there are two heavy-ion microbeam systems, one using beam collimation and the other beam focusing. They are installed on the vertical beam lines of the azimuthally-varying-field cyclotron of the TIARA facility for analyzing heavy-ion radiation effects on biological samples. The collimating heavy-ion microbeam system is used in a wide range of biological research not only in regard to cultured cells but also small individuals, such as silkworms, nematode C. elegans, and medaka fish. The focusing microbeam system was designed and developed to perform more precise target irradiation that cannot be achieved through collimation. This review describes recent updates of the collimating heavy ion microbeam system and the research performed using it. In addition, a brief outline of the focusing microbeam system and current development status is described.
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Ghita M, Fernandez-Palomo C, Fukunaga H, Fredericia PM, Schettino G, Bräuer-Krisch E, Butterworth KT, McMahon SJ, Prise KM. Microbeam evolution: from single cell irradiation to pre-clinical studies. Int J Radiat Biol 2018; 94:708-718. [PMID: 29309203 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2018.1425807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This review follows the development of microbeam technology from the early days of single cell irradiations, to investigations of specific cellular mechanisms and to the development of new treatment modalities in vivo. A number of microbeam applications are discussed with a focus on pre-clinical modalities and translation towards clinical application. CONCLUSIONS The development of radiation microbeams has been a valuable tool for the exploration of fundamental radiobiological response mechanisms. The strength of micro-irradiation techniques lies in their ability to deliver precise doses of radiation to selected individual cells in vitro or even to target subcellular organelles. These abilities have led to the development of a range of microbeam facilities around the world allowing the delivery of precisely defined beams of charged particles, X-rays, or electrons. In addition, microbeams have acted as mechanistic probes to dissect the underlying molecular events of the DNA damage response following highly localized dose deposition. Further advances in very precise beam delivery have also enabled the transition towards new and exciting therapeutic modalities developed at synchrotrons to deliver radiotherapy using plane parallel microbeams, in Microbeam Radiotherapy (MRT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Ghita
- a Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology , Queen's University Belfast , Belfast , UK
| | | | - Hisanori Fukunaga
- a Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology , Queen's University Belfast , Belfast , UK
| | - Pil M Fredericia
- c Centre for Nuclear Technologies , Technical University of Denmark , Roskilde , Denmark
| | | | | | - Karl T Butterworth
- a Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology , Queen's University Belfast , Belfast , UK
| | - Stephen J McMahon
- a Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology , Queen's University Belfast , Belfast , UK
| | - Kevin M Prise
- a Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology , Queen's University Belfast , Belfast , UK
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Matsumoto Y, Hamada N, Aoki-Nakano M, Funayama T, Sakashita T, Wada S, Kakizaki T, Kobayashi Y, Furusawa Y. Dependence of the bystander effect for micronucleus formation on dose of heavy-ion radiation in normal human fibroblasts. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 2015; 166:152-156. [PMID: 26242975 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncv177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Ionising radiation-induced bystander effects are well recognised, but its dependence on dose or linear energy transfer (LET) is still a matter of debate. To test this, 49 sites in confluent cultures of AG01522D normal human fibroblasts were targeted with microbeams of carbon (103 keV µm(-1)), neon (375 keV µm(-1)) and argon ions (1260 keV µm(-1)) and evaluated for the bystander-induced formation of micronucleus that is a kind of a chromosome aberration. Targeted exposure to neon and argon ions significantly increased the micronucleus frequency in bystander cells to the similar extent irrespective of the particle numbers per site of 1-6. In contrast, the bystander micronucleus frequency increased with increasing the number of carbon-ion particles in a range between 1 and 3 particles per site and was similar in a range between 3 and 8 particles per site. These results suggest that the bystander effect of heavy ions for micronucleus formation depends on dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Matsumoto
- Research Center for Charged Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan Present Address: Radiation Oncology, Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8576, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Hamada
- Radiation Safety Research Center, Nuclear Technology Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), 2-11-1 Iwado-kita, Komae, Tokyo 201-8511, Japan
| | - Mizuho Aoki-Nakano
- Research Center for Charged Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Tomoo Funayama
- Microbeam Radiation Biology Group, Quantum Beam Science Directorate, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, 1233 Watanuki-machi, Takasaki, Gunma 370-1292, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Sakashita
- Microbeam Radiation Biology Group, Quantum Beam Science Directorate, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, 1233 Watanuki-machi, Takasaki, Gunma 370-1292, Japan
| | - Seiichi Wada
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Higashi 23-35-1, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan
| | - Takehiko Kakizaki
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Higashi 23-35-1, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Kobayashi
- Microbeam Radiation Biology Group, Quantum Beam Science Directorate, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, 1233 Watanuki-machi, Takasaki, Gunma 370-1292, Japan
| | - Yoshiya Furusawa
- Research Center for Charged Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
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Tomita M, Matsumoto H, Funayama T, Yokota Y, Otsuka K, Maeda M, Kobayashi Y. Nitric oxide-mediated bystander signal transduction induced by heavy-ion microbeam irradiation. Life Sci Space Res (Amst) 2015; 6:36-43. [PMID: 26256626 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In general, a radiation-induced bystander response is known to be a cellular response induced in non-irradiated cells after receiving bystander signaling factors released from directly irradiated cells within a cell population. Bystander responses induced by high-linear energy transfer (LET) heavy ions at low fluence are an important health problem for astronauts in space. Bystander responses are mediated via physical cell-cell contact, such as gap-junction intercellular communication (GJIC) and/or diffusive factors released into the medium in cell culture conditions. Nitric oxide (NO) is a well-known major initiator/mediator of intercellular signaling within culture medium during bystander responses. In this study, we investigated the NO-mediated bystander signal transduction induced by high-LET argon (Ar)-ion microbeam irradiation of normal human fibroblasts. Foci formation by DNA double-strand break repair proteins was induced in non-irradiated cells, which were co-cultured with those irradiated by high-LET Ar-ion microbeams in the same culture plate. Foci formation was suppressed significantly by pretreatment with an NO scavenger. Furthermore, NO-mediated reproductive cell death was also induced in bystander cells. Phosphorylation of NF-κB and Akt were induced during NO-mediated bystander signaling in the irradiated and bystander cells. However, the activation of these proteins depended on the incubation time after irradiation. The accumulation of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), a downstream target of NO and NF-κB, was observed in the bystander cells 6 h after irradiation but not in the directly irradiated cells. Our findings suggest that Akt- and NF-κB-dependent signaling pathways involving COX-2 play important roles in NO-mediated high-LET heavy-ion-induced bystander responses. In addition, COX-2 may be used as a molecular marker of high-LET heavy-ion-induced bystander cells to distinguish them from directly irradiated cells, although this may depend on the time after irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Tomita
- Radiation Safety Research Center, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, 2-11-1 Iwado Kita, Komae, Tokyo 201-8511, Japan.
| | - Hideki Matsumoto
- Division of Oncology, Biomedical Imaging Research Center, University of Fukui, 23-3 Matsuoka-Shimoaitsuki, Eiheiji-cho, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
| | - Tomoo Funayama
- Microbeam Radiation Biology Group, Radiation Biology Research Division, Quantum Beam Science Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, 1233 Watanuki, Takasaki, Gunma 370-1292, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Yokota
- Microbeam Radiation Biology Group, Radiation Biology Research Division, Quantum Beam Science Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, 1233 Watanuki, Takasaki, Gunma 370-1292, Japan
| | - Kensuke Otsuka
- Radiation Safety Research Center, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, 2-11-1 Iwado Kita, Komae, Tokyo 201-8511, Japan
| | - Munetoshi Maeda
- Radiation Safety Research Center, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, 2-11-1 Iwado Kita, Komae, Tokyo 201-8511, Japan; Proton Medical Research Group, Research and Development Department, The Wakasa Wan Energy Research Center, 64-52-1 Nagatani, Tsuruga-shi, Fukui 914-0192, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Kobayashi
- Microbeam Radiation Biology Group, Radiation Biology Research Division, Quantum Beam Science Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, 1233 Watanuki, Takasaki, Gunma 370-1292, Japan
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Kodaira S, Konishi T, Kobayashi A, Maeda T, Ahmad TAFT, Yang G, Akselrod MS, Furusawa Y, Uchihori Y. Co-visualization of DNA damage and ion traversals in live mammalian cells using a fluorescent nuclear track detector. J Radiat Res 2015; 56:360-365. [PMID: 25324538 PMCID: PMC4380042 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rru091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The geometric locations of ion traversals in mammalian cells constitute important information in the study of heavy ion-induced biological effect. Single ion traversal through a cellular nucleus produces complex and massive DNA damage at a nanometer level, leading to cell inactivation, mutations and transformation. We present a novel approach that uses a fluorescent nuclear track detector (FNTD) for the simultaneous detection of the geometrical images of ion traversals and DNA damage in single cells using confocal microscopy. HT1080 or HT1080-53BP1-GFP cells were cultured on the surface of a FNTD and exposed to 5.1-MeV/n neon ions. The positions of the ion traversals were obtained as fluorescent images of a FNTD. Localized DNA damage in cells was identified as fluorescent spots of γ-H2AX or 53BP1-GFP. These track images and images of damaged DNA were obtained in a short time using a confocal laser scanning microscope. The geometrical distribution of DNA damage indicated by fluorescent γ-H2AX spots in fixed cells or fluorescent 53BP1-GFP spots in living cells was found to correlate well with the distribution of the ion traversals. This method will be useful for evaluating the number of ion hits on individual cells, not only for micro-beam but also for random-beam experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kodaira
- Research, Development and Support Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inageku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Teruaki Konishi
- Research, Development and Support Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inageku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Alisa Kobayashi
- Research, Development and Support Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inageku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Takeshi Maeda
- Research, Development and Support Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inageku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | | | - Gen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Mark S Akselrod
- Landauer Inc., Crystal Growth Division, Stillwater, OK 74074, USA
| | - Yoshiya Furusawa
- Research, Development and Support Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inageku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Yukio Uchihori
- Research, Development and Support Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inageku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
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Merchant MJ, Jeynes JCG, Grime GW, Palitsin V, Tullis IDW, Barber PR, Vojnovic B, Webb RP, Kirkby KJ. A focused scanning vertical beam for charged particle irradiation of living cells with single counted particles. Radiat Res 2012; 178:182-90. [PMID: 22823572 DOI: 10.1667/rr2847.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The Surrey vertical beam is a new facility for targeted irradiation of cells in medium with singly counted ions. A duo-plasmatron ion source and a 2 MV Tandem™ accelerator supply a range of ions from protons to calcium for this beamline and microscope endstation, with energy ranges from 0.5 to 12 MeV. A magnetic quadrupole triplet lens is used to focus the beam of ions. We present the design of this beamline, and early results showing the capability to count single ions with 98% certainty on CR-39 track etch. We also show that the beam targeting accuracy is within 5 μm and selectively target human fibroblasts with a <5 μm carbon beam, using γ-H2AX immunofluorescence to demonstrate which cell nuclei were irradiated. We discuss future commissioning steps necessary to achieve submicron targeting accuracy with this beamline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Merchant
- Ion Beam Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, United Kingdom.
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KUCHIMARU T, SATO F, TANAKA S, MURATA I, KATO Y, IIDA T. Development of Cell Chip Based on Track Detector for Examination of Biological Damage by Alpha Particles. J NUCL SCI TECHNOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/18811248.2010.9720987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Miyazawa Y, Sakashita T, Funayama T, Hamada N, Negishi H, Kobayashi A, Kaneyasu T, Ooba A, Morohashi K, Kakizaki T, Wada S, Kobayashi Y, Fujii N, Takahashi H. Effects of locally targeted heavy-ion and laser microbeam on root hydrotropism in Arabidopsis thaliana. J Radiat Res 2008; 49:373-9. [PMID: 18413976 DOI: 10.1269/jrr.07131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Classical studies on root hydrotropism have hypothesized the importance of columella cells as well as the de novo gene expression, such as auxin-inducible gene, at the elongation zone in hydrotropism; however, there has been no confirmation that columella cells or auxin-mediated signaling in the elongation zone are necessary for hydrotropism. We examined the role of root cap and elongation zone cells in root hydrotropism using heavy-ion and laser microbeam. Heavy-ion microbeam irradiation of the elongation zone, but not that of the columella cells, significantly and temporarily suppressed the development of hydrotropic curvature. However, laser ablation confirmed that columella cells are indispensable for hydrotropism. Systemic heavy-ion broad-beam irradiation suppressed de novo expression of INDOLE ACETIC ACID 5 gene, but not MIZU-KUSSEI1 gene. Our results indicate that both the root cap and elongation zone have indispensable and functionally distinct roles in root hydrotropism, and that de novo gene expression might be required for hydrotropism in the elongation zone, but not in columella cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Miyazawa
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.
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Iwakawa M, Hamada N, Imadome K, Funayama T, Sakashita T, Kobayashi Y, Imai T. Expression profiles are different in carbon ion-irradiated normal human fibroblasts and their bystander cells. Mutat Res 2008; 642:57-67. [PMID: 18538798 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2008.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2007] [Revised: 04/04/2008] [Accepted: 04/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Evidence has accumulated that ionizing radiation induces biological effects in non-irradiated bystander cells having received signals from directly irradiated cells; however, energetic heavy ion-induced bystander response is incompletely characterized. Here we performed microarray analysis of irradiated and bystander fibroblasts in confluent cultures. To see the effects in bystander cells, each of 1, 5 and 25 sites was targeted with 10 particles of carbon ions (18.3 MeV/u, 103 keV/microm) using microbeams, where particles traversed 0.00026, 0.0013 and 0.0066% of cells, respectively. diated cells, cultures were exposed to 10% survival dose (D), 0.1D and 0.01D of corresponding broadbeams (108 keV/microm). Irrespective of the target numbers (1, 5 or 25 sites) and the time (2 or 6h postirradiation), similar expression changes were observed in bystander cells. Among 874 probes that showed more than 1.5-fold changes in bystander cells, 25% were upregulated and the remainder downregulated. These included genes related to cell communication (PIK3C2A, GNA13, FN1, ANXA1 and IL1RAP), stress response (RAD23B, ATF4 and EIF2AK4) and cell cycle (MYCN, RBBP4 and NEUROG1). Pathway analysis revealed serial bystander activation of G protein/PI-3 kinase pathways. Instead, genes related to cell cycle or death (CDKN1A, GADD45A, NOTCH1 and BCL2L1), and cell communication (IL1B, TCF7 and ID1) were upregulated in irradiated cells, but not in bystander cells. Our results indicate different expression profiles in irradiated and bystander cells, and imply that intercellular signaling between irradiated and bystander cells activate intracellular signaling, leading to the transcriptional stress response in bystander cells.
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Hamada N, Ni M, Funayama T, Sakashita T, Kobayashi Y. Temporally distinct response of irradiated normal human fibroblasts and their bystander cells to energetic heavy ions. Mutat Res 2008; 639:35-44. [PMID: 18082226 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2007.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2007] [Revised: 10/19/2007] [Accepted: 11/02/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation-induced bystander effects have been documented for a multitude of endpoints such as mutations, chromosome aberrations and cell death, which arise in nonirradiated bystander cells having received signals from directly irradiated cells; however, energetic heavy ion-induced bystander response is incompletely characterized. To address this, we employed precise microbeams of carbon and neon ions for targeting only a very small fraction of cells in confluent fibroblast cultures. Conventional broadfield irradiation was conducted in parallel to see the effects in irradiated cells. Exposure of 0.00026% of cells led to nearly 10% reductions in the clonogenic survival and twofold rises in the apoptotic incidence regardless of ion species. Whilst apoptotic frequency increased with time up to 72 h postirradiation in irradiated cells, its frequency escalated up to 24h postirradiation but declined at 48 h postirradiation in bystander cells, indicating that bystander cells exhibit transient commitment to apoptosis. Carbon- and neon-ion microbeam irradiation similarly caused almost twofold increments in the levels of serine 15-phosphorylated p53 proteins, irrespective of whether 0.00026, 0.0013 or 0.0066% of cells were targeted. Whereas the levels of phosphorylated p53 were elevated and remained unchanged at 2h and 6h postirradiation in irradiated cells, its levels rose at 6h postirradiation but not at 2h postirradiation in bystander cells, suggesting that bystander cells manifest delayed p53 phosphorylation. Collectively, our results indicate that heavy ions inactivate clonogenic potential of bystander cells, and that the time course of the response to heavy ions differs between irradiated and bystander cells. These induced bystander responses could be a defensive mechanism that minimizes further expansion of aberrant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Hamada
- Department of Quantum Biology, Division of Bioregulatory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan.
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Maeda M, Usami N, Kobayashi K. Low-dose hypersensitivity in nucleus-irradiated V79 cells studied with synchrotron X-ray microbeam. J Radiat Res 2008; 49:171-180. [PMID: 18187936 DOI: 10.1269/jrr.07093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This study aims at elucidating the cellular responses induced by energy deposition in the cell nucleus or cytoplasm in the low-dose (< 1 Gy) region. We compared the survival fraction of V79 cells irradiated with X-ray microbeams of different sizes. Entire cells or cell nuclei were targeted with 5.35 keV monochromatic X-ray microbeams using a synchrotron radiation (SR) X-ray microbeam irradiation apparatus. Using a threshold of 30 cells/colony after 60 h of incubation, conditions that had been proven to give results equivalent to those of the conventional method, we determined the survival fraction of the microbeam-irradiated cells. When cell nuclei were irradiated with 10 x 10 microm (2) X-ray beams, the survival fraction was almost the same as that obtained with 50 x 50 microm (2) beams except in the low-dose region. In the low-dose region irradiated with 10 x 10 microm (2) beams, hyper-radiosensitivity (HRS) was clearly observed in the nucleus-irradiated cells, and the survival curve exhibited a minimum of about 60% at 0.5 Gy. This may be the most distinct HRS reported thus far when an asynchronous population is used. Difference in observed HRS phenomena is solely due to the irradiated part in the cell. These results suggest that energy deposition in the cytoplasm might suppress the HRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munetoshi Maeda
- Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Ibaraki, Japan.
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Funayama T, Wada S, Yokota Y, Fukamoto K, Sakashita T, Taguchi M, Kakizaki T, Hamada N, Suzuki M, Furusawa Y, Watanabe H, Kiguchi K, Kobayashi Y. Heavy-ion microbeam system at JAEA-Takasaki for microbeam biology. J Radiat Res 2008; 49:71-82. [PMID: 18174669 DOI: 10.1269/jrr.07085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Research concerning cellular responses to low dose irradiation, radiation-induced bystander effects, and the biological track structure of charged particles has recently received particular attention in the field of radiation biology. Target irradiation employing a microbeam represents a useful means of advancing this research by obviating some of the disadvantages associated with the conventional irradiation strategies. The heavy-ion microbeam system at JAEA-Takasaki, which was planned in 1987 and started in the early 1990's, can provide target irradiation of heavy charged particles to biological material at atmospheric pressure using a minimum beam size 5 mum in diameter. A variety of biological material has been irradiated using this microbeam system including cultured mammalian and higher plant cells, isolated fibers of mouse skeletal muscle, silkworm (Bombyx mori) embryos and larvae, Arabidopsis thaliana roots, and the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. The system can be applied to the investigation of mechanisms within biological organisms not only in the context of radiation biology, but also in the fields of general biology such as physiology, developmental biology and neurobiology, and should help to establish and contribute to the field of "microbeam biology".
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoo Funayama
- Microbeam Radiation Biology Group, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Gunma, Japan.
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Konishi T, Amemiya K, Natsume T, Takeyasu A, Yasuda N, Furusawa Y, Hieda K. A new method for the simultaneous detection of mammalian cells and ion tracks on a surface of CR-39. J Radiat Res 2007; 48:255-61. [PMID: 17435376 DOI: 10.1269/jrr.06078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The geometric locations of ion traversals in mammalian cells constitute important information in the study of heavy ion-induced biological effects. We employed a contact microscopy technique, which was developed for boron imaging in boron neutron capture therapy to the irradiation mammalian cells by low-energy heavy ions. This method enables the simultaneous visualization of mammalian cells as a relief on a plastic track detector, CR-39, and the etch pits which indicate the positions of ion traversals. This technique provides visual geometric information about the cells and ion traversal, without any specially designed devices or microscopes. Only common laboratory equipment, such as a conventional optical microscope, a UV lamp, and commercially available CR-39 is required. To validate this method, CHO-K1 and HeLa cells were cultured on the CR-39 surface and then irradiated with low-energy Ar and Ne ions, respectively. The positions of induced DNA double strand breaks were detected as gamma-H2AX fluorescent spots, which coincided with the positions of the etch pits in the cell relief image.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruaki Konishi
- Department of Technical Support and Development, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Ingeku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan.
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Fukamoto K, Shirai K, Sakata T, Sakashita T, Funayama T, Hamada N, Wada S, Kakizaki T, Shimura S, Kobayashi Y, Kiguchi K. Development of the irradiation method for the first instar silkworm larvae using locally targeted heavy-ion microbeam. J Radiat Res 2007; 48:247-53. [PMID: 17327687 DOI: 10.1269/jrr.06066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
To carry out the radio-microsurgery study using silkworm, Bombyx mori, we have already developed the specific irradiation systems for eggs and third to fifth instar larvae. In this study, a modified application consisting of the first instar silkworm larvae was further developed using heavy-ion microbeams. This system includes aluminum plates with holes specially designed to fix the first instar silkworm larvae during irradiation, and Mylar films were used to adjust energy deposited for planning radiation doses at certain depth. Using this system, the suppression of abnormal proliferation of epidermal cells in the knob mutant was examined. Following target irradiation of the knob-forming region at the first instar stage with 180-mum-diameter microbeam of 220 MeV carbon (12C) ions, larvae were reared to evaluate the effects of irradiation. The results indicated that the knob formation at the irradiated segment was specially suppressed in 5.9, 56.4, 66.7 and 73.6% of larvae irradiated with 120, 250, 400 and 600 Gy, respectively, but the other knob formations at the non-irradiated segments were not suppressed in either irradiation. Although some larva did not survive undesired non-targeted exposure, our present results indicate that this method would be useful to investigate the irradiation effect on a long developmental period of time. Moreover, our system could also be applied to other species by targeting tissues, or organs during development and metamorphosis in insect and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kana Fukamoto
- Microbeam Radiation Biology Group, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, 1233 Watanuki-machi, Takasaki, Gunma 370-1292, Japan.
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Hino M, Wada S, Tajika Y, Morimura Y, Hamada N, Funayama T, Sakashita T, Kakizaki T, Kobayashi Y, Yorifuji H. Heavy ion microbeam irradiation induces ultrastructural changes in isolated single fibers of skeletal muscle. Cell Struct Funct 2007; 32:51-6. [PMID: 17460350 DOI: 10.1247/csf.06038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of heavy ion microbeams on muscle fibers isolated from mouse skeletal muscles were examined by electron microscopy. The plasma membranes of heavy ion beam-irradiated areas of muscle fibers showed irregular protrusions and invaginations. In the cytoplasm, an irregular distribution of microfilaments was found near the plasma membrane. Sarcoplasmic reticula in the irradiated regions showed a distended appearance with flocculent material within the lumen. These changes were seen as early as 2 min after irradiation, and persisted until as late as 22 min after irradiation. Many autophagic vacuoles could be seen at 7 min after irradiation. At 22 min, the vacuoles became more prominent and showed more variety. These observations suggest that heavy ion beam irradiation causes disruption of the cellular architecture and the autophagy is involved in removal of this disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuki Hino
- Department of Neuromuscular and Developmental Anatomy, Division of Bioregulatory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
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Taucher-Scholz G, Jakob B. Ion Irradiation as a Tool to Reveal the Spatiotemporal Dynamics of DNA Damage Response Processes. Genome Integr 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/7050_015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Satoh K, Wada S, Kikuchi M, Funayama T, Narumi I, Kobayashi Y. Method for detecting DNA strand breaks in mammalian cells using the Deinococcus radiodurans PprA protein. Mutat Res 2006; 596:36-42. [PMID: 16406432 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2005.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2005] [Revised: 11/25/2005] [Accepted: 11/30/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In a previous study, we identified the novel protein PprA that plays a critical role in the radiation resistance of Deinococcus radiodurans. In this study, we focussed on the ability of PprA protein to recognize and bind to double-stranded DNA carrying strand breaks, and attempted to visualize radiation-induced DNA strand breaks in mammalian cultured cells by employing PprA protein using an immunofluorescence technique. Increased PprA protein binding to CHO-K1 nuclei immediately following irradiation suggests the protein is binding to DNA strand breaks. By altering the cell permeabilization conditions, PprA protein binding to CHO-K1 mitochondria, which is probably resulted from DNA strand break immediately following irradiation, was also detected. The method developed and detailed in this study will be useful in evaluating DNA damage responses in cultured cells, and could also be applicable to genotoxic tests in the environmental and pharmaceutical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuya Satoh
- Research Group for Biotechnology Development, Department of Ion-beam-applied Biology, Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute, 1233 Watanuki, Takasaki 370-1292, Japan.
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Abstract
The existing focusing heavy-ion microprobe at the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung in Darmstadt (Germany) has been modified to enable the targeted irradiation of single, selected cells with a defined number of ions. With this setup, ions in the range from helium to uranium with linear energy transfers (LETs) up to approximately 15,000 keV/microm can be positioned with a precision of a few micrometers in the nuclei of single cells that are growing in culture on a thin polypropylene film. To achieve this accuracy, the microbeam traverses a thin vacuum window with minimal scattering. Electron emission from that window is used for particle detection. The cells are kept in a specially designed dish that is mounted directly behind the vacuum window in a setup allowing the precise movement and the imaging of the sample with microscopic methods. The cells are located by an integrated software program that also controls the rapid deflection and switching of the beam. In this paper, the setup is described in detail together with the first experiments showing its performance. We describe the ability of the microprobe to reliably hit randomly positioned etched nuclear tracks in CR-39 with single ions as well as the ability to visualize the ion hits using immunofluorescence staining for 53BP1 as a marker of DNA damage in the targeted cell nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Heiss
- Department of Materials Research, Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany.
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Sugimoto T, Dazai K, Sakashita T, Funayama T, Wada S, Hamada N, Kakizaki T, Kobayashi Y, Higashitani A. Cell cycle arrest and apoptosis inCaenorhabditis elegansgermline cells following heavy-ion microbeam irradiation. Int J Radiat Biol 2006; 82:31-8. [PMID: 16546901 DOI: 10.1080/09553000600577821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate positional effects of radiation with an energetic heavy-ion microbeam on germline cells using an experimental model metazoan Caenorhabditis elegans. MATERIALS AND METHODS The germline cells were irradiated with raster-scanned broad beam or collimated microbeam of 220 MeV 12C5+ particles delivered from the azimuthally varying field (AVF) cyclotron, and subsequently observed for cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. RESULTS Whole-body irradiation with the broad beam at the L4 larval stage arrested germ cell proliferation. When the tip region of the gonad arm was irradiated locally with the microbeam at the L4 stage, the same arrest was observed. When the microbeams were used to irradiate the pachytene region of the gonad arm, at a young gravid stage, radiation-induced apoptosis occurred in the gonad. In contrast, arrest and apoptosis were not induced in the non-irradiated neighboring region or the opposite gonad. Similar results were confirmed in the c-abl-1 (mammalian ortholog of cellular counterpart of Abelson murine leukemia virus) mutant that is hypersensitive to radiation-induced apoptosis. CONCLUSION These results indicate that the microbeam irradiation is useful in characterizing tissue-specific, local biological response to radiation in organisms. DNA damage-induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis were observed in locally irradiated regions, but there was little, if any, 'bystander effect' in the nematode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Sugimoto
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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Konishi T, Takeyasu A, Yasuda N, Natsume T, Nakajima H, Matsumoto K, Asuka T, Sato Y, Furusawa Y, Hieda K. Number of Fe ion traversals through a cell nucleus for mammalian cell inactivation near the bragg peak. J Radiat Res 2005; 46:415-24. [PMID: 16394632 DOI: 10.1269/jrr.46.415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
HeLa and CHO-K1 cells were irradiated with Fe ions (1.14 MeV/nucleon) near the Bragg peak to determine how many ion traversals through a cell nucleus are necessary to induce cell inactivation. The ion traversals through a cell nucleus were visualized by immunostaining the phosphorylated histone H2AX (gamma-H2AX), as an indicator of DNA double strand breaks (DSBs), to confirm that DSBs are actually induced along every Fe ion traversal through the nucleus. The survival curves after irradiation with Fe ions decreased exponentially with the ion fluence without a shoulder. The inactivation cross sections calculated from the slope of the survival curves and the standard errors were 96.9 +/- 1.8 and 57.9 +/- 5.4 microm2 for HeLa and CHO-K1 cells, respectively, corresponding to 0.442 and 0.456 of the mean value of each cell nucleus area. Taking the distribution of the cell nucleus area into consideration with an equation proposed by Goodhead et al. (1980), which calculates the average number of lesions per single ion track through the average area of a sensitive organelle (mainly nucleus), these two ratios were converted to 0.705 and 0.659 for HeLa and CHO-K1 cells, respectively. These ratios were less than one, suggesting that the average numbers of lethal hits per cell produced by a single ion traversal were less than one. We thus considered two possible explanations for ion traversals of more than one, necessary for cell inactivation.
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Kobayashi Y, Funayama T, Wada S, Furusawa Y, Aoki M, Shao C, Yokota Y, Sakashita T, Matsumoto Y, Kakizaki T, Hamada N. Microbeams of heavy charged particles. Biol Sci Space 2004; 18:235-40. [PMID: 15858390 DOI: 10.2187/bss.18.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We have established a single cell irradiation system, which allows selected cells to be individually hit with defined number of heavy charged particles, using a collimated heavy-ion microbeam apparatus at JAERI-Takasaki. This system has been developed to study radiobiological processes in hit cells and bystander cells exposed to low dose and low dose-rate high-LET radiations, in ways that cannot be achieved using conventional broad-field exposures. Individual cultured cells grown in special dishes were irradiated in the atmosphere with a single or defined numbers of 18.3 MeV/amu 12C, 13.0 MeV/amu 20Ne, and 11.5 MeV/amu 40Ar ions. Targeting and irradiation of the cells were performed automatically at the on-line microscope of the microbeam apparatus according to the positional data of the target cells obtained at the off-line microscope before irradiation. The actual number of particle tracks that pass through cell nuclei was detected with prompt etching of the bottom of the cell dish made of ion track detector TNF-1 (modified CR-39), with alkaline-ethanol solution at 37 degrees C for 15-30 minutes. Using this system, separately inoculated Chinese hamster ovary cells, confluent normal human fibroblasts, and single plant cells (tobacco protoplasts) have been irradiated. These are the first studies in which single-ion direct hit effect and the bystander effect have been investigated using a high-LET heavy particle microbeam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiko Kobayashi
- Research Group for Biotechnology Development, Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute (JAERI-Takasaki), Takasaki, Gunma, Japan.
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