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Jimenez J, Dubey P, Carter B, Koomen JM, Markowitz J. A metabolic perspective on nitric oxide function in melanoma. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2024; 1879:189038. [PMID: 38061664 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2023.189038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) generated from nitric oxide synthase (NOS) exerts a dichotomous effect in melanoma, suppressing or promoting tumor progression. This dichotomy is thought to depend on the intracellular NO concentration and the cell type in which it is generated. Due to its central role in the metabolism of multiple critical constituents involved in signaling and stress, it is crucial to explore NO's contribution to the metabolic dysfunction of melanoma. This review will discuss many known metabolites linked to NO production in melanoma. We discuss the synthesis of these metabolites, their role in biochemical pathways, and how they alter the biological processes observed in the melanoma tumor microenvironment. The metabolic pathways altered by NO and the corresponding metabolites reinforce its dual role in melanoma and support investigating this effect for potential avenues of therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Jimenez
- Department of Cutaneous Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; Department of Oncologic Sciences, University of South Florida Morsani School of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Parul Dubey
- Department of Cutaneous Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Bethany Carter
- Department of Cutaneous Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - John M Koomen
- Molecular Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Joseph Markowitz
- Department of Cutaneous Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; Department of Oncologic Sciences, University of South Florida Morsani School of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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Starikova EA, Mammedova JT, Ozhiganova A, Leveshko TA, Lebedeva AM, Sokolov AV, Isakov DV, Karaseva AB, Burova LA, Kudryavtsev IV. Streptococcal Arginine Deiminase Inhibits T Lymphocyte Differentiation In Vitro. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2585. [PMID: 37894243 PMCID: PMC10608802 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11102585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic microbes use arginine-metabolizing enzymes as an immune evasion strategy. In this study, the impact of streptococcal arginine deiminase (ADI) on the human peripheral blood T lymphocytes function in vitro was studied. The comparison of the effects of parental strain (Streptococcus pyogenes M49-16) with wild type of ArcA gene and its isogenic mutant with inactivated ArcA gene (Streptococcus pyogenes M49-16delArcA) was carried out. It was found that ADI in parental strain SDSC composition resulted in a fivefold decrease in the arginine concentration in human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) supernatants. Only parental strain SDSCs suppressed anti-CD2/CD3/CD28-bead-stimulated mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity and caused a twofold decrease in IL-2 production in PBMC. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that ADI decreased the percentage of CM (central memory) and increased the proportion of TEMRA (terminally differentiated effector memory) of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells subsets. Enzyme activity inhibited the proliferation of all CD8+ T cell subsets as well as CM, EM (effector memory), and TEMRA CD4+ T cells. One of the prominent ADI effects was the inhibition of autophagy processes in CD8+ CM and EM as well as CD4+ CM, EM, and TEMRA T cell subsets. The data obtained confirm arginine's crucial role in controlling immune reactions and suggest that streptococcal ADI may downregulate adaptive immunity and immunological memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora A. Starikova
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Medical Faculty, First Saint Petersburg State I. Pavlov Medical University, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Jennet T. Mammedova
- Laboratory of General Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Arina Ozhiganova
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Tatiana A. Leveshko
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Aleksandra M. Lebedeva
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexey V. Sokolov
- Laboratory of Biochemical Genetics, Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Dmitry V. Isakov
- Medical Faculty, First Saint Petersburg State I. Pavlov Medical University, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alena B. Karaseva
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Pathogenic Microorganisms, Department of Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Larissa A. Burova
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microecology, Department of Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Igor V. Kudryavtsev
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Medical Faculty, First Saint Petersburg State I. Pavlov Medical University, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia
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Thakker DP, Narayanan R. Arginine deiminase produced by lactic acid bacteria as a potent anti-cancer drug. Med Oncol 2023; 40:175. [PMID: 37171497 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-023-02043-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial-based cancer immunotherapy has recently gained widespread attention due to its exceptional mechanism of rich pathogen-associated molecular patterns in anti-cancer immune responses. Contrary to conventional cancer therapies such as surgery, chemotherapy, radiation and phototherapy, bacteria-based cancer immunotherapy has the unique ability to suppress cancer by selectively accumulating and growing in tumours. In the view of this, several bacterial strains are being used for the treatment of cancer. Of which, lactic acid bacteria are a powerful, albeit still inadequately understood bacteria that possess a wide source of bioactive chemicals. Lactic acid bacteria metabolites, such as bacteriocins, short-chain fatty acids, exopolysaccharides show antitumour property. Amino acid pathways, which have lately been focussed as a new strategy to cancer therapy, are key element of the adaptability and dysregulation of metabolic pathways identified in proliferation of tumour cells. Arginine metabolism, in particular, has been shown to be critical for cancer therapy. As a result, better understanding of arginine metabolism in LAB and cancer cells could lead to new cancer therapeutic targets. This review will outline current advances in the interaction of arginine metabolism with cancer therapy and propose an arginine deiminase expression system to combat cancer more effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darshali P Thakker
- Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Engineering & Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur, 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajnish Narayanan
- Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Engineering & Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur, 603203, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Mammedova JT, Sokolov AV, Burova LA, Karaseva AB, Grudinina NA, Gorbunov NP, Malashicheva AB, Semenova DS, Kiseleva EP, Starikova EA. Streptococcal arginine deiminase regulates endothelial inflammation, mTOR pathway and autophagy. Immunobiology 2023; 228:152344. [PMID: 36746072 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2023.152344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial cells (EC) are active participants in the inflammation process. During the infection, the change in endothelium properties provides the leukocyte infiltrate formation and restrains pathogen dissemination due to coagulation control. Pathogenic microbes are able to change the endothelium properties and functions in order to invade the bloodstream and disseminate in the host organism. Arginine deiminase (ADI), a bacterial arginine-hydrolyzing enzyme, which causes the amino acid deficiency, important for endothelium biology. Previous research implicates altered metabolism of arginine in the development of endothelial dysfunction and inflammation. It was shown that arginine deficiency, as well as overabundance affects the balance of mechanical target of rapamycin (mTOR)/S6 kinase (S6K) pathway, arginase and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) resulted in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and EC activation. ADI creating a deficiency of arginine can interfere cellular arginine-dependent processes. Thus, this study was aimed at investigation of the influence of streptococcal ADI on the metabolism and inflammations of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). The action of ADI was studied by comparing the effect Streptococcus pyogenes M49-16 paternal strain expressing ADI and its isogenic mutant M49-16delArcA with the inactivated gene ArcA. Based on comparison of the parental and mutant strain effects, it can be concluded, that ADI suppressed mTOR signaling pathway and enhanced autophagy. The processes failed to return to the basic level with arginine supplement. Our study also demonstrates that ADI suppressed endothelial proliferation, disrupted actin cytoskeleton structure, increased phospho-NF-κB p65, CD62P, CD106, CD54, CD142 inflammatory molecules expression, IL-6 production and lymphocytes-endothelial adhesion. In spite of the ADI-mediated decrease in arginine concentration in the cell-conditioned medium, the enzyme enhanced the production of nitric oxide in endothelial cells. Arginine supplementation rescued proliferation, actin cytoskeleton structure, brought NO production to baseline and prevented EC activation. Additional evidence for the important role of arginine bioavailability in the EC biology was obtained. The results allow us to consider bacterial ADI as a pathogenicity factor that can potentially affect the functions of endothelium.
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Liu C, Ji L, Hu J, Zhao Y, Johnston LJ, Zhang X, Ma X. Functional Amino Acids and Autophagy: Diverse Signal Transduction and Application. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11427. [PMID: 34768858 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional amino acids provide great potential for treating autophagy-related diseases by regulating autophagy. The purpose of the autophagy process is to remove unwanted cellular contents and to recycle nutrients, which is controlled by many factors. Disordered autophagy has been reported to be associated with various diseases, such as cancer, neurodegeneration, aging, and obesity. Autophagy cannot be directly controlled and dynamic amino acid levels are sufficient to regulate autophagy. To date, arginine, leucine, glutamine, and methionine are widely reported functional amino acids that regulate autophagy. As a signal relay station, mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) turns various amino acid signals into autophagy signaling pathways for functional amino acids. Deficiency or supplementation of functional amino acids can immediately regulate autophagy and is associated with autophagy-related disease. This review summarizes the mechanisms currently involved in autophagy and amino acid sensing, diverse signal transduction among functional amino acids and autophagy, and the therapeutic appeal of amino acids to autophagy-related diseases. We aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms of amino acid regulation of autophagy and the role of functional amino acids in clinical autophagy-related diseases and to further convert these mechanisms into feasible therapeutic applications.
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Wu C, You M, Nguyen D, Wangpaichitr M, Li YY, Feun LG, Kuo MT, Savaraj N. Enhancing the Effect of Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand Signaling and Arginine Deprivation in Melanoma. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147628. [PMID: 34299249 PMCID: PMC8306073 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma as a very aggressive type of cancer is still in urgent need of improved treatment. Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and arginine deiminase (ADI-PEG20) are two of many suggested drugs for treating melanoma. Both have shown anti-tumor activities without harming normal cells. However, resistance to both drugs has also been noted. Studies on the mechanism of action of and resistance to these drugs provide multiple targets that can be utilized to increase the efficacy and overcome the resistance. As a result, combination strategies have been proposed for these drug candidates with various other agents, and achieved enhanced or synergistic anti-tumor effect. The combination of TRAIL and ADI-PEG20 as one example can greatly enhance the cytotoxicity to melanoma cells including those resistant to the single component of this combination. It is found that combination treatment generally can alter the expression of the components of cell signaling in melanoma cells to favor cell death. In this paper, the signaling of TRAIL and ADI-PEG20-induced arginine deprivation including the main mechanism of resistance to these drugs and exemplary combination strategies is discussed. Finally, factors hampering the clinical application of both drugs, current and future development to overcome these hurdles are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunjing Wu
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Miami VA Healthcare System, Research Service, Miami, FL 33125, USA; (C.W.); (M.W.); (Y.-Y.L.)
| | - Min You
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (M.Y.); (D.N.); (L.G.F.)
| | - Dao Nguyen
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (M.Y.); (D.N.); (L.G.F.)
- Department of Surgery, Cardiothoracic Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Medhi Wangpaichitr
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Miami VA Healthcare System, Research Service, Miami, FL 33125, USA; (C.W.); (M.W.); (Y.-Y.L.)
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (M.Y.); (D.N.); (L.G.F.)
- Department of Surgery, Cardiothoracic Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Ying-Ying Li
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Miami VA Healthcare System, Research Service, Miami, FL 33125, USA; (C.W.); (M.W.); (Y.-Y.L.)
| | - Lynn G. Feun
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (M.Y.); (D.N.); (L.G.F.)
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Macus T. Kuo
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Niramol Savaraj
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Miami VA Healthcare System, Research Service, Miami, FL 33125, USA; (C.W.); (M.W.); (Y.-Y.L.)
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (M.Y.); (D.N.); (L.G.F.)
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-305-575-3143; Fax: +1-305-575-3375
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Bhingarkar A, Vangapandu HV, Rathod S, Hoshitsuki K, Fernandez CA. Amino Acid Metabolic Vulnerabilities in Acute and Chronic Myeloid Leukemias. Front Oncol 2021; 11:694526. [PMID: 34277440 PMCID: PMC8281237 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.694526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Amino acid (AA) metabolism plays an important role in many cellular processes including energy production, immune function, and purine and pyrimidine synthesis. Cancer cells therefore require increased AA uptake and undergo metabolic reprogramming to satisfy the energy demand associated with their rapid proliferation. Like many other cancers, myeloid leukemias are vulnerable to specific therapeutic strategies targeting metabolic dependencies. Herein, our review provides a comprehensive overview and TCGA data analysis of biosynthetic enzymes required for non-essential AA synthesis and their dysregulation in myeloid leukemias. Furthermore, we discuss the role of the general control nonderepressible 2 (GCN2) and-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways of AA sensing on metabolic vulnerability and drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aboli Bhingarkar
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Hima V. Vangapandu
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Sanjay Rathod
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Keito Hoshitsuki
- Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Christian A. Fernandez
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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Wang Z, Xie Q, Zhou H, Zhang M, Shen J, Ju D. Amino Acid Degrading Enzymes and Autophagy in Cancer Therapy. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:582587. [PMID: 33510635 PMCID: PMC7836011 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.582587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, there has been renewed interest in metabolic therapy for cancer, particularly in amino acid deprivation by enzymes. L-asparaginase was approved for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Arginine deiminase and recombinant human arginase have been developed into clinical trials as potential cancer therapeutic agents for the treatment of arginine-auxotrophic tumors. Moreover, other novel amino acid degrading enzymes, such as glutaminase, methionase, lysine oxidase, phenylalanine ammonia lyase, have been developed for the treatment of malignant cancers. One of the greatest obstacles faced by anticancer drugs is the development of drug resistance, which is reported to be associated with autophagy. Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved catabolic process that is responsible for the degradation of dysfunctional proteins and organelles. There is a growing body of literature revealing that, in response to metabolism stress, autophagy could be induced by amino acid deprivation. The manipulation of autophagy in combination with amino acid degrading enzymes is actively being investigated as a potential therapeutic approach in preclinical studies. Importantly, shedding light on how autophagy fuels tumor metabolism during amino acid deprivation will enable more potential combinational therapeutic strategies. This study summarizes recent advances, discussing several potential anticancer enzymes, and highlighting the promising combined therapeutic strategy of amino acid degrading enzymes and autophagy modulators in tumors
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qinghong Xie
- Department of Biological Medicines & Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, China
| | - Haifeng Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Shen
- Department of Pharmacy, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dianwen Ju
- Department of Biological Medicines & Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, China
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Zhang Y, Chung SF, Tam SY, Leung YC, Guan X. Arginine deprivation as a strategy for cancer therapy: An insight into drug design and drug combination. Cancer Lett 2021; 502:58-70. [PMID: 33429005 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Extensive studies have shown that cancer cells have specific nutrient auxotrophy and thus have much a higher demand for certain nutrients than normal cells. Amino acid deprivation has attracted much attention in cancer therapy with positive outcomes from clinical trials. Arginine, as one of the conditionally essential amino acids, plays a pivotal role in cellular division and metabolism. Since many types of cancer cells exhibit decreased expression of argininosuccinate synthetase and/or ornithine transcarbamylase, they are auxotrophic for arginine, which makes arginine deprivation an accessible choice for cancer treatment. Arginine deiminase (ADI) and human arginase (hArg) are the two major protein drugs used for arginine deprivation and are undergoing many clinical trials. However, the clinical application of ADI and hArg is facing some common problems, including their short half-lives, immunogenicity and inconsistent production, which underlines the importance of improving these drugs using protein engineering techniques. Thus, we systematically review the latest studies of protein engineering and anti-cancer studies based on in vitro, in vivo and clinical models of ADI and hArg, and we include the latest studies on drug combinations consisting of ADI/hArg with chemotherapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- School of Medical Instruments and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China; Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Lo Ka Chung Research Center for Natural Anti-Cancer Drug Development and State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Food Rapid Detection, Shanghai, China
| | - Sai-Fung Chung
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Lo Ka Chung Research Center for Natural Anti-Cancer Drug Development and State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Suet-Ying Tam
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Lo Ka Chung Research Center for Natural Anti-Cancer Drug Development and State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yun-Chung Leung
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Lo Ka Chung Research Center for Natural Anti-Cancer Drug Development and State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Xiao Guan
- School of Medical Instruments and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.
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Wojnacki J, Nola S, Bun P, Cholley B, Filippini F, Pressé MT, Lipecka J, Man Lam S, N’guyen J, Simon A, Ouslimani A, Shui G, Fader CM, Colombo MI, Guerrera IC, Galli T. Role of VAMP7-Dependent Secretion of Reticulon 3 in Neurite Growth. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108536. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Chung SF, Kim CF, Chow HY, Chong HC, Tam SY, Leung YC, Lo WH. Recombinant Bacillus caldovelox Arginase Mutant (BCA-M) Induces Apoptosis, Autophagy, Cell Cycle Arrest and Growth Inhibition in Human Cervical Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7445. [PMID: 33050217 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
With our recent success in developing a recombinant human arginase drug against broad-spectrum cancer cell lines, we have explored the potential of a recombinant Bacillus caldovelox arginase mutant (BCA-M) for human cervical cancer treatment. Our studies demonstrated that BCA-M significantly inhibited the growth of human cervical cancer cells in vitro regardless of argininosuccinate synthetase (ASS) and argininosuccinate lyase (ASL) expression. Drug susceptibilities correlate well with the expressions of major urea cycle genes and completeness of L-arginine regeneration pathways. With the expressions of ASS and ASL genes conferring resistance to L-arginine deiminase (ADI) which is undergoing Phase III clinical trial, BCA-M offers the advantage of a broader spectrum of susceptible cancer cells. Mechanistic studies showed that BCA-M inhibited the growth of human cervical cancer cells by inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at S and/or G2/M phases. Our results also displayed that autophagy served as a protective mechanism, while the growth inhibitory effects of BCA-M could be enhanced synergistically by its combination to the autophagy inhibitor, chloroquine (CQ), on human cervical cancer cells.
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Feng Q, Bian X, Liu X, Wang Y, Zhou H, Ma X, Quan C, Yao Y, Zheng Z. Intracellular expression of arginine deiminase activates the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway by inhibiting cytosolic ferritin and inducing chromatin autophagy. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:665. [PMID: 32677906 PMCID: PMC7367323 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-07133-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Based on its low toxicity, arginine starvation therapy has the potential to cure malignant tumors that cannot be treated surgically. The Arginine deiminase (ADI) gene has been identified to be an ideal cancer-suppressor gene. ADI expressed in the cytosol displays higher oncolytic efficiency than ADI-PEG20 (Pegylated Arginine Deiminase by PEG 20,000). However, it is still unknown whether cytosolic ADI has the same mechanism of action as ADI-PEG20 or other underlying cellular mechanisms. METHODS The interactions of ADI with other protein factors were screened by yeast hybrids, and verified by co-immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescent staining. The effect of ADI inhibiting the ferritin light-chain domain (FTL) in mitochondrial damage was evaluated by site-directed mutation and flow cytometry. Control of the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway was analyzed by Western Blotting and real-time PCR experiments. The effect of p53 expression on cancer cells death was assessed by siTP53 transfection. Chromatin autophagy was explored by immunofluorescent staining and Western Blotting. RESULTS ADI expressed in the cytosol inhibited the activity of cytosolic ferritin by interacting with FTL. The inactive mutant of ADI still induced apoptosis in certain cell lines of ASS- through mitochondrial damage. Arginine starvation also generated an increase in the expression of p53 and p53AIP1, which aggravated the cellular mitochondrial damage. Chromatin autophagy appeared at a later stage of arginine starvation. DNA damage occurred along with the entire arginine starvation process. Histone 3 (H3) was found in autophagosomes, which implies that cancer cells attempted to utilize the arginine present in histones to survive during arginine starvation. CONCLUSIONS Mitochondrial damage is the major mechanism of cell death induced by cytosolic ADI. The process of chromatophagy does not only stimulate cancer cells to utilize histone arginine but also speeds up cancer cell death at a later stage of arginine starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyuan Feng
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Xuzhao Bian
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Xuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Huiting Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Xiaojing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Chunju Quan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yi Yao
- Department of Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Zhongliang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
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13
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FitzGerald ES, Luz NF, Jamieson AM. Competitive Cell Death Interactions in Pulmonary Infection: Host Modulation Versus Pathogen Manipulation. Front Immunol 2020; 11:814. [PMID: 32508813 PMCID: PMC7248393 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the context of pulmonary infection, both hosts and pathogens have evolved a multitude of mechanisms to regulate the process of host cell death. The host aims to rapidly induce an inflammatory response at the site of infection, promote pathogen clearance, quickly resolve inflammation, and return to tissue homeostasis. The appropriate modulation of cell death in respiratory epithelial cells and pulmonary immune cells is central in the execution of all these processes. Cell death can be either inflammatory or anti-inflammatory depending on regulated cell death (RCD) modality triggered and the infection context. In addition, diverse bacterial pathogens have evolved many means to manipulate host cell death to increase bacterial survival and spread. The multitude of ways that hosts and bacteria engage in a molecular tug of war to modulate cell death dynamics during infection emphasizes its relevance in host responses and pathogen virulence at the host pathogen interface. This narrative review outlines several current lines of research characterizing bacterial pathogen manipulation of host cell death pathways in the lung. We postulate that understanding these interactions and the dynamics of intracellular and extracellular bacteria RCD manipulation, may lead to novel therapeutic approaches for the treatment of intractable respiratory infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan S FitzGerald
- Division of Biology and Medicine, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Nivea F Luz
- Division of Biology and Medicine, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Amanda M Jamieson
- Division of Biology and Medicine, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
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14
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Al-Koussa H, El Mais N, Maalouf H, Abi-Habib R, El-Sibai M. Arginine deprivation: a potential therapeutic for cancer cell metastasis? A review. Cancer Cell Int 2020; 20:150. [PMID: 32390765 PMCID: PMC7201942 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-020-01232-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Arginine is a semi essential amino acid that is used in protein biosynthesis. It can be obtained from daily food intake or synthesized in the body through the urea cycle using l-citrulline as a substrate. Arginine has a versatile role in the body because it helps in cell division, wound healing, ammonia disposal, immune system, and hormone biosynthesis. It is noteworthy that l-arginine is the precursor for the biosynthesis of nitric oxide (NO) and polyamines. In the case of cancer cells, arginine de novo synthesis is not enough to compensate for their high nutritional needs, forcing them to rely on extracellular supply of arginine. In this review, we will go through the importance of arginine deprivation as a novel targeting therapy by discussing the different arginine deprivation agents and their mechanism of action. We will also focus on the factors that affect cell migration and on the influence of arginine on metastases through polyamine and NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houssam Al-Koussa
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, P.O. Box: 13-5053, Chouran, 1102 2801 Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nour El Mais
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, P.O. Box: 13-5053, Chouran, 1102 2801 Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hiba Maalouf
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, P.O. Box: 13-5053, Chouran, 1102 2801 Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ralph Abi-Habib
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, P.O. Box: 13-5053, Chouran, 1102 2801 Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mirvat El-Sibai
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, P.O. Box: 13-5053, Chouran, 1102 2801 Beirut, Lebanon
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15
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Abstract
Arginase has therapeutic potential as a cytotoxic agent in some cancers, but this is unclear for precursor B acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (pre-B ALL), the commonest form of childhood leukaemia. We compared arginase cytotoxicity with asparaginase, currently used in pre-B ALL treatment, and characterised the forms of cell death induced in a pre-B ALL cell line 697. Arginase and asparaginase both efficiently killed 697 cells and mature B lymphoma cell line Ramos, but neither enzyme killed normal lymphocytes. Arginase depleted cellular arginine, and arginase-treated media induced cell death, blocked by addition of arginine or arginine-precursor citrulline. Asparaginase depleted both asparagine and glutamine, and asparaginase-treated media induced cell death, blocked by asparagine, but not glutamine. Both enzymes induced caspase cleavage and activation, chromatin condensation and phosphatidylserine exposure, indicating apoptosis. Both arginase- and asparaginase-induced death were blocked by caspase inhibitors, but with different sensitivities. BCL-2 overexpression inhibited arginase- and asparaginase-induced cell death, but did not prevent arginase-induced cytostasis, indicating a different mechanism of growth arrest. An autophagy inhibitor, chloroquine, had no effect on the cell death induced by arginase, but doubled the cell death induced by asparaginase. In conclusion, arginase causes death of lymphoblasts by arginine-depletion induced apoptosis, via mechanism distinct from asparaginase. Therapeutic implications for childhood ALL include: arginase might be used as treatment (but antagonised by dietary arginine and citrulline), chloroquine may enhance efficacy of asparaginase treatment, and partial resistance to arginase and asparaginase may develop by BCL-2 expression. Arginase or asparaginase might potentially be used to treat Burkitt lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy E Métayer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Richard D Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Saskia Carlebur
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK
| | - G A Amos Burke
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 OQQ, UK
| | - Guy C Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK.
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16
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Agnello G, Alters SE, Rowlinson SW. Preclinical safety and antitumor activity of the arginine-degrading therapeutic enzyme pegzilarginase, a PEGylated, cobalt-substituted recombinant human arginase 1. Transl Res 2020; 217:11-22. [PMID: 31954097 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2019.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic remodeling contributes to the development and progression of some cancers and exposes them to vulnerabilities, including specific nutrient dependencies that can be targeted therapeutically. Arginine is a semiessential amino acid, and several cancers are unable to endogenously synthesize sufficient levels of arginine for survival and proliferation, most commonly due to reduced expression of argininosuccinate synthase (ASS1). Such cancers are dependent on arginine and they can be targeted via enzyme-mediated depletion of systemic arginine. We report the preclinical safety, antitumor efficacy, and immune-potentiating effects of pegzilarginase, a highly potent human arginine-degrading enzyme. Toxicology studies showed that pegzilarginase-mediated arginine depletion is well tolerated at therapeutic levels that elicit an antitumor growth effect. To determine which tumor types are best suited for clinical development, we profiled clinical tumor samples for ASS1 expression, which correlated with pegzilarginase sensitivity in vivo in patient-derived xenograft (PDx) models. Among the histologies tested, malignant melanoma, small cell lung cancer and Merkel cell carcinoma had the highest prevalence of low ASS1 expression, the highest proportion of PDx models responding to pegzilarginase, and the strongest correlation between low or no ASS1 expression and sensitivity to pegzilarginase. In an immune-competent syngeneic mouse model, pegzilarginase slowed tumor growth and promoted the recruitment of CD8+ tumor infiltrating lymphocytes. This is consistent with the known autophagy-inducing effects of arginine depletion, and the link between autophagy and major histocompatibility complex antigen presentation to T cells. Our work supports the ongoing clinical investigations of pegzilarginase in solid tumors and clinical combination of pegzilarginase with immune checkpoint inhibitors.
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17
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Kuo MT, Long Y, Tsai WB, Li YY, Chen HHW, Feun LG, Savaraj N. Collaboration Between RSK-EphA2 and Gas6-Axl RTK Signaling in Arginine Starvation Response That Confers Resistance to EGFR Inhibitors. Transl Oncol 2019; 13:355-364. [PMID: 31887630 PMCID: PMC6938815 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2019.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Many human malignancies require extracellular arginine (Arg) for survival because the key enzyme for de novo Arg biosynthesis, argininosuccinate synthetase 1 (ASS1), is silenced. Recombinant arginine deiminase (ADI-PEG20), which digests extracellular Arg, has been in clinical trials for treating ASS1-negative tumors. Reactivation of ASS1 is responsible for the treatment failure. We previously demonstrated that ASS1 reactivation is transcriptionally regulated by c-Myc via the upstream Gas6-Axl tyrosine kinase (RTK) signal. Here, we report that another RTK EphA2 is coactivated via PI3K-ERK/RSK1 pathway in a ligand-independent mechanism. EphA2 is also regulated by c-Myc. Moreover, we found that knockdown Axl upregulates EphA2 expression, demonstrating cross-talk between these RTKs. ADIR cell lines exhibits enhanced sensitivities to nutrient deprivation such as charcoal-stripped FBS and multiple RTK inhibitor foretinib but resistance to EGFR inhibitors. Knockdown EphA2, and to lesser extent, Axl, overcomes EGFRi resistance. c-Myc inhibitor JQ1 can also sensitize ADIR cells to ADI-PEG20. This study elucidates molecular interactions of multiple RTKs in Arg-stress response and offers approaches for developing strategies of overcoming ADI-PEG20 resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macus Tien Kuo
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Yan Long
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Wen-Bin Tsai
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ying-Ying Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Helen H W Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70428, Taiwan
| | - Lynn G Feun
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Niramol Savaraj
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; Division of Hematology and Oncology, Miami Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Miami, FL, USA.
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18
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Huang L, Yin P, Liu F, Liu Y, Liu Y, Xia Z. Protective effects of L-arginine on the intestinal epithelial barrier under heat stress conditions in rats and IEC-6 cell line. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2019; 104:385-396. [PMID: 31709652 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Heat stress (HS) and the associated restricted blood flow to the intestine have been proven to destroy intestinal integrity. Considering the beneficial properties of L-arginine on gut function, we investigated the protective effects of L-arginine on the intestine under HS conditions. In vivo, the serum cortisol level and the rectal temperature increased in response to HS. Under HS, the intestinal damage showed obvious morphological changes. Furthermore, HS decreased the mRNA and protein expression levels of Nurr1, ZO-1, occludin, claudin-6 and E-cadherin, increased the mRNA expression of NF-κB and IL-1β, and increased the protein expression of cleaved caspase-3. In contrast, L-arginine supplementation maintained intestinal integrity and increased the villus/crypt ratio. L-arginine also suppressed the expression of inflammation-related genes and the protein expression of cleaved caspase-3, whereas it upregulated the mRNA and protein expression of tight junction proteins and LC3B protein expression. In vitro, L-arginine attenuated HS-induced apoptosis as demonstrated by flow cytometry and decreased cleaved caspase-3 protein expression. L-arginine induced autophagy, which was demonstrated by decreased expression of p62 and p-mTOR/mTOR, and increased expression of LC3B. The protein expression levels of TJ proteins also enhanced by L-arginine in IEC-6 cells. Taken together, these results suggest that L-arginine can alleviate intestinal damage and protect the intestinal integrity by suppressing local inflammation response, promoting the production of TJs and facilitating autophagy under HS conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqing Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Yin
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fenghua Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yilin Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanhan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaofei Xia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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19
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Abstract
Macroautophagy (referred to here as autophagy) degrades and recycles cytoplasmic constituents to sustain cellular and mammalian metabolism and survival during starvation. Deregulation of autophagy is involved in numerous diseases, such as cancer. Cancers up-regulate autophagy and depend on it for survival, growth, and malignancy in a tumor cell-autonomous fashion. Recently, it has become apparent that autophagy in host tissues as well as the tumor cells themselves contribute to tumor growth. Understanding how autophagy regulates metabolism and tumor growth has revealed new essential tumor nutrients, where they come from, and how they are supplied and used, which can now be targeted for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Poillet-Perez
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, USA
| | - Eileen White
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, USA.,Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
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20
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Abstract
Transgenic genome integration using non-viral vehicles is a promising approach for gene therapy. Previous studies reported that asparagine is a key regulator of cancer cell amino acid homeostasis, anabolic metabolism and cell proliferation. The depletion of asparagine would inhibit the growth of many cancer cells. In this study, we develop a nanoparticle delivery system to permanently integrate the asparaginase gene into the genome of human lung adenocarcinoma cells. The asparaginase plasmid and the Sleeping Beauty plasmid were co-transfected using amine-functionalized mesoporous nanoparticles into the human lung adenocarcinoma cells. The intracellular asparaginase expression led to the cell cytotoxicity for PC9 and A549 cells. In addition, the combination of the chemotherapy and the asparaginase gene therapy additively enhanced the cell cytotoxicity of PC9 and A549 cells to 69% and 63%, respectively. Finally, we showed that the stable cell clones were successfully made by puromycin selection. The doxycycline-induced expression of asparaginase caused almost complete cell death of PC9 and A549 asparaginase-integrated stable cells. This work demonstrates that silica-based nanoparticles have great potential in gene delivery for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Hsuan Chang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Kurt Yun Mou
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.
| | - Chung-Yuan Mou
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Nanomedicine and Medical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, No. 250, Wu Xinyi Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.
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21
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Szefel J, Danielak A, Kruszewski WJ. Metabolic pathways of L-arginine and therapeutic consequences in tumors. Adv Med Sci 2019; 64:104-10. [PMID: 30605863 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2018.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Revised: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Difference in the metabolism of normal and cancer cells inspires to search for new, more specific and less toxic therapies than those currently used. The development of tumors is conditioned by genetic changes in cancer-transformed cells, immunological tolerance and immunosuppression. At the initial stages of carcinogenesis, the immune system shows anti-tumor activity, however later, cancer disrupts the function of Th1/Th17/Th2 lymphocytes by regulatory T (Treg) cells, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and finally causes immunosuppression. Recently, much attention has been devoted to the influence of l-arginine metabolism disorders on both carcinogenesis and the immune system. l-Arginine is essential for the maturation of the T cell receptor zeta (TCRζ), and its absence deprives T-cells of the ability to interact with tumor antigens. MDSCs deplete l-arginine due to a high expression of arginase 1 (ARG1) and their number increases 4-10 times depending on the type of the cancer. L-Arginine has been shown to be essential for the survival and progression of arginine auxotrophic tumors. However, the progression of arginine non-auxotrophic tumors is independent of exogenous l-arginine, because these tumors have arginine-succinate synthetase (ASS1) activity and are available to produce l-arginine from citrulline. Clinical studies have confirmed the high efficacy of arginine auxotrophic tumors therapy based on the elimination of l-arginine. However, l-arginine supplementation may improve the results of treatment of patients with arginine non-auxotrophic cancer. This review is an attempt to explain the seemingly contradictory results of oncological therapies based on the deprivation or supplementation of l-arginine.
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22
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Ji SM. Overexpression of SLC25A15 is involved in the proliferation of cutaneous melanoma and leads to poor prognosis. Med Sci (Paris) 2018; 34 Focus issue F1:74-80. [PMID: 30403179 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/201834f113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is a skin tumor with a high degree of malignancy, poor prognosis and few effective therapies. Deprivation of the arginine from cancer cells through transport inhibition and arginine depletion is a novel strategy for cancer therapy. In this study, we have investigated the effect of SLC25A15, which encodes the mitochondrial ornithine carrier 1, on melanoma progression. Using bioinformatics methods to screen the data from TCGA and GEO, we found that SLC25A15 is overexpressed in patients with melanoma and negatively related with the overall and disease-free survival rates. Knockdown the expression of SLC25A15 by siRNA could effectively inhibit the proliferation of A375 melanoma cells, as detected by CCK8 and colony formation. Furthermore, SLC25A15 siRNA was able to promote apoptosis of A375 cells, which exhibited decreased expression levels of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 while showing increased pro-apoptotic protein Bax and cleaved caspase-3. All these results suggest that the overexpression of SLC25A15 is involved in the progression of melanoma and may predict the prognosis of melanoma. This may shed new lights on the diagnosis and therapy of melanoma in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Meng Ji
- Department of Dermatology, the People's Hospital of Xintai, No.1329 of Xinfu Road, Xintai 271200, Shandong, P.R. China
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23
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Wilde L, Tanson K, Curry J, Martinez-outschoorn U. Autophagy in cancer: a complex relationship. Biochem J 2018; 475:1939-54. [DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Macroautophagy is the process by which cells package and degrade cytosolic components, and recycle the breakdown products for future use. Since its initial description by Christian de Duve in the 1960s, significant progress has been made in understanding the mechanisms that underlie this vital cellular process and its specificity. Furthermore, macroautophagy is linked to pathologic conditions such as cancer and is being studied as a therapeutic target. In this review, we will explore the connections between autophagy and cancer, which are tumor- and context-dependent and include the tumor microenvironment. We will highlight the importance of tumor compartment-specific autophagy in both cancer aggressiveness and treatment.
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Roeksomtawin S, Navasumrit P, Waraprasit S, Parnlob V, Sricharunrat T, Bhudhisawasdi V, Savaraj N, Ruchirawat M. Decreased argininosuccinate synthetase expression in Thai patients with cholangiocarcinoma and the effects of ADI-PEG20 treatment in CCA cell lines. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:1529-1538. [PMID: 30008833 PMCID: PMC6036342 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a severe cancer with poor prognosis. The aim of the present study was to explore the expression of argininosuccinate synthetase (ASS), as well as the possibility of using pegylated arginine deiminase (ADI-PEG20) for the treatment of CCA. ASS expression was determined in CCA specimens from 40 patients in Thailand. Immunohistochemical detection of ASS and determination of the proliferative index, Ki-67, were carried out in paraffin-embedded sections of these specimens, as well as in two CCA cell lines, HuCCA and RmCCA-1, derived from CCA samples from patients in Thailand. In total, ~45% of the CCA specimens had low ASS expression, and the level of expression was significantly negatively associated with cell differentiation (P<0.05) and Ki-67 expression (P<0.05). The level of ASS expression in tumor cells was significantly lower than that in non-tumor cells (1.3-fold, P<0.05). The HuCCA cell line had significantly lower levels (P<0.05) of ASS expression at the mRNA and protein levels relative to those of normal human immortalized fibroblast cells (BJ-1). By contrast, the RmCCA-1 cell line showed no significant difference. In addition, the effects of ADI-PEG20 on growth inhibition, apoptosis and cell cycle arrest were determined in HuCCA and RmCCA-1 cells. ADI-PEG20 treatment reduced cell viability and cell proliferation in the two CCA cell lines, though it had no effect in immortalized BJ-1 cells. Furthermore, ADI-PEG20 treatment significantly increased G0/G1 cell cycle arrest in HuCCA, though not in RmCCA-1 cells. ASS silencing in the RmCCA-1 cell line significantly enhanced its sensitivity to ADI-PEG20 treatment. Results from the in vitro study demonstrated that ADI-PEG20 has antitumor activity against CCA with low ASS expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somphon Roeksomtawin
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand.,Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Panida Navasumrit
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand.,Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand.,Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology, CHE, Ministry of Education, Bangkok 10300, Thailand
| | - Somchamai Waraprasit
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Varabhorn Parnlob
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | | | - Vajarabhongsa Bhudhisawasdi
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kean 40000, Thailand.,Laboratory of Chemical Carcinogenesis, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Niramol Savaraj
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33125, USA
| | - Mathuros Ruchirawat
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand.,Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand.,Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology, CHE, Ministry of Education, Bangkok 10300, Thailand
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25
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Kim Y, Kobayashi E, Kubota D, Suehara Y, Mukaihara K, Akaike K, Ito A, Kaneko K, Chuman H, Kawai A, Kitano S. Reduced argininosuccinate synthetase expression in refractory sarcomas: Impacts on therapeutic potential and drug resistance. Oncotarget 2016; 7:70832-44. [PMID: 27683125 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Treating drug-resistant sarcomas remains a major challenge. The present study aimed to identify a novel therapy for drug-resistant sarcomas based on metabolic errors involving argininosuccinate synthetase1 (ASS1). Results ASS1 expression was reduced in Dox-resistant sarcoma cells. Immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR showed an inverse correlation between ASS1 and P-gp expressions. The inhibition of cellular proliferation with G1-arrest was shown to lead to autophagy with arginine deprivation. In addition, the combination of an autophagy inhibitor plus arginine deprivation was more effective than arginine deprivation alone. In cells with suppressed ASS1 expression, P-gp expression was upregulated as compared to that in negative controls. Discussion These results indicate that the reduced ASS1 expression in Dox-resistant sarcomas may contribute to drug resistance in association with the expression of P-gp. ASS1 deficiency is a potential target for novel drug therapies. The combination of arginine-deprivation therapy and an autophagy inhibitor may have anti-tumor effects in refractory sarcomas. Methods We assessed the expressions of ASS1 and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) in clinical specimens and cell lines of osteosarcoma (KHOS), doxorubicin (Dox)-resistant osteosarcoma (KHOSR2), epithelioid sarcomas (ES-X and VAESBJ) and alveolar soft part sarcoma (ASPS-KY). Each cell line was cultured in arginine-containing and arginine-free media. Cell growth was assessed using an XTT assay and flow cytometry. We analyzed the induction of autophagy in arginine-free medium. Moreover, we assessed the expression of P-gp after suppressing ASS1 in Dox-sensitive cells (MCF-7 and KHOS) and after transfecting ASS1 into Dox-resistant cells (ES-X, VAESBJ, ASPS-KY and KHOSR2).
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26
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Mörén L, Perryman R, Crook T, Langer JK, Oneill K, Syed N, Antti H. Metabolomic profiling identifies distinct phenotypes for ASS1 positive and negative GBM. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:167. [PMID: 29422017 PMCID: PMC5806242 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4040-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tumour cells have a high demand for arginine. However, a subset of glioblastomas has a defect in the arginine biosynthetic pathway due to epigenetic silencing of the rate limiting enzyme argininosuccinate synthetase (ASS1). These tumours are auxotrophic for arginine and susceptible to the arginine degrading enzyme, pegylated arginine deiminase (ADI-PEG20). Moreover, ASS1 deficient GBM have a worse prognosis compared to ASS1 positive tumours. Since altered tumour metabolism is one of the hallmarks of cancer we were interested to determine if these two subtypes exhibited different metabolic profiles that could allow for their non-invasive detection as well as unveil additional novel therapeutic opportunities. Methods We looked for basal metabolic differences using one and two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (1D/2D GC-TOFMS) followed by targeted analysis of 29 amino acids using liquid chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-TOFMS). We also looked for differences upon arginine deprivation in a single ASS1 negative and positive cell line (SNB19 and U87 respectively). The acquired data was evaluated by chemometric based bioinformatic methods. Results Orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) of both the 1D and 2D GC-TOFMS data revealed significant systematic difference in metabolites between the two subgroups with ASS1 positive cells generally exhibiting an overall elevation of identified metabolites, including those involved in the arginine biosynthetic pathway. Pathway and network analysis of the metabolite profile show that ASS1 negative cells have altered arginine and citrulline metabolism as well as altered amino acid metabolism. As expected, we observed significant metabolite perturbations in ASS negative cells in response to ADI-PEG20 treatment. Conclusions This study has highlighted significant differences in the metabolome of ASS1 negative and positive GBM which warrants further study to determine their diagnostic and therapeutic potential for the treatment of this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Mörén
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE 901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Richard Perryman
- John Fulcher Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Tim Crook
- St Luke's Cancer Centre, Royal Surrey County Hospital, Guildford, Surrey, UK
| | - Julia K Langer
- John Fulcher Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Kevin Oneill
- John Fulcher Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Nelofer Syed
- John Fulcher Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Henrik Antti
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE 901 87, Umeå, Sweden.
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Li YY, Wu C, Shah SS, Chen SM, Wangpaichitr M, Kuo MT, Feun LG, Han X, Suarez M, Prince J, Savaraj N. Degradation of AMPK-α1 sensitizes BRAF inhibitor-resistant melanoma cells to arginine deprivation. Mol Oncol 2017; 11:1806-1825. [PMID: 29094484 PMCID: PMC5709618 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanomas harboring BRAF mutation (V600E) are known to recur frequently following treatment with BRAF inhibitors (BRAFi) despite a high initial response rate. Our previous study has uncovered that BRAFi‐resistant melanoma (BR) cells are vulnerable to arginine deprivation. It has been reported that naïve melanoma cells undergo autophagy and re‐express argininosuccinate synthetase 1 (ASS1) to enable them to synthesize arginine for survival when encountering arginine deprivation. Abolishing these two factors in BR cells confers sensitivity to arginine deprivation. In this report, we further demonstrated that downregulation of AMPK‐α1 in BR cells is a major factor contributing to impairment of autophagy as evidenced by decreased autophagosome formation. These BR cells also showed a metabolic shift from glucose to arginine dependence, which was supported by decreased expressions of GLUT1 (glucose transporter) and hexokinase II (HKII) coupled with less glucose uptake but high levels of arginine transporter CAT‐2 expression. Furthermore, silencing CAT‐2 expression also distinctly attenuated BR cell proliferation. Notably, when naïve melanoma cells became BR cells by long‐term exposure to BRAFi, a stepwise degradation of AMPK‐α1 was initiated via ubiquitin‐proteasome system (UPS). We discovered that a novel E3 ligase, RING finger 44 (RNF44), is responsible for promoting AMPK‐α1 degradation in BR cells. RNF44 expression in BR cells was upregulated by transcription factor CREB triggered by hyperactivation of ERK/AKT. High levels of RNF44 corresponding to low levels of AMPK‐α1 appeared in BR xenografts and melanoma tumor samples from BR and BRAFi/MEK inhibitor (MEKi)‐resistant (BMR) melanoma patients. Similar to BR cells, BMR cells were also sensitive to arginine deprivation. Our study provides a novel insight into the mechanism whereby BRAFi or BRAFi/MEKi resistance drives proteasomal degradation of AMPK‐α1 and consequently regulates autophagy and metabolic reprogramming in melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ying Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL, USA.,Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL, USA
| | - Chunjing Wu
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Miami Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, FL, USA
| | - Sumedh S Shah
- Dauer Electron Microscopy Lab, Department of Biology, University of Miami, FL, USA
| | - Shu-Mei Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei Medical University-Wan Fang Hospital, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Medhi Wangpaichitr
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Miami Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, FL, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL, USA
| | - Macus T Kuo
- Department of Molecular Pathology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lynn G Feun
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL, USA
| | - Xiaoqing Han
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL, USA
| | - Miguel Suarez
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Miami Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, FL, USA
| | - Jeffrey Prince
- Dauer Electron Microscopy Lab, Department of Biology, University of Miami, FL, USA
| | - Niramol Savaraj
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL, USA.,Division of Hematology and Oncology, Miami Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, FL, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Wissam Zam
- Al-Andalus University for Medical Sciences, Syrian Arab Republic
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29
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Sharma A, Bala K, Husain I. Preliminary evaluation of arginine deiminase activity of indigenous bacterial strains for suitable chemotherapeutic applications. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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30
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Ferraresi A, Titone R, Follo C, Castiglioni A, Chiorino G, Dhanasekaran DN, Isidoro C. The protein restriction mimetic Resveratrol is an autophagy inducer stronger than amino acid starvation in ovarian cancer cells. Mol Carcinog 2017; 56:2681-2691. [PMID: 28856729 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The potential benefit of nutrient starvation in the prevention and treatment of cancer is presently under consideration. Resveratrol (RV), a dietary polyphenol acting as a protein (caloric) restriction mimetic, could substitute for amino acid starvation. The effects of starvation and of caloric restriction are mediated, among others, by autophagy, a process that contributes to cell homeostasis by promoting the lysosomal degradation of damaged and redundant self-constituents. Up-regulation of autophagy favors cell survival under nutrient shortage situation, and may drive cancer cells into a non-replicative, dormant state. Both RV and amino acid starvation effectively induced the aminoacid response and autophagy. These processes were associated with inhibition of the mTOR pathway and disruption of the BECLIN1-BCL-2 complex. The number of transcripts positively impinging on the autophagy pathway was higher in RV-treated than in starved cancer cells. Consistent with our data, it appears that RV treatment is more effective than and can substitute for starvation for inducing autophagy in cancer cells. The present findings are clinically relevant because of the potential therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Ferraresi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Novara, Italy
| | - Rossella Titone
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Novara, Italy
| | - Carlo Follo
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Novara, Italy
| | - Andrea Castiglioni
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Novara, Italy
| | - Giovanna Chiorino
- Cancer Genomics Laboratory, Fondazione Edo ed Elvo Tempia, Biella, Italy
| | - Danny N Dhanasekaran
- Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Ciro Isidoro
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Novara, Italy
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Li YY, Feun LG, Thongkum A, Tu CH, Chen SM, Wangpaichitr M, Wu C, Kuo MT, Savaraj N. Autophagic Mechanism in Anti-Cancer Immunity: Its Pros and Cons for Cancer Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E1297. [PMID: 28629173 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, a self-eating machinery, has been reported as an adaptive response to maintain metabolic homeostasis when cancer cells encounter stress. It has been appreciated that autophagy acts as a double-edge sword to decide the fate of cancer cells upon stress factors, molecular subtypes, and microenvironmental conditions. Currently, the majority of evidence support that autophagy in cancer cells is a vital mechanism bringing on resistance to current and prospective treatments, yet whether autophagy affects the anticancer immune response remains unclear and controversial. Accumulated studies have demonstrated that triggering autophagy is able to facilitate anticancer immunity due to an increase in immunogenicity, whereas other studies suggested that autophagy is likely to disarm anticancer immunity mediated by cytotoxic T cells and nature killer (NK) cells. Hence, this contradiction needs to be elucidated. In this review, we discuss the role of autophagy in cancer cells per se and in cancer microenvironment as well as its dual regulatory roles in immune surveillance through modulating presentation of tumor antigens, development of immune cells, and expression of immune checkpoints. We further focus on emerging roles of autophagy induced by current treatments and its impact on anticancer immune response, and illustrate the pros and cons of utilizing autophagy in cancer immunotherapy based on preclinical references.
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32
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Thongkum A, Wu C, Li YY, Wangpaichitr M, Navasumrit P, Parnlob V, Sricharunrat T, Bhudhisawasdi V, Ruchirawat M, Savaraj N. The Combination of Arginine Deprivation and 5-Fluorouracil Improves Therapeutic Efficacy in Argininosuccinate Synthetase Negative Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18061175. [PMID: 28587170 PMCID: PMC5485998 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Argininosuccinate synthetase (ASS), a key enzyme to synthesize arginine is down regulated in many tumors including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Similar to previous reports, we have found the decrease in ASS expression in poorly differentiated HCC. These ASS(-) tumors are auxotrophic for arginine. Pegylated arginine deiminase (ADI-PEG20), which degrades arginine, has shown activity in these tumors, but the antitumor effect is not robust and hence combination treatment is needed. Herein, we have elucidated the effectiveness of ADI-PEG20 combined with 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) in ASS(-)HCC by targeting urea cycle and pyrimidine metabolism using four HCC cell lines as model. SNU398 and SNU387 express very low levels of ASS or ASS(-) while Huh-1, and HepG2 express high ASS similar to normal cells. Our results showed that the augmented cytotoxic effect of combination treatment only occurs in SNU398 and SNU387, and not in HepG2 and Huh-1 (ASS(+)) cells, and is partly due to reduced anti-apoptotic proteins X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP), myeloid leukemia cell differentiation protein (Mcl-1) and B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2). Importantly, lack of ASS also influences essential enzymes in pyrimidine synthesis (carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase2, aspartate transcarbamylase and dihydrooratase (CAD) and thymidylate synthase (TS)) and malate dehydrogenase-1 (MDH-1) in TCA cycle. ADI-PEG20 treatment decreased these enzymes and made them more vulnerable to 5-FU. Transfection of ASS restored these enzymes and abolished the sensitivity to ADI-PEG20 and combination treatment. Overall, our data suggest that ASS influences multiple enzymes involved in 5-FU sensitivity. Combining ADI-PEG20 and 5-FU may be effective to treat ASS(-)hepatoma and warrants further clinical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angkana Thongkum
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Laksi, Bangkok 10210, Thailand.
- Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Laksi, Bangkok 10210, Thailand.
| | - Chunjing Wu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Miami Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Miami, FL 33125, USA.
| | - Ying-Ying Li
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Miami Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Miami, FL 33125, USA.
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
| | - Medhi Wangpaichitr
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Miami Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Miami, FL 33125, USA.
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33125, USA.
| | - Panida Navasumrit
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Laksi, Bangkok 10210, Thailand.
- Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Laksi, Bangkok 10210, Thailand.
- Center of Excellence on Environmental Health, Toxicology (EHT), Ministry of Education, Bangkok 10300, Thailand.
| | - Varabhorn Parnlob
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Laksi, Bangkok 10210, Thailand.
| | - Thaniya Sricharunrat
- Laboratory Unit of Pathology, Chulabhorn Hospital, Laksi, Bangkok 10210, Thailand.
| | - Vajarabhongsa Bhudhisawasdi
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Khonkaen University, Khonkaen 40000, Thailand.
- Laboratory of Chemical Carcinogenesis, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Laksi, Bangkok 10210, Thailand.
| | - Mathuros Ruchirawat
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Laksi, Bangkok 10210, Thailand.
- Center of Excellence on Environmental Health, Toxicology (EHT), Ministry of Education, Bangkok 10300, Thailand.
| | - Niramol Savaraj
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Miami Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Miami, FL 33125, USA.
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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33
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Li YY, Wu C, Chen SM, Shah SS, Wangpaichitr M, Feun LG, Kuo MT, Suarez M, Prince J, Savaraj N. BRAF inhibitor resistance enhances vulnerability to arginine deprivation in melanoma. Oncotarget 2017; 7:17665-80. [PMID: 26771234 PMCID: PMC4951241 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BRAF inhibitor (BRAFi) has been used for treatment of melanomas harboring V600E mutation. Despite a high initial response rate, resistance to BRAFi is inevitable. Here, we demonstrate that BRAFi-resistant (BR) melanomas are susceptible to arginine deprivation due to inability to initiate re-expression of argininosuccinate synthetase (ASS1, a key enzyme for arginine synthesis) as well as ineffective autophagy. Autophagy and ASS1 re-expression are known to protect melanoma cells from cell death upon arginine deprivation. When melanoma cells become BR cells by long-term in vitro incubation with BRAFi, c-Myc-mediated ASS1 re-expression and the levels of autophagy-associated proteins (AMPK-α1 and Atg5) are attenuated. Furthermore, our study uncovers that downregulation of deubiquitinase USP28 which results in more active c-Myc degradation via ubiquitin-proteasome machinery is the primary mechanism for inability to re-express ASS1 upon arginine deprivation in BR cells. Overexpression of USP28 in BR cells enhances c-Myc expression and hence increases ASS1 transcription upon arginine deprivation, and consequently leads to cell survival. On the other hand, overexpression of Atg5 or AMPK-α1 in BR cells can redirect arginine deprivation-induced apoptosis toward autophagy. The xenograft models also confirm that BR tumors possess lower expression of ASS1 and are hypersensitive to arginine deprivation. These biochemical changes in BRAFi resistance which make them vulnerable to arginine deprivation can be exploited for the future treatment of BR melanoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ying Li
- Sheila and David Fuente Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.,Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Chunjing Wu
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Miami Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Shu-Mei Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan.,Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei Medical University-Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sumedh S Shah
- Dauer Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Medhi Wangpaichitr
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Miami Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Miami, Florida, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Lynn G Feun
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Macus T Kuo
- Department of Molecular Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Miguel Suarez
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Miami Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Jeffrey Prince
- Dauer Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Niramol Savaraj
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.,Division of Hematology and Oncology, Miami Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Miami, Florida, USA
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Manig F, Kuhne K, von Neubeck C, Schwarzenbolz U, Yu Z, Kessler BM, Pietzsch J, Kunz-Schughart LA. The why and how of amino acid analytics in cancer diagnostics and therapy. J Biotechnol 2017; 242:30-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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35
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Fernandes HS, Silva Teixeira CS, Fernandes PA, Ramos MJ, Cerqueira NMFSA. Amino acid deprivation using enzymes as a targeted therapy for cancer and viral infections. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2016; 27:283-297. [DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2017.1254194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. S. Fernandes
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - C. S. Silva Teixeira
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - P. A. Fernandes
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - M. J. Ramos
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - N. M. F. S. A. Cerqueira
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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36
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Bean GR, Kremer JC, Prudner BC, Schenone AD, Yao JC, Schultze MB, Chen DY, Tanas MR, Adkins DR, Bomalaski J, Rubin BP, Michel LS, Van Tine BA. A metabolic synthetic lethal strategy with arginine deprivation and chloroquine leads to cell death in ASS1-deficient sarcomas. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2406. [PMID: 27735949 PMCID: PMC5133958 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Sarcomas comprise a large heterogeneous group of mesenchymal cancers with limited therapeutic options. When treated with standard cytotoxic chemotherapies, many sarcomas fail to respond completely and rapidly become treatment resistant. A major problem in the investigation and treatment of sarcomas is the fact that no single gene mutation or alteration has been identified among the diverse histologic subtypes. We searched for therapeutically druggable targets that are common to a wide range of histologies and hence could provide alternatives to the conventional chemotherapy. Seven hundred samples comprising 45 separate histologies were examined. We found that almost 90% were arginine auxotrophs, as the expression of argininosuccinate synthetase 1 was lost or significantly reduced. Arginine auxotrophy confers sensitivity to arginine deprivation, leading temporarily to starvation and ultimately to cell survival or death under different circumstances. We showed that, in sarcoma, arginine deprivation therapy with pegylated arginine deiminase (ADI-PEG20) maintains a prolonged state of arginine starvation without causing cell death. However, when starvation was simultaneously prolonged by ADI-PEG20 while inhibited by the clinically available drug chloroquine, sarcoma cells died via necroptosis and apoptosis. These results have revealed a novel metabolic vulnerability in sarcomas and provided the basis for a well-tolerated alternative treatment strategy, potentially applicable to up to 90% of the tumors, regardless of histology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory R Bean
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jeff C Kremer
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Bethany C Prudner
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Aaron D Schenone
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Juo-Chin Yao
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Matthew B Schultze
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - David Y Chen
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Munir R Tanas
- Anatomic Pathology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Douglas R Adkins
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Brian P Rubin
- Anatomic Pathology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Loren S Michel
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Brian A Van Tine
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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37
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Andreasson KI, Bachstetter AD, Colonna M, Ginhoux F, Holmes C, Lamb B, Landreth G, Lee DC, Low D, Lynch MA, Monsonego A, O’Banion MK, Pekny M, Puschmann T, Russek-Blum N, Sandusky LA, Selenica MLB, Takata K, Teeling J, Town T, Van Eldik LJ, Russek-Blum N, Monsonego A, Low D, Takata K, Ginhoux F, Town T, O’Banion MK, Lamb B, Colonna M, Landreth G, Andreasson KI, Sandusky LA, Selenica MLB, Lee DC, Holmes C, Teeling J, Lynch MA, Van Eldik LJ, Bachstetter AD, Pekny M, Puschmann T. Targeting innate immunity for neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system. J Neurochem 2016; 138:653-93. [PMID: 27248001 PMCID: PMC5433264 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is critically involved in numerous neurodegenerative diseases, and key signaling steps of innate immune activation hence represent promising therapeutic targets. This mini review series originated from the 4th Venusberg Meeting on Neuroinflammation held in Bonn, Germany, 7-9th May 2015, presenting updates on innate immunity in acute brain injury and chronic neurodegenerative disorders, such as traumatic brain injury and Alzheimer disease, on the role of astrocytes and microglia, as well as technical developments that may help elucidate neuroinflammatory mechanisms and establish clinical relevance. In this meeting report, a brief overview of physiological and pathological microglia morphology is followed by a synopsis on PGE2 receptors, insights into the role of arginine metabolism and further relevant aspects of neuroinflammation in various clinical settings, and concluded by a presentation of technical challenges and solutions when working with microglia and astrocyte cultures. Microglial ontogeny and induced pluripotent stem cell-derived microglia, advances of TREM2 signaling, and the cytokine paradox in Alzheimer's disease are further contributions to this article. Neuroinflammation is critically involved in numerous neurodegenerative diseases, and key signaling steps of innate immune activation hence represent promising therapeutic targets. This mini review series originated from the 4th Venusberg Meeting on Neuroinflammation held in Bonn, Germany, 7-9th May 2015, presenting updates on innate immunity in acute brain injury and chronic neurodegenerative disorders, such as traumatic brain injury and Alzheimer's disease, on the role of astrocytes and microglia, as well as technical developments that may help elucidate neuroinflammatory mechanisms and establish clinical relevance. In this meeting report, a brief overview on physiological and pathological microglia morphology is followed by a synopsis on PGE2 receptors, insights into the role of arginine metabolism and further relevant aspects of neuroinflammation in various clinical settings, and concluded by a presentation of technical challenges and solutions when working with microglia cultures. Microglial ontogeny and induced pluripotent stem cell-derived microglia, advances of TREM2 signaling, and the cytokine paradox in Alzheimer's disease are further contributions to this article.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Niva Russek-Blum
- The Dead Sea and Arava Science Center, Central Arava Branch, Yair Station, Hazeva, Israel
| | - Alon Monsonego
- The Shraga Segal Dept. of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, The Faculty of Health Sciences: The National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, and Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Donovan Low
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Kazuyuki Takata
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
- Department of Clinical and Translational Physiology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Terrence Town
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089,
| | - M. Kerry O’Banion
- Departments of Neuroscience and Neurology, Del Monte Neuromedicine Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642,
| | - Bruce Lamb
- Department of Neurosciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Gary Landreth
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University 44106
| | - Katrin I. Andreasson
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford Neuroscience Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Leslie A. Sandusky
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Institute, Tampa, FL 33613
- College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tampa, FL 33613
| | - Maj-Linda B. Selenica
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Institute, Tampa, FL 33613
- College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tampa, FL 33613
| | - Daniel C. Lee
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Institute, Tampa, FL 33613
- College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tampa, FL 33613
| | - Clive Holmes
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 7YD, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica Teeling
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 7YD, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Milos Pekny
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Till Puschmann
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Zhang B, Fan J, Zhang X, Shen W, Cao Z, Yang P, Xu Z, Ju D. Targeting asparagine and autophagy for pulmonary adenocarcinoma therapy. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:9145-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7640-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Patil MD, Bhaumik J, Babykutty S, Banerjee UC, Fukumura D. Arginine dependence of tumor cells: targeting a chink in cancer's armor. Oncogene 2016; 35:4957-72. [PMID: 27109103 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Arginine, one among the 20 most common natural amino acids, has a pivotal role in cellular physiology as it is being involved in numerous cellular metabolic and signaling pathways. Dependence on arginine is diverse for both tumor and normal cells. Because of decreased expression of argininosuccinate synthetase and/or ornithine transcarbamoylase, several types of tumor are auxotrophic for arginine. Deprivation of arginine exploits a significant vulnerability of these tumor cells and leads to their rapid demise. Hence, enzyme-mediated arginine depletion is a potential strategy for the selective destruction of tumor cells. Arginase, arginine deiminase and arginine decarboxylase are potential enzymes that may be used for arginine deprivation therapy. These arginine catabolizing enzymes not only reduce tumor growth but also make them susceptible to concomitantly administered anti-cancer therapeutics. Most of these enzymes are currently under clinical investigations and if successful will potentially be advanced as anti-cancer modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Patil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Biotechnology), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Punjab, India
| | - J Bhaumik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Biotechnology), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Punjab, India
| | - S Babykutty
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - U C Banerjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Biotechnology), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Punjab, India
| | - D Fukumura
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Han RZ, Xu GC, Dong JJ, Ni Y. Arginine deiminase: recent advances in discovery, crystal structure, and protein engineering for improved properties as an anti-tumor drug. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:4747-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7490-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Burrows N, Cane G, Robson M, Gaude E, J. Howat W, Szlosarek PW, Pedley RB, Frezza C, Ashcroft M, Maxwell PH. Hypoxia-induced nitric oxide production and tumour perfusion is inhibited by pegylated arginine deiminase (ADI-PEG20). Sci Rep 2016; 6:22950. [PMID: 26972697 PMCID: PMC4789736 DOI: 10.1038/srep22950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The hypoxic tumour microenvironment represents an aggressive, therapy-resistant compartment. As arginine is required for specific hypoxia-induced processes, we hypothesised that arginine-deprivation therapy may be useful in targeting hypoxic cancer cells. We explored the effects of the arginine-degrading agent ADI-PEG20 on hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) activation, the hypoxia-induced nitric oxide (NO) pathway and proliferation using HCT116 and UMUC3 cells and xenografts. The latter lack argininosuccinate synthetase (ASS1) making them auxotrophic for arginine. In HCT116 cells, ADI-PEG20 inhibited hypoxic-activation of HIF-1α and HIF-2α, leading to decreased inducible-nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), NO-production, and VEGF. Interestingly, combining hypoxia and ADI-PEG20 synergistically inhibited ASS1. ADI-PEG20 inhibited mTORC1 and activated the unfolded protein response providing a mechanism for inhibition of HIF and ASS1. ADI-PEG20 inhibited tumour growth, impaired hypoxia-associated NO-production, and decreased vascular perfusion. Expression of HIF-1α/HIF-2α/iNOS and VEGF were reduced, despite an increased hypoxic tumour fraction. Similar effects were observed in UMUC3 xenografts. In summary, ADI-PEG20 inhibits HIF-activated processes in two tumour models with widely different arginine biology. Thus, ADI-PEG20 may be useful in the clinic to target therapy-resistant hypoxic cells in ASS1-proficient tumours and ASS1-deficient tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Burrows
- School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
| | - Gaelle Cane
- Metabolism and Experimental Therapeutics, Division of Medicine, University College London, 5 University Street, London, WC1E 6JF, United Kingdom
| | - Mathew Robson
- Tumour Biology Group, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Edoardo Gaude
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Box 197, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom, CB2 0XZ
| | - William J. Howat
- Histopathology/ISH, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Peter W. Szlosarek
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - R. Barbara Pedley
- Tumour Biology Group, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Frezza
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Box 197, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom, CB2 0XZ
| | - Margaret Ashcroft
- Metabolism and Experimental Therapeutics, Division of Medicine, University College London, 5 University Street, London, WC1E 6JF, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick H. Maxwell
- School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
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Xiong L, Teng JL, Botelho MG, Lo RC, Lau SK, Woo PC. Arginine Metabolism in Bacterial Pathogenesis and Cancer Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:363. [PMID: 26978353 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17030363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibacterial resistance to infectious diseases is a significant global concern for health care organizations; along with aging populations and increasing cancer rates, it represents a great burden for government healthcare systems. Therefore, the development of therapies against bacterial infection and cancer is an important strategy for healthcare research. Pathogenic bacteria and cancer have developed a broad range of sophisticated strategies to survive or propagate inside a host and cause infection or spread disease. Bacteria can employ their own metabolism pathways to obtain nutrients from the host cells in order to survive. Similarly, cancer cells can dysregulate normal human cell metabolic pathways so that they can grow and spread. One common feature of the adaption and disruption of metabolic pathways observed in bacterial and cancer cell growth is amino acid pathways; these have recently been targeted as a novel approach to manage bacterial infections and cancer therapy. In particular, arginine metabolism has been illustrated to be important not only for bacterial pathogenesis but also for cancer therapy. Therefore, greater insights into arginine metabolism of pathogenic bacteria and cancer cells would provide possible targets for controlling of bacterial infection and cancer treatment. This review will summarize the recent progress on the relationship of arginine metabolism with bacterial pathogenesis and cancer therapy, with a particular focus on arginase and arginine deiminase pathways of arginine catabolism.
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Savaraj N, Wu C, Li YY, Wangpaichitr M, You M, Bomalaski J, He W, Kuo MT, Feun LG. Targeting argininosuccinate synthetase negative melanomas using combination of arginine degrading enzyme and cisplatin. Oncotarget 2016; 6:6295-309. [PMID: 25749046 PMCID: PMC4467438 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of argininosuccinate synthetase (ASS) expression in melanoma makes these tumor cells vulnerable to arginine deprivation. Pegylated arginine deiminase (ADI-PEG20) which degrades arginine to citrulline and ammonia has been used clinically and partial responses and stable disease have been noted with minimal toxicity. In order to improve the therapeutic efficacy of ADI-PEG20, we have combined ADI-PEG20 with a DNA damaging agent, cisplatin. We have shown that the combination of the two drugs together significantly improved the therapeutic efficacy when compared to ADI-PEG20 alone or cisplatin alone in 4 melanoma cell lines, regardless of their BRAF mutation. In-vivo study also exhibited the same effect as in-vitro with no added toxicity to either agent alone. The underlying mechanism is complex, but increased DNA damage upon arginine deprivation due to decreased DNA repair proteins, FANCD2, ATM, and CHK1/2 most likely leads to increased apoptosis. This action is further intensified by increased proapoptotic protein, NOXA, and decreased antiapoptotic proteins, SURVIVIN, BCL2 and XIAP. The autophagic process which protects cells from apoptosis upon ADI-PEG20 treatment also dampens upon cisplatin administration. Thus, the combination of arginine deprivation and cisplatin function in concert to kill tumor cells which do not express ASS without added toxicity to normal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niramol Savaraj
- Miami VA Healthcare System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Miami, FL, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Chunjing Wu
- Miami VA Healthcare System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Ying-Ying Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Medhi Wangpaichitr
- Miami VA Healthcare System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Miami, FL, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Min You
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Wei He
- Polaris Group, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Macus Tien Kuo
- Departments of Molecular Pathology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lynn G Feun
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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Cheong JW, Kim Y, Eom JI, Jeung HK, Min YH. Enhanced autophagy in cytarabine arabinoside-resistant U937 leukemia cells and its potential as a target for overcoming resistance. Mol Med Rep 2016; 13:3433-40. [PMID: 26935591 PMCID: PMC4805098 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.4949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a lysosomal degradation mechanism that is essential for cell survival, differentiation, development, and homeostasis. Autophagy protects cells from various stresses, including protecting normal cells from harmful metabolic conditions, and cancer cells from chemotherapeutics. In the current study, a cytarabine arabinoside (Ara-C)-sensitive U937 leukemia cell line and an Ara-C-resistant U937 (U937/AR) cell line were assessed for baseline autophagy activity by investigating the LC3-I conversion to LC3-II, performing EGFP-LC3 puncta, an acidic autophagolysosome assay, and measuring the expression of various autophagy-related genes. The results demonstrated significantly higher autophagic activity in the U937/AR cells compared with the U937 cells, when the cells were cultured with or without serum. Furthermore, an increase in the autophagic activity in starved U937/AR cells was demonstrated, compared with that in the starved U937 cells. Administration of an autophagy inhibitor demonstrated no change in cell death in the two cell lines when cultured with serum, however, it induced cell death regardless of the Ara-C sensitivity when the cell lines were cultured without serum. In addition, the U937 cells demonstrated an Ara-C resistance when cultured without serum. Co-treatment with Ara-C and the autophagy inhibitor significantly induced cell death in the U937/AR and Ara-C-sensitive U937 cells. In conclusion, autophagy serves an important role in protecting U937 cells from Ara-C and in the development of Ara-C resistance. Inhibition of autophagy combined with the Ara-C treatment in the U937 cells augmented the anti-leukemic effect of Ara-C and overcame Ara-C resistance, suggesting that autophagy may be an important therapeutic target to further improve the treatment outcome in patients with acute myeloid leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- June-Won Cheong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120‑752, Republic of Korea
| | - Yundeok Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120‑752, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju In Eom
- Medical Research Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120‑752, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoi-Kyung Jeung
- Medical Research Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120‑752, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo Hong Min
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120‑752, Republic of Korea
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Hunt JB Jr, Nash KR, Placides D, Moran P, Selenica ML, Abuqalbeen F, Ratnasamy K, Slouha N, Rodriguez-Ospina S, Savlia M, Ranaweera Y, Reid P, Dickey CA, Uricia R, Yang CG, Sandusky LA, Gordon MN, Morgan D, Lee DC. Sustained Arginase 1 Expression Modulates Pathological Tau Deposits in a Mouse Model of Tauopathy. J Neurosci 2015; 35:14842-60. [PMID: 26538654 DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3959-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Tau accumulation remains one of the closest correlates of neuronal loss in Alzheimer's disease. In addition, tau associates with several other neurodegenerative diseases, collectively known as tauopathies, in which clinical phenotypes manifest as cognitive impairment, behavioral disturbances, and motor impairment. Polyamines act as bivalent regulators of cellular function and are involved in numerous biological processes. The regulation of the polyamines system can become dysfunctional during disease states. Arginase 1 (Arg1) and nitric oxide synthases compete for l-arginine to produce either polyamines or nitric oxide, respectively. Herein, we show that overexpression of Arg1 using adeno-associated virus (AAV) in the CNS of rTg4510 tau transgenic mice significantly reduced phospho-tau species and tangle pathology. Sustained Arg1 overexpression decreased several kinases capable of phosphorylating tau, decreased inflammation, and modulated changes in the mammalian target of rapamycin and related proteins, suggesting activation of autophagy. Arg1 overexpression also mitigated hippocampal atrophy in tau transgenic mice. Conversely, conditional deletion of Arg1 in myeloid cells resulted in increased tau accumulation relative to Arg1-sufficient mice after transduction with a recombinant AAV-tau construct. These data suggest that Arg1 and the polyamine pathway may offer novel therapeutic targets for tauopathies.
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Bobak Y, Kurlishchuk Y, Vynnytska-Myronovska B, Grydzuk O, Shuvayeva G, Redowicz MJ, Kunz-Schughart LA, Stasyk O. Arginine deprivation induces endoplasmic reticulum stress in human solid cancer cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2015; 70:29-38. [PMID: 26546743 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2015.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Deprivation for the single amino acid arginine is a rapidly developing metabolic anticancer therapy, which allows growth control in a number of highly malignant tumors. Here we report that one of the responses of human solid cancer cells to arginine starvation is the induction of prolonged endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR). Systematic study of two colorectal carcinoma HCT-116 and HT29, glioblastoma U251 MG and ovarian carcinoma SKOV3 cell lines revealed, however, that the ER stress triggered by the absence of arginine does not result in massive apoptosis despite a profound upregulation of the proapoptotic gene CHOP. Instead, Akt- and MAPK-dependent pathways were activated which may counteract proapoptotic signaling. Treatment with DMSO as a disaggregating agent or with cycloheximide to block protein synthesis reduced ER stress evoked by arginine deprivation. On the other hand, ER stress and apoptosis induction in arginine-starved cells could be critically augmented by the arginine analog of plant origin canavanine, but not by the classic ER stress inducer tunicamycin. Our data suggest that canavanine treatment applied under the lack of arginine may enhance the efficacy of arginine deprivation-based anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaroslav Bobak
- Department of Cell Signaling, Institute of Cell Biology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Drahomanov Str. 14/16, 79005 Lviv, Ukraine.
| | - Yuliya Kurlishchuk
- Department of Cell Signaling, Institute of Cell Biology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Drahomanov Str. 14/16, 79005 Lviv, Ukraine; OncoRay - National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiooncology, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Bozhena Vynnytska-Myronovska
- Department of Cell Signaling, Institute of Cell Biology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Drahomanov Str. 14/16, 79005 Lviv, Ukraine; OncoRay - National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiooncology, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Olesia Grydzuk
- Department of Cell Signaling, Institute of Cell Biology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Drahomanov Str. 14/16, 79005 Lviv, Ukraine.
| | - Galyna Shuvayeva
- Department of Cell Signaling, Institute of Cell Biology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Drahomanov Str. 14/16, 79005 Lviv, Ukraine.
| | - Maria J Redowicz
- Laboratory of Molecular Basis of Cell Motility, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pasteur Str. 3, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Leoni A Kunz-Schughart
- OncoRay - National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiooncology, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Department of Oncology, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK.
| | - Oleh Stasyk
- Department of Cell Signaling, Institute of Cell Biology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Drahomanov Str. 14/16, 79005 Lviv, Ukraine.
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Kardos GR, Robertson GP. Therapeutic interventions to disrupt the protein synthetic machinery in melanoma. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2015; 28:501-19. [PMID: 26139519 PMCID: PMC4716672 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Control of the protein synthetic machinery is deregulated in many cancers, including melanoma, to increase the protein production. Tumor suppressors and oncogenes play key roles in protein synthesis from the transcription of rRNA and ribosome biogenesis to mRNA translation initiation and protein synthesis. Major signaling pathways are altered in melanoma to modulate the protein synthetic machinery, thereby promoting tumor development. However, despite the importance of this process in melanoma development, involvement of the protein synthetic machinery in this cancer type is an underdeveloped area of study. Here, we review the coupling of melanoma development to deregulation of the protein synthetic machinery. We examine existing knowledge regarding RNA polymerase I inhibition and mRNA translation focusing on their inhibition for therapeutic applications in melanoma. Furthermore, the contribution of amino acid biosynthesis and involvement of ribosomal proteins are also reviewed as future therapeutic strategies to target deregulated protein production in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory R. Kardos
- Department of Pharmacology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA, USA, 17033
- The Melanoma and Skin Cancer Center, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA, USA, 17033
- The Melanoma Therapeutics Program, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA, USA, 17033
| | - Gavin P. Robertson
- Department of Pharmacology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA, USA, 17033
- Department of Pathology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA, USA, 17033
- Department of Dermatology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA, USA, 17033
- Department of Surgery, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA, USA, 17033
- The Melanoma and Skin Cancer Center, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA, USA, 17033
- The Melanoma Therapeutics Program, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA, USA, 17033
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Agrawal V, Woo JH, Mauldin JP, Stone EM, Meininger CJ, Jo C, Kleypas K, Frenkel EP, Frankel AE. In-vivo evaluation of human recombinant Co-arginase against A375 melanoma xenografts. Melanoma Res 2015; 24:556-67. [PMID: 25304236 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0000000000000119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Metastatic melanoma is a deadly form of cancer with few therapeutic options and the cause of more than 9480 deaths annually in the USA alone. Novel treatment options for this disease are urgently needed. Here we test the efficacy of a novel melanoma drug, the human recombinant Co-arginase (CoArgIPEG), against an aggressive A375 melanoma mouse model. CoArgIPEG is a modification of the naturally occurring human enzyme with improved stability, catalytic activity, and potentially lower immunogenicity compared with current amino acid-depleting drugs. Marked tumor growth reductions (mean P=0.0057) with apoptosis induction and proliferation inhibition are noted with CoArgIPEG treatment, both in the presence and in the absence of supplemental citrulline. Further, improved therapeutic efficacy has been noted against A375 xenografts relative to the naturally occurring human recombinant arginase enzyme at lower doses of CoArgIPEG. Unfortunately, after 1 month, half of the relapsing tumors showed argininosuccinate synthase induction, which correlated with Ser62-phosphorylated cMyc. Although argininosuccinate synthase induction could not be induced in vitro, a drug targeting pathway previously demonstrated to be associated with Ser62 cMyc phosphorylation - U0126 - in combination with CoArgIPEG demonstrated an in-vitro synergistic response (combination indices 0.13±0.10 and 0.14±0.10 with or without citrulline, respectively). Overall, favorable efficacy and potential synergy with other antimelanoma drugs support CoArgIPEG as a potent, novel cancer therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaidehi Agrawal
- aScott & White Cancer Research Institute, Baylor-Scott & White Health bDepartment of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple cDepartment of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin dDepartment of Internal Medicine University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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Daylami R, Muilenburg DJ, Virudachalam S, Bold RJ. Pegylated arginine deiminase synergistically increases the cytotoxicity of gemcitabine in human pancreatic cancer. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2014; 33:102. [PMID: 25499121 PMCID: PMC4279680 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-014-0102-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Background Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma has proven to be one of the most chemo-resistant among all solid organ malignancies. Several mechanisms of resistance have been described, though few reports of strategies to overcome this chemo-resistance have been successful in restoring sensitivity to the primary chemotherapy (gemcitabine) and enter the clinical treatment arena. Methods We examined the ability of cellular arginine depletion through treatment with PEG-ADI to alter in vitro and in vivo cytotoxicity of gemcitabine. The effect on levels of key regulators of gemcitabine efficacy (e.g. RRM2, hENT1, and dCK) were examined. Results Combination of PEG-ADI and gemcitabine substantially increases growth arrest, leading to increased tumor response in vivo. PEG-ADI is a strong inhibitor of the gemcitabine-induced overexpression of ribonucleotide reductase subunit M2 (RRM2) levels both in vivo and in vitro, which is associated with gemcitabine resistance. This mechanism is through the abrogation of the gemcitabine-mediated inhibitory effect on E2F-1 function, a transcriptional repressor of RRM2. Conclusion The ability to alter gemcitabine resistance in a targeted manner by inducing metabolic stress holds great promise in the treatment of advanced pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rouzbeh Daylami
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA.
| | - Diego J Muilenburg
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA.
| | | | - Richard J Bold
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA. .,Division of Surgical Oncology, Suite 3010, University of California, Davis Cancer Center, 4501 X Street, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.
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Wang Z, Shi X, Li Y, Fan J, Zeng X, Xian Z, Wang Z, Sun Y, Wang S, Song P, Zhao S, Hu H, Ju D. Blocking autophagy enhanced cytotoxicity induced by recombinant human arginase in triple-negative breast cancer cells. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1563. [PMID: 25501824 PMCID: PMC4454157 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Depletion of arginine by recombinant human arginase (rhArg) has proven to be an effective cancer therapeutic approach for a variety of malignant tumors. Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) lack of specific therapeutic targets, resulting in poor prognosis and limited therapeutic efficacy. To explore new therapeutic approaches for TNBC we studied the cytotoxicity of rhArg in five TNBC cells. We found that rhArg could inhibit cell growth in these five TNBC cells. Intriguingly, accumulation of autophagosomes and autophagic flux was observed in rhArg-treated MDA-MB-231 cells. Inhibition of autophagy by chloroquine (CQ), 3-methyladenine (3-MA) and siRNA targeting Beclin1 significantly enhanced rhArg-induced cytotoxic effect, indicating the cytoprotective role of autophagy in rhArg-induced cell death. In addition, N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC), a common antioxidant, blocked autophagy induced by rhArg, suggesting that reactive oxygen species (ROS) had an essential role in the cytotoxicity of rhArg. This study provides new insights into the molecular mechanism of autophagy involved in rhArg-induced cytotoxicity in TNBC cells. Meanwhile, our results revealed that rhArg, either alone or in combination with autophagic inhibitors, might be a potential novel therapy for the treatment of TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Wang
- 1] Department of Biosynthesis and Key Lab of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China [2] Department of Biopharmaceutical Research, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, China
| | - X Shi
- Department of Biosynthesis and Key Lab of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Y Li
- Department of Biosynthesis and Key Lab of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - J Fan
- Department of Biosynthesis and Key Lab of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - X Zeng
- Department of Biosynthesis and Key Lab of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Z Xian
- Department of Biosynthesis and Key Lab of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Z Wang
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, People's Affiliated Hospital of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Y Sun
- Department of Biosynthesis and Key Lab of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - S Wang
- Department of Biosynthesis and Key Lab of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - P Song
- Department of Biosynthesis and Key Lab of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - S Zhao
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - H Hu
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Research, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, China
| | - D Ju
- Department of Biosynthesis and Key Lab of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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