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Zakeri Z, Heiderzadeh M, Kocaarslan A, Metin E, Hosseini Karimi SN, Saghati S, Vural A, Akyoldaş G, Baysal K, Yağcı Y, Gürsoy-Özdemir Y, Taşoğlu S, Rahbarghazi R, Sokullu E. Exosomes encapsulated in hydrogels for effective central nervous system drug delivery. Biomater Sci 2024. [PMID: 38602364 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm01055d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
The targeted delivery of pharmacologically active molecules, metabolites, and growth factors to the brain parenchyma has become one of the major challenges following the onset of neurodegeneration and pathological conditions. The therapeutic effect of active biomolecules is significantly impaired after systemic administration in the central nervous system (CNS) because of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Therefore, the development of novel therapeutic approaches capable of overcoming these limitations is under discussion. Exosomes (Exo) are nano-sized vesicles of endosomal origin that have a high distribution rate in biofluids. Recent advances have introduced Exo as naturally suitable bio-shuttles for the delivery of neurotrophic factors to the brain parenchyma. In recent years, many researchers have attempted to regulate the delivery of Exo to target sites while reducing their removal from circulation. The encapsulation of Exo in natural and synthetic hydrogels offers a valuable strategy to address the limitations of Exo, maintaining their integrity and controlling their release at a desired site. Herein, we highlight the current and novel approaches related to the application of hydrogels for the encapsulation of Exo in the field of CNS tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziba Zakeri
- Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Koç University, Rumeli Feneri, 34450, Istanbul, Sariyer, Turkey.
| | - Morteza Heiderzadeh
- Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Koç University, Rumeli Feneri, 34450, Istanbul, Sariyer, Turkey.
| | - Azra Kocaarslan
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, İstanbul Technical University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Ecem Metin
- Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Koç University, Rumeli Feneri, 34450, Istanbul, Sariyer, Turkey.
| | | | - Sepideh Saghati
- Department of Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Atay Vural
- Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Koç University, Rumeli Feneri, 34450, Istanbul, Sariyer, Turkey.
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, KoÒ« University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Göktuğ Akyoldaş
- Department of Neurosurgery, Koç University Hospital, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Kemal Baysal
- Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Koç University, Rumeli Feneri, 34450, Istanbul, Sariyer, Turkey.
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Yağcı
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, İstanbul Technical University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Yasemin Gürsoy-Özdemir
- Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Koç University, Rumeli Feneri, 34450, Istanbul, Sariyer, Turkey.
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, KoÒ« University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Savaş Taşoğlu
- Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Koç University, Rumeli Feneri, 34450, Istanbul, Sariyer, Turkey.
- Mechanical Engineering Department, School of Engineering, Koç University, Rumeli Feneri, 34450, Istanbul, Sariyer, Turkey
| | - Reza Rahbarghazi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Emel Sokullu
- Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Koç University, Rumeli Feneri, 34450, Istanbul, Sariyer, Turkey.
- Biophysics Department, Koç University School of Medicine, Rumeli Feneri, 34450, Istanbul, Sariyer, Turkey
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2
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Raghav A, Singh M, Jeong GB, Giri R, Agarwal S, Kala S, Gautam KA. Extracellular vesicles in neurodegenerative diseases: A systematic review. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:1061076. [PMID: 36504676 PMCID: PMC9729355 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1061076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are known to have a significant role in the central nervous system (CNS) and neurodegenerative disease. Methods PubMed, Scopus, ISI Web of Science, EMBASE, and Google Scholar were used to identify published articles about EV modifications (2012 to Feb 2022). Results In total, 1,435 published papers were identified among the searched articles, with 1,128 non-duplicate publications being identified. Following the screening of titles and abstracts, 214 publications were excluded; following the full-text screening of 93 published articles, another 33 publications were excluded. The remaining 60 studies were considered. The kappa statistic of 0.868 indicated that the raters were highly reliable. Furthermore, the inter-reliability and intra-reliability coefficients were found to be 0.931 and 0.908, respectively, indicating strong reliability and consistency between the eligible studies identified by the raters. A total of 27 relevant studies demonstrated the role of EVs as therapeutic and diagnostic biomarkers in neurodegenerative diseases. Of note, 19 and 14 studies, respectively, found EVs to be pioneering in diagnostic and therapeutic roles. Discussion EVs play an important role in the central nervous system (CNS), aiding in cell-to-cell communication and serving as a diagnostic marker and therapeutic target in a variety of neurodegenerative diseases. EVs are the home of several proteins [including-synuclein (-syn) and tau proteins], lipids, and genetic materials such as DNA and RNA. The presence of novel miRNAs in EVs suggests biomarkers for the diagnosis and screening of neurodegenerative disorders. Furthermore, EVs play an important role in the pathogenesis of such disorders. This systematic review discussed the current state of EVs' role in neurological diseases, as well as some preclinical studies on the therapeutic and diagnostic potential of EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok Raghav
- Multidisciplinary Research Unit, Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi Memorial Medical College, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Manish Singh
- Multidisciplinary Research Unit, Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi Memorial Medical College, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi Memorial Medical College, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Goo-Bo Jeong
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Richa Giri
- Multidisciplinary Research Unit, Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi Memorial Medical College, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
- KPS PG Institute of Medicine, Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi Memorial Medical College, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Saurabh Agarwal
- Multidisciplinary Research Unit, Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi Memorial Medical College, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
- KPS PG Institute of Medicine, Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi Memorial Medical College, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sanjay Kala
- Department of Surgery, Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi Memorial Medical College, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kirti Amresh Gautam
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences, School of Engineering and Sciences, GD Goenka University, Gurugram, Haryana, India
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3
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Lazar SV, Mor S, Wang D, Goldbloom-Helzner L, Clark K, Hao D, Farmer DL, Wang A. Engineering extracellular vesicles for Alzheimer's disease: An emerging cell-free approach for earlier diagnosis and treatment. WIREs Mech Dis 2022; 14:e1541. [PMID: 35266650 PMCID: PMC9397584 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a debilitating neurodegenerative disorder affecting over five million people globally and has no established cure. Current AD-related treatments only alleviate cognitive and behavioral symptoms and do not address disease onset or progression, underlining the unmet need to create an effective, innovative AD therapeutic. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as a new class of nanotherapeutics. These secreted, lipid-bound cellular signaling carriers show promise for potential clinical applications for neurodegenerative diseases like AD. Additionally, analyzing contents and characteristics of patient-derived EVs may address the unmet need for earlier AD diagnostic techniques, informing physicians of altered genetic expression or cellular communications specific to healthy and diseased physiological states. There are numerous recent advances in regenerative medicine using EVs and include bioengineering perspectives to modify EVs, target glial cells in neurodegenerative diseases like AD, and potentially use EVs to diagnose and treat AD earlier. This article is categorized under: Neurological Diseases > Biomedical Engineering Neurological Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology Neurological Diseases > Stem Cells and Development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sirjan Mor
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Davis
| | - David Wang
- Department of Surgery, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis
| | - Leora Goldbloom-Helzner
- Department of Surgery, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis
| | - Kaitlin Clark
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Davis
| | - Dake Hao
- Department of Surgery, Shriners Hospitals for Children Northern California – Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, University of California, Davis
| | - Diana Lee Farmer
- Department of Surgery, Shriners Hospitals for Children Northern California – Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, University of California, Davis
| | - Aijun Wang
- Department of Surgery, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Shriners Hospitals for Children Northern California – Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, University of California, Davis
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4
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Sanders OD, Rajagopal L, Rajagopal JA. The oxidatively damaged DNA and amyloid-β oligomer hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 179:403-412. [PMID: 34506904 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The amyloid-β (Aβ) oligomer hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) still dominates the field, yet the clinical trial evidence does not robustly support it. A falsifiable prediction of the hypothesis is that Aβ oligomer levels should be elevated in the brain regions and at the disease stages where and when neuron death and synaptic protein loss begin and are the most severe, but we review previous evidence to demonstrate that this is not consistently the case. To rescue the Aβ oligomer hypothesis from falsification, we propose the novel ad-hoc hypothesis that the exceptionally vulnerable hippocampus may normally produce Aβ peptides even in healthily aging individuals, and hippocampal oxidatively damaged DNA, pathogen DNA, and metal ions such as zinc may initiate and drive Aβ peptide aggregation into oligomers and spreading, neuron death, synaptic dysfunction, and other aspects of AD neurodegeneration. We highlight additional evidence consistent with the underwhelming efficacy of Aβ oligomer-lowering agents, such as aducanumab, and of antioxidants, such as vitamin E, versus the so far isolated case report that DNase-I treatment for 2 months resulted in a severe AD patient's Mini-Mental State Exam score increasing from 3 to 18, reversing his diagnosis to moderate AD, according to the Mini-Mental State Exam.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lekshmy Rajagopal
- Seven Hills Hospital, Marol Maroshi Rd, Shivaji Nagar JJC, Marol, Andheri East, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400059, India
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5
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Kaur S, Verma H, Dhiman M, Tell G, Gigli GL, Janes F, Mantha AK. Brain Exosomes: Friend or Foe in Alzheimer's Disease? Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:6610-6624. [PMID: 34595669 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02547-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease. It is known to be a multifactorial disease and several causes are associated with its occurrence as well as progression. However, the accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ) is widely considered its major pathogenic hallmark. Additionally, neurofibrillary tangles (NFT), mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and aging (cellular senescence) are considered as additional hits affecting the disease pathology. Several studies are now suggesting important role of inflammation in AD, which shifts our thought towards the brain's resident immune cells, microglia, and astrocytes; how they interact with neurons; and how these interactions are affected by intra and extracellular stressful factors. These interactions can be modulated by different mechanisms and pathways, in which exosomes could play an important role. Exosomes are multivesicular bodies secreted by nearly all types of cells. The exosomes secreted by glial cells or neurons affect the interactions and thus the physiology of these cells by transmitting miRNAs, proteins, and lipids. Exosomes can serve as a friend or foe to the neuron function, depending upon the carried signals. Exosomes, from the healthy microenvironment, may assist neuron function and health, whereas, from the stressed microenvironment, they carry oxidative and inflammatory signals to the neurons and thus prove detrimental to the neuronal function. Furthermore, exosomes can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and from the blood plasma they can enter the brain cells and activate microglia and astrocytes. Exosomes can transport Aβ or Tau, cytokines, miRNAs between the cells, and alter the physiology of recipient cells. They can also assist in Aβ clearance and regulation of synaptic activity. The exosomes derived from different cells play different roles, and this field is still in its infancy stage. This review advocates exosomes' role as a friend or foe in neurodegenerative diseases, especially in the case of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharanjot Kaur
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biological Sciences , Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Harkomal Verma
- Department of Zoology, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Village Ghudda151 401, Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Monisha Dhiman
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biological Sciences , Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Gianluca Tell
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Gian Luigi Gigli
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy.,Clinical Neurology, Udine University Hospital, Udine, Italy
| | | | - Anil K Mantha
- Department of Zoology, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Village Ghudda151 401, Punjab, Bathinda, India.
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6
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Soares Martins T, Magalhães S, Rosa IM, Vogelgsang J, Wiltfang J, Delgadillo I, Catita J, da Cruz E Silva OAB, Nunes A, Henriques AG. Potential of FTIR Spectroscopy Applied to Exosomes for Alzheimer's Disease Discrimination: A Pilot Study. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 74:391-405. [PMID: 32039849 DOI: 10.3233/jad-191034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) diagnosis is based on psychological and imaging tests but can also include monitoring cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers. However, CSF based-neurochemical approaches are expensive and invasive, limiting their use to well-equipped settings. In contrast, blood-based biomarkers are minimally invasive, cost-effective, and a widely accessible alternative. Blood-derived exosomes have recently emerged as a reliable AD biomarker source, carrying disease-specific cargo. Fourier-transformed infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy meets the criteria for an ideal diagnostic methodology since it is rapid, easy to implement, and has high reproducibility. This metabolome-based technique is useful for diagnosing a broad range of diseases, although to our knowledge, no reports for FTIR spectroscopy applied to exosomes in AD exist. In this ground-breaking pilot study, FTIR spectra of serum and serum-derived exosomes from two independent cohorts were acquired and analyzed using multivariate analysis. The regional UA-cohort includes 9 individuals, clinically diagnosed with AD, mean age of 78.7 years old; and the UMG-cohort comprises 12 individuals, clinically diagnosed with AD (based on molecular and/or imaging data), mean age of 73.2 years old. Unsupervised principal component analysis of FTIR spectra of serum-derived exosomes revealed higher discriminatory value for AD cases when compared to serum as a whole. Consistently, the partial least-squares analysis revealed that serum-derived exosomes present higher correlations than serum. In addition, the second derivative peak area calculation also revealed significant differences among Controls and AD cases. The results obtained suggest that this methodology can discriminate cases from Controls and thus be potential useful to assist in AD clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tânia Soares Martins
- Neurosciences and Signalling Group, Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sandra Magalhães
- Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.,CICECO -Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ilka Martins Rosa
- Neurosciences and Signalling Group, Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Jonathan Vogelgsang
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Goettingen (UMG), Georg-August University, Goettingen, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Jens Wiltfang
- Neurosciences and Signalling Group, Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Goettingen (UMG), Georg-August University, Goettingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Goettingen, Germany
| | | | - José Catita
- CEBIMED-Faculty of Health Sciences; University Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal.,Paralab SA, Gondomar, Portugal
| | - Odete A B da Cruz E Silva
- Neurosciences and Signalling Group, Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.,The Discovery CTR, University of Aveiro Campus, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Alexandra Nunes
- Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana Gabriela Henriques
- Neurosciences and Signalling Group, Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
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7
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Haddad M, Perrotte M, Landri S, Lepage A, Fülöp T, Ramassamy C. Circulating and Extracellular Vesicles Levels of N-(1-Carboxymethyl)-L-Lysine (CML) Differentiate Early to Moderate Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 69:751-762. [PMID: 31127773 DOI: 10.3233/jad-181272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both advanced glycation end products (AGEs) N-(1-carboxymethyl)-L-lysine (CML) and pentosidine were found in the brain from Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients and were associated with the neuropathological hallmarks of AD. In AD patients, the circulating level of both AGEs remains unknown. Moreover, their levels in peripheral extracellular vesicles (EVs) and their association with AD remain to be determined. Finally, it is not known if neuronal cells can release AGEs via EVs and propagate AGEs. OBJECTIVE To determine the levels of circulating CML and pentosidine during the progression of AD. Moreover, their levels in circulating EVs were determined and their association with the clinical cognitive scores were analyzed. Finally, we have studied the possibility that neuronal cells eliminate and transfer these AGEs through EVs. METHODS CML and pentosidine levels were measured in serum and in circulating EVs. Released-EVs from SK-N-SH neuronal cells were isolated and CML levels were also determined. RESULTS The levels of CML in albumin-free serum proteins were higher in the early stage of AD while the levels of pentosidine remained unchanged. In contrast, the levels of CML in the EVs were lower in the moderate stage of AD. Interestingly, the levels of CML in serum were negatively correlated with the clinical cognitive scores MMSE and MoCA. For the first time, we were able to demonstrate that CML was present in EVs released from neuronal cells in culture. CONCLUSION Peripheral and circulating EVs levels of CML can differentiate early to moderate AD. In the brain, neuronal CML can propagate from cells-to-cells via EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Haddad
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, QC, Canada.,Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Morgane Perrotte
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, QC, Canada.,Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Sarra Landri
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, QC, Canada.,Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Aurelie Lepage
- Department of Medicine, Geriatric Division, Research Center on Aging, Sherbrooke University, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Tamàs Fülöp
- Department of Medicine, Geriatric Division, Research Center on Aging, Sherbrooke University, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Charles Ramassamy
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, QC, Canada.,Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
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8
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Lakshmi S, Essa MM, Hartman RE, Guillemin GJ, Sivan S, Elumalai P. Exosomes in Alzheimer's Disease: Potential Role as Pathological Mediators, Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets. Neurochem Res 2020; 45:2553-2559. [PMID: 32840760 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-03111-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The concept of exosomes has been progressively changed from the status of cellular trashcans to multitasking organelles involved in many processes, including internalization, transport and transfer of macromolecules such as proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. While underpinning the mechanisms behind neurodegeneration and neuronal loss, exosomes were shown to be involved in carrying pathological misfolded proteins, propagation of β-amyloid protein and hyper-phosphorylated tau proteins across the brain that ultimately leads to the onset of Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most prevailing multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder. A potential novel therapeutic role of exosomes in AD intervention is suggested by their ability to increase Aβ clearance. This review aims to highlight the important pathological mechanisms as well as therapeutic strategies involving exosomes towards AD prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreeja Lakshmi
- School of Ocean Science and Technology, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Musthafa Mohamed Essa
- Ageing and Dementia Research Group, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman.,Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Richard E Hartman
- Department of Psychology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Gilles J Guillemin
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sureshkumar Sivan
- School of Ocean Science and Technology, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Preetham Elumalai
- School of Ocean Science and Technology, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Kochi, Kerala, India.
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9
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Soares Martins T, Trindade D, Vaz M, Campelo I, Almeida M, Trigo G, da Cruz E Silva OAB, Henriques AG. Diagnostic and therapeutic potential of exosomes in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem 2020; 156:162-181. [PMID: 32618370 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles released by almost all cell types in physiological and pathological conditions. The exosomal potential to unravel disease mechanisms, or to be used as a source of biomarkers, is being explored, in particularly in the field of neurodegenerative diseases. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disease in the world and exosomes appear to have a relevant role in disease pathogenesis. This review summarizes the current knowledge on exosome contributions to AD as well as their use as disease biomarker resources or therapeutic targets. The most recent findings with respect to both protein and miRNA biomarker candidates for AD, herein described, highlight the state of the art in this field and encourage the use of exosomes derived from biofluids in clinical practice in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tânia Soares Martins
- Neurosciences and Signalling Group, Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Dário Trindade
- Neurosciences and Signalling Group, Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Margarida Vaz
- Neurosciences and Signalling Group, Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Inês Campelo
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Martim Almeida
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Guilherme Trigo
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Odete A B da Cruz E Silva
- Neurosciences and Signalling Group, Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.,The Discovery CTR, University of Aveiro Campus, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana Gabriela Henriques
- Neurosciences and Signalling Group, Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
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10
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Russell JC, Kim TK, Noori A, Merrihew GE, Robbins JE, Golubeva A, Wang K, MacCoss MJ, Kaeberlein M. Composition of Caenorhabditis elegans extracellular vesicles suggests roles in metabolism, immunity, and aging. GeroScience 2020; 42:1133-45. [PMID: 32578074 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-020-00204-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has been instrumental in the identification of evolutionarily conserved mechanisms of aging. C. elegans also has recently been found to have evolutionarily conserved extracellular vesicle (EV) signaling pathways. We have been developing tools that allow for the detailed study of EV biology in C. elegans. Here we apply our recently published method for high specificity purification of EVs from C. elegans to carry out target-independent proteomic and RNA analysis of nematode EVs. We identify diverse coding and non-coding RNA and protein cargo types commonly found in human EVs. The EV cargo spectrum is distinct from whole worms, suggesting that protein and RNA cargos are actively recruited to EVs. Gene ontology analysis revealed C. elegans EVs are enriched for extracellular-associated and signaling proteins, and network analysis indicates enrichment for metabolic, immune, and basement membrane associated proteins. Tissue enrichment and gene expression analysis suggests the secreted EV proteins are likely to be derived from intestine, muscle, and excretory tissue. An unbiased comparison of the EV proteins with a large database of C. elegans genome-wide microarray data showed significant overlap with gene sets that are associated with aging and immunity. Taken together our data suggest C. elegans could be a promising in vivo model for studying the genetics and physiology of EVs in a variety of contexts including aging, metabolism, and immune response.
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11
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Chen TB, Lai YH, Ke TL, Chen JP, Lee YJ, Lin SY, Lin PC, Wang PN, Cheng IH. Changes in Plasma Amyloid and Tau in a Longitudinal Study of Normal Aging, Mild Cognitive Impairment, and Alzheimer's Disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2020; 48:180-195. [PMID: 31991443 DOI: 10.1159/000505435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Changes in cerebrospinal fluid, neuroimaging, and cognitive functions have been used as diagnostic biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease (AD). This study aimed to investigate the temporal trajectories of plasma biomarkers in subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and patients with AD relative to healthy controls (HCs). METHODS In this longitudinal study, 82 participants (31 HCs, 33 MCI patients, and 18 AD patients) were enrolled. After 3 years, 7 HCs had transitioned to MCI and 10 subjects with MCI had converted to AD. We analyzed plasma amyloid beta (Aβ) and tau proteins at baseline and annually to correlate with biochemical data and neuropsychological scores. RESULTS Longitudinal data analysis showed an evolution of Aβ-related biomarkers over time within patients, whereas tau-related biomarkers differed primarily across diagnostic classifications. An initial steady increase in Aβ42 in the MCI stage was followed by a decrease just prior to clinical AD onset. Hyperphosphorylated tau protein levels correlated with cognitive decline in the MCI stage, but not in the AD stage. CONCLUSION Plasma Aβ and tau levels change in a dynamic, nonlinear, nonparallel manner over the AD continuum. Changes in plasma Aβ concentration are time-dependent, whereas changes in hyperphosphorylated tau protein levels paralleled the clinical progression of MCI. It remains to be clarified whether diagnostic efficiency can be improved by combining multiple plasma markers or combining plasma markers with other diagnostic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Bin Chen
- Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Dementia and Parkinson's Disease Integrated Center, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hua Lai
- Department of Neurology, Cheng-Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Ling Ke
- Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jun-Peng Chen
- Biostatistics Task Force of Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jung Lee
- Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Taipei City Hospital Renai Branch, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Ying Lin
- Taipei Municipal Gan-Dau Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Chen Lin
- Division of General Neurology, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ning Wang
- Division of General Neurology, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Aging and Health Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Irene H Cheng
- Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, .,Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan,
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12
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Mrdjen D, Fox EJ, Bukhari SA, Montine KS, Bendall SC, Montine TJ. The basis of cellular and regional vulnerability in Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol 2019; 138:729-749. [PMID: 31392412 PMCID: PMC6802290 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-019-02054-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) differentially and specifically affects brain regions and neuronal cell types in a predictable pattern. Damage to the brain appears to spread and worsens with time, taking over more regions and activating multiple stressors that can converge to promote vulnerability of certain cell types. At the same time, other cell types and brain regions remain intact in the face of this onslaught of neuropathology. Although neuropathologic descriptions of AD have been extensively expanded and mapped over the last several decades, our understanding of the mechanisms underlying how certain regions and cell populations are specifically vulnerable or resistant has lagged behind. In this review, we detail what is known about the selectivity of local initiation of AD pathology in the hippocampus, its proposed spread via synaptic connections, and the diversity of clinical phenotypes and brain atrophy patterns that may arise from different fibrillar strains of pathologic proteins or genetic predispositions. We summarize accumulated and emerging knowledge of the cellular and molecular basis for neuroanatomic selectivity, consider potential disease-relevant differences between vulnerable and resistant neuronal cell types and isolate molecular markers to identify them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dunja Mrdjen
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Edward J Fox
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Syed A Bukhari
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Kathleen S Montine
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Sean C Bendall
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Thomas J Montine
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
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13
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Seyfizadeh N, Seyfizadeh N, Borzouisileh S, Elahimanesh F, Hosseini V, Nouri M. Exosome-mediated therapeutic delivery: A new horizon for human neurodegenerative disorders’ treatment (with a focus on siRNA delivery improvement). Process Biochem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2019.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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14
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Kodidela S, Gerth K, Haque S, Gong Y, Ismael S, Singh A, Tauheed I, Kumar S. Extracellular Vesicles: A Possible Link between HIV and Alzheimer's Disease-Like Pathology in HIV Subjects? Cells 2019; 8:E968. [PMID: 31450610 PMCID: PMC6769601 DOI: 10.3390/cells8090968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The longevity of people with HIV/AIDS has been prolonged with the use of antiretroviral therapy (ART). The age-related complications, especially cognitive deficits, rise as HIV patients live longer. Deposition of beta-amyloid (Aβ), a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD), has been observed in subjects with HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). Various mechanisms such as neuroinflammation induced by HIV proteins (e.g., Tat, gp120, Nef), excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, and the use of ART contribute to the deposition of Aβ, leading to dementia. However, progressive dementia in older subjects with HIV might be due to HAND, AD, or both. Recently, extracellular vesicles (EVs)/exosomes, have gained recognition for their importance in understanding the pathology of both HAND and AD. EVs can serve as a possible link between HIV and AD, due to their ability to package and transport the toxic proteins implicated in both AD and HIV (Aβ/tau and gp120/tat, respectively). Given that Aß is also elevated in neuron-derived exosomes isolated from the plasma of HIV patients, it is reasonable to suggest that neuron-to-neuron exosomal transport of Aβ and tau also contributes to AD-like pathology in HIV-infected subjects. Therefore, exploring exosomal contents is likely to help distinguish HAND from AD. However, future prospective clinical studies need to be conducted to compare the exosomal contents in the plasma of HIV subjects with and without HAND as well as those with and without AD. This would help to find new markers and develop new treatment strategies to treat AD in HIV-positive subjects. This review presents comprehensive literatures on the mechanisms contributing to Aβ deposition in HIV-infected cells, the role of EVs in the propagation of Aβ in AD, the possible role of EVs in HIV-induced AD-like pathology, and finally, possible therapeutic targets or molecules to treat HIV subjects with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunitha Kodidela
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 881 Madison Ave, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
| | - Kelli Gerth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 881 Madison Ave, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Sanjana Haque
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 881 Madison Ave, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Yuqing Gong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 881 Madison Ave, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Saifudeen Ismael
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 855 Monroe Avenue #515, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Ajay Singh
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Le Bonheur Children Hospital, 50 N. Dunlap st, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
| | - Ishrat Tauheed
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 855 Monroe Avenue #515, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 881 Madison Ave, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
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15
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Caruso Bavisotto C, Scalia F, Marino Gammazza A, Carlisi D, Bucchieri F, Conway de Macario E, Macario AJL, Cappello F, Campanella C. Extracellular Vesicle-Mediated Cell⁻Cell Communication in the Nervous System: Focus on Neurological Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E434. [PMID: 30669512 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, are membranous particles released by cells into the extracellular space. They are involved in cell differentiation, tissue homeostasis, and organ remodelling in virtually all tissues, including the central nervous system (CNS). They are secreted by a range of cell types and via blood reaching other cells whose functioning they can modify because they transport and deliver active molecules, such as proteins of various types and functions, lipids, DNA, and miRNAs. Since they are relatively easy to isolate, exosomes can be characterized, and their composition elucidated and manipulated by bioengineering techniques. Consequently, exosomes appear as promising theranostics elements, applicable to accurately diagnosing pathological conditions, and assessing prognosis and response to treatment in a variety of disorders. Likewise, the characteristics and manageability of exosomes make them potential candidates for delivering selected molecules, e.g., therapeutic drugs, to specific target tissues. All these possible applications are pertinent to research in neurophysiology, as well as to the study of neurological disorders, including CNS tumors, and autoimmune and neurodegenerative diseases. In this brief review, we discuss what is known about the role and potential future applications of exosomes in the nervous system and its diseases, focusing on cell–cell communication in physiology and pathology.
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