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Zeng W, Zheng L, Li Y, Yang J, Mao T, Zhang J, Liu Y, Ning J, Zhang T, Huang H, Chen X, Lu F. Engineered extracellular vesicles for delivering functional Cas9/gRNA to eliminate hepatitis B virus cccDNA and integration. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2284286. [PMID: 37982370 PMCID: PMC10763861 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2284286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
The persistence of HBV covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) and HBV integration into the host genome in infected hepatocytes pose significant challenges to the cure of chronic HBV infection. Although CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing shows promise for targeted clearance of viral genomes, a safe and efficient delivery method is currently lacking. Here, we developed a novel approach by combining light-induced heterodimerization and protein acylation to enhance the loading efficiency of Cas9 protein into extracellular vesicles (EVs). Moreover, vesicular stomatitis virus-glycoprotein (VSV-G) was incorporated onto the EVs membrane, significantly facilitating the endosomal escape of Cas9 protein and increasing its gene editing activity in recipient cells. Our results demonstrated that engineered EVs containing Cas9/gRNA and VSV-G can effectively reduce viral antigens and cccDNA levels in the HBV-replicating and infected cell models. Notably, we also confirmed the antiviral activity and high safety of the engineered EVs in the HBV-replicating mouse model generated by hydrodynamic injection and the HBV transgenic mouse model. In conclusion, engineered EVs could successfully mediate functional CRISPR/Cas9 delivery both in vitro and in vivo, leading to the clearance of episomal cccDNA and integrated viral DNA fragments, and providing a novel therapeutic approach for curing chronic HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanjia Zeng
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liwei Zheng
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yukun Li
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Yang
- School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tianhao Mao
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanna Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Ning
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Helicobacter Pylori Infection and Upper Gastrointestinal Diseases, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongxin Huang
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Biosecurity, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiangmei Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fengmin Lu
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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2
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Choi W, Park DJ, Eliceiri BP. Defining tropism and activity of natural and engineered extracellular vesicles. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1363185. [PMID: 38660297 PMCID: PMC11039936 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1363185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have important roles as mediators of cell-to-cell communication, with physiological functions demonstrated in various in vivo models. Despite advances in our understanding of the biological function of EVs and their potential for use as therapeutics, there are limitations to the clinical approaches for which EVs would be effective. A primary determinant of the biodistribution of EVs is the profile of proteins and other factors on the surface of EVs that define the tropism of EVs in vivo. For example, proteins displayed on the surface of EVs can vary in composition by cell source of the EVs and the microenvironment into which EVs are delivered. In addition, interactions between EVs and recipient cells that determine uptake and endosomal escape in recipient cells affect overall systemic biodistribution. In this review, we discuss the contribution of the EV donor cell and the role of the microenvironment in determining EV tropism and thereby determining the uptake and biological activity of EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wooil Choi
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Dong Jun Park
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Brian P. Eliceiri
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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3
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Stranford DM, Simons LM, Berman KE, Cheng L, DiBiase BN, Hung ME, Lucks JB, Hultquist JF, Leonard JN. Genetically encoding multiple functionalities into extracellular vesicles for the targeted delivery of biologics to T cells. Nat Biomed Eng 2024; 8:397-414. [PMID: 38012307 PMCID: PMC11088532 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-023-01142-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
The genetic modification of T cells has advanced cellular immunotherapies, yet the delivery of biologics specifically to T cells remains challenging. Here we report a suite of methods for the genetic engineering of cells to produce extracellular vesicles (EVs)-which naturally encapsulate and transfer proteins and nucleic acids between cells-for the targeted delivery of biologics to T cells without the need for chemical modifications. Specifically, the engineered cells secreted EVs that actively loaded protein cargo via a protein tag and that displayed high-affinity T-cell-targeting domains and fusogenic glycoproteins. We validated the methods by engineering EVs that delivered Cas9-single-guide-RNA complexes to ablate the gene encoding the C-X-C chemokine co-receptor type 4 in primary human CD4+ T cells. The strategy is amenable to the targeted delivery of biologics to other cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin M Stranford
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Lacy M Simons
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Center for Pathogen Genomics and Microbial Evolution, Northwestern University Havey Institute for Global Health, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Katherine E Berman
- Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Interdisciplinary Biological Sciences Training Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Luyi Cheng
- Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Interdisciplinary Biological Sciences Training Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Beth N DiBiase
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Michelle E Hung
- Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Interdisciplinary Biological Sciences Training Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Julius B Lucks
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Interdisciplinary Biological Sciences Training Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Judd F Hultquist
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Center for Pathogen Genomics and Microbial Evolution, Northwestern University Havey Institute for Global Health, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Joshua N Leonard
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Interdisciplinary Biological Sciences Training Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Member, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
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4
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Espuche B, Moya SE, Calderón M. Nanogels: Smart tools to enlarge the therapeutic window of gene therapy. Int J Pharm 2024; 653:123864. [PMID: 38309484 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.123864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Gene therapy can potentially treat a great number of diseases, from cancer to rare genetic disorders. Very recently, the development and emergency approval of nucleic acid-based COVID-19 vaccines confirmed its strength and versatility. However, gene therapy encounters limitations due to the lack of suitable carriers to vectorize therapeutic genetic material inside target cells. Nanogels are highly hydrated nano-size crosslinked polymeric networks that have been used in many biomedical applications, from drug delivery to tissue engineering and diagnostics. Due to their easy production, tunability, and swelling properties they have called the attention as promising vectors for gene delivery. In this review, nanogels are discussed as vectors for nucleic acid delivery aiming to enlarge gene therapy's therapeutic window. Recent works highlighting the optimization of inherent transfection efficiency and biocompatibility are reviewed here. The importance of the monomer choice, along with the internal structure, surface decoration, and responsive features are outlined for the different transfection modalities. The possible sources of toxicological endpoints in nanogels are analyzed, and the strategies to limit them are compared. Finally, perspectives are discussed to identify the remining challenges for the nanogels before their translation to the market as transfection agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Espuche
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramon 194, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain; POLYMAT, Applied Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Sergio E Moya
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramon 194, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.
| | - Marcelo Calderón
- POLYMAT, Applied Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, 48009 Bilbao, Spain.
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5
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Hermann DM, Peruzzotti-Jametti L, Giebel B, Pluchino S. Extracellular vesicles set the stage for brain plasticity and recovery by multimodal signalling. Brain 2024; 147:372-389. [PMID: 37768167 PMCID: PMC10834259 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are extremely versatile naturally occurring membrane particles that convey complex signals between cells. EVs of different cellular sources are capable of inducing striking therapeutic responses in neurological disease models. Differently from pharmacological compounds that act by modulating defined signalling pathways, EV-based therapeutics possess multiple abilities via a variety of effectors, thus allowing the modulation of complex disease processes that may have very potent effects on brain tissue recovery. When applied in vivo in experimental models of neurological diseases, EV-based therapeutics have revealed remarkable effects on immune responses, cell metabolism and neuronal plasticity. This multimodal modulation of neuroimmune networks by EVs profoundly influences disease processes in a highly synergistic and context-dependent way. Ultimately, the EV-mediated restoration of cellular functions helps to set the stage for neurological recovery. With this review we first outline the current understanding of the mechanisms of action of EVs, describing how EVs released from various cellular sources identify their cellular targets and convey signals to recipient cells. Then, mechanisms of action applicable to key neurological conditions such as stroke, multiple sclerosis and neurodegenerative diseases are presented. Pathways that deserve attention in specific disease contexts are discussed. We subsequently showcase considerations about EV biodistribution and delineate genetic engineering strategies aiming at enhancing brain uptake and signalling. By sketching a broad view of EV-orchestrated brain plasticity and recovery, we finally define possible future clinical EV applications and propose necessary information to be provided ahead of clinical trials. Our goal is to provide a steppingstone that can be used to critically discuss EVs as next generation therapeutics for brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk M Hermann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, D-45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Luca Peruzzotti-Jametti
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AH, UK
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Bernd Giebel
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, D-45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Stefano Pluchino
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AH, UK
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6
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Klees C, Alexandri C, Demeestere I, Lybaert P. The Role of microRNA in Spermatogenesis: Is There a Place for Fertility Preservation Innovation? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:460. [PMID: 38203631 PMCID: PMC10778981 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Oncological treatments have dramatically improved over the last decade, and as a result, survival rates for cancer patients have also improved. Quality of life, including concerns about fertility, has become a major focus for both oncologists and patients. While oncologic treatments are often highly effective at suppressing neoplastic growth, they are frequently associated with severe gonadotoxicity, leading to infertility. For male patients, the therapeutic option to preserve fertility is semen cryopreservation. In prepubertal patients, immature testicular tissue can be sampled and stored to allow post-cure transplantation of the tissue, immature germ cells, or in vitro spermatogenesis. However, experimental techniques have not yet been proven effective for restoring sperm production for these patients. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as promising molecular markers and therapeutic tools in various diseases. These small regulatory RNAs possess the unique characteristic of having multiple gene targets. MiRNA-based therapeutics can, therefore, be used to modulate the expression of different genes involved in signaling pathways dysregulated by changes in the physiological environment (disease, temperature, ex vivo culture, pharmacological agents). This review discusses the possible role of miRNA as an innovative treatment option in male fertility preservation-restoration strategies and describes the diverse applications where these new therapeutic tools could serve as fertility protection agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Klees
- Research Laboratory on Human Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1070 Brussels, Belgium; (C.K.); (C.A.); (I.D.)
| | - Chrysanthi Alexandri
- Research Laboratory on Human Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1070 Brussels, Belgium; (C.K.); (C.A.); (I.D.)
| | - Isabelle Demeestere
- Research Laboratory on Human Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1070 Brussels, Belgium; (C.K.); (C.A.); (I.D.)
- Fertility Clinic, HUB-Erasme Hospital, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pascale Lybaert
- Research Laboratory on Human Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1070 Brussels, Belgium; (C.K.); (C.A.); (I.D.)
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7
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Ivanova A, Badertscher L, O'Driscoll G, Bergman J, Gordon E, Gunnarsson A, Johansson C, Munson MJ, Spinelli C, Torstensson S, Vilén L, Voirel A, Wiseman J, Rak J, Dekker N, Lázaro-Ibáñez E. Creating Designer Engineered Extracellular Vesicles for Diverse Ligand Display, Target Recognition, and Controlled Protein Loading and Delivery. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2023; 10:e2304389. [PMID: 37867228 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Efficient and targeted delivery of therapeutic agents remains a bottleneck in modern medicine. Here, biochemical engineering approaches to advance the repurposing of extracellular vesicles (EVs) as drug delivery vehicles are explored. Targeting ligands such as the sugar GalNAc are displayed on the surface of EVs using a HaloTag-fused to a protein anchor that is enriched on engineered EVs. These EVs are successfully targeted to human primary hepatocytes. In addition, the authors are able to decorate EVs with an antibody that recognizes a GLP1 cell surface receptor by using an Fc and Fab region binding moiety fused to an anchor protein, and they show that this improves EV targeting to cells that overexpress the receptor. The authors also use two different protein-engineering approaches to improve the loading of Cre recombinase into the EV lumen and demonstrate that functional Cre protein is delivered into cells in the presence of chloroquine, an endosomal escape enhancer. Lastly, engineered EVs are well tolerated upon intravenous injection into mice without detectable signs of liver toxicity. Collectively, the data show that EVs can be engineered to improve cargo loading and specific cell targeting, which will aid their transformation into tailored drug delivery vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Ivanova
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal, 431 50, Sweden
| | - Lukas Badertscher
- Translational Genomics, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal, 431 50, Sweden
| | - Gwen O'Driscoll
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal, 431 50, Sweden
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal, 431 50, Sweden
| | - Joakim Bergman
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal, 431 50, Sweden
| | - Euan Gordon
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal, 431 50, Sweden
| | - Anders Gunnarsson
- Structure and Biophysics, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal, 431 50, Sweden
| | - Camilla Johansson
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, Sweden Imaging Hub, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal, 431 50, Sweden
| | - Michael J Munson
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal, 431 50, Sweden
| | - Cristiana Spinelli
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Glen Site, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Sara Torstensson
- Translational Genomics, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal, 431 50, Sweden
| | - Liisa Vilén
- DMPK, Research and Early Development Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal, 431 50, Sweden
| | - Andrei Voirel
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal, 431 50, Sweden
| | - John Wiseman
- Translational Genomics, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal, 431 50, Sweden
| | - Janusz Rak
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Glen Site, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Niek Dekker
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal, 431 50, Sweden
| | - Elisa Lázaro-Ibáñez
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal, 431 50, Sweden
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal, 431 50, Sweden
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8
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Tagore M, Hergenreder E, Perlee SC, Cruz NM, Menocal L, Suresh S, Chan E, Baron M, Melendez S, Dave A, Chatila WK, Nsengimana J, Koche RP, Hollmann TJ, Ideker T, Studer L, Schietinger A, White RM. GABA Regulates Electrical Activity and Tumor Initiation in Melanoma. Cancer Discov 2023; 13:2270-2291. [PMID: 37553760 PMCID: PMC10551668 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-23-0389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Oncogenes can initiate tumors only in certain cellular contexts, which is referred to as oncogenic competence. In melanoma, whether cells in the microenvironment can endow such competence remains unclear. Using a combination of zebrafish transgenesis coupled with human tissues, we demonstrate that GABAergic signaling between keratinocytes and melanocytes promotes melanoma initiation by BRAFV600E. GABA is synthesized in melanoma cells, which then acts on GABA-A receptors in keratinocytes. Electron microscopy demonstrates specialized cell-cell junctions between keratinocytes and melanoma cells, and multielectrode array analysis shows that GABA acts to inhibit electrical activity in melanoma/keratinocyte cocultures. Genetic and pharmacologic perturbation of GABA synthesis abrogates melanoma initiation in vivo. These data suggest that GABAergic signaling across the skin microenvironment regulates the ability of oncogenes to initiate melanoma. SIGNIFICANCE This study shows evidence of GABA-mediated regulation of electrical activity between melanoma cells and keratinocytes, providing a new mechanism by which the microenvironment promotes tumor initiation. This provides insights into the role of the skin microenvironment in early melanomas while identifying GABA as a potential therapeutic target in melanoma. See related commentary by Ceol, p. 2128. This article is featured in Selected Articles from This Issue, p. 2109.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohita Tagore
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Emiliano Hergenreder
- The Center for Stem Cell Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, New York
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, New York
- Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, New York
| | - Sarah C. Perlee
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Gerstner Sloan Kettering Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Nelly M. Cruz
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Laura Menocal
- Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, New York
| | - Shruthy Suresh
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Eric Chan
- Molecular Cytology Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Maayan Baron
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Stephanie Melendez
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Asim Dave
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Walid K. Chatila
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Jeremie Nsengimana
- Biostatistics Research Group, Population Health Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Richard P. Koche
- Center for Epigenetics Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Travis J. Hollmann
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Trey Ideker
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Lorenz Studer
- The Center for Stem Cell Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, New York
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, New York
| | - Andrea Schietinger
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Richard M. White
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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9
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Huang X, Li A, Xu P, Yu Y, Li S, Hu L, Feng S. Current and prospective strategies for advancing the targeted delivery of CRISPR/Cas system via extracellular vesicles. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:184. [PMID: 37291577 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-01952-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as a promising platform for gene delivery owing to their natural properties and phenomenal functions, being able to circumvent the significant challenges associated with toxicity, problematic biocompatibility, and immunogenicity of the standard approaches. These features are of particularly interest for targeted delivery of the emerging clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated (Cas) systems. However, the current efficiency of EV-meditated transport of CRISPR/Cas components remains insufficient due to numerous exogenous and endogenous barriers. Here, we comprehensively reviewed the current status of EV-based CRISPR/Cas delivery systems. In particular, we explored various strategies and methodologies available to potentially improve the loading capacity, safety, stability, targeting, and tracking for EV-based CRISPR/Cas system delivery. Additionally, we hypothesise the future avenues for the development of EV-based delivery systems that could pave the way for novel clinically valuable gene delivery approaches, and may potentially bridge the gap between gene editing technologies and the laboratory/clinical application of gene therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Huang
- Medical College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450056, Henan, China
| | - Aifang Li
- Medical College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450056, Henan, China
| | - Peng Xu
- Medical College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450056, Henan, China
| | - Yangfan Yu
- Medical College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450056, Henan, China
| | - Shuxuan Li
- Medical College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450056, Henan, China
| | - Lina Hu
- Medical College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450056, Henan, China
| | - Shuying Feng
- Medical College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450056, Henan, China.
- Department of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China.
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10
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Kim R, Kim JH. Engineered Extracellular Vesicles with Compound-Induced Cargo Delivery to Solid Tumors. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119368. [PMID: 37298320 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficient delivery of functional factors into target cells remains challenging. Although extracellular vesicles (EVs) are considered to be potential therapeutic delivery vehicles, a variety of efficient therapeutic delivery tools are still needed for cancer cells. Herein, we demonstrated a promising method to deliver EVs to refractory cancer cells via a small molecule-induced trafficking system. We generated an inducible interaction system between the FKBP12-rapamycin-binding protein (FRB) domain and FK506 binding protein (FKBP) to deliver specific cargo to EVs. CD9, an abundant protein in EVs, was fused to the FRB domain, and the specific cargo to be delivered was linked to FKBP. Rapamycin recruited validated cargo to EVs through protein-protein interactions (PPIs), such as the FKBP-FRB interaction system. The released EVs were functionally delivered to refractory cancer cells, triple negative breast cancer cells, non-small cell lung cancer cells, and pancreatic cancer cells. Therefore, the functional delivery system driven by reversible PPIs may provide new possibilities for a therapeutic cure against refractory cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raeyeong Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Daegu Catholic University, Daegu 42472, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hyun Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Daegu Catholic University, Daegu 42472, Republic of Korea
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11
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Gustà MF, Edel MJ, Salazar VA, Alvarez-Palomo B, Juan M, Broggini M, Damia G, Bigini P, Corbelli A, Fiordaliso F, Barbul A, Korenstein R, Bastús NG, Puntes V. Exploiting endocytosis for transfection of mRNA for cytoplasmatic delivery using cationic gold nanoparticles. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1128582. [PMID: 37228592 PMCID: PMC10205015 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1128582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Gene therapy holds promise to cure various diseases at the fundamental level. For that, efficient carriers are needed for successful gene delivery. Synthetic 'non-viral' vectors, as cationic polymers, are quickly gaining popularity as efficient vectors for transmitting genes. However, they suffer from high toxicity associated with the permeation and poration of the cell membrane. This toxic aspect can be eliminated by nanoconjugation. Still, results suggest that optimising the oligonucleotide complexation, ultimately determined by the size and charge of the nanovector, is not the only barrier to efficient gene delivery. Methods We herein develop a comprehensive nanovector catalogue comprising different sizes of Au NPs functionalized with two different cationic molecules and further loaded with mRNA for its delivery inside the cell. Results and Discussion Tested nanovectors showed safe and sustained transfection efficiencies over 7 days, where 50 nm Au NPs displayed the highest transfection rates. Remarkably, protein expression was increased when nanovector transfection was performed combined with chloroquine. Cytotoxicity and risk assessment demonstrated that nanovectors are safe, ascribed to lesser cellular damage due to their internalization and delivery via endocytosis. Obtained results may pave the way to design advanced and efficient gene therapies for safely transferring oligonucleotides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel F. Gustà
- Institut Català de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (ICN2), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Michael J. Edel
- Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Servei Immunologia-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
- Unit of Anatomy and Embryology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Faculty of Medicine, Barcelona, Spain
- University of Western Australia, Faculty of Medicine, Discipline of Medical Sciences and Genetics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Vivian A. Salazar
- Institut Català de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (ICN2), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Manel Juan
- Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Servei Immunologia-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Massimo Broggini
- IRCCS‐Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milano, Italy
| | - Giovanna Damia
- IRCCS‐Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milano, Italy
| | - Paolo Bigini
- IRCCS‐Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Fabio Fiordaliso
- IRCCS‐Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milano, Italy
| | - Alexander Barbul
- Tel Aviv University, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Rafi Korenstein
- Tel Aviv University, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Neus G. Bastús
- Institut Català de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (ICN2), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor Puntes
- Institut Català de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (ICN2), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
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12
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Uddin N, Binzel DW, Shu D, Fu TM, Guo P. Targeted delivery of RNAi to cancer cells using RNA-ligand displaying exosome. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:1383-1399. [PMID: 37139430 PMCID: PMC10149909 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosome is an excellent vesicle for in vivo delivery of therapeutics, including RNAi and chemical drugs. The extremely high efficiency in cancer regression can partly be attributed to its fusion mechanism in delivering therapeutics to cytosol without endosome trapping. However, being composed of a lipid-bilayer membrane without specific recognition capacity for aimed-cells, the entry into nonspecific cells can lead to potential side-effects and toxicity. Applying engineering approaches for targeting-capacity to deliver therapeutics to specific cells is desirable. Techniques with chemical modification in vitro and genetic engineering in cells have been reported to decorate exosomes with targeting ligands. RNA nanoparticles have been used to harbor tumor-specific ligands displayed on exosome surface. The negative charge reduces nonspecific binding to vital cells with negatively charged lipid-membrane due to the electrostatic repulsion, thus lowering the side-effect and toxicity. In this review, we focus on the uniqueness of RNA nanoparticles for exosome surface display of chemical ligands, small peptides or RNA aptamers, for specific cancer targeting to deliver anticancer therapeutics, highlighting recent advances in targeted delivery of siRNA and miRNA that overcomes the previous RNAi delivery roadblocks. Proper understanding of exosome engineering with RNA nanotechnology promises efficient therapies for a wide range of cancer subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasir Uddin
- Center for RNA Nanobiotechnology and Nanomedicine, Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, the Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, the Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- James Comprehensive Cancer Center, College of Medicine, the Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Daniel W. Binzel
- Center for RNA Nanobiotechnology and Nanomedicine, Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, the Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, the Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- James Comprehensive Cancer Center, College of Medicine, the Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Dan Shu
- Center for RNA Nanobiotechnology and Nanomedicine, Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, the Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, the Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- James Comprehensive Cancer Center, College of Medicine, the Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Tian-Min Fu
- Department of Biological Chemistry & Pharmacology, College of Medicine, the Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Peixuan Guo
- Center for RNA Nanobiotechnology and Nanomedicine, Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, the Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, the Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- James Comprehensive Cancer Center, College of Medicine, the Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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13
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Cable J, Witwer KW, Coffey RJ, Milosavljevic A, von Lersner AK, Jimenez L, Pucci F, Barr MM, Dekker N, Barman B, Humphrys D, Williams J, de Palma M, Guo W, Bastos N, Hill AF, Levy E, Hantak MP, Crewe C, Aikawa E, Adamczyk AM, Zanotto TM, Ostrowski M, Arab T, Rabe DC, Sheikh A, da Silva DR, Jones JC, Okeoma C, Gaborski T, Zhang Q, Gololobova O. Exosomes, microvesicles, and other extracellular vesicles-a Keystone Symposia report. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2023; 1523:24-37. [PMID: 36961472 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small, lipid-bilayer-bound particles released by cells that can contain important bioactive molecules, including lipids, RNAs, and proteins. Once released in the extracellular environment, EVs can act as messengers locally as well as to distant tissues to coordinate tissue homeostasis and systemic responses. There is a growing interest in not only understanding the physiology of EVs as signaling particles but also leveraging them as minimally invasive diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers (e.g., they can be found in biofluids) and drug-delivery vehicles. On October 30-November 2, 2022, researchers in the EV field convened for the Keystone symposium "Exosomes, Microvesicles, and Other Extracellular Vesicles" to discuss developing standardized language and methodology, new data on the basic biology of EVs and potential clinical utility, as well as novel technologies to isolate and characterize EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kenneth W Witwer
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert J Coffey
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Aleksandar Milosavljevic
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics; Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center; and Program in Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Lizandra Jimenez
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ferdinando Pucci
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology; Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Maureen M Barr
- Department of Genetics and Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Niek Dekker
- Protein Sciences, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bahnisikha Barman
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - Justin Williams
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Michele de Palma
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL); Agora Cancer Research Center; and Swiss Cancer Center Léman (SCCL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Biology, School of Arts & Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nuno Bastos
- i3S Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde; IPATIMUP Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology; and ICBAS Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Andrew F Hill
- Research Centre for Extracellular Vesicles; Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University and Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Efrat Levy
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York, USA
- Department of Psychiatry; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Pharmacology; and NYU Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael P Hantak
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Clair Crewe
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Elena Aikawa
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Department of Medicine; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Tamires M Zanotto
- Section of Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Matias Ostrowski
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA) and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Tanina Arab
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel C Rabe
- Mass General Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Aadil Sheikh
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
| | | | - Jennifer C Jones
- Translational Nanobiology Section, Laboratory of Pathology and Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Chioma Okeoma
- Department of Pharmacology, Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
| | - Thomas Gaborski
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Qin Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Olesia Gololobova
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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14
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Nieland L, Mahjoum S, Grandell E, Breyne K, Breakefield XO. Engineered EVs designed to target diseases of the CNS. J Control Release 2023; 356:493-506. [PMID: 36907561 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) are challenging to treat, mainly due to the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which restricts drugs in circulation from entering target regions in the brain. To address this issue extracellular vesicles (EVs) have gained increasing scientific interest as carriers able to cross the BBB with multiplex cargos. EVs are secreted by virtually every cell, and their escorted biomolecules are part of an intercellular information gateway between cells within the brain and with other organs. Scientists have undertaken efforts to safeguard the inherent features of EVs as therapeutic delivery vehicles, such as protecting and transferring functional cargo, as well as loading them with therapeutic small molecules, proteins, and oligonucleotides and targeting them to specific cell types for the treatment of CNS diseases. Here, we review current emerging approaches that engineer the EV surface and cargo to improve targeting and functional responses in the brain. We summarize existing applications of engineered EVs as a therapeutic delivery platform for brain diseases, some of which have been evaluated clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Nieland
- Department of Neurology, Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, the Netherlands.
| | - Shadi Mahjoum
- Department of Neurology, Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Emily Grandell
- Department of Neurology, Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Koen Breyne
- Department of Neurology, Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Xandra O Breakefield
- Department of Neurology, Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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15
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Ilahibaks NF, Ardisasmita AI, Xie S, Gunnarsson A, Brealey J, Vader P, de Jong OG, de Jager S, Dekker N, Peacock B, Schiffelers RM, Sluijter JPG, Lei Z. TOP-EVs: Technology of Protein delivery through Extracellular Vesicles is a versatile platform for intracellular protein delivery. J Control Release 2023; 355:579-592. [PMID: 36746337 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as biocompatible drug delivery vehicles due to their native ability to deliver bioactive cargo to recipient cells. However, the application of EVs as a therapeutic delivery vehicle is hampered by effective methods for endogenously loading target proteins inside EVs and unloading proteins after delivery to recipient cells. Most EV-based engineered loading methods have a limited delivery efficiency owing to their inefficient endosomal escape or cargo release from the intraluminal attachment from the EV membrane. Here, we describe the 'Technology Of Protein delivery through Extracellular Vesicles' (TOP-EVs) as a tool for efficient intracellular delivery of target proteins mediated via EVs. The vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein and the rapamycin-heterodimerization of the FKBP12/T82L mutant FRB proteins were both important for the effective protein delivery through TOP-EVs. We showed that TOP-EVs could efficiently deliver Cre recombinase and CRISPR/Cas9 ribonucleoprotein complex in vitro. Moreover, our results demonstrated that the capacity of TOP-EVs to deliver intracellular proteins in recipient cells was not an artifact of plasmid contamination or direct plasmid loading into EVs. Finally, we showed that TOP-EVs could successfully mediate intracellular protein delivery in the liver in vivo. Taken together, TOP-EVs are a versatile platform for efficient intracellular protein delivery in vitro and in vivo, which can be applied to advance the development of protein-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazma F Ilahibaks
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department Heart & Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3584 CX, the Netherlands
| | - Arif I Ardisasmita
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department Heart & Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3584 CX, the Netherlands
| | - Songpu Xie
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department Heart & Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3584 CX, the Netherlands
| | - Anders Gunnarsson
- Discovery Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Mölndal 43183, Sweden
| | - Joseph Brealey
- NanoFCM Co., Ltd, MediCity, D6 Thane Road, Nottingham NG906BH, United Kingdom
| | - Pieter Vader
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department Heart & Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3584 CX, the Netherlands; CDL Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3584 CX, the Netherlands
| | - Olivier G de Jong
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CG, the Netherlands
| | - Saskia de Jager
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department Heart & Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3584 CX, the Netherlands
| | - Niek Dekker
- Discovery Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Mölndal 43183, Sweden
| | - Ben Peacock
- NanoFCM Co., Ltd, MediCity, D6 Thane Road, Nottingham NG906BH, United Kingdom
| | | | - Joost P G Sluijter
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department Heart & Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3584 CX, the Netherlands; Circulatory Health Laboratory, Regenerative Medicine Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, University Utrecht, Utrecht 3584 CX, the Netherlands.
| | - Zhiyong Lei
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department Heart & Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3584 CX, the Netherlands; CDL Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3584 CX, the Netherlands.
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16
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Tian T, Qiao S, Tannous BA. Nanotechnology-Inspired Extracellular Vesicles Theranostics for Diagnosis and Therapy of Central Nervous System Diseases. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:182-199. [PMID: 35929960 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c07981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Shuttling various bioactive substances across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) bidirectionally, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been opening new frontiers for the diagnosis and therapy of central nervous system (CNS) diseases. However, clinical translation of EV-based theranostics remains challenging due to difficulties in effective EV engineering for superior imaging/therapeutic potential, ultrasensitive EV detection for small sample volume, as well as scale-up and standardized EV production. In the past decade, continuous advancement in nanotechnology provided extensive concepts and strategies for EV engineering and analysis, which inspired the application of EVs for CNS diseases. Here we will review the existing types of EV-nanomaterial hybrid systems with improved diagnostic and therapeutic efficacy for CNS diseases. A summary of recent progress in the incorporation of nanomaterials and nanostructures in EV production, separation, and analysis will also be provided. Moreover, the convergence between nanotechnology and microfluidics for integrated EV engineering and liquid biopsy of CNS diseases will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Tian
- Department of Neurobiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
- Experimental Therapeutics and Molecular Imaging Unit, Department of Neurology, Neuro-Oncology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02129, United States
- Neuroscience Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Shuya Qiao
- Department of Neurobiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Bakhos A Tannous
- Experimental Therapeutics and Molecular Imaging Unit, Department of Neurology, Neuro-Oncology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02129, United States
- Neuroscience Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02129, United States
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17
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Tang TT, Wang B, Lv LL, Dong Z, Liu BC. Extracellular vesicles for renal therapeutics: State of the art and future perspective. J Control Release 2022; 349:32-50. [PMID: 35779658 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
With the ever-increasing burden of kidney disease, the need for developing new therapeutics to manage this disease has never been greater. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are natural membranous nanoparticles present in virtually all organisms. Given their excellent delivery capacity in the body, EVs have emerged as a frontier technology for drug delivery and have the potential to usher in a new era of nanomedicine for kidney disease. This review is focused on why EVs are such compelling drug carriers and how to release their fullest potentiality in renal therapeutics. We discuss the unique features of EVs compared to artificial nanoparticles and outline the engineering technologies and steps in developing EV-based therapeutics, with an emphasis on the emerging approaches to target renal cells and prolong kidney retention. We also explore the applications of EVs as natural therapeutics or as drug carriers in the treatment of renal disorders and present our views on the critical challenges in manufacturing EVs as next-generation renal therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao-Tao Tang
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Nanjing, China; Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin-Li Lv
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Nanjing, China.
| | - Zheng Dong
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Bi-Cheng Liu
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Nanjing, China.
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18
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Kashikar R, Kotha AK, Shah S, Famta P, Singh SB, Srivastava S, Chougule MB. Advances in nanoparticle mediated targeting of RNA binding protein for cancer. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 185:114257. [PMID: 35381306 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
RNA binding proteins (RBPs) enact a very crucial part in the RNA directive processes. Atypical expression of these RBPs affects many steps of RNA metabolism, majorly altering its expression. Altered expression and dysfunction of RNA binding proteins lead to cancer progression and other diseases. We enumerate various available interventions, and recent findings focused on targeting RBPs for cancer therapy and diagnosis. The treatment, sensitization, chemoprevention, gene-mediated, and virus mediated interventions were studied to treat and diagnose cancer. The application of passively and actively targeted lipidic nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, virus-based particles, and vaccine-based immunotherapy for the delivery of therapeutic agent/s against cancer are discussed. We also discuss the formulation aspect of nanoparticles for achieving delivery at the site of action and ongoing clinical trials targeting RBPs.
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19
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Abstract
Cytoplasmic delivery of functional proteins into target cells remains challenging for many biological agents to exert their therapeutic effects. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are expected to be a promising platform for protein delivery; however, efficient loading of proteins of interest (POIs) into EVs remains elusive. In this study, we utilized small compound-induced heterodimerization between FK506 binding protein (FKBP) and FKBP12-rapamycin-binding (FRB) domain to sort bioactive proteins into EVs using the FRB-FKBP system. When CD81, a typical EV marker protein, and POI were fused with FKBP and FRB, respectively, rapamycin induced the binding of these proteins through the FKBP-FRB interaction and recruited the POIs into EVs. The released EVs, displaying the virus-derived membrane fusion protein, delivered the POI cargo into recipient cells and their functionality in the recipient cells was confirmed. Furthermore, we demonstrated that CD81 could be replaced with other EV-enriched proteins, such as CD63 or HIV Gag. Thus, the FRB-FKBP system enables the delivery of functional proteins and paves the way for EV-based protein delivery platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaharu Somiya
- SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research), Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Shun'ichi Kuroda
- SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research), Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
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20
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Osteikoetxea X, Silva A, Lázaro-Ibáñez E, Salmond N, Shatnyeva O, Stein J, Schick J, Wren S, Lindgren J, Firth M, Madsen A, Mayr LM, Overman R, Davies R, Dekker N. Engineered Cas9 extracellular vesicles as a novel gene editing tool. J Extracell Vesicles 2022; 11:e12225. [PMID: 35585651 PMCID: PMC9117459 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have shown promise as biological delivery vehicles, but therapeutic applications require efficient cargo loading. Here, we developed new methods for CRISPR/Cas9 loading into EVs through reversible heterodimerization of Cas9‐fusions with EV sorting partners. Cas9‐loaded EVs were collected from engineered Expi293F cells using standard methodology, characterized using nanoparticle tracking analysis, western blotting, and transmission electron microscopy and analysed for CRISPR/Cas9‐mediated functional gene editing in a Cre‐reporter cellular assay. Light‐induced dimerization using Cryptochrome 2 combined with CD9 or a Myristoylation‐Palmitoylation‐Palmitoylation lipid modification resulted in efficient loading with approximately 25 Cas9 molecules per EV and high functional delivery with 51% gene editing of the Cre reporter cassette in HEK293 and 25% in HepG2 cells, respectively. This approach was also effective for targeting knock‐down of the therapeutically relevant PCSK9 gene with 6% indel efficiency in HEK293. Cas9 transfer was detergent‐sensitive and associated with the EV fractions after size exclusion chromatography, indicative of EV‐mediated transfer. Considering the advantages of EVs over other delivery vectors we envision that this study will prove useful for a range of therapeutic applications, including CRISPR/Cas9 mediated genome editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xabier Osteikoetxea
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, UK.,HCEMM-SU Extracellular Vesicles Research Group, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andreia Silva
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Elisa Lázaro-Ibáñez
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Nikki Salmond
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, UK
| | - Olga Shatnyeva
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Josia Stein
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, UK
| | - Jan Schick
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, UK
| | - Stephen Wren
- Global Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, UK
| | - Julia Lindgren
- Translational Genomics, Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mike Firth
- Quantitative Biology, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alexandra Madsen
- Genome Engineering, Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lorenz M Mayr
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ross Overman
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, UK
| | - Rick Davies
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, UK
| | - Niek Dekker
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
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21
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Sanmartin MC, Borzone FR, Giorello MB, Yannarelli G, Chasseing NA. Mesenchymal Stromal Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles as Biological Carriers for Drug Delivery in Cancer Therapy. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:882545. [PMID: 35497332 PMCID: PMC9046597 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.882545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide, with 10.0 million cancer deaths in 2020. Despite advances in targeted therapies, some pharmacological drawbacks associated with anticancer chemo and immunotherapeutic agents include high toxicities, low bioavailability, and drug resistance. In recent years, extracellular vesicles emerged as a new promising platform for drug delivery, with the advantage of their inherent biocompatibility and specific targeting compared to artificial nanocarriers, such as liposomes. Particularly, mesenchymal stem/stromal cells were proposed as a source of extracellular vesicles for cancer therapy because of their intrinsic properties: high in vitro self-renewal and proliferation, regenerative and immunomodulatory capacities, and secretion of extracellular vesicles that mediate most of their paracrine functions. Moreover, extracellular vesicles are static and safer in comparison with mesenchymal stem/stromal cells, which can undergo genetic/epigenetic or phenotypic changes after their administration to patients. In this review, we summarize currently reported information regarding mesenchymal stem/stromal cell-derived extracellular vesicles, their proper isolation and purification techniques - from either naive or engineered mesenchymal stem/stromal cells - for their application in cancer therapy, as well as available downstream modification methods to improve their therapeutic properties. Additionally, we discuss the challenges associated with extracellular vesicles for cancer therapy, and we review some preclinical and clinical data available in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Cecilia Sanmartin
- Laboratorio de Inmunohematología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Regulación Génica y Células Madre, Instituto de Medicina Traslacional, Trasplante y Bioingeniería (IMeTTyB), Universidad Favaloro - CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Francisco Raúl Borzone
- Laboratorio de Inmunohematología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Belén Giorello
- Laboratorio de Inmunohematología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gustavo Yannarelli
- Laboratorio de Regulación Génica y Células Madre, Instituto de Medicina Traslacional, Trasplante y Bioingeniería (IMeTTyB), Universidad Favaloro - CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Norma Alejandra Chasseing
- Laboratorio de Inmunohematología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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22
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Wilson B, Dutta A. Function and Therapeutic Implications of tRNA Derived Small RNAs. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:888424. [PMID: 35495621 PMCID: PMC9043108 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.888424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
tRNA derived small RNAs are mainly composed of tRNA fragments (tRFs) and tRNA halves (tiRs). Several functions have been attributed to tRFs and tiRs since their initial characterizations, spanning all aspects of regulation of the Central Dogma: from nascent RNA silencing, to post-transcriptional gene silencing, and finally, to translational regulation. The length distribution, sequence diversity, and multifaceted functions of tRFs and tiRs positions them as attractive new models for small RNA therapeutics. In this review, we will discuss the principles of tRF biogenesis and function in order to highlight their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briana Wilson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Anindya Dutta
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, United States
- *Correspondence: Anindya Dutta,
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23
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Fan J, Pan J, Zhang X, Chen Y, Zeng Y, Huang L, Ma D, Chen Z, Wu G, Fan W. A peptide derived from the N-terminus of charged multivesicular body protein 6 (CHMP6) promotes the secretion of gene editing proteins via small extracellular vesicle production. Bioengineered 2022; 13:4702-4716. [PMID: 35188876 PMCID: PMC8973635 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2030571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a promising new therapeutic platform. However, the low cargo-loading efficiency limits their clinical translation. In this study, we developed a high-yield EV cargo-loading device and explored its ability to encapsulate gene editing proteins. A series of fusion protein-based systems were constructed and their cargo loading efficiencies were compared by a NanoGlo luciferase assay. A myristoylated (Myr) peptide tag cloned from the N-terminal region of charged multivesicular body protein 6 (CHMP6), termed Myr(CHMP6), outcompeted CD9, ARRDC1, and other short polypeptides as an active packaging device. As determined by nanoparticle tracking analysis and transmission electron microscopy, the overexpression of Myr(CHMP6) increased small EV (sEV) production in Lenti-X 293T cells without altering sEV morphology. The high passive packaging efficiency of Myr(CHMP6) was also elucidated for unmodified cargo loading. Western blotting revealed that Myr(CHMP6) facilitated the loading of Cre and Cas9 into sEVs without the generation of packaging device-cargo fusion proteins. Furthermore, Myr(CHMP6)-modified sEVs loaded with Cre or Cas9 promoted gene-editing in recipient cells, as observed using a fluorescence reporter system. Subsequent investigation demonstrated a dose-dependent effect of Myr(CHMP6) tag-induced cargo-loading. Mechanistically, N-myristoylation alone was necessary but not sufficient for the effective packaging of proteins into EVs. Thus, our results indicated that Myr(CHMP6) induces sEV production and may be effective in loading gene editing proteins into sEVs for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyu Fan
- Department of Cardiology The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University Guangdong Shenzhen P.R. China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jiajie Pan
- Department of Cardiology The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University Guangdong Shenzhen P.R. China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xiaozhe Zhang
- Department of Cardiology The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University Guangdong Shenzhen P.R. China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yixi Chen
- Department of Cardiology The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University Guangdong Shenzhen P.R. China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yue Zeng
- Department of Cardiology The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University Guangdong Shenzhen P.R. China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Lihan Huang
- Department of Cardiology The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University Guangdong Shenzhen P.R. China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Dongwei Ma
- Department of Cardiology The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University Guangdong Shenzhen P.R. China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Ziqi Chen
- Department of Cardiology The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University Guangdong Shenzhen P.R. China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Guifu Wu
- Department of Cardiology The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University Guangdong Shenzhen P.R. China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, P.R. China.,Guangdong Innovative Engineering and Technology Research Center for Assisted Circulation Guangdong Shenzhen P.R. China
| | - Wendong Fan
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, P.R. China
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24
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Van de Vyver T, De Smedt SC, Raemdonck K. Modulating intracellular pathways to improve non-viral delivery of RNA therapeutics. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 181:114041. [PMID: 34763002 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.114041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
RNA therapeutics (e.g. siRNA, oligonucleotides, mRNA, etc.) show great potential for the treatment of a myriad of diseases. However, to reach their site of action in the cytosol or nucleus of target cells, multiple intra- and extracellular barriers have to be surmounted. Several non-viral delivery systems, such as nanoparticles and conjugates, have been successfully developed to meet this requirement. Unfortunately, despite these clear advances, state-of-the-art delivery agents still suffer from relatively low intracellular delivery efficiencies. Notably, our current understanding of the intracellular delivery process is largely oversimplified. Gaining mechanistic insight into how RNA formulations are processed by cells will fuel rational design of the next generation of delivery carriers. In addition, identifying which intracellular pathways contribute to productive RNA delivery could provide opportunities to boost the delivery performance of existing nanoformulations. In this review, we discuss both established as well as emerging techniques that can be used to assess the impact of different intracellular barriers on RNA transfection performance. Next, we highlight how several modulators, including small molecules but also genetic perturbation technologies, can boost RNA delivery by intervening at differing stages of the intracellular delivery process, such as cellular uptake, intracellular trafficking, endosomal escape, autophagy and exocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thijs Van de Vyver
- Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Stefaan C De Smedt
- Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Koen Raemdonck
- Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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25
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Somiya M, Kuroda S. Reporter gene assay for membrane fusion of extracellular vesicles. J Extracell Vesicles 2021; 10:e12171. [PMID: 34807503 PMCID: PMC8607979 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by living cells are expected to deliver biological cargo molecules, including RNA and proteins, to the cytoplasm of recipient cells. There is an increasing need to understand the mechanism of intercellular cargo delivery by EVs. However, the lack of a feasible bioassay has hampered our understanding of the biological processes of EV uptake, membrane fusion, and cargo delivery to recipient cells. Here, we describe a reporter gene assay that can measure the membrane fusion efficiency of EVs during cargo delivery to recipient cells. When EVs containing tetracycline transactivator (tTA)-fused tetraspanins are internalized by recipient cells and fuse with cell membranes, the tTA domain is exposed to the cytoplasm and cleaved by tobacco etch virus protease to induce tetracycline responsive element (TRE)-mediated reporter gene expression in recipient cells. This assay (designated as EV-mediated tetraspanin-tTA delivery assay, ETTD assay), enabled us to assess the cytoplasmic cargo delivery efficiency of EVs in recipient cells. With the help of a vesicular stomatitis virus-derived membrane fusion protein, the ETTD assay could detect significant enhancement of cargo delivery efficiency of EVs. Furthermore, the ETTD assay could evaluate the effect of potential cargo delivery enhancers/inhibitors. Thus, the ETTD assay may contribute to a better understanding of the underlying mechanism of the cytoplasmic cargo delivery by EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaharu Somiya
- SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research)Osaka UniversityOsakaJapan
| | - Shun'ichi Kuroda
- SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research)Osaka UniversityOsakaJapan
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26
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Le Saux S, Aubert-Pouëssel A, Mohamed KE, Martineau P, Guglielmi L, Devoisselle JM, Legrand P, Chopineau J, Morille M. Interest of extracellular vesicles in regards to lipid nanoparticle based systems for intracellular protein delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 176:113837. [PMID: 34144089 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Compared to chemicals that continue to dominate the overall pharmaceutical market, protein therapeutics offer the advantages of higher specificity, greater activity, and reduced toxicity. While nearly all existing therapeutic proteins were developed against soluble or extracellular targets, the ability for proteins to enter cells and target intracellular compartments can significantly broaden their utility for a myriad of exiting targets. Given their physical, chemical, biological instability that could induce adverse effects, and their limited ability to cross cell membranes, delivery systems are required to fully reveal their biological potential. In this context, as natural protein nanocarriers, extracellular vesicles (EVs) hold great promise. Nevertheless, if not present naturally, bringing an interest protein into EV is not an easy task. In this review, we will explore methods used to load extrinsic protein into EVs and compare these natural vectors to their close synthetic counterparts, liposomes/lipid nanoparticles, to induce intracellular protein delivery.
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27
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Duan L, Ouyang K, Wang J, Xu L, Xu X, Wen C, Xie Y, Liang Y, Xia J. Exosomes as Targeted Delivery Platform of CRISPR/Cas9 for Therapeutic Genome Editing. Chembiochem 2021; 22:3360-3368. [PMID: 34418266 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic genome editing harnesses the power of genome editing tools to correct erroneous genes associated with disease pathology. To bring the CRISPR/Cas9 tool from the bench to the bedside, a critical hurdle is the safe and efficient delivery of this nucleic acid tool to the desired type of cells in patients. This review discusses the use of natural carriers, extracellular vesicles (EVs), in particular exosomes, to fill the gap. Exosomes are lipid-containing nanovesicle released by various types of cells to mediate cell-cell communications. Their inherent long-distance transportation capability, biocompatibility, and engineerability have made EVs potential vehicles for delivering therapeutic drugs. We summarize the recent progress of harnessing exosomes as delivery vehicles for the CRISPR/Cas system to achieve therapeutic gene editing for disease treatment, with a focus on various strategies to achieve selective delivery to a particular type of cell and efficient packaging of the genome editing tools in the vesicles. Critical issues and possible solutions in the design and engineering of the targeting vehicles are highlighted. Taken together, we demonstrate EV/exosome-mediated packaging of the nucleic acid/protein tools and the cell/tissue-targeted delivery to be a viable way towards the clinical translation of the CRISPR/Cas9 technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Duan
- Department of Orthopedics, The First affiliated hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518035, P. R. China.,Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Artificial Intelligence and, Digital Orthopedic Technology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518035, P. R. China
| | - Kan Ouyang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First affiliated hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518035, P. R. China
| | - Jianhong Wang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Shenzhen Kangning Hospital, Shenzhen Mental Health Center, Shenzhen, 518020, P. R. China
| | - Limei Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First affiliated hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518035, P. R. China.,Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Artificial Intelligence and, Digital Orthopedic Technology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518035, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First affiliated hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518035, P. R. China.,Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Artificial Intelligence and, Digital Orthopedic Technology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518035, P. R. China
| | - Caining Wen
- Department of Orthopedics, The First affiliated hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518035, P. R. China.,Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Artificial Intelligence and, Digital Orthopedic Technology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518035, P. R. China
| | - Yixin Xie
- Department of Orthopedics, The First affiliated hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518035, P. R. China.,Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Artificial Intelligence and, Digital Orthopedic Technology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518035, P. R. China
| | - Yujie Liang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Shenzhen Kangning Hospital, Shenzhen Mental Health Center, Shenzhen, 518020, P. R. China
| | - Jiang Xia
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, P. R. China.,Center for Cell & Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, P. R. China
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28
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Silva AM, Lázaro‐Ibáñez E, Gunnarsson A, Dhande A, Daaboul G, Peacock B, Osteikoetxea X, Salmond N, Friis KP, Shatnyeva O, Dekker N. Quantification of protein cargo loading into engineered extracellular vesicles at single-vesicle and single-molecule resolution. J Extracell Vesicles 2021; 10:e12130. [PMID: 34377376 PMCID: PMC8329990 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) have been intensively explored for therapeutic delivery of proteins. However, methods to quantify cargo proteins loaded into engineered EVs are lacking. Here, we describe a workflow for EV analysis at the single-vesicle and single-molecule level to accurately quantify the efficiency of different EV-sorting proteins in promoting cargo loading into EVs. Expi293F cells were engineered to express EV-sorting proteins fused to green fluorescent protein (GFP). High levels of GFP loading into secreted EVs was confirmed by Western blotting for specific EV-sorting domains, but quantitative single-vesicle analysis by Nanoflow cytometry detected GFP in less than half of the particles analysed, reflecting EV heterogeneity. Anti-tetraspanin EV immunostaining in ExoView confirmed a heterogeneous GFP distribution in distinct subpopulations of CD63+, CD81+, or CD9+ EVs. Loading of GFP into individual vesicles was quantified by Single-Molecule Localization Microscopy. The combined results demonstrated TSPAN14, CD63 and CD63/CD81 fused to the PDGFRβ transmembrane domain as the most efficient EV-sorting proteins, accumulating on average 50-170 single GFP molecules per vesicle. In conclusion, we validated a set of complementary techniques suitable for high-resolution analysis of EV preparations that reliably capture their heterogeneity, and propose highly efficient EV-sorting proteins to be used in EV engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia M. Silva
- Discovery BiologyDiscovery SciencesBioPharmaceuticals R&DAstraZenecaGothenburgSweden
| | - Elisa Lázaro‐Ibáñez
- Discovery BiologyDiscovery SciencesBioPharmaceuticals R&DAstraZenecaGothenburgSweden
- Advanced Drug DeliveryPharmaceutical SciencesBioPharmaceuticals R&DAstraZenecaGothenburgSweden
| | - Anders Gunnarsson
- Structure and BiophysicsDiscovery SciencesBioPharmaceuticals R&DAstraZenecaGothenburgSweden
| | | | | | | | - Xabier Osteikoetxea
- Discovery BiologyDiscovery SciencesBioPharmaceuticals R&DAstraZenecaAlderley ParkUK
| | - Nikki Salmond
- Discovery BiologyDiscovery SciencesBioPharmaceuticals R&DAstraZenecaAlderley ParkUK
| | - Kristina Pagh Friis
- Advanced Drug DeliveryPharmaceutical SciencesBioPharmaceuticals R&DAstraZenecaGothenburgSweden
| | - Olga Shatnyeva
- Discovery BiologyDiscovery SciencesBioPharmaceuticals R&DAstraZenecaGothenburgSweden
| | - Niek Dekker
- Discovery BiologyDiscovery SciencesBioPharmaceuticals R&DAstraZenecaGothenburgSweden
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29
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Thomas BL, Eldridge SE, Nosrati B, Alvarez M, Thorup A, Nalesso G, Caxaria S, Barawi A, Nicholson JG, Perretti M, Gaston‐Massuet C, Pitzalis C, Maloney A, Moore A, Jupp R, Dell'Accio F. WNT3A-loaded exosomes enable cartilage repair. J Extracell Vesicles 2021; 10:e12088. [PMID: 34025953 PMCID: PMC8134720 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cartilage defects repair poorly. Recent genetic studies suggest that WNT3a may contribute to cartilage regeneration, however the dense, avascular cartilage extracellular matrix limits its penetration and signalling to chondrocytes. Extracellular vesicles actively penetrate intact cartilage. This study investigates the effect of delivering WNT3a into large cartilage defects in vivo using exosomes as a delivery vehicle. Exosomes were purified by ultracentrifugation from conditioned medium of either L-cells overexpressing WNT3a or control un-transduced L-cells, and characterized by electron microscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis and marker profiling. WNT3a loaded on exosomes was quantified by western blotting and functionally characterized in vitro using the SUPER8TOPFlash reporter assay and other established readouts including proliferation and proteoglycan content. In vivo pathway activation was assessed using TCF/Lef:H2B-GFP reporter mice. Wnt3a loaded exosomes were injected into the knees of mice, in which large osteochondral defects were surgically generated. The degree of repair was histologically scored after 8 weeks. WNT3a was successfully loaded on exosomes and resulted in activation of WNT signalling in vitro. In vivo, recombinant WNT3a failed to activate WNT signalling in cartilage, whereas a single administration of WNT3a loaded exosomes activated canonical WNT signalling for at least one week, and eight weeks later, improved the repair of osteochondral defects. WNT3a assembled on exosomes, is efficiently delivered into cartilage and contributes to the healing of osteochondral defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethan L. Thomas
- Barts and the London School of Medicine and DentistryWilliam Harvey Research InstituteQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Suzanne E. Eldridge
- Barts and the London School of Medicine and DentistryWilliam Harvey Research InstituteQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Babak Nosrati
- Dipartimento di scienza e tecnologia del farmacoUniversità degli Studi di TorinoTorinoItaly
| | - Mario Alvarez
- Barts and the London School of Medicine and DentistryWilliam Harvey Research InstituteQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Anne‐Sophie Thorup
- Barts and the London School of Medicine and DentistryWilliam Harvey Research InstituteQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Giovanna Nalesso
- School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of SurreyDaphne Jackson RoadGuildfordUK
| | - Sara Caxaria
- Barts and the London School of Medicine and DentistryWilliam Harvey Research InstituteQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Aida Barawi
- Barts and the London School of Medicine and DentistryWilliam Harvey Research InstituteQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - James G. Nicholson
- Barts and the London School of Medicine and DentistryWilliam Harvey Research InstituteQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Mauro Perretti
- Barts and the London School of Medicine and DentistryWilliam Harvey Research InstituteQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Carles Gaston‐Massuet
- Barts and the London School of Medicine and DentistryWilliam Harvey Research InstituteQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Costantino Pitzalis
- Barts and the London School of Medicine and DentistryWilliam Harvey Research InstituteQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | | | | | | | - Francesco Dell'Accio
- Barts and the London School of Medicine and DentistryWilliam Harvey Research InstituteQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
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30
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Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been considered to deliver biological cargos between cells and mediate intercellular communication and potential drug delivery carriers. However, the mechanisms that underlie the biological process of EV uptake and cytoplasmic cargo release in recipient cells are largely unknown. Quantitative and real-time assays for the assessment of cargo delivery efficiency inside recipient cells have not been feasible. In this study, we developed an EV cargo delivery (EVCD) assay using a split luciferase called a NanoBiT system. Recipient cells expressing LgBiT, a large subunit of luciferase, emit luminescence when EV cargo proteins fused with a small luminescence tag (HiBiT tag) that can complement LgBiT are delivered to the cytoplasm of recipient cells. Using the EVCD assay, the cargo delivery efficiency of EVs could be quantitatively measured in real time. This assay was highly sensitive in detecting a single event of cargo delivery per cell. We found that modification of EVs with a virus-derived fusogenic protein significantly enhanced the cytoplasmic cargo delivery; however, in the absence of a fusogenic protein, the cargo delivery efficiency of EVs was below the threshold of the assay. The EVCD assay could assess the effect of entry inhibitors on EV cargo delivery. Furthermore, using a luminescence microscope, the cytoplasmic cargo delivery of EVs was directly visualized in living cells. This assay could reveal the biological mechanism of the cargo delivery processes of EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaharu Somiya
- Department of Biomolecular Science and Reaction, The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Shun'ichi Kuroda
- Department of Biomolecular Science and Reaction, The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
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31
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Abstract
The ability for biologics to access intracellular targets hinges on the translocation of active, unmodified proteins. This is often achieved using nanoscale formulations, which enter cells through endocytosis. This uptake mechanism often limits the therapeutic potential of the biologics, as the propensity of the nanocarrier to escape the endosome becomes the key determinant. To appropriately evaluate and compare competing delivery systems of disparate compositions, it is therefore critical to assess endosomal escape efficiencies. Unfortunately, quantitative tools to assess endosomal escape are lacking, and standard approaches often lead to an erroneous interpretation of cytosolic localization. In this study we use a split-complementation endosomal escape (SEE) assay to evaluate levels of cytosolic caspase-3 following delivery by polymer nanogels and mesoporous silica nanoparticles. In particular, we use SEE as a means to enable the systematic investigation of the effect of polymer composition, polymer architecture (random vs block), hydrophobicity, and surface functionality. Although polymer structure had little influence on endosomal escape, nanogel functionalization with cationic and pH-sensitive peptides significantly enhanced endosomal escape levels and, further, significantly increased the amount of nanogel per endosome. This work serves as a guide for developing an optimal caspase-3 delivery system, as this caspase-3 variant can be easily substituted for a therapeutic caspase-3 cargo in any system that results in cytosolic accumulation and cargo release. In addition, these data provide a framework that can be readily applied to a wide variety of protein cargos to assess the independent contributions of both uptake and endosomal escape of a wide range of protein delivery vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jeanne A. Hardy
- Center for Bioactive Delivery at the Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - S. Thayumanavan
- Center for Bioactive Delivery at the Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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32
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Gurunathan S, Kang MH, Kim JH. A Comprehensive Review on Factors Influences Biogenesis, Functions, Therapeutic and Clinical Implications of Exosomes. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:1281-1312. [PMID: 33628021 PMCID: PMC7898217 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s291956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are nanoscale-sized membrane vesicles secreted by almost all cell types into the extracellular environment upon fusion of multivesicular bodies and plasma membrane. Biogenesis of exosomes is a protein quality control mechanism, and once released, exosomes transmit signals to other cells. The applications of exosomes have increased immensely in biomedical fields owing to their cell-specific cargos that facilitate intercellular communications with neighboring cells through the transfer of biologically active compounds. The diverse constituents of exosomes reflect their cell of origin and their detection in biological fluids represents a diagnostic marker for various diseases. Exosome research is expanding rapidly due to the potential for clinical application to therapeutics and diagnosis. However, several aspects of exosome biology remain elusive. To discover the use of exosomes in the biomedical applications, we must better understand the basic molecular mechanisms underlying their biogenesis and function. In this comprehensive review, we describe factors involved in exosomes biogenesis and the role of exosomes in intercellular signaling and cell-cell communications, immune responses, cellular homeostasis, autophagy, and infectious diseases. In addition, we discuss the role of exosomes as diagnostic markers, and their therapeutic and clinical implications. Furthermore, we addressed the challenges and outstanding developments in exosome research, and discuss future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangiliyandi Gurunathan
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Korea
| | - Min-Hee Kang
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Korea
| | - Jin-Hoi Kim
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Korea
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33
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Zhang DX, Vu LT, Ismail NN, Le MTN, Grimson A. Landscape of extracellular vesicles in the tumour microenvironment: Interactions with stromal cells and with non-cell components, and impacts on metabolic reprogramming, horizontal transfer of neoplastic traits, and the emergence of therapeutic resistance. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 74:24-44. [PMID: 33545339 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are increasingly recognised as a pivotal player in cell-cell communication, an attribute of EVs that derives from their ability to transport bioactive cargoes between cells, resulting in complex intercellular signalling mediated by EVs, which occurs under both physiological and pathological conditions. In the context of cancer, recent studies have demonstrated the versatile and crucial roles of EVs in the tumour microenvironment (TME). Here, we revisit EV biology, and focus on EV-mediated interactions between cancer cells and stromal cells, including fibroblasts, immune cells, endothelial cells and neurons. In addition, we focus on recent reports indicating interactions between EVs and non-cell constituents within the TME, including the extracellular matrix. We also review and summarise the intricate cancer-associated network modulated by EVs, which promotes metabolic reprogramming, horizontal transfer of neoplastic traits, and therapeutic resistance in the TME. We aim to provide a comprehensive and updated landscape of EVs in the TME, focusing on oncogenesis, cancer progression and therapeutic resistance, together with our future perspectives on the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Xin Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR; Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Luyen Tien Vu
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Institute for Digital Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; N.1 Institute for Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nur Nadiah Ismail
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Minh T N Le
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Institute for Digital Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; N.1 Institute for Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Andrew Grimson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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34
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Abstract
Mechanism studies revealed that a Zn coordination to cyclen-based cationic polymer may effectively improve the buffering capacity and endosomal escape ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Mo Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education)
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- P. R. China
| | - Yu Guo
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education)
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- P. R. China
| | - Hui-Zhen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education)
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- P. R. China
| | - Ji Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education)
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Qi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education)
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- P. R. China
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35
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Kong W, Liu X, Yin G, Zheng S, Zhu A, Yu P, Shan Y, Ying R, Zhang J. Extracellular vesicle derived miR-544 downregulates expression of tumor suppressor promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger resulting in increased peritoneal metastasis in gastric cancer. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:24009-24022. [PMID: 33221764 PMCID: PMC7762464 DOI: 10.18632/aging.104082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Peritoneal metastasis (PM) is the main cause of poor prognosis in patients with advanced gastric cancer (GC). Increasing evidence has suggested that cancer-associated EVs in body fluids may assist in the diagnosis and treatment of GC. Here, we investigated the role of GC-derived EVs in PM development. Our results demonstrate that expression of the tumor suppressor promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger (PLZF) is decreased in GC tissues and PM lesions from GC patients. PLZF suppression promoted migration and invasion of peritoneal mesothelial HMrSV5 cells, while PLZF overexpression suppressed HMrSV5 cell migration and invasion. Microarray analysis revealed significantly upregulated expression of several miRNAs in EVs isolated from GC patients with PM, including miR-544. The increased miR-544 expression was confirmed in GC tissues and PM-derived EVs. Transfection with miR-544 reduced PLZF expression in HMrSV5 cells, while miR-544 inhibition increased PLZF expression. Incubation of GC cells with peritoneal mesothelial HMrSV5 cells showed that miR-544 could be transferred from GC-derived EVs to peritoneal cells, where it suppressed the PLZF expression. These findings indicate that EV-mediated transfer of miR-544 decreases the PLZF expression in PM lesions, which suggests miR-544 could potentially serve as a diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target for treatment of GC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wencheng Kong
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China
| | - Xinchun Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China
| | - Guang Yin
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China
| | - Sixin Zheng
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China
| | - Akao Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China
| | - Panpan Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China
| | - Yuqiang Shan
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China
| | - Rongchao Ying
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China
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36
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de Jong B, Barros ER, Hoenderop JGJ, Rigalli JP. Recent Advances in Extracellular Vesicles as Drug Delivery Systems and Their Potential in Precision Medicine. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E1006. [PMID: 33105857 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12111006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-bilayered nanoparticles released by most cell types. Recently, an enormous number of studies have been published on the potential of EVs as carriers of therapeutic agents. In contrast to systems such as liposomes, EVs exhibit less immunogenicity and higher engineering potential. Here, we review the most relevant publications addressing the potential and use of EVs as a drug delivery system (DDS). The information is divided based on the key steps for designing an EV-mediated delivery strategy. We discuss possible sources and isolation methods of EVs. We address the administration routes that have been tested in vivo and the tissue distribution observed. We describe the current knowledge on EV clearance, a significant challenge towards enhancing bioavailability. Also, EV-engineering approaches are described as alternatives to improve tissue and cell-specificity. Finally, a summary of the ongoing clinical trials is performed. Although the application of EVs in the clinical practice is still at an early stage, a high number of studies in animals support their potential as DDS. Thus, better treatment options could be designed to precisely increase target specificity and therapeutic efficacy while reducing off-target effects and toxicity according to the individual requirements of each patient.
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Abstract
Due to the rapid onset and spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, the treatment of COVID-19 patients by hydroxychloroquine alone or in combination with other drugs has captured a great deal of attention and triggered considerable debate. Historically, the worldwide use of quinoline based-drugs has led to a spectacular reduction in death from malaria. Unfortunately, scientists have been forced to seek alternative drugs to treat malaria due to the emergence of chloroquine-resistant parasites in the 1960s. The repurposing of hydroxychloroquine against viral infections, various types of cancer and autoimmune diseases has been ongoing for more than 70 years, with no clear understanding of its mechanism of action (MOA). Here, we closely examine the MOA of this old but influential drug in and beyond malaria. Better insights into how chloroquine targets the host's cellular and immune responses may help to develop applications against to new pathogens and diseases, and perhaps even restore the clinical utility of chloroquine against malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cevayir Coban
- Division of Malaria Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science (IMSUT), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Laboratory of Malaria Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
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38
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O'Brien K, Breyne K, Ughetto S, Laurent LC, Breakefield XO. RNA delivery by extracellular vesicles in mammalian cells and its applications. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2020; 21:585-606. [PMID: 32457507 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-020-0251-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 884] [Impact Index Per Article: 221.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The term 'extracellular vesicles' refers to a heterogeneous population of vesicular bodies of cellular origin that derive either from the endosomal compartment (exosomes) or as a result of shedding from the plasma membrane (microvesicles, oncosomes and apoptotic bodies). Extracellular vesicles carry a variety of cargo, including RNAs, proteins, lipids and DNA, which can be taken up by other cells, both in the direct vicinity of the source cell and at distant sites in the body via biofluids, and elicit a variety of phenotypic responses. Owing to their unique biology and roles in cell-cell communication, extracellular vesicles have attracted strong interest, which is further enhanced by their potential clinical utility. Because extracellular vesicles derive their cargo from the contents of the cells that produce them, they are attractive sources of biomarkers for a variety of diseases. Furthermore, studies demonstrating phenotypic effects of specific extracellular vesicle-associated cargo on target cells have stoked interest in extracellular vesicles as therapeutic vehicles. There is particularly strong evidence that the RNA cargo of extracellular vesicles can alter recipient cell gene expression and function. During the past decade, extracellular vesicles and their RNA cargo have become better defined, but many aspects of extracellular vesicle biology remain to be elucidated. These include selective cargo loading resulting in substantial differences between the composition of extracellular vesicles and source cells; heterogeneity in extracellular vesicle size and composition; and undefined mechanisms for the uptake of extracellular vesicles into recipient cells and the fates of their cargo. Further progress in unravelling the basic mechanisms of extracellular vesicle biogenesis, transport, and cargo delivery and function is needed for successful clinical implementation. This Review focuses on the current state of knowledge pertaining to packaging, transport and function of RNAs in extracellular vesicles and outlines the progress made thus far towards their clinical applications.
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39
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Baradaran Eftekhari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Medical Biomaterial Research Center (MBRC), Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Niloufar Maghsoudnia
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Medical Biomaterial Research Center (MBRC), Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farid Abedin Dorkoosh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Medical Biomaterial Research Center (MBRC), Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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