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Zeigenfuss LC, Schoenecker KA. Effects of Elk and Bison Herbivory on Narrowleaf Cottonwood. WEST N AM NATURALIST 2021. [DOI: 10.3398/064.081.0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Linda C. Zeigenfuss
- U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, 2150 Centre Ave. Bldg. C, Fort Collins, CO 80526
| | - Kathryn A. Schoenecker
- U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, 2150 Centre Ave. Bldg. C, Fort Collins, CO 80526
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2
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Nordkvist M, Björkman C, Klapwijk MJ. Plant Mediated Interactions: Lower Sawfly Survival on Pines Previously Browsed by Moose. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.666069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect herbivore performance and arthropod communities can be affected by mammalian grazing and browsing via altered plant communities and vegetation structure. Far less is known about whether changes to plant architecture can cause similar effects. Browsing generated changes to within plant architecture could potentially have large consequences for arthropod communities, herbivore survival and eventually damage to plants. This study investigates plant-mediated effects of ungulate browsing on arthropod predator communities and on the survival of herbivorous insects. More specifically we studied how different levels of ungulate browsing (1) influenced the arthropod predator community on Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and (2) affected the survival of the European pine sawfly (Neodiprion sertifer). We related these response variables to browsing-inflicted changes in pine architecture. An observational study of generalist arthropod predators on pine trees revealed a trend toward a quadratic response of ants to browsing intensity—i.e., a higher abundance of ants on moderately browsed trees and lower abundance on intensively browsed trees. A field survey of sawfly larvae revealed a 19% lower larval survival on browsed compared to un-browsed pines, but no difference in survival comparing pines with moderate and high intensity of browsing. A structural equation model revealed that moose generated changes to pine architecture had only a small effect on sawfly larval survival, suggesting additional mediating pine traits affected by browsing. We conclude that insect survival can be altered by ungulate browsing, which could affect damage levels.
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3
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Loosen AE, Devineau O, Zimmermann B, Cromsigt JPGM, Pfeffer SE, Skarpe C, Marie Mathisen K. Roads, forestry, and wolves interact to drive moose browsing behavior in Scandinavia. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anne E. Loosen
- Faculty of Applied Ecology, Agricultural Sciences and Biotechnology Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences Campus Evenstad Koppang2480Norway
| | - Olivier Devineau
- Faculty of Applied Ecology, Agricultural Sciences and Biotechnology Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences Campus Evenstad Koppang2480Norway
| | - Barbara Zimmermann
- Faculty of Applied Ecology, Agricultural Sciences and Biotechnology Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences Campus Evenstad Koppang2480Norway
| | - Joris P. G. M. Cromsigt
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Skogsmarksgränd Umeå901 83Sweden
- Department of Zoology Centre for African Conservation Ecology Nelson Mandela University PO Box 77000 Port Elizabeth6031South Africa
| | - Sabine E. Pfeffer
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Skogsmarksgränd Umeå901 83Sweden
| | - Christina Skarpe
- Faculty of Applied Ecology, Agricultural Sciences and Biotechnology Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences Campus Evenstad Koppang2480Norway
| | - Karen Marie Mathisen
- Faculty of Applied Ecology, Agricultural Sciences and Biotechnology Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences Campus Evenstad Koppang2480Norway
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4
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Nordkvist M, Klapwijk MJ, Edenius LR, Björkman C. Interacting effects of insect and ungulate herbivory on Scots pine growth. Sci Rep 2020; 10:22341. [PMID: 33339887 PMCID: PMC7749124 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79346-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Most plants are subjected to damage from multiple species of herbivores, and the combined impact on plant growth can be non-additive. Since plant response to herbivores tends to be species specific, and change with repeated damage, the outcome likely depend on the sequence and number of attacks. There is a high likelihood of non-additive effects on plant growth by damage from mammals and insects, as mammalian herbivory can alter insect herbivore damage levels, yet few studies have explored this. We report the growth response of young Scots pine trees to sequential mammal and insect herbivory, varying the sequence and number of damage events, using an ungulate-pine-sawfly system. Combined sawfly and ungulate herbivory had both additive and non-additive effects on pine growth—the growth response depended on the combination of ungulate browsing and sawfly defoliation (significant interaction effect). Repeated sawfly herbivory reduced growth (compared to single defoliation) on un-browsed trees. However, on browsed trees, depending on when sawfly defoliation was combined with browsing, trees exposed to repeated sawfly herbivory had both higher, lower and the same growth as trees exposed to a single defoliation event. We conclude that the sequence of attacks by multiple herbivores determine plant growth response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Nordkvist
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Maartje J Klapwijk
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - La Rs Edenius
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Christer Björkman
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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5
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Scogings PF, De Fortier A. Severe simulated herbivory constrains
Sclerocarya birrea
saplings regardless of resource availability. AUSTRAL ECOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.12983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter F. Scogings
- School of Life Sciences University of KwaZulu‐Natal Private Bag X01 Scottsville3209South Africa
| | - An De Fortier
- Department of Zoology University of Zululand Kwadlangezwa South Africa
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6
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Zamora-Nasca LB, Dimarco RD, Nassini D, Alvear PA, Mayoral A, Nuñez MA, Relva MA. Sheep feeding preference as a tool to control pine invasion in Patagonia: influence of foliar toughness, terpenoids and resin content. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12113. [PMID: 32694547 PMCID: PMC7374590 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68748-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Herbivores modulate the structure and composition of plant communities, including plant invasions. This is conditioned by plant palatability which can be reduced by its chemical or physical traits. The effects that ungulates browsing has on pine invasions are variable and the empirical evidence on the causes of this variability is scarce. We experimentally explored how sheep browsing preference varies between seedlings of pine species with different invasiveness; Pinus contorta (high invasiveness), P. ponderosa (medium invasiveness), P. radiata (medium invasiveness) and P. jeffreyi (low invasiveness). Secondly, we quantified anti-herbivory chemical compounds and physical traits of these species and related them with sheep preference observed. The browsing incidence of P. contorta was 68%, P. ponderosa 58%, P. radiata 29%, and P. jeffreyi 84%. Among anti-herbivory traits analyzed, α-pinene concentration had a negative effect on the probability of a terminal bud being browsed and on browsing intensity. Meanwhile, foliar toughness was negatively related to browsing intensity and water concentration was positively related to browsing intensity. Also, the most invasive species, P. contorta, was highly damaged. Thus, sheep herbivory could be slowing pine invasion rate; suggesting that could be considered a tool to control early invasions, especially for this particular species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía B Zamora-Nasca
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medio Ambiente, CONICET - Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Romina D Dimarco
- Grupo de Ecología de Poblaciones de Insectos, IFAB (INTA - CONICET), Modesta Victoria 4450, 8400, Bariloche, Rio Negro, Argentina.
| | - Daniela Nassini
- Departamento de Fisicoquímica y Control de Calidad. Complejo Tecnológico Pilcaniyeu, CNEA, Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Pablo A Alvear
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medio Ambiente, CONICET - Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Ariel Mayoral
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medio Ambiente, CONICET - Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Martin A Nuñez
- Grupo Ecología de Invasiones. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medio Ambiente, CONICET - Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - M Andrea Relva
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medio Ambiente, CONICET - Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
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7
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Benevenuto RF, Seldal T, Polashock J, Moe SR, Rodriguez‐Saona C, Gillespie MAK, Hegland SJ. Molecular and ecological plant defense responses along an elevational gradient in a boreal ecosystem. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:2478-2491. [PMID: 32184995 PMCID: PMC7069305 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants have the capacity to alter their phenotype in response to environmental factors, such as herbivory, a phenomenon called phenotypic plasticity. However, little is known on how plant responses to herbivory are modulated by environmental variation along ecological gradients. To investigate this question, we used bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) plants and an experimental treatment to induce plant defenses (i.e., application of methyl jasmonate; MeJA), to observe ecological responses and gene expression changes along an elevational gradient in a boreal system in western Norway. The gradient included optimal growing conditions for bilberry in this region (ca. 500 m a.s.l.), and the plant's range limits at high (ca. 900 m a.s.l.) and low (100 m a.s.l.) elevations. Across all altitudinal sites, MeJA-treated plants allocated more resources to herbivory resistance while reducing growth and reproduction than control plants, but this response was more pronounced at the lowest elevation. High-elevation plants growing under less herbivory pressure but more resource-limiting conditions exhibited consistently high expression levels of defense genes in both MeJA-treated and untreated plants at all times, suggesting a constant state of "alert." These results suggest that plant defense responses at both the molecular and ecological levels are modulated by the combination of climate and herbivory pressure, such that plants under different environmental conditions differentially direct the resources available to specific antiherbivore strategies. Our findings are important for understanding the complex impact of future climate changes on plant-herbivore interactions, as this is a major driver of ecosystem functioning and biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Fonseca Benevenuto
- Faculty of Engineering and ScienceWestern Norway University of Applied SciencesSogndalNorway
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource ManagementNorwegian University of Life SciencesÅsNorway
| | - Tarald Seldal
- Faculty of Engineering and ScienceWestern Norway University of Applied SciencesSogndalNorway
| | - James Polashock
- Genetic Improvement of Fruits and Vegetables LabPhilip E. Marucci Center for Blueberry and Cranberry ResearchUnited States Department of Agriculture‐Agricultural Research ServiceChatsworthNJUSA
| | - Stein R. Moe
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource ManagementNorwegian University of Life SciencesÅsNorway
| | - Cesar Rodriguez‐Saona
- Department of EntomologyPhilip E. Marucci Center for Blueberry and Cranberry ResearchRutgersThe State University of New JerseyChatsworthNJUSA
| | - Mark A. K. Gillespie
- Faculty of Engineering and ScienceWestern Norway University of Applied SciencesSogndalNorway
| | - Stein Joar Hegland
- Faculty of Engineering and ScienceWestern Norway University of Applied SciencesSogndalNorway
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8
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Archibald S, Hempson GP, Lehmann C. A unified framework for plant life-history strategies shaped by fire and herbivory. New Phytol 2019; 224:1490-1503. [PMID: 31177547 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Fire and herbivory both remove aboveground biomass. Environmental factors determine the type and intensity of these consumers globally, but the traits of plants can also alter their propensity to burn and the degree to which they are eaten. To understand plant life-history strategies associated with fire and herbivory we need to describe both response and effect functional traits, and how they sort within communities, along resource gradients, and across evolutionary timescales. Fire and herbivore functional traits are generally considered separately, but there are advances made in understanding fire that relate to herbivory, and vice versa. Moreover, fire and herbivory interact: the presence of one consumer affects the type and intensity of the other. Here, we present a unifying conceptual framework to understand plant strategies that enable tolerance and persistence to fire and herbivory. Using grasses as an example, we discuss how flammability and fire tolerance, palatability, and grazing tolerance traits might organize themselves in ecosystems exposed to these consumers, and how these traits might have evolved with reference to other strong selective processes, like aridity. Our framework can be used to predict both the diversity of life-history strategies and plant species diversity under different consumer regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Archibald
- Centre for African Ecology, School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa
| | - Gareth P Hempson
- Centre for African Ecology, School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa
- South African Environmental Observation Network (SAEON), Ndlovu Node, Private Bag X1021, Phalaborwa, Kruger National Park, 1390, South Africa
| | - Caroline Lehmann
- Centre for African Ecology, School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FF, UK
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9
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Nordkvist M, Klapwijk MJ, Edenius L, Gershenzon J, Schmidt A, Björkman C. Trait-mediated indirect interactions: Moose browsing increases sawfly fecundity through plant-induced responses. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:10615-10629. [PMID: 31624570 PMCID: PMC6787786 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced responses in plants, initiated by herbivory, create potential for trait-mediated indirect interactions among herbivores. Responses to an initial herbivore may change a number of plant traits that subsequently alter ecological processes with additional herbivores. Although common, indirect interactions between taxonomically distant herbivores, such as mammals and insects, are less studied than between taxonomically related species (i.e., insect-insect). In terms of mammal-insect interactions, effects on insect numbers (e.g., density) are relatively well studied, whereas effects on performance (e.g., fecundity) are rarely explored. Moreover, few studies have explored mammal-insect interactions on coniferous plants.The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of mammalian induced responses on insect performance. We specifically investigated the effect of moose (Alces alces) browsing on Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and subsequent effects on sawfly (Neodiprion sertifer) performance.Sawfly larvae were reared on browsed, clipped, and unbrowsed control pine trees in a controlled field experiment. Afterward, cocoon weight was measured. Needle C:N ratio and di-terpene content were measured in response to browsing.Sawfly performance was enhanced on trees browsed by moose. Cocoon weight (proxy for fecundity) was 9 and 13% higher on browsed and clipped trees compared to unbrowsed trees. Cocoon weight was weakly related to needle C:N ratio, and browsed trees had lower a C:N ratio compared to unbrowsed trees. Needle di-terpene content, known to affect sawfly performance, was neither affected by the browsing treatments nor did it correlate with sawfly weight.We conclude that mammalian herbivory can affect insect herbivore performance, with potential consequences for ecological communities and with particular importance for insect population dynamics. The measured plant variables could not fully explain the effect on sawfly performance providing a starting point for the consideration of additional plant responses induced by mammalian browsing affecting insect performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Nordkvist
- Department of EcologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
| | - Maartje J. Klapwijk
- Department of EcologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
| | - Lars Edenius
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental StudiesSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUmeåSweden
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of BiochemistryMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Axel Schmidt
- Department of BiochemistryMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Christer Björkman
- Department of EcologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
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10
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Smythe SE, Sanchez DM, Epps CW. Contrasting Winter Moose Nutritional Carrying Capacity Models on a Dynamic Landscape. Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 2019; 10:163-179. [DOI: 10.3996/122017-jfwm-104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
AbstractMany models used to estimate nutritional carrying capacity (NCC) for ungulates differ structurally, but the implications of those differences are frequently unclear. We present a comparative analysis of NCC estimates for a large herbivore in a dynamic landscape, using models that differ in structure and scope. We compared three model structures across three estimates of winter ranges under three winter-severity scenarios for an isolated, introduced moose Alces alces population on the Copper River Delta of south-central Alaska. Model estimates of NCC ranged from 205 to 4,592 moose, demonstrating the critical influences of model structure and assumptions when applying NCC. Furthermore, population estimates during recent severe winters suggest that past models underestimated NCC on the Copper River Delta. We conducted a sensitivity analysis of a preferred model and determined that model components with the highest and lowest sensitivity were snow depth and lignin- and tannin-caused reductions in forage nutritional quality, respectively. Our low sensitivity values for lignin and tannin influences on NCC contrast with results in other NCC estimates. Overall, our results reinforce the need for, and will hopefully assist, adaptive management in response to landscape, population, behavioral, and climatic changes on the Copper River Delta, and demonstrate the importance of understanding model assumptions and structure in application of NCC estimates in the management of large herbivores in variable ecosystems.
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11
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Frank A, Heiri C, Kupferschmid AD. Growth and quality of
Fagus sylvatica
saplings depend on seed source, site, and browsing intensity. Ecosphere 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Aline Frank
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL Zürcherstrasse 111 8903 Birmensdorf Switzerland
| | - Caroline Heiri
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL Zürcherstrasse 111 8903 Birmensdorf Switzerland
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12
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Champagne E, Moore BD, Côté SD, Tremblay J. Spatial correlations between browsing on balsam fir by white-tailed deer and the nutritional value of neighboring winter forage. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:2812-2823. [PMID: 29531697 PMCID: PMC5838068 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Associational effects, that is, the influence of neighboring plants on herbivory suffered by a plant, are an outcome of forage selection. Although forage selection is a hierarchical process, few studies have investigated associational effects at multiple spatial scales. Because the nutritional quality of plants can be spatially structured, it might differently influence associational effects across multiple scales. Our objective was to determine the radius of influence of neighbor density and nutritional quality on balsam fir (Abies balsamea) herbivory by white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in winter. We quantified browsing rates on fir and the density and quality of neighboring trees in a series of 10-year-old cutovers on Anticosti Island (Canada). We used cross-correlations to investigate relationships between browsing rates and the density and nutritional quality of neighboring trees at distances up to 1,000 m. Balsam fir and white spruce (Picea glauca) fiber content and dry matter in vitro true digestibility were correlated with fir browsing rate at the finest extra-patch scale (across distance of up to 50 m) and between cutover areas (300-400 m). These correlations suggest associational effects, that is, low nutritional quality of neighbors reduces the likelihood of fir herbivory (associational defense). Our results may indicate associational effects mediated by intraspecific variation in plant quality and suggest that these effects could occur at scales from tens to hundreds of meters. Understanding associational effects could inform strategies for restoration or conservation; for example, planting of fir among existing natural regeneration could be concentrated in areas of low nutritional quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Champagne
- Département de biologieCentre d’études nordiques & Chaire de recherche industrielle CRSNG en aménagement intégré des ressources de l’île d'AnticostiUniversité LavalQuébecCanada
- Centre d’étude de la forêtUniversité LavalQuébecCanada
| | - Ben D. Moore
- Hawkesbury Institute for the EnvironmentWestern Sydney UniversityRichmondNSWAustralia
| | - Steeve D. Côté
- Département de biologieCentre d’études nordiques & Chaire de recherche industrielle CRSNG en aménagement intégré des ressources de l’île d'AnticostiUniversité LavalQuébecCanada
| | - Jean‐Pierre Tremblay
- Département de biologieCentre d’études nordiques & Chaire de recherche industrielle CRSNG en aménagement intégré des ressources de l’île d'AnticostiUniversité LavalQuébecCanada
- Centre d’étude de la forêtUniversité LavalQuébecCanada
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Villemaire-côté O, Ruel J, Sirois L. Development of Northern White-Cedar (Thuja occidentalis L.) Plantations within and outside Deer Yards. Forests 2017; 8:326. [DOI: 10.3390/f8090326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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14
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant strategies to resist herbivory include tolerance and avoidance. Tolerance strategies, such as rapid regrowth which increases the palatability of new shoots, can lead to positive feedback loops between plants and herbivores. An example of such a positive feedback occurs when moose (Alces alces) browse trees in boreal forests. We described the degree of change in tree morphology that accumulated over time in response to repeated browsing by moose, using an index of accumulated browsing. We evaluated whether accumulated browsing could predict the probability and extent of current browsing across woody species in a Norwegian boreal forest, and how our accumulated browsing index related to changes in tree height, shoot availability and shoot size. RESULTS The probability and extent of current browsing increased with the degree of accumulated browsing in all tree species. Plants highly modified by previous browsing were the most attractive, with no indication of decreased preference with repeated browsing over time. The preference for previously browsed trees is most likely driven by increased relative availability of shoots within browsing height and maybe increased palatability. This response to previous browsing was general for both preferred and avoided forage species, in both conifers and deciduous trees. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the adaptation for rapid regrowth after browsing does not reduce herbivory on trees. Rather, our results indicate that plant responses to browsing increase the probability of future herbivory. This response could potentially lead to higher plant mortality where cervid populations are maintained at stable high densities and has implications for plant population dynamics and forestry practices.
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15
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De Jager NR, Drohan PJ, Miranda BM, Sturtevant BR, Stout SL, Royo AA, Gustafson EJ, Romanski MC. Simulating ungulate herbivory across forest landscapes: A browsing extension for LANDIS-II. Ecol Modell 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2017.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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16
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Ohse B, Hammerbacher A, Seele C, Meldau S, Reichelt M, Ortmann S, Wirth C. Salivary cues: simulated roe deer browsing induces systemic changes in phytohormones and defence chemistry in wild‐grown maple and beech saplings. Funct Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Ohse
- Department of Systematic Botany and Functional Biodiversity Institute of Biology University of Leipzig Johannisallee 21, 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Almuth Hammerbacher
- Department of Biochemistry Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology Hans‐Knoell‐Strasse 8, 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Carolin Seele
- Department of Systematic Botany and Functional Biodiversity Institute of Biology University of Leipzig Johannisallee 21, 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Stefan Meldau
- Department of Molecular Ecology Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology Hans‐Knoell‐Strasse 8, 07745 Jena Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Michael Reichelt
- Department of Biochemistry Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology Hans‐Knoell‐Strasse 8, 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Sylvia Ortmann
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW) Alfred‐Kowalke‐Straβe 17, 10315 Berlin Germany
| | - Christian Wirth
- Department of Systematic Botany and Functional Biodiversity Institute of Biology University of Leipzig Johannisallee 21, 04103 Leipzig Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig Germany
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17
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Gómez JM, Zamora R. Differential impact of vertebrate and invertebrate herbivores on the reproductive output ofHormathophylla spinosa. Écoscience 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/11956860.2000.11682599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Danell K, Haukioja E, Huss-Danell K. Morphological and chemical responses of mountain birch leaves and shoots to winter browsing along a gradient of plant productivity. Écoscience 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/11956860.1997.11682408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Ramos A, Petit O, Longour P, Pasquaretta C, Sueur C. Space Use and Movement Patterns in a Semi-Free-Ranging Herd of European Bison (Bison bonasus). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147404. [PMID: 26841107 PMCID: PMC4740407 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The successful reintroduction and restocking of the European Bison demands a reliable knowledge of the biology of this species. Yet little is known to date about the European bison, and empirical data remains insufficient to set up a reliable plan ensuring the reintroduction, maintenance and survival of populations in habitats that have been largely modified by human activity. Studies of the ecology, social behaviour and management of bison are therefore crucial to the conservation of this species and its cohabitation with humans. To meet these challenges, we focused on movement patterns and space use in a semi-free-ranging herd of European bison living in the Réserve Biologique des Monts-d’Azur (France). Bison spend over 80% of their time foraging and resting; foraging mainly occurs around the artificial feeding sites (i.e., hay racks) or in meadows. The time of day and the presence of snow have no influence on the time budget allocated to each activity. Animals, however, spend more time at the food racks in winter. Bison also spend most of their time in small groups of individuals, confirming the occurrence of both fission-fusion dynamics and sexual segregation in this species. Bison seem to follow a Lévy walk pattern of movement, which is probably related to the geographical distribution and size of food patches in the reserve. The conclusions of this study provide a better understanding of the sociality, life habits and habitat use of bison, and also describe how the provision of hay affects all these behaviours. These results could be useful in the development of tools to select the most suitable habitats for the reintroduction, management and conservation of bison populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Ramos
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Département Ecologie, Physiologie et Ethologie, Strasbourg, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Strasbourg, France
| | - Odile Petit
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Département Ecologie, Physiologie et Ethologie, Strasbourg, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Strasbourg, France
| | - Patrice Longour
- Réserve Biologique des Monts-d’Azur, Domaine du Haut-Thorenc, Thorenc, France
| | - Cristian Pasquaretta
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Département Ecologie, Physiologie et Ethologie, Strasbourg, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Strasbourg, France
| | - Cédric Sueur
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Département Ecologie, Physiologie et Ethologie, Strasbourg, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Strasbourg, France
- * E-mail:
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Christie KS, Bryant JP, Gough L, Ravolainen VT, Ruess RW, Tape KD. The Role of Vertebrate Herbivores in Regulating Shrub Expansion in the Arctic: A Synthesis. Bioscience 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biv137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Ahmad K, Qureshi Q, Agoramoorthy G, Nigam P. Habitat use patterns and food habits of the Kashmir red deer or Hangul (Cervus elaphus hanglu) in Dachigam National Park, Kashmir, India. ETHOL ECOL EVOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/03949370.2015.1018955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Christie KS, Ruess RW. Experimental evidence that ptarmigan regulate willow bud production to their own advantage. Oecologia 2015; 178:773-81. [PMID: 25698142 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-015-3265-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In some ecosystems, vertebrate herbivores increase the nutritional quality and biomass of their food source through repeated grazing, thereby manipulating their environment to support higher densities of animals. We tested whether ptarmigan (Lagopus lagopus and L. muta) are capable of regulating the nutritional quality, abundance, and availability of feltleaf willow (Salix alaxensis) buds using a simulated browsing experiment and a feeding preference study with wild birds. Simulated ptarmigan browsing resulted in smaller buds, but greater numbers of buds per shoot. Furthermore, browsing altered the morphology of willow branches such that buds were at higher densities and closer to snow level compared to unbrowsed controls. Browsing increased the number of willows with accessible buds (buds within 50 cm of snow level) from 55 to 89%, and increased total accessible bud biomass from 113 ± 30 to 129 ± 50 mg/ramet. Browsing did not affect bud nitrogen or carbon concentration and slightly reduced protein precipitation capacity (tannins) in buds the following winter, indicating that ptarmigan browsing does not induce a defensive response in this species. When branches of broomed (previously browsed) and unbroomed willows were placed in the snow at equal heights, ptarmigan showed no preference for either type; however, they obtained more buds from broomed willows. Increased accessibility and density of willow buds caused by browsing has the potential to increase habitat carrying capacity, thereby supporting higher densities of ptarmigan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie S Christie
- The Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 902 N. Koyukuk Dr., Fairbanks, AK, USA,
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Christie KS, Ruess RW, Lindberg MS, Mulder CP. Herbivores influence the growth, reproduction, and morphology of a widespread Arctic willow. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101716. [PMID: 25047582 PMCID: PMC4105470 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Shrubs have expanded in Arctic ecosystems over the past century, resulting in significant changes to albedo, ecosystem function, and plant community composition. Willow and rock ptarmigan (Lagopus lagopus, L. muta) and moose (Alces alces) extensively browse Arctic shrubs, and may influence their architecture, growth, and reproduction. Furthermore, these herbivores may alter forage plants in such a way as to increase the quantity and accessibility of their own food source. We estimated the effect of winter browsing by ptarmigan and moose on an abundant, early-successional willow (Salix alaxensis) in northern Alaska by comparing browsed to unbrowsed branches. Ptarmigan browsed 82-89% of willows and removed 30-39% of buds, depending on study area and year. Moose browsed 17-44% of willows and browsed 39-55% of shoots. Browsing inhibited apical dominance and activated axillary and adventitious buds to produce new vegetative shoots. Ptarmigan- and moose-browsed willow branches produced twice the volume of shoot growth but significantly fewer catkins the following summer compared with unbrowsed willow branches. Shoots on browsed willows were larger and produced 40-60% more buds compared to unbrowsed shoots. This process of shoot production at basal parts of the branch is the mechanism by which willows develop a highly complex "broomed" architecture after several years of browsing. Broomed willows were shorter and more likely to be re-browsed by ptarmigan, but not moose. Ptarmigan likely benefit from the greater quantity and accessibility of buds on previously browsed willows and may increase the carrying capacity of their own habitat. Despite the observed tolerance of willows to browsing, their vertical growth and reproduction were strongly inhibited by moose and ptarmigan. Browsing by these herbivores therefore needs to be considered in future models of shrub expansion in the Arctic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie S. Christie
- The Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States of America
| | - Roger W. Ruess
- The Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States of America
| | - Mark S. Lindberg
- The Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States of America
| | - Christa P. Mulder
- The Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States of America
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du Toit JT, Olff H. Generalities in grazing and browsing ecology: using across-guild comparisons to control contingencies. Oecologia 2014; 174:1075-83. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-013-2864-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Moncrieff GR, Chamaillé-Jammes S, Bond WJ. Modelling direct and indirect impacts of browser consumption on woody plant growth: moving beyond biomass. OIKOS 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2013.00904.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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O'Kane CAJ, Duffy KJ, Page BR, Macdonald DW. Model highlights likely long-term influences of mesobrowsers versus those of elephants on woodland dynamics. Afr J Ecol 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/aje.12103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A. J. O'Kane
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit; Department of Zoology; The Recanati-Kaplan Centre; University of Oxford; Tubney House Abingdon Road Tubney Oxon OX13 5QL U.K
- Institute of Systems Science; Durban University of Technology; PO Box 1334 Durban 4000 South Africa
- School of Biological and Conservation Sciences; Westville Campus; University of KwaZulu Natal; Private Bag X 54001 Durban 4000 South Africa
| | - Kevin J. Duffy
- Institute of Systems Science; Durban University of Technology; PO Box 1334 Durban 4000 South Africa
| | - Bruce R. Page
- School of Biological and Conservation Sciences; Westville Campus; University of KwaZulu Natal; Private Bag X 54001 Durban 4000 South Africa
| | - David W. Macdonald
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit; Department of Zoology; The Recanati-Kaplan Centre; University of Oxford; Tubney House Abingdon Road Tubney Oxon OX13 5QL U.K
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J. Teichman K, E. Nielsen S, Roland J. Trophic cascades: linking ungulates to shrub-dependent birds and butterflies. J Anim Ecol 2013; 82:1288-99. [PMID: 23800226 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristine J. Teichman
- Department of Biological Sciences; Biological Sciences Building, University of Alberta; Edmonton AB Canada T6G 2E9
| | - Scott E. Nielsen
- Department of Renewable Resources; University of Alberta; 751 General Services Building, Edmonton AB Canada T6G 2H1
| | - Jens Roland
- Department of Biological Sciences; Biological Sciences Building, University of Alberta; Edmonton AB Canada T6G 2E9
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Czernik M, Taberlet P, Swisłocka M, Czajkowska M, Duda N, Ratkiewicz M. Fast and efficient DNA-based method for winter diet analysis from stools of three cervids: moose, red deer, and roe deer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 58:379-386. [PMID: 24244041 PMCID: PMC3786089 DOI: 10.1007/s13364-013-0146-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Effects of cervid browsing on timber production, especially during winter, lead to economic losses in forest management. The aim of this study was to present an efficient DNA-based method which allows qualitative assessment of the winter diet from stools of moose (Alces alces), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), and red deer (Cervus elaphus). The preliminary results of the diet composition of the three cervids from Poland were also presented with a special emphasis on moose. The electropherograms of the chloroplast intron trnL (UAA) P6 loop amplification products using g (fluorescence-labeled) and h primers revealed differences in the length of PCR products among various plant species eaten by these herbivores. In addition, the usage of species-specific primers allowed unambiguous identification of different gymnosperms and angiosperms. The preliminary moose diet analysis, based on winter fecal samples from the entire range of moose occurrence in Poland, revealed the presence of 15 to 24 tree, shrub, and herbaceous species. This fast, cost-efficient, and simple method proved also to be reliable for the diet analysis of red deer and roe deer. It may be a valuable tool in forest and conservation management, as well as a way of enhancing ecological studies focusing on the impact of herbivores on the ecosystems and their possible food niche overlap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Czernik
- Institute of Biology, University of Białystok, Świerkowa 20B, 15-950 Białystok, Poland
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Champagne E, Tremblay JP, Côté SD. Tolerance of an expanding subarctic shrub, Betula glandulosa, to simulated caribou browsing. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51940. [PMID: 23272191 PMCID: PMC3521738 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Densification of the shrub layer has been reported in many subarctic regions, raising questions about the implication for large herbivores and their resources. Shrubs can tolerate browsing and their level of tolerance could be affected by browsing and soils productivity, eventually modifying resource availability for the caribou. Our objective was to assess the compensatory growth potential of a subarctic shrub, Betula glandulosa Michx., in relation with caribou browsing and nutriment availability for the plants. We used a simulated browsing (0, 25 and 75% of available shoots) and nitrogen-fertilisation (0 and 10 g m(-2)) experiment to test two main hypotheses linking tolerance to resource availability, the Compensatory Continuum Hypothesis and the Growth Rate Hypothesis as well as the predictions from the Limiting Resource Model. We seek to explicitly integrate the relative browsing pressure in our predictions since the amount of tissues removed could affect the capacity of long-lived plants to compensate. Birches fully compensated for moderate browsing with an overall leaf biomass similar to unbrowsed birches but undercompensated under heavy browsing pressure. The main mechanism explaining compensation appears to be the conversion of short shoots into long shoots. The leaf area increased under heavy browsing pressure but only led to undercompensation. Fertilisation for two consecutive years did not influence the response of birch, thus we conclude that our results support the LRM hypothesis of equal tolerance under both high and low nitrogen availability. Our results highlight that the potential for compensatory growth in dwarf birch is surpassed under heavy browsing pressure independently of the fertilisation regime. In the context of the worldwide decline in caribou herds, the reduction in browsing pressure could act synergistically with global climate change to promote the current shrub expansion reported in subarctic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Champagne
- Département de biologie, Université Laval, Québec, Qc, Canada
- Centre d'Études Nordiques, Université Laval, Québec, Qc, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Tremblay
- Département de biologie, Université Laval, Québec, Qc, Canada
- Centre d'Études Nordiques, Université Laval, Québec, Qc, Canada
| | - Steeve D. Côté
- Département de biologie, Université Laval, Québec, Qc, Canada
- Centre d'Études Nordiques, Université Laval, Québec, Qc, Canada
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Hochwender CG, Cha DH, Czesak ME, Fritz RS, Smyth RR, Kaufman AD, Warren B, Neuman A. Protein storage and root:shoot reallocation provide tolerance to damage in a hybrid willow system. Oecologia 2011; 169:49-60. [PMID: 22057898 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-011-2176-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2010] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
To determine the mechanistic basis of tolerance, we evaluated six candidate traits for tolerance to damage using F(2) interspecific hybrids in a willow hybrid system. A distinction was made between reproductive tolerance and biomass tolerance; reproductive tolerance was designated as a plant's proportional change in catkin production following damage, while biomass tolerance referred to a plant's proportional change in biomass (i.e., regrowth) following damage. F(2) hybrids were generated to increase variation and independence among candidate traits. Using three clonally identical individuals, pre-damage candidate traits for tolerance to damage (root:shoot ratio, total nonstructural carbohydrate, and total available protein) and post-damage candidate traits (relative root:shoot ratio, phenolic ratio, and specific leaf area ratio) were measured. The range of variation for these six candidate traits was broad. Biomass was significantly increased two years after 50% shoot length removal, and catkin production was not significantly reduced when damaged, suggesting that F(2) hybrids had great biomass tolerance and reproductive tolerance. Based on multiple regression methods, increased reproductive tolerance was associated with increased protein storage and decreased relative root:shoot ratio (reduced root allocation after damage). In addition, a positive relationship between biomass tolerance and condensed tannins was detected, and both traits were associated with increased reproductive tolerance. These four factors explained 57% of the variance in the reproductive tolerance of F(2) hybrids, but biomass tolerance explained the majority of the variance in reproductive tolerance. Changes in plant architecture in response to plant damage may be the underlying mechanism that explains biomass tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cris G Hochwender
- Department of Biology, University of Evansville, Evansville, IN 47722, USA.
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Schwenk WS, Strong AM. Contrasting patterns and combined effects of moose and insect herbivory on striped maple (Acer pensylvanicum). Basic Appl Ecol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2010.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Jager NRD, Pastor J. Effects of simulated moose Alces alces browsing on the morphology of rowan Sorbus aucuparia. Wildlife Biology 2010. [DOI: 10.2981/09-105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Persson IL, Nilsson MB, Pastor J, Eriksson T, Bergström R, Danell K. Depression of belowground respiration rates at simulated high moose population densities in boreal forests. Ecology 2009; 90:2724-33. [DOI: 10.1890/08-1662.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Hrabar H, Hattas D, du Toit JT. Differential effects of defoliation by mopane caterpillars and pruning by African elephants on the regrowth of Colophospermum mopane foliage. J Trop Ecol 2009; 25:301-9. [DOI: 10.1017/s0266467409005872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:Plant responses to herbivory vary depending on herbivory type, yet the comparative effects of defoliation (e.g. by insects) and pruning (e.g. by large mammals) on a single tree species are poorly documented. We investigated this in the Northern Province of South Africa by comparing the regrowth of Colophospermum mopane trees previously defoliated by caterpillars or pruned by elephants, the two main browsers of C. mopane foliage. Shoots were up to 160% and 125% longer after natural (elephant) and simulated pruning and leaves ~25% longer in regrowth after natural pruning (n = 13–15 trees per treatment). Shoot density and chemical defences in leaves (tannin:protein ratio and total polyphenolic concentration) were, however, no different from control trees. Simulated defoliation resulted in statistically insignificant changes to regrowth in terms of leaf and shoot size (both slightly decreased) and shoot density (slightly increased). Natural (caterpillar) defoliation, however, resulted in regrowth with significantly decreased shoot and leaf size (about 50% and 20% of control lengths, respectively), as well as decreased leaf chemical defence. Shoot and leaf length were longer on trees flushing for the first time after pruning and late-season defoliation had a greater negative impact than mid-season defoliation. Despite the differences in regrowth characteristics after pruning and defoliation, mopane plants showed no apparent trade-off in investment between tolerance and resistance after either herbivory type, as neither regrowth nor chemical defence occurred at the expense of the other.
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Martínez AJ, López-Portillo J, Eben A, Golubov J. Cerambycid girdling and water stress modify mesquite architecture and reproduction. POPUL ECOL 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10144-009-0149-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Herder MD, Bergström R, Niemelä P, Danell K, Lindgren M. Effects of Natural Winter Browsing and Simulated Summer Browsing by Moose on Growth and Shoot Biomass of Birch and Its Associated Invertebrate Fauna. ANN ZOOL FENN 2009. [DOI: 10.5735/086.046.0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Persson IL, Bergström R, Danell K. Browse biomass production an.regrowth capacity after biomass loss in deciduous and coniferous trees: responses to moose browsing along a productivity gradient. OIKOS 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0030-1299.2007.15946.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Rea RV, Child KN, Spata DP, MacDonald D. Influence of cutting time on brush response: implications for herbivory in linear (transportation) corridors. Environ Manage 2007; 40:219-30. [PMID: 17557175 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-005-0360-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2006] [Accepted: 02/23/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to determine the influence the time of brush-cutting can have on plant regrowth and attractiveness to herbivores that browse in linear corridors. The influence of cutting time on leaf flush and senescence, shoot morphometry, and biomass was measured for 3 consecutive years after initial brush-cutting. Results indicate that morphological and phenological attributes of three woody deciduous plants were influenced by the timing of brush-cutting for up to 3 years after initial cutting. Brush-cutting generally stimulated plants to produce larger than normal shoots and delay leaf senescence. The degree to which plants were affected, however, varied with the timing of initial cutting and the species in question. Generally, plants cut later in the year resprouted more vigorously and were taller in the third year after cutting but produced less overall biomass than when cut earlier. In the years following brush-cutting, plants cut earlier flushed leaves earlier in the spring but delayed leaf senescence in the fall when compared to uncut controls. Results of these trials suggest that brush-cutting time influences plant response and several plant attributes known to influence plant attractiveness to moose and other herbivores. We therefore recommend that roadside and railside vegetation management plans consider the influence of cutting time on plant regrowth. Such considerations can ensure that brush is cut to reduce the attractiveness of plant regrowth in these linear corridors, reduce the utilization of such brush by herbivores, and, as such, mitigate collision risk between motorists and herbivores such as moose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy V Rea
- University of Northern British Columbia, Ecosystem Science and Management Program, Prince George, V2N 4Z9, British Columbia, Canada.
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Abstract
Browsing may lead to an induced resistance or susceptibility of the plant to the herbivore. We tested the effect of winter browsing by Eurasian beavers ( Castor fiber L., 1758) on food quality of holme willows ( Salix dasyclados Wimm.) in and after the following growth season. Shrubs were pruned in February, and new shoots from these (cut) shrubs were compared with those of untreated (uncut) ones in May and November. The shoots were analysed for dry matter, nitrogen, acid detergent fibre, and total phenolics. In May, the leaves from the cut treatment had a better food quality (more water, more nitrogen, and less phenolics) than those from the uncut one. There was in part also a systemic response, with lower total phenolics in both the cut and untreated parts of pruned shrubs (uncut–cut) than in the uncut shrubs. In November, we did not find significant differences in biochemistry of bark among cut, uncut, or uncut–cut treatments. These results are in accordance with a cafeteria experiment in the field: in May the beavers preferred shoots from the cut treatment, but in November they showed no preference. The results suggest that willows invest in compensatory growth rather than a defence response early in the regrowing phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies J. Veraart
- Department of Plant–Animal Interactions, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), P.O. Box 1299, NL-3600 BG Maarssen, the Netherlands
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Telemark University College, N-3800 Bø, Norway
| | - Bart A. Nolet
- Department of Plant–Animal Interactions, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), P.O. Box 1299, NL-3600 BG Maarssen, the Netherlands
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Telemark University College, N-3800 Bø, Norway
| | - Frank Rosell
- Department of Plant–Animal Interactions, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), P.O. Box 1299, NL-3600 BG Maarssen, the Netherlands
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Telemark University College, N-3800 Bø, Norway
| | - Peter P. de Vries
- Department of Plant–Animal Interactions, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), P.O. Box 1299, NL-3600 BG Maarssen, the Netherlands
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Telemark University College, N-3800 Bø, Norway
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Stark S, Julkunen-Tiitto R, Kumpula J. Ecological role of reindeer summer browsing in the mountain birch (Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii) forests: effects on plant defense, litter decomposition, and soil nutrient cycling. Oecologia 2006; 151:486-98. [PMID: 17123112 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-006-0593-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2006] [Accepted: 10/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian herbivores commonly alter the concentrations of secondary compounds in plants and, by this mechanism, have indirect effects on litter decomposition and soil carbon and nutrient cycling. In northernmost Fennoscandia, the subarctic mountain birch (Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii) forests are important pasture for the semidomestic reindeer (Rangifer tarandus). In the summer ranges, mountain birches are intensively browsed, whereas in the winter ranges, reindeer feed on ground lichens, and the mountain birches remain intact. We analyzed the effect of summer browsing on the concentrations of secondary substances, litter decomposition, and soil nutrient pools in areas that had been separated as summer or winter ranges for at least 20 years, and we predicted that summer browsing may reduce levels of secondary compounds in the mountain birch and, by this mechanism, have an indirect effect on the decomposition of mountain birch leaf litter and soil nutrient cycling. The effect of browsing on the concentration of secondary substances in the mountain birch leaves varied between different years and management districts, but in some cases, the concentration of condensed tannins was lower in the summer than in the winter ranges. In a reciprocal litter decomposition trial, both litter origin and emplacement significantly affected the litter decomposition rate. Decomposition rates were faster for the litter originating from and placed into the summer range. Soil inorganic nitrogen (N) concentrations were higher in the summer than in the winter ranges, which indicates that reindeer summer browsing may enhance the soil nutrient cycling. There was a tight inverse relationship between soil N and foliar tannin concentrations in the winter range but not in the summer range. This suggests that in these strongly nutrient-limited ecosystems, soil N availability regulates the patterns of resource allocation to condensed tannins in the absence but not in the presence of browsing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sari Stark
- Rovaniemi Research Unit, Finnish Forest Research Institute, P.O. Box 16, Rovaniemi, 96301, Finland.
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BILYEU DANIELLEM, COOPER DAVIDJ, HOBBS NTHOMPSON. Assessing impacts of large herbivores on shrubs: tests of scaling factors for utilization rates from shoot-level measurements. J Appl Ecol 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2006.01245.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Riipi M, Lempa K, Haukioja E, Ossipov V, Pihlaja K. Effects of simulated winter browsing on mountain birch foliar chemistry and on the performance of insect herbivores. OIKOS 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0030-1299.2005.13781.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Stark S, Kytöviita MM. Evidence of antagonistic interactions between rhizosphere microorganisms and mycorrhizal fungi associated with birch (Betula pubescens). Acta Oecologica 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2005.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Steeve D. Côté
- Chaire de Recherche Industrielle CRSNG-Produits forestiers Anticosti, Département de Biologie and Centre d'études nordiques, Université Laval, Québec G1K 7P4, Canada; , ,
| | - Thomas P. Rooney
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706; ,
| | - Jean-Pierre Tremblay
- Chaire de Recherche Industrielle CRSNG-Produits forestiers Anticosti, Département de Biologie and Centre d'études nordiques, Université Laval, Québec G1K 7P4, Canada; , ,
| | - Christian Dussault
- Chaire de Recherche Industrielle CRSNG-Produits forestiers Anticosti, Département de Biologie and Centre d'études nordiques, Université Laval, Québec G1K 7P4, Canada; , ,
| | - Donald M. Waller
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706; ,
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