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Thayer TC, Davies J, Pearson JA, Hanna SJ, Wen L, Wong FS. Differentiating MHC-Dependent and -Independent Mechanisms of Lymph Node Stromal Cell Regulation of Proinsulin-Specific CD8 + T Cells in Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes 2021; 70:529-537. [PMID: 33122391 PMCID: PMC8176215 DOI: 10.2337/db19-1050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Lymph node stromal cells (LNSC) are essential for providing and maintaining peripheral self-tolerance of potentially autoreactive cells. In type 1 diabetes, proinsulin-specific CD8+ T cells, escaping central and peripheral tolerance, contribute to β-cell destruction. Using G9Cα-/-CD8+ T cells specific for proinsulin, we studied the mechanisms by which LNSC regulate low-avidity autoreactive cells in the NOD mouse model of type 1 diabetes. Whereas MHC-matched NOD-LNSC significantly reduced G9Cα-/-CD8+ T-cell cytotoxicity and dendritic cell-induced proliferation, they failed to sufficiently regulate T cells stimulated by anti-CD3/CD28. In contrast, non-MHC-matched, control C57BL/6 mouse LNSC suppressed T-cell receptor engagement by anti-CD3/CD28 via MHC-independent mechanisms. This C57BL/6-LNSC suppression was maintained even after removal of the LNSC, demonstrating a direct effect of LNSC on T cells, modifying antigen sensitivity and effector function. Thus, our results suggest that a loss of NOD-LNSC MHC-independent suppressive mechanisms may contribute to diabetes development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terri C Thayer
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K
| | - Joanne Davies
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K
| | - James A Pearson
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K
- Section of Endocrinology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Stephanie J Hanna
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K
| | - Li Wen
- Section of Endocrinology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - F Susan Wong
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K.
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Pearson JA, Kakabadse D, Davies J, Peng J, Warden-Smith J, Cuff S, Lewis M, da Rosa LC, Wen L, Wong FS. Altered Gut Microbiota Activate and Expand Insulin B15-23-Reactive CD8+ T Cells. Diabetes 2019; 68:1002-1013. [PMID: 30796028 PMCID: PMC6477900 DOI: 10.2337/db18-0487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Insulin is a major autoantigen in type 1 diabetes, targeted by both CD8 and CD4 T cells. We studied an insulin-reactive T-cell receptor (TCR) α-chain transgenic NOD mouse on a TCRCα and proinsulin 2 (PI2)-deficient background, designated as A22Cα-/-PI2-/- NOD mice. These mice develop a low incidence of autoimmune diabetes. To test the role of gut microbiota on diabetes development in this model system, we treated the A22Cα-/-PI2-/- NOD mice with enrofloxacin, a broad-spectrum antibiotic. The treatment led to male mice developing accelerated diabetes. We found that enrofloxacin increased the frequency of the insulin-reactive CD8+ T cells and activated the cells in the Peyer's patches and pancreatic lymph nodes, together with induction of immunological effects on the antigen-presenting cell populations. The composition of gut microbiota differed between the enrofloxacin-treated and untreated mice and also between the enrofloxacin-treated mice that developed diabetes compared with those that remained normoglycemic. Our results provide evidence that the composition of the gut microbiota is important for determining the expansion and activation of insulin-reactive CD8+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Pearson
- Diabetes Research Group, Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, U.K
- Section of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Dimitri Kakabadse
- Diabetes Research Group, Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, U.K
| | - Joanne Davies
- Diabetes Research Group, Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, U.K
| | - Jian Peng
- Section of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Jeremy Warden-Smith
- Diabetes Research Group, Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, U.K
| | - Simone Cuff
- Diabetes Research Group, Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, U.K
| | - Mark Lewis
- Diabetes Research Group, Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, U.K
| | - Larissa Camargo da Rosa
- Diabetes Research Group, Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, U.K
| | - Li Wen
- Section of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - F Susan Wong
- Diabetes Research Group, Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, U.K.
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McDonnell WJ, Koethe JR, Mallal SA, Pilkinton MA, Kirabo A, Ameka MK, Cottam MA, Hasty AH, Kennedy AJ. High CD8 T-Cell Receptor Clonality and Altered CDR3 Properties Are Associated With Elevated Isolevuglandins in Adipose Tissue During Diet-Induced Obesity. Diabetes 2018; 67:2361-2376. [PMID: 30181158 PMCID: PMC6198339 DOI: 10.2337/db18-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue (AT) CD4+ and CD8+ T cells contribute to obesity-associated insulin resistance. Prior studies identified conserved T-cell receptor (TCR) chain families in obese AT, but the presence and clonal expansion of specific TCR sequences in obesity has not been assessed. We characterized AT and liver CD8+ and CD4+ TCR repertoires of mice fed a low-fat diet (LFD) and high-fat diet (HFD) using deep sequencing of the TCRβ chain to quantify clonal expansion, gene usage, and CDR3 sequence. In AT CD8+ T cells, HFD reduced TCR diversity, increased the prevalence of public TCR clonotypes, and selected for TCR CDR3 regions enriched in positively charged and less polarized amino acids. Although TCR repertoire alone could distinguish between LFD- and HFD-fed mice, these properties of the CDR3 region of AT CD8+ T cells from HFD-fed mice led us to examine the role of negatively charged and nonpolar isolevuglandin (isoLG) adduct-containing antigen-presenting cells within AT. IsoLG-adducted protein species were significantly higher in AT macrophages of HFD-fed mice; isoLGs were elevated in M2-polarized macrophages, promoting CD8+ T-cell activation. Our findings demonstrate that clonal TCR expansion that favors positively charged CDR3s accompanies HFD-induced obesity, which may be an antigen-driven response to isoLG accumulation in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wyatt J McDonnell
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
- Center for Translational Immunology and Infectious Disease, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - John R Koethe
- Center for Translational Immunology and Infectious Disease, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Veterans Administration Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN
| | - Simon A Mallal
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
- Center for Translational Immunology and Infectious Disease, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Mark A Pilkinton
- Center for Translational Immunology and Infectious Disease, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Veterans Administration Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN
| | - Annet Kirabo
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Magdalene K Ameka
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Matthew A Cottam
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Alyssa H Hasty
- Veterans Administration Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Arion J Kennedy
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
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Mendes-da-Cruz DA, Lemos JP, Passos GA, Savino W. Abnormal T-Cell Development in the Thymus of Non-obese Diabetic Mice: Possible Relationship With the Pathogenesis of Type 1 Autoimmune Diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:381. [PMID: 30050502 PMCID: PMC6052664 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease caused by the destruction of insulin-producing cells in the pancreas, by direct interactions with autoreactive pancreas infiltrating T lymphocytes (PILs). One of the most important animal models for this disease is the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse. Alterations in the NOD mouse thymus during the pathogenesis of the disease have been reported. From the initial migratory disturbances to the accumulation of mature thymocytes, including regulatory Foxp3+ T cells, important mechanisms seem to regulate the repertoire of T cells that leave the thymus to settle in peripheral lymphoid organs. A significant modulation of the expression of extracellular matrix and soluble chemoattractant molecules, in addition to integrins and chemokine receptors, may contribute to the progressive accumulation of mature thymocytes and consequent formation of giant perivascular spaces (PVS) that are observed in the NOD mouse thymus. Comparative large-scale transcriptional expression and network analyses involving mRNAs and miRNAs of thymocytes, peripheral T CD3+ cells and PILs provided evidence that in PILs chemokine receptors and mRNAs are post-transcriptionally regulated by miR-202-3p resulting in decreased activity of these molecules during the onset of T1D in NOD mice. In this review, we discuss the abnormal T-cell development in NOD mice in the context of intrathymic expression of different migration-related molecules, peptides belonging to the family of insulin and insulin-like growth factors as well as the participation of miRNAs as post-transcriptional regulators and their possible influence on the onset of aggressive autoimmunity during the pathogenesis of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniella A. Mendes-da-Cruz
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Julia P. Lemos
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Geraldo A. Passos
- Department of Morphology, Physiology and Basic Pathology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Wilson Savino
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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5
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Reeves PLS, Rudraraju R, Wong FS, Hamilton-Williams EE, Steptoe RJ. Antigen presenting cell-targeted proinsulin expression converts insulin-specific CD8 + T-cell priming to tolerance in autoimmune-prone NOD mice. Eur J Immunol 2017; 47:1550-1561. [PMID: 28665492 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201747089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) results from autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic β cells. Therapies need to incorporate strategies to overcome the genetic defects that impair induction or maintenance of peripheral T-cell tolerance and contribute to disease development. We tested whether the enforced expression of an islet autoantigen in antigen-presenting cells (APC) counteracted peripheral T-cell tolerance defects in autoimmune-prone NOD mice. We observed that insulin-specific CD8+ T cells transferred to mice in which proinsulin was transgenically expressed in APCs underwent several rounds of division and the majority were deleted. Residual insulin-specific CD8+ T cells were rendered unresponsive and this was associated with TCR downregulation, loss of tetramer binding and expression of a range of co-inhibitory molecules. Notably, accumulation and effector differentiation of insulin-specific CD8+ T cells in pancreatic lymph nodes was prominent in non-transgenic recipients but blocked by transgenic proinsulin expression. This shift from T-cell priming to T-cell tolerance exemplifies the tolerogenic capacity of autoantigen expression by APC and the capacity to overcome genetic tolerance defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peta L S Reeves
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Rajeev Rudraraju
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - F Susan Wong
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Emma E Hamilton-Williams
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Raymond J Steptoe
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Rodriguez-Calvo T, Zapardiel-Gonzalo J, Amirian N, Castillo E, Lajevardi Y, Krogvold L, Dahl-Jørgensen K, von Herrath MG. Increase in Pancreatic Proinsulin and Preservation of β-Cell Mass in Autoantibody-Positive Donors Prior to Type 1 Diabetes Onset. Diabetes 2017; 66:1334-1345. [PMID: 28137793 PMCID: PMC5399615 DOI: 10.2337/db16-1343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by the loss of insulin production caused by β-cell dysfunction and/or destruction. The hypothesis that β-cell loss occurs early during the prediabetic phase has recently been challenged. Here we show, for the first time in situ, that in pancreas sections from autoantibody-positive (Ab+) donors, insulin area and β-cell mass are maintained before disease onset and that production of proinsulin increases. This suggests that β-cell destruction occurs more precipitously than previously assumed. Indeed, the pancreatic proinsulin-to-insulin area ratio was also increased in these donors with prediabetes. Using high-resolution confocal microscopy, we found a high accumulation of vesicles containing proinsulin in β-cells from Ab+ donors, suggesting a defect in proinsulin conversion or an accumulation of immature vesicles caused by an increase in insulin demand and/or a dysfunction in vesicular trafficking. In addition, islets from Ab+ donors were larger and contained a higher number of β-cells per islet. Our data indicate that β-cell mass (and function) is maintained until shortly before diagnosis and declines rapidly at the time of clinical onset of disease. This suggests that secondary prevention before onset, when β-cell mass is still intact, could be a successful therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Natalie Amirian
- Type 1 Diabetes Center, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA
| | - Ericka Castillo
- Type 1 Diabetes Center, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA
| | - Yasaman Lajevardi
- Type 1 Diabetes Center, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA
| | - Lars Krogvold
- Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Knut Dahl-Jørgensen
- Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Matthias G von Herrath
- Type 1 Diabetes Center, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA
- Novo Nordisk Diabetes Research & Development Center, Seattle, WA
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Wan X, Unanue ER. Unique features in the presentation of insulin epitopes in autoimmune diabetes: an update. Curr Opin Immunol 2017; 46:30-7. [PMID: 28456018 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Although an autoimmune disease involves diverse self-antigens, the initiation stage may require recognition of a limited number. This concept is verified in the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse model of autoimmune diabetes, in which strong evidence points to insulin as the prime antigen. The NOD mouse bears the I-Ag7 class II-MHC molecules (MHCII) that share common biochemical features and peptidome selection with the human diabetes-susceptible HLA-DQ8. Furthermore, both NOD mice and patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) display an early appearance of insulin autoantibodies (IAAs) and subsequent insulin-reactive T cell infiltration into the islets. Therefore, a better understanding of insulin presentation is crucial for assessing disease pathogenesis and therapeutic intervention. Here, we summarize recent advances in insulin presentation events that underlie the essential role of this autoantigen in driving autoimmune diabetes.
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Chabot S, Alvarez F, Amrani A, Djilali-Saiah I. Novel model of double transgenic mouse results in autoimmune diabetes in males. Autoimmunity 2016; 49:397-404. [PMID: 27683954 DOI: 10.1080/08916934.2016.1203907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Identifying the type of diabetogenic CD8+ T cells that initiate autoimmune diabetes (AID) is a critical step in designing appropriate strategies for the early detection of beta cell-directed autoimmunity and its progression to diabetes. We generated a novel double transgenic (Tg) mouse model on the naturally diabetes resistant C57Bl/6 background, co-expressing two transgenes including a specific TCR anti-lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus nucleoprotein (LCMV-NP) carried by CD8+ T cells and LCMV-NP (as neo-self antigen) expressed by pancreatic beta cells. The resulting double Tg mouse showed partial thymic deletion of the NP-specific CD8+ T cells. The escaping autoreactive NP-specific CD8+ T cells joining the periphery were activated and gained effector functions. Both male and female mice mounted anti-NP antibodies, but only one-fourth adult males spontaneously developed AID. Significant upregulation of the CD44 and CD122 markers as compared to healthy male and female mice characterized the phenotype of diabetogenic CD8+ T cells in diabetic male mice. We also show that only 10% of these CD8+ T cells expressed programmed death 1 receptor (PD-1). Together, these results suggest that in our double Tg mouse model, Ag-specific effector CD44+CD122+PD-1-CD8+ T cell subpopulation is associated with the pathogenesis of AID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Chabot
- a Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Division, CHU Sainte-Justine , Montreal , QC , Canada.,b Department of Microbiology , Infectiology and Immunology, University of Montreal , Montreal , QC , Canada
| | - Fernando Alvarez
- a Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Division, CHU Sainte-Justine , Montreal , QC , Canada.,b Department of Microbiology , Infectiology and Immunology, University of Montreal , Montreal , QC , Canada.,c Department of Pediatrics , University of Montreal , Montreal , QC , Canada , and
| | - Abdelaziz Amrani
- d Immunology Division, Department of Pediatrics, University of Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke , QC , Canada
| | - Idriss Djilali-Saiah
- a Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Division, CHU Sainte-Justine , Montreal , QC , Canada
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