Circulating MicroRNAs in Cancer: Potential and Challenge

From diagnosis to resistance: a symphony of miRNAs in pheochromocytoma progression and treatment response

Pheochromocytoma (PCC) is a neuroendocrine tumor that produces and secretes catecholamine from either the adrenal medulla or extra-adrenal locations. MicroRNAs (miRNAs, miR) can be used as biomarkers to detect cancer or the return of a previously treated disease. Blood-borne miRNAs might be envisioned as noninvasive markers of malignancy or prognosis, and new studies demonstrate that microRNAs are released in body fluids as well as tissues. MiRNAs have the potential to be therapeutic targets, which would greatly increase the restricted therapy options for adrenal tumors. This article aims to consolidate and synthesize the most recent studies on miRNAs in PCC, discussing their potential clinical utility as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers while also addressing their limitations.

Decoding the secrets of longevity: unraveling nutraceutical and miRNA-Mediated aging pathways and therapeutic strategies

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short RNA molecules that are not involved in coding for proteins. They have a significant function in regulating gene expression after the process of transcription. Their participation in several biological processes has rendered them appealing subjects for investigating age-related disorders. Increasing data indicates that miRNAs can be influenced by dietary variables, such as macronutrients, micronutrients, trace minerals, and nutraceuticals. This review examines the influence of dietary factors and nutraceuticals on the regulation of miRNA in relation to the process of aging. We examine the present comprehension of miRNA disruption in age-related illnesses and emphasize the possibility of dietary manipulation as a means of prevention or treatment. Consolidating animal and human research is essential to validate the significance of dietary miRNA control in living organisms, despite the abundance of information already provided by several studies. This review elucidates the complex interaction among miRNAs, nutrition, and aging, offering valuable insights into promising areas for further research and potential therapies for age-related disorders.

microRNAs, oxidative stress, and genotoxicity as the main inducers in the pathobiology of cancer development

Cancer is one of the most serious leading causes of death in the world. Many eclectic factors are involved in cancer progression including genetic and epigenetic alongside environmental ones. In this account, the performance and fluctuations of microRNAs are significant in cancer diagnosis and treatment, particularly as diagnostic biomarkers in oncology. So, microRNAs manage and control the gene expression after transcription by mRNA degradation, or also they can inhibit their translation. Conspicuously, these molecular structures take part in controlling the cellular, physiological and pathological functions, which many of them can accomplish as tumor inhibitors or oncogenes. Relatively, Oxidative stress is defined as the inequality between the creation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the body's ability to detoxify the reactive mediators or repair the resulting injury. ROS and microRNAs have been recognized as main cancer promoters and possible treatment targets. Importantly, genotoxicity has been established as the primary reason for many diseases as well as several malignancies. The procedures have no obvious link with mutagenicity and influence the organization, accuracy of the information, or fragmentation of DNA. Conclusively, mutations in these patterns can lead to carcinogenesis. In this review article, we report the impressive and practical roles of microRNAs, oxidative stress, and genotoxicity in the pathobiology of cancer development in conjunction with their importance as reliable cancer biomarkers and their association with circulating miRNA, exosomes and exosomal miRNAs, RNA remodeling, DNA methylation, and other molecular elements in oncology.

It is time to implement molecular classification in endometrial cancer

A huge effort has been done in redefining endometrial cancer (EC) risk classes in the last decade. However, known prognostic factors (FIGO staging and grading, biomolecular classification and ESMO-ESGO-ESTRO risk classes stratification) are not able to predict outcomes and especially recurrences. Biomolecular classification has helped in re-classifying patients for a more appropriate adjuvant treatment and clinical studies suggest that currently used molecular classification improves the risk assessment of women with EC, however, it does not clearly explain differences in recurrence profiles. Furthermore, a lack of evidence appears in EC guidelines. Here, we summarize the main concepts why molecular classification is not enough in the management of endometrial cancer, by highlighting some promising innovative examples in scientific literature studies with a clinical potential significant impact.

Role of microRNA-146a in cancer development by regulating apoptosis

Despite great advances in diagnostic and treatment options for cancer, like chemotherapy surgery, and radiation therapy it continues to remain a major global health concern. Further research is necessary to find new biomarkers and possible treatment methods for cancer. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), tiny non-coding RNAs found naturally in the body, can influence the activity of several target genes. These genes are often disturbed in diseases like cancer, which perturbs functions like differentiation, cell division, cell cycle, apoptosis and proliferation. MiR-146a is a commonly and widely used miRNA that is often overexpressed in malignant tumors. The expression of miR-146a has been correlated with many pathological and physiological changes in cancer cells, such as the regulation of various cell death paths. It's been established that the control of cell death pathways has a huge influence on cancer progression. To improve our understanding of the interrelationship between miRNAs and cancer cell apoptosis, it's necessary to explore the impact of miRNAs through the alteration in their expression levels. Research has demonstrated that the appearance and spread of cancer can be mitigated by moderating the expression of certain miRNA - a commencement of treatment that presents a hopeful approach in managing cancer. Consequently, it is essential to explore the implications of miR-146a with respect to inducing different forms of tumor cell death, and evaluate its potential to serve as a target for improved chemotherapy outcomes. Through this review, we provide an outline of miR-146a's biogenesis and function, as well as its significant involvement in apoptosis. As well, we investigate the effects of exosomal miR-146a on the promotion of apoptosis in cancer cells and look into how it could possibly help combat chemotherapeutic resistance.

The potential role of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia - A focus on signaling pathways interplay

microRNAs (miRNAs) play a crucial role in brain growth and function. Hence, research on miRNA has the potential to reveal much about the etiology of neuropsychiatric diseases. Among these, schizophrenia (SZ) is a highly intricate and destructive neuropsychiatric ailment that has been thoroughly researched in the field of miRNA. Despite being a relatively recent area of study about miRNAs and SZ, this discipline has advanced enough to justify numerous reviews that summarize the findings from the past to the present. However, most reviews cannot cover all research, thus it is necessary to synthesize the large range of publications on this topic systematically and understandably. Consequently, this review aimed to provide evidence that miRNAs play a role in the pathophysiology and progression of SZ. They have also been investigated for their potential use as biomarkers and therapeutic targets.

Tissue-specific profiling of age-dependent miRNAomic changes in Caenorhabditis elegans

Ageing exhibits common and distinct features in various tissues, making it critical to decipher the tissue-specific ageing mechanisms. MiRNAs are essential regulators in ageing and are recently highlighted as a class of intercellular messengers. However, little is known about the tissue-specific transcriptomic changes of miRNAs during ageing. C. elegans is a well-established model organism in ageing research. Here, we profile the age-dependent miRNAomic changes in five isolated worm tissues. Besides the diverse ageing-regulated miRNA expression across tissues, we discover numerous miRNAs in the tissues without their transcription. We further profile miRNAs in the extracellular vesicles and find that worm miRNAs undergo inter-tissue trafficking via these vesicles in an age-dependent manner. Using these datasets, we uncover the interaction between body wall muscle-derived mir-1 and DAF-16/FOXO in the intestine, suggesting mir-1 as a messenger in inter-tissue signalling. Taken together, we systematically investigate worm miRNAs in the somatic tissues and extracellular vesicles during ageing, providing a valuable resource to study tissue-autonomous and nonautonomous functions of miRNAs in ageing.

Circulating microRNA expression and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in adolescents with severe obesity

BACKGROUND

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common chronic liver diseases in children and adolescents. NAFLD ranges in severity from isolated hepatic steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), wherein hepatocellular inflammation and/or fibrosis coexist with steatosis. Circulating microRNA (miRNA) levels have been suggested to be altered in NAFLD, but the extent to which miRNA are related to NAFLD features remains unknown. This analysis tested the hypothesis that plasma miRNAs are significantly associated with histological features of NAFLD in adolescents.

AIM

To investigate the relationship between plasma miRNA expression and NAFLD features among adolescents with NAFLD.

METHODS

This study included 81 adolescents diagnosed with NAFLD and 54 adolescents without NAFLD from the Teen-Longitudinal Assessment of Bariatric Surgery study. Intra-operative core liver biopsies were collected from participants and used to characterize histological features of NAFLD. Plasma samples were collected during surgery for miRNA profiling. A total of 843 plasma miRNAs were profiled using the HTG EdgeSeq platform. We examined associations of plasma miRNAs and NAFLD features using logistic regression after adjusting for age, sex, race, and other key covariates. Ingenuity Pathways Analysis was used to identify biological functions of miRNAs that were associated with multiple histological features of NAFLD.

RESULTS

We identified 16 upregulated plasma miRNAs, including miR-193a-5p and miR-193b-5p, and 22 downregulated plasma miRNAs, including miR-1282 and miR-6734-5p, in adolescents with NAFLD. Moreover, 52, 16, 15, and 9 plasma miRNAs were associated with NASH, fibrosis, ballooning degeneration, and lobular inflammation, respectively. Collectively, 16 miRNAs were associated with two or more histological features of NAFLD. Among those miRNAs, miR-411-5p was downregulated in NASH, ballooning, and fibrosis, while miR-122-5p, miR-1343-5p, miR-193a-5p, miR-193b-5p, and miR-7845-5p were consistently and positively associated with all histological features of NAFLD. Pathway analysis revealed that most common pathways of miRNAs associated with multiple NAFLD features have been associated with tumor progression, while we also identified linkages between miR-122-5p and hepatitis C virus and between miR-199b-5p and chronic hepatitis B.

CONCLUSION

Plasma miRNAs were associated with NAFLD features in adolescent with severe obesity. Larger studies with more heterogeneous NAFLD phenotypes are needed to evaluate miRNAs as potential biomarkers of NAFLD.

Non-coding RNAs as potential therapeutic targets for receptor tyrosine kinase signaling in solid tumors: current status and future directions

This review article presents an in-depth analysis of the current state of research on receptor tyrosine kinase regulatory non-coding RNAs (RTK-RNAs) in solid tumors. RTK-RNAs belong to a class of non-coding RNAs (nc-RNAs) responsible for regulating the expression and activity of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), which play a critical role in cancer development and progression. The article explores the molecular mechanisms through which RTK-RNAs modulate RTK signaling pathways and highlights recent advancements in the field. This include the identification of potential new RTK-RNAs and development of therapeutic strategies targeting RTK-RNAs. While the review discusses promising results from a variety of studies, encompassing in vitro, in vivo, and clinical investigations, it is important to acknowledge the challenges and limitations associated with targeting RTK-RNAs for therapeutic applications. Further studies involving various cancer cell lines, animal models, and ultimately, patients are necessary to validate the efficacy of targeting RTK-RNAs. The specificity of ncRNAs in targeting cellular pathways grants them tremendous potential, but careful consideration is required to minimize off-target effects, the article additionally discusses the potential clinical applications of RTK-RNAs as biomarkers for cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. In essence, by providing a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of RTK-RNAs in solid tumors, this review emphasizes their potential as therapeutic targets for cancer while acknowledging the associated challenges and limitations.

Unraveling the role of miRNAs in the diagnosis, progression, and drug resistance of oral cancer

Oral cancer (OC) is a widely observed neoplasm on a global scale. Over time, there has been an increase in both its fatality and incidence rates. Oral cancer metastasis is a complex process that involves a number of cellular mechanisms, including invasion, migration, proliferation, and escaping from malignant tissue through either lymphatic or vascular channels. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a crucial class of short non-coding RNAs recognized as significant modulators of diverse cellular processes and exert a pivotal influence on the carcinogenesis pathway, functioning either as tumor suppressors or as oncogenes. It has been shown that microRNAs (miRNAs) have a role in metastasis at several stages, including epithelial-mesenchymal transition, migration, invasion, and colonization. This regulation is achieved by targeting key genes involved in these pathways by miRNAs. This paper aims to give a contemporary analysis of OC, focusing on its molecular genetics. The current literature and emerging advancements in miRNA dysregulation in OC are thoroughly examined. This project would advance OC diagnosis, prognosis, therapy, and therapeutic implications.

Unraveling the role of miRNAs in the diagnosis, progression, and therapeutic intervention of Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifaceted, advancing neurodegenerative illness that is responsible for most cases of neurological impairment and dementia in the aged population. As the disease progresses, affected individuals may experience cognitive decline, linguistic problems, affective instability, and behavioral changes. The intricate nature of AD reflects the altered molecular mechanisms participating in the affected human brain. MicroRNAs (miRNAs, miR) are essential for the intricate control of gene expression in neurobiology. miRNAs exert their influence by modulating the transcriptome of brain cells, which typically exhibit substantial genetic activity, encompassing gene transcription and mRNA production. Presently, comprehensive studies are being conducted on AD to identify miRNA-based signatures that are indicative of the disease pathophysiology. These findings can contribute to the advancement of our understanding of the mechanisms underlying this disorder and can inform the development of therapeutic interventions based on miRNA and related RNA molecules. Therefore, this comprehensive review provides a detailed holistic analysis of the latest advances discussing the emerging role of miRNAs in the progression of AD and their possible application as potential biomarkers and targets for therapeutic interventions in future studies.

MiR-4492, a New Potential MicroRNA for Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment: A Mini Review

There is no doubt that the incidence of cancer sufferers is rising in the world, and it is estimated that in the next several decades, the number of people suffering from malignancies or the cancer rate will double. Diagnostic and therapeutic targeting of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), especially microRNAs (miRNAs) and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), represent an excellent approach for cancer diagnosis and treatment, as well as many other diseases. One of the latest miRNAs is miR-4492, upregulating some genes in tumor tissues including ROMO1, HLA-G, NKIRAS2, FOXK1, and UBE2C. It represents an attractant example of a miRNA acting at multiple levels to affect the same malignancy hallmark. Based on the studies, miR-4492 plays a key role in several cancers such as, breast cancer, bladder cancer, osteosarcoma, glioblastoma multiforme, hepatocellular carcinoma, colorectal cancer, and ovarian cancer. Putting it all together, identifying the precise mechanisms of miR-4492 in the pathogenesis of cancer, could pave the way to find better diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for cancer sufferers. For this reason, it might be a novel potential diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target for neoplasms.

Harnessing the power of miRNAs: The molecular architects of asthma pathogenesis and potential targets for therapeutic innovation

Asthma is a chronic non-communicable respiratory disease that is characterized by airway inflammation and hyperreactivity. Defective functions of airway smooth muscle and dysregulated signaling pathways play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of asthma. Anti-inflammatories and targeted therapy are mainly used for the treatment of asthma. Recent studies have investigated the role of non-coding RNAs, especially microRNAs (miRNAs; miR) in regulating gene expression and their involvement in the dysfunctional signaling pathways. In immune-mediated diseases, including asthma, miRNAs govern the actions of cells that form the airway structure and those responsible for the defense mechanisms in the bronchi and lungs. miRNAs control cell survival, proliferation, and growth, as well as the cells' capacity to produce and release chemokines and immune mediators. Moreover, miRNAs have an important role in the response to therapeutic interventions. Collectively, this review highlights the regulatory roles of miRNAs in modulating the different signaling pathways and therapeutic responses in asthma. Patients who suffer from asthma, particularly those with severe disease characteristics, may benefit from the prospective treatment options that include targeting miRNAs in order to reduce airway inflammation, hyperreactivity, and mucus production.

Unveiling the regulatory role of miRNAs in stroke pathophysiology and diagnosis

Stroke, a major global cause of mortality, leads to a range of problems for those who survive. Besides its brutal events, stroke also tends to have a characteristic of recurrence, making it a complex disease involving intricate regulatory networks. One of the major cellular regulators is the non-coding RNAs (ncRNA), specifically microRNAs (miRNAs), thus the possible functions of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of stroke are discussed as well as the possibility of using miRNA-based therapeutic approaches. Firstly, the molecular mechanisms by which miRNAs regulate vital physiological processes, including synaptic plasticity, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) are reviewed. The miRNA indirectly impacts stroke outcomes by regulating BBB function and angiogenesis through the targeting of transcription factors and angiogenic factors. In addition, the tendency for some miRNAs to be upregulated in response to hypoxia, which is a prevalent phenomenon in stroke and various neurological disorders, highlights the possibility that it controls hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) signaling and angiogenesis, thereby influencing the integrity of the BBB as examples of the discussed mechanisms. Furthermore, this review explores the potential therapeutic targets that miRNAs may offer for stroke recovery and highlights their promising capacity to alleviate post-stroke complications. This review provides researchers and clinicians with valuable resources since it attempts to decipher the complex network of miRNA-mediated mechanisms in stroke. Additionally, the review addresses the interplay between miRNAs and stroke risk factors as well as clinical applications of miRNAs as diagnostic and prognostic markers.

Unraveling the role of miRNAs in the diagnosis, progression, and therapeutic intervention of Parkinson's disease

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a debilitating neurological disorder characterized by the impairment of the motor system, resulting in symptoms such as resting tremor, cogwheel rigidity, bradykinesia, difficulty with gait, and postural instability. The occurrence of striatal dopamine insufficiency can be attributed to a notable decline in dopaminergic neurons inside the substantia nigra pars compacta. Additionally, the development of Lewy bodies serves as a pathological hallmark of PD. While current therapy approaches for PD aim to preserve dopaminergic neurons or replenish dopamine levels in the brain, it is important to acknowledge that achieving complete remission of the condition remains elusive. MicroRNAs (miRNAs, miR) are a class of small, non-coding ribonucleic acids involved in regulating gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. The miRNAs play a crucial part in the underlying pathogenic mechanisms of several neurodegenerative illnesses, including PD. The aim of this review is to explore the role of miRNAs in regulating genes associated with the onset and progression of PD, investigate the potential of miRNAs as a diagnostic tool, assess the effectiveness of targeting specific miRNAs as an alternative therapeutic strategy to impede disease advancement, and discuss the utilization of newly developed nanoparticles for delivering miRNAs as neurodegenerative therapies.

miRNAs as modulators of neuroinflammation and excitotoxicity: Implications for stroke therapeutics

Stroke is a widespread neurological disorder associated with physical disabilities, mortality, and economic burden. In recent decades, substantial progress has been achieved in reducing the impact of this public health problem. However, further understanding of the pathophysiology of stroke and the underlying genetic pathways is required. The pathological mechanisms of stroke comprise multifaceted molecular cascades regulated by various microRNAs (miRNAs). An increasing number of studies have highlighted the role of miRNAs, which have received much attention during the last decades as an important class of post-transcriptional regulators. It was shown that miRNAs exert their role in the etiology of stroke via mediating excitotoxicity and neuroinflammation. Additionally, miRNAs could be helpful as non-invasive or minimally invasive biomarkers and therapeutic agents. Thus, the current review focused on the interplay of these miRNAs in stroke pathology to upgrade the existing therapeutic strategies.

Point-of-Care Testing for the Detection of MicroRNAs: Towards Liquid Biopsy on a Chip

Point-of-care (PoC) testing is revolutionizing the healthcare sector improving patient care in daily hospital practice and allowing reaching even remote geographical areas. In the frame of cancer management, the design and validation of PoC enabling the non-invasive, rapid detection of cancer markers is urgently required to implement liquid biopsy in clinical practice. Therefore, focusing on stable blood-based markers with high-specificity, such as microRNAs, is of crucial importance. In this work, we highlight the potential impact of circulating microRNAs detection on cancer management and the crucial role of PoC testing devices, especially for low-income countries. A detailed discussion about the challenges that should be faced to promote the technological transfer and clinical use of these tools has been added, to provide the readers with a complete overview of potentialities and current limitations.

Decoding the role of miRNAs in oral cancer pathogenesis: A focus on signaling pathways

Oral cancer (OC) is the predominant type originating in the head and neck region. The incidence of OC is mostly associated with behavioral risk factors, including tobacco smoking and excessive alcohol intake. Additionally, there is a lower but still significant association with viral infections such as human papillomaviruses and Epstein-Barr viruses. Furthermore, it has been observed that heritable genetic variables are linked to the risk of OC, in addition to the previously mentioned acquired risk factors. The current absence of biomarkers for OC diagnosis contributes to the frequent occurrence of advanced-stage diagnoses among patients. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs, and circular RNAs, have been observed to exert a significant effect on the transcriptional control of target genes involved in cancer, either through direct or indirect mechanisms. miRNAs are a class of short ncRNAs that play a role in regulating gene expression by enabling mRNA degradation or translational repression at the post-transcriptional phase. miRNAs are known to play a fundamental role in the development of cancer and the regulation of oncogenic cell processes. Notch signaling, PTEN/Akt/mTOR axis, KRAS mutation, JAK/STAT signaling, P53, EGFR, and the VEGFs have all been linked to OC, and miRNAs have been shown to have a role in all of these. The dysregulation of miRNA has been identified in cases of OC and is linked with prognosis.

Signature precursor and mature microRNAs in cervical ripening during gestational diabetes mellitus lead to pre-term labor and other impediments in future

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a pathological condition in which the placenta releases a hormone called human placental lactogen that prevents maternal insulin uptake. GDM is characterised by varying degrees of carbohydrate intolerance and is first identified during pregnancy. Around 5-17% of pregnancies are GDM pregnancies. Older or obese women have a higher risk of developing GDM during gestation. Hyperglycemia is a classic manifestation of GDM and leads to alterations in eNOS and iNOS expression and subsequently causes ROS and RNS overproduction. ROS and RNS play an important role in maintaining normal physiology, when present in low concentrations. Increased concentrations of ROS is harmful and can cause cellular and tissue damage. Oxidative stress is defined as an imbalance between pro-oxidant and antioxidant molecules that manifests due to hyperglycemia. miRNAs are short, non-coding RNAs that play a critical role in regulating gene expression. Studies have shown that the placenta expresses more than 500 miRNAs, which play a crucial role in trophoblast division, movement, and apoptosis. Latest research has revealed that hyperglycemic conditions and increased oxidative stress, characteristic of GDM, can lead to the dysregulation of miRNAs. The placenta also releases miRNAs into the maternal circulation. The secreted miRNAs are encapsulated in exosomes or vesicles. These exosomes interact with tissues and organs at distant sites, releasing their cargo intracellularly. This crosstalk between hyperglycemia, ROS and miRNA expression in GDM has detrimental effects on both foetal and maternal health. One of the complications of GDM is preterm labour. GDM induced iNOS expression has been implicated in cervical ripening, which in turn causes preterm birth. This article focuses on the speculations of oxidative and nitrative stress markers that lead to detrimental effects in GDM. We have also envisaged the role of non-coding miRNA interactions in regulating gene expression for oxidative damage.

Graphical Abstract

Holistic view of miRNA in GDM. I)(A) Placenta as a metabolic organ that provides the foetus with nutrients, oxygen and hormones to maintain pregnancy. Human placental lactogen (hPL) is one such hormone that is released into maternal circulation. hPL is known to induce insulin resistance. (B) ß-cell dysfunction leads to reduced glucose sensing and insulin production. Insulin resistance, a characteristic of GDM, exacerbates insulin ß cell dysfunction leading to maternal hyperglycemia. Hyperglycemia leads to increased ROS and RNS production through several mechanisms. Consequently, GDM is characterised by increased oxidative and nitrative stress.II)Exposure to maternal hyperglycemia causes increased ROS and RNS production in trophoblast cells. Oxidative stress caused by hyperglycemia may lead to eNOS uncoupling, causing eNOS to behave as a superoxide producing enzyme. iNOS expression in trophoblast cells leads to increased NO production. iNOS-derived NO reacts with ROS to produce RNS, thereby increasing nitrosative stress. Expression of antioxidant defences are reduced. Hyperglycemia and oxidative stress may alter the expression of some miRNAs. Some miRNAs are upregulated while others are downregulated. Some miRNAs are secreted into maternal circulation in the form of exosomes. Oxidative stress markers, nitrative stress markers and circulating miRNAs are found to be increased in maternal circulation.

Deciphering signaling pathway interplay via miRNAs in malignant pleural mesothelioma

Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a highly invasive form of lung cancer that adversely affects the pleural and other linings of the lungs. MPM is a very aggressive tumor that often has an advanced stage at diagnosis and a bad prognosis (between 7 and 12 months). When people who have been exposed to asbestos experience pleural effusion and pain that is not explained, MPM should be suspected. After being diagnosed, most MPM patients have a one- to four-year life expectancy. The life expectancy is approximately six months without treatment. Despite the plethora of current molecular investigations, a definitive universal molecular signature has yet to be discovered as the causative factor for the pathogenesis of MPM. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are known to play a crucial role in the regulation of gene expression at the posttranscriptional level. The association between the expression of these short, non-coding RNAs and several neoplasms, including MPM, has been observed. Although the incidence of MPM is very low, there has been a significant increase in research focused on miRNAs in the past few years. In addition, miRNAs have been found to have a role in various regulatory signaling pathways associated with MPM, such as the Notch signaling network, Wnt/β-catenin, mutation of KRAS, JAK/STAT signaling circuit, protein kinase B (AKT), and Hedgehog signaling pathway. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the existing understanding of the roles of miRNAs in the underlying mechanisms of pathogenic symptoms in MPM, highlighting their potential as viable targets for therapeutic interventions.

Exploring the role of lncrna neat1 knockdown in regulating apoptosis across multiple cancer types: A review

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as pivotal regulators of gene expression, contributing significantly to a diverse range of cellular processes, including apoptosis. One such lncRNA is NEAT1, which is elevated in several types of cancer and aid in cancer growth. However, recent studies have also demonstrated that the knockdown of NEAT1 can inhibit cancer cells proliferation, movement, and infiltration while enhancing apoptosis. This article explores the function of lncRNA NEAT1 knockdown in regulating apoptosis across multiple cancer types. We explore the existing understanding of NEAT1's involvement in the progression of malignant conditions, including its structure and functions. Additionally, we investigate the molecular mechanisms by which NEAT1 modulates the cell cycle, cellular proliferation, apoptosis, movement, and infiltration in diverse cancer types, including acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, cervical cancer, colorectal cancer, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, glioma, non-small cell lung cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, and retinoblastoma. Furthermore, we review the recent studies investigating the therapeutic potential of NEAT1 knockdown in cancer treatment. Targeting the lncRNA NEAT1 presents a promising therapeutic approach for treating cancer. It has shown the ability to suppress cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion while promoting apoptosis in various cancer types.

The fluctuations of expression profiles of critical genes in the miRNA maturation process and pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the pathogenesis and progression of multiple sclerosis

BACKGROUND

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a central nervous system disease known for immune-mediated demyelination, inflammatory, and neurodegeneration symptoms. Discovering molecular biomarkers to classify RRMS and SPMS patients, monitor the disease activity, and response to particular treatments is one area that has received notable attraction. MicroRNA (miRNA), a single-stranded non-coding RNA molecule, is a significant regulator of gene expression recruited in pathogenic mechanisms in diverse diseases, especially cancer and MS. Also, the relapsing-remitting features of MS exhibit that both inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines are effective in the progression of the disease over time.

METHODS AND RESULTS

It was assessed the expression patterns of the genes (Drosha, Pasha (DGCR8), and Dicer ) encoding the critical enzymes in the processing steps of miRNA maturation and major pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IFN-α, IFN-β, and IL-6) in blood cells of 40 MS patients (two groups of 10 men and women in both clinical courses of RR and SPMS patients) in comparison with 20 healthy control group (10 males and 10 females). The highest transcription activity of Drosha was observed for RRMS patients (4.2 and 3.6-fold, respectively), and the expression ratio was down regulated in male and female patients with SPMS (3.9- and 3.1-fold, respectively). Considering the studied cytokines, the increase in expression ratio of IL-6 in SPMS patients and the decrease in transcript abundance of INF-α, and INF-β cytokines are consistent with the progression of the disease.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings showed that the high and low transcriptional levels of the considered genes seem to be effective in the pathogenesis and progression of MS.

Potential roles of the exosome/microRNA axis in breast cancer

Cancer is one of the most common diseases in the world, and various genetic and environmental factors play a key role in its development. Breast cancer is one of the most common and deadly cancers in women. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles (EVs) with an average size of about 100 nm that contain lipids, proteins, microRNAs (miRNAs), and genetic factors and play a significant role in cell signaling, communication, tumorigenesis, and drug resistance. miRNAs are RNAs with about 22 nucleotides, which are synthesized by RNA polymerase and are involved in regulating gene expression, as well as the prevention or progression of cancer. Many studies have indicated the connection between miRNAs and exosomes. According to their findings, it seems that circulating exosomal miRNAs have not been well evaluated as biomarkers for breast cancer diagnosis or monitoring. Therefore, given the importance of miRNAs in exosomes, the goal of the present study was to clarify the relationship between miRNAs in exosomes and the role they play as biomarkers in breast cancer.

Possible role of miRNAs in pheochromocytoma pathology - Signaling pathways interaction

Pheochromocytoma (PCC) is a type of neuroendocrine tumor that originates from adrenal medulla or extra-adrenal chromaffin cells and results in the production of catecholamine. Paroxysmal hypertension and cardiovascular crises were among the clinical signs experienced by people with PCC. Five-year survival of advanced-stage PCC is just around 40% despite the identification of various molecular-level fundamentals implicated in these pathogenic pathways. MicroRNAs (miRNAs, miRs) are a type of short, non-coding RNA (ncRNA) that attach to the 3'-UTR of a target mRNA, causing translational inhibition or mRNA degradation. Evidence is mounting that miRNA dysregulation plays a role in the development, progression, and treatment of cancers like PCC. Hence, this study employs a comprehensive and expedited survey to elucidate the potential role of miRNAs in the development of PCC, surpassing their association with survival rates and treatment options in this particular malignancy.

The role of miRNAs in multiple sclerosis pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapeutic resistance

In recent years, microRNAs (miRNAs) have gained increased attention from researchers around the globe. Although it is twenty nucleotides long, it can modulate several gene targets simultaneously. Their mal expression is a signature of various pathologies, and they provide the foundation to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of each pathology. Among the debilitating central nervous system (CNS) disorders with a growing prevalence globally is the multiple sclerosis (MS). Moreover, the diagnosis of MS is challenging due to the lack of disease-specific biomarkers, and the diagnosis mainly depends on ruling out other disabilities. MS could adversely affect patients' lives through its progression, and only symptomatic treatments are available as therapeutic options, but an exact cure is yet unavailable. Consequently, this review hopes to further the study of the biological features of miRNAs in MS and explore their potential as a therapeutic target.

The interplay between toxoplasmosis and host miRNAs: Mechanisms and consequences

Toxoplasmosis is one of the highly prevalent zoonotic diseases worldwide caused by the parasite Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii). The infection with T. gondii could pass unidentified in immunocompetent individuals; however, latent cysts remain dormant in their digestive tract, but they could be shed and excreted with feces infesting the environment. However, active toxoplasmosis can create serious consequences, particularly in newborns and infected persons with compromised immunity. These complications include ocular toxoplasmosis, in which most cases cannot be treated. Additionally, it caused many stillbirths and miscarriages. Circulating miRNAs are important regulatory molecules ensuring that the normal physiological role of various organs is harmonious. Upon infection with T. gondii, the tightly regulated miRNA profile is disrupted to favor the parasite's survival and further participate in the disease pathogenesis. Interestingly, this dysregulated profile could be useful in acute and chronic disease discrimination and in providing insights into the pathomechanisms of the disease. Thus, this review sheds light on the various roles of miRNAs in signaling pathways regulation involved in the pathogenesis of T. gondii and provides insights into the application of miRNAs clinically for its diagnosis and prognosis.

Melodic maestros: Unraveling the role of miRNAs in the diagnosis, progression, and drug resistance of malignant pleural mesothelioma

Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a highly lethal form of pleural cancer characterized by a scarcity of effective therapeutic interventions, resulting in unfavorable prognoses for afflicted individuals. Besides, many patients experience substantial consequences from being diagnosed in advanced stages. The available diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic options for MPM are restricted in scope. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a subset of small, noncoding RNA molecules that exert significant regulatory influence over several cellular processes within cell biology. A wide range of miRNAs have atypical expression patterns in cancer, serving specific functions as either tumor suppressors or oncomiRs. This review aims to collate, epitomize, and analyze the latest scholarly investigations on miRNAs that are believed to be implicated in the dysregulation leading to MPM. miRNAs are also discussed concerning their potential clinical usefulness as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for MPM. The future holds promising prospects for enhancing diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic modalities for MPM, with miRNAs emerging as a potential trigger for such advancements.

Upregulation of miR-184 and miR-19a-3p induces endothelial dysfunction by targeting AGO2 in Kawasaki disease

BACKGROUND

Endothelial dysfunction is a marked feature of Kawasaki disease during convalescence, but its pathogenesis is currently unclear. Circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) are associated with the progression of Kawasaki disease. However, the role and mechanism of circulating miRNAs in endothelial dysfunction are largely unknown. Kawasaki disease patients were found to have a unique circulating miRNA profile, including upregulation of miRNA-210-3p, miR-184 and miR-19a-3p, compared to non-Kawasaki disease febrile controls. This study aimed to investigate the effects of these three miRNAs on endothelial function.

METHODS

Overexpression of miRNAs in human umbilical vein endothelial cells was done by transfection of miRNA mimics. The tube formation assay was used to evaluate the function of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. The potential binding sites of miRNAs on 3'untranslated regions were predicted by using TargetScan database and validated by dual luciferase reporter assay. The protein expression of AGO2, PTEN and VEGF in human umbilical vein endothelial cells was detected by Western blot. Overexpression of AGO2 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells was done by transfection of AGO2 expression plasmids.

RESULTS

Overexpression of miRNA-184 and miRNA-19a-3p, but not miR-210-3p, impaired the function of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Mechanistically, miR-184 and miR-19a-3p could target the 3'untranslated regions of AGO2 mRNA to downregulate its expression and subsequently impede the AGO2/PTEN/VEGF axis. To be noted, the rescue of the expression of AGO2 remarkably recovered the function that was impaired by overexpression of miRNA-184 and miRNA-19a-3p.

CONCLUSIONS

This study suggested that miR-184 and miR-19a-3p could target AGO2/PTEN/VEGF axis to induce endothelial dysfunction in Kawasaki disease.

Preparation and processing of dried blood spots for microRNA sequencing

Dried blood spots (DBS) are biological samples commonly collected from newborns and in geographic areas distanced from laboratory settings for the purposes of disease testing and identification. MicroRNAs (miRNAs)-small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene activity at the post-transcriptional level-are emerging as critical markers and mediators of disease, including cancer, infectious diseases, and mental disorders. This protocol describes optimized procedural steps for utilizing DBS as a reliable source of biological material for obtaining peripheral miRNA expression profiles. We outline key practices, such as the method of DBS rehydration that maximizes RNA extraction yield, and the use of degenerate oligonucleotide adapters to mitigate ligase-dependent biases that are associated with small RNA sequencing. The standardization of miRNA readout from DBS offers numerous benefits: cost-effectiveness in sample collection and processing, enhanced reliability and consistency of miRNA profiling, and minimal invasiveness that facilitates repeated testing and retention of participants. The use of DBS-based miRNA sequencing is a promising method to investigate disease mechanisms and to advance personalized medicine.

Multiple miRNA Detection through a Suspended Microbead Array Encoded by Triple-Color Upconversion Luminescent Nanotags via Bi-Beam Splitter Hybrid-Multitrap Optical Tweezers

In recent years, optical tweezers have become a novel tool for biodetection, and to improve the inefficiency of a single trap, the development of multitraps is required. Herein, we constructed a set of hybrid multitrap optical tweezers with the balance of stability and flexibility by the combination of two different beam splitters, a diffraction optical element (DOE) and galvano mirrors (GMs), to capture polystyrene (PS) microbeads in aqueous solutions to create an 18-trap suspended array. A sandwich hybridization strategy of DNA-miRNA-DNA was adopted to detect three kinds of target miRNAs associated with triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), in which different upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) with red, green, and blue emissions were applied as luminescent tags to encode the carrier PS microbeads to further indicate the levels of the targets. With encoded luminescent microbeads imaged by a three-channel microscopic system, the biodetection displayed high sensitivity with low limits of detection (LODs) of 0.27, 0.32, and 0.33 fM and exceptional linear ranges of 0.5 fM to 1 nM, 0.7 fM to 1 nM, and 1 fM to 1 nM for miR-343-3p, miR-155, and miR-199a-5p, respectively. In addition, this bead-based assay method was demonstrated to have the potential for being applied in patients' serum by satisfactory standard addition recovery experiment results.

OncoUroMiR: Circulating miRNAs for Detection and Discrimination of the Main Urological Cancers Using a ddPCR-Based Approach

The three most common genitourinary malignancies (prostate/kidney/bladder cancers) constitute a substantial proportion of all cancer cases, mainly in the elderly population. Early detection is key to maximizing the patients' survival, but the lack of highly accurate biomarkers that might be used through non-/minimally invasive methods has impaired progress in this domain. Herein, we sought to develop a minimally invasive test to detect and discriminate among those urological cancers based on miRNAs assessment through ddPCR. Plasma samples from 268 patients with renal cell (RCC; n = 119), bladder (BlCa; n = 73), and prostate (PCa; n = 76) carcinomas (UroCancer group), and 74 healthy donors were selected. Hsa-miR-126-3p, hsa-miR-141-3p, hsa-miR-153-5p, hsa-miR-155-5p, hsa-miR-182-5p, hsa-miR-205-5p, and hsa-miR-375-3p levels were assessed. UroCancer cases displayed significantly different circulating hsa-miR-182-5p/hsa-miR-375-3p levels compared to healthy donors. Importantly, the hsa-miR-155-5p/hsa-miR-375-3p panel detected RCC with a high specificity (80.54%) and accuracy (66.04%). Furthermore, the hsa-miR-126-3p/hsa-miR-375-3p panel identified BlCa with a 94.87% specificity and 76.45% NPV whereas higher hsa-miR-126-3p levels were found in PCa patients. We concluded that plasma-derived miRNAs can identify and discriminate among the main genitourinary cancers, with high analytical performance. Although validation in a larger cohort is mandatory, these findings demonstrate that circulating miRNA assessment by ddPCR might provide a new approach for early detection and risk stratification of the most common urological cancers.

An integrated analysis of microRNAs regulating DNA damage response in triple-negative breast cancer

BACKGROUND

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) remains a clinical challenge due to its aggressive phenotype and limited treatment options for the patients. Many TNBC patients show an inherent defect in the DNA repair capacity primarily by acquiring germline mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes leading to Homologous Recombination Deficiency (HRD). Epigenetic modifications such as BRCA1 promoter methylation and miRNA expression targeting DNA repair pathway genes have contributed to the HRD phenotype in TNBC. Hence, we aimed to identify microRNAs that are associated with HRD status in the TCGA-BRCA project.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We implemented a miRNA prediction strategy for identifying miRNAs targeting HR pathway genes using an in silico predicted and experimentally validated list from published literature for their association with genomic instability and factors affecting HRD. In silico analysis was performed to study miRNA expression patterns regulated by DNA methylation and TMB status in the TNBC patients from TCGA-BRCA project. Finally, we analysed selected miRNA expression with immune cell infiltration pattern in the TNBC patient cohort.

RESULTS

Our study identified miRNAs associated with HRD, tumour mutation burden (TMB), and immune cell infiltration. Identified miRNA signatures were associated with the miR-17 ~ 92 cluster, miR-106b ~ 25 cluster, and miR-200b ~ 429 cluster. Pathway analysis of selected miRNAs suggested their association with altered immune cell infiltration in TNBC.

CONCLUSION

Our study identified 6 'HRD associated miRNAs' such as miR-106b, miR-93, miR-17, miR-20a, miR-200b, and miR-429 as novel miRNA-based signatures associated with HR deficiency in TNBC.

miRNAs driving diagnosis, prognosis and progression in Merkel cell carcinoma

Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare, aggressive form of skin malignancy with a high recurrence commonly within two to three years of initial diagnosis. The incidence of MCC has nearly doubled in the past few decades. Options for diagnosing, assessing, and treating MCC are limited. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small, non-coding RNA molecules that play an important role in controlling many different aspects of cell biology. Many miRNAs are aberrantly expressed in distinct types of cancer, with some serving as tumor suppressors and others as oncomiRs. Therefore, the future holds great promise for the utilization of miRNAs in enhancing diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic approaches for MCC. Accordingly, the goal of this article is to compile, summarize, and discuss the latest research on miRNAs in MCC, highlighting their potential clinical utility as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers.

The emerging role of miRNAs in Merkel cell carcinoma pathogenesis: Signaling pathway crosstalk

Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is an uncommon invasive form of skin cancer that typically manifests as a nodule on the face, head, or neck that is flesh-colored or bluish-red in appearance. Rapid growth and metastasis are hallmarks of MCC. MCC has the second-greatest mortality rate among skin cancers after melanoma. Despite the recent cascade of molecular investigations, no universal molecular signature has been identified as responsible for MCC's pathogenesis. The microRNAs (miRNAs) play a critical role in the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. Variations in the expression of these short, non-coding RNAs have been associated with various malignancies, including MCC. Although the incidence of MCC is very low, a significant amount of study has focused on the interaction of miRNAs in MCC. As such, the current survey is a speedy intensive route revealing the potential involvement of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of MCC beyond their association with survival in MCC.

Diagnostic value of circulating microRNAs for esophageal cancer: a meta-analysis based on Asian data

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

esophageal cancer (EC) is one of the most common gastrointestinal malignant diseases. We conducted a comprehensive meta-analysis to explore the clinical applicability of circulating microRNA for the diagnosis of EC.

METHODS

as of September 10, 2021, a comprehensive literature search was conducted on PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Wanfang Database, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) to identify eligible studies. The sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio (PLR), negative likelihood ratio (NLR), diagnostic odds ratio (DOR), and area under the curve (AUC) were pooled to evaluate the test performance. The potential sources of heterogeneity were analyzed by subgroup analysis. Deeks' funnel plot was used to assess publication bias.

RESULTS

85 studies from 50 articles were included in the current meta-analysis. The overall pooled sensitivity was 0.82 (95 % CI, 0.79-0.84), specificity was 0.84 (95 % CI, 0.81-0.86), PLR was 4.9 (95 % CI, 4.2-5.9), NLR was 0.22 (95 % CI, 0.19-0.25), DOR was 22 (95 % CI, 17-29) and AUC was 0.89 (95 % CI, 0.86-0.92), respectively. Subgroup analysis suggested that miRNA clusters with a large sample size showed better diagnostic accuracy. Publication bias was not found.

CONCLUSIONS

circulating miRNAs can be used as a potential non-invasive biomarker for the diagnosis of EC in Asian populations.

Differentially expressed non-coding RNAs and their regulatory networks in liver cancer

The vast majority of human transcriptome is represented by various types of small RNAs with little or no protein-coding capability referred to as non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). Functional ncRNAs include microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs), which are expressed at very low, but stable and reproducible levels in a variety of cell types. ncRNAs regulate gene expression due to miRNA capability of complementary base pairing with mRNAs, whereas lncRNAs and circRNAs can sponge miRNAs off their target mRNAs to act as competitive endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs). Each miRNA can target multiple mRNAs and a single mRNA can interact with several miRNAs, thereby creating miRNA-mRNA, lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA, and circRNA-miRNA-mRNA regulatory networks. Over the past few years, a variety of differentially expressed miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs (DEMs, DELs, and DECs, respectively) have been linked to cancer pathogenesis. They can exert both oncogenic and tumor suppressor roles. In this review, we discuss the recent advancements in uncovering the roles of DEMs, DELs, and DECs and their networks in aberrant cell signaling, cell cycle, transcription, angiogenesis, and apoptosis, as well as tumor microenvironment remodeling and metabolic reprogramming during hepatocarcinogenesis. We highlight the potential and challenges in the use of differentially expressed ncRNAs as biomarkers for liver cancer diagnosis and prognosis.

miRNAs orchestration of salivary gland cancer- Particular emphasis on diagnosis, progression, and drug resistance

Cancer of the salivary glands is one of the five major types of head and neck cancer. Due to radioresistance and a strong propensity for metastasis, the survival rate for nonresectable malignant tumors is dismal. Hence, more research is needed on salivary cancer's pathophysiology, particularly at the molecular level. The microRNAs (miRNAs) are a type of noncoding RNA that controls as many as 30% of all genes that code for proteins at the posttranscriptional level. Signature miRNA expression profiles have been established in several cancer types, suggesting a role for miRNAs in the incidence and progression of human malignancies. Salivary cancer tissues were shown to have significantly aberrant levels of miRNAs compared to normal salivary gland tissues, supporting the hypothesis that miRNAs play a crucial role in the carcinogenesis of salivary gland cancer (SGC). Besides, several SGC research articles reported potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for the miRNA-based treatment of this malignancy. In this review, we will explore the regulatory impact of miRNAs on the processes underlying the molecular pathology of SGC and provide an up-to-date summary of the literature on miRNAs that impacted this malignancy. We will eventually share information about their possible use as diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic biomarkers in SGC.

miRNAs orchestration of cardiovascular diseases - Particular emphasis on diagnosis, and progression

MicroRNAs (miRNAs; miRs) are small non-coding ribonucleic acids sequences vital in regulating gene expression. They are significant in many biological and pathological processes and are even detectable in various body fluids such as serum, plasma, and urine. Research has demonstrated that the irregularity of miRNA in multiplying cardiac cells is linked to developmental deformities in the heart's structure. It has also shown that miRNAs are crucial in diagnosing and progressing several cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). The review covers the function of miRNAs in the pathophysiology of CVD. Additionally, the review provides an overview of the potential role of miRNAs as disease-specific diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for human CVD, as well as their biological implications in CVD.

The potential role of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of adrenocortical carcinoma - A focus on signaling pathways interplay

Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a highly malignant infrequent tumor with a dismal prognosis. microRNAs (miRNAs, miRs) are crucial in post-transcriptional gene expression regulation. Due to their ability to regulate multiple gene networks, miRNAs are central to the hallmarks of cancer, including sustained proliferative signaling, evasion of growth suppressors, resistance to cell death, replicative immortality, induction/access to the vasculature, activation of invasion and metastasis, reprogramming of cellular metabolism, and avoidance of immune destruction. ACC represents a singular form of neoplasia associated with aberrations in the expression of evolutionarily conserved short, non-coding RNAs. Recently, the role of miRNAs in ACC has been examined extensively despite the disease's rarity. Hence, the current review is a fast-intensive track elucidating the potential role of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of ACC besides their association with the survival of ACC.

miRNAs orchestration of adrenocortical carcinoma - Particular emphasis on diagnosis, progression and drug resistance

Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is an uncommon aggressive endocrine malignancy that is nonetheless associated with significant mortality and morbidity rates because of endocrine and oncological consequences. Recent genome-wide investigations of ACC have advanced our understanding of the disease, but substantial obstacles remain to overcome regarding diagnosis and prognosis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs, miRs) play a crucial role in the development and metastasis of a wide range of carcinomas by regulating the expression of their target genes through various mechanisms causing translational repression or messenger RNA (mRNA) degradation. Along with miRNAs in the adrenocortical cancerous tissue, circulating miRNAs are considered barely invasive diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers of ACC. miRNAs may serve as treatment targets that expand the rather-limited therapeutic repertoire in the field of ACC. Patients with advanced ACC still have a poor prognosis when using the available treatments, despite a substantial improvement in understanding of the illness over the previous few decades. Accordingly, in this review, we provide a crucial overview of the recent studies in ACC-associated miRNAs regarding their diagnostic, prognostic, and potential therapeutic relevance.

miRNAs driving diagnosis, progression, and drug resistance in multiple myeloma

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a tumor of transformed plasma cells. It's the second most common hematologic cancer after non-Hodgkin lymphoma. MM is a complex disease with many different risk factors, including ethnicity, race, and epigenetics. The microRNAs (miRNAs) are a critical epigenetic factor in multiple myeloma, influencing key aspects such as pathogenesis, prognosis, and resistance to treatment. They have the potential to assist in disease diagnosis and modulate the resistance behavior of MM towards therapeutic regimens. These characteristics could be attributed to the modulatory effects of miRNAs on some vital pathways such as NF-KB, PI3k/AKT, and P53. This review discusses the role of miRNAs in MM with a focus on their role in disease progression, diagnosis, and therapeutic resistance.

Restoration of miR-650 leads to down-regulation of KISS1, a possible route involved in overcoming 5-FU resistance and induction of apoptosis in CRC cells in-vitro

BACKGROUND

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers and the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. We aimed to determine the role of miR-650 in CRC pathogenesis.

METHODS

In this study, we examined the expression of miR-650 and KISS1 in 80 CRC patients who either received or did not receive chemo agents. For this aim, we assessed the miR-650 and KISS1 expression levels in 80 CRC tissues, 30 of which had no history of chemotherapy. The effect of miR-650 and 5-FU on KISS1 expression was measured using qPCR and Western blotting. Also, the 5- FU effect on miR-650 expression in the CRC cell lines was measured by qRT-PCR. Next, MTT assay and Flowcytometry assays were conducted to determine the role of miR-650 in cell viability and apoptosis.

RESULTS

The results showed that miR-650 was down-regulated in CRC tissues. However, patients who received 5-FU before surgery showed increased expression of miR-650. The results for KISS1 were insignificant while administering 5-FU to patients preoperatively increased its expression. In-vitro studies showed that 5-FU led to the up-regulation of miR-650 in the SW480 CRC cell line. Furthermore, the administration of miR-650 and 5-FU downregulated KISS1, especially when combined. Moreover, miR-650 with 5-FU significantly reduced cell viability in CRC cell lines by inducing apoptosis.

CONCLUSIONS

These results indicate that miR-650 has a tumor suppressive function, overcoming 5-FU chemoresistance in CRC, and induces apoptosis probably by alleviating KISS1. These results suggest that miR-650 is a potential contributor to CRC pathogenesis.

miRNAs orchestration of gallbladder cancer - Particular emphasis on diagnosis, progression and drug resistance

Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is characterized by a highly invasive nature and a poor prognosis, with adenocarcinoma being the main histological subtype. According to statistical data, patients diagnosed with advanced GBC have a survival rate of less than 5% for 5 years. Despite the novel therapeutic techniques, the unsatisfactory results could be related to the underlying biology of tumor cells and resistance to chemotherapy. Early diagnosis is more important than clinical therapy as it assists in determining the pathological stage of cancer and facilitates the selection of appropriate medication. Hence, it is very important to understand the precise pathogenesis of GBC and to discover potential novel biomarkers for early diagnosis of GBC. Non-coding RNAs, such as microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs, and circular RNAs, have been found to influence the transcriptional regulation of target genes associated with cancer, either directly or indirectly. microRNAs are a group of small, non-coding, single-stranded RNAs that are expressed endogenously. miRNAs play significant roles in various fundamental cellular processes. Therefore, miRNAs have the potential to serve as valuable biomarkers and therapeutic targets for GBC.

miRNAs orchestration of testicular germ cell tumors - Particular emphasis on diagnosis, progression and drug resistance

Testicular cancer (TC) is one of the most frequently incident solid tumors in males. A growing prevalence has been documented in developed countries. Although recent advances have made TC an exceedingly treatable cancer, numerous zones in TC care still have divisive treatment decisions. In addition to physical examination and imaging techniques, conventional serum tumor markers have been traditionally used for the diagnosis of testicular germ cell tumors (TGCT). Unlike other genital and urinary tract tumors, recent research methods have not been broadly used in TGCTs. Even though several challenges in TC care must be addressed, a dedicated group of biomarkers could be particularly beneficial to help classify patient risk, detect relapse early, guide surgery decisions, and tailor follow-up. Existing tumor markers (Alpha-fetoprotein, human chorionic gonadotrophin, and lactate dehydrogenase) have limited accuracy and sensitivity when used as diagnostic, prognostic, or predictive markers. At present, microRNAs (miRNA or miR) play a crucial role in the process of several malignancies. The miRNAs exhibit pronounced potential as novel biomarkers since they reveal high stability in body fluids, are easily detected, and are relatively inexpensive in quantitative assays. In this review, we aimed to shed light on the recent novelties in developing microRNAs as diagnostic and prognostic markers in TC and discuss their clinical applications in TC management.

The potential role of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of gallbladder cancer - A focus on signaling pathways interplay

microRNAs (also known as miRNAs or miRs) are a class of small non-coding RNAs that play a critical role in post-transcriptional gene regulation as negative gene regulators by binding complementary sequences in the 3'-UTR of target messenger RNAs (mRNAs) leading to translational repression and/or target degradation a wide range of genes and biological processes, including cell proliferation, invasion, migration, and apoptosis. The development and progression of cancer have been linked to the anomalous expression of miRNAs. According to recent studies, miRNAs have been found to regulate the expression of cancer-related genes through multiple signaling pathways in gallbladder cancer (GBC). Besides, miRNAs are implicated in several modulatory signaling pathways of GBC, including the Notch signaling pathway, JAK/STAT signaling pathway, protein kinase B (AKT), and Hedgehog signaling pathway. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the functions of miRNAs in the mechanisms underlying the pathogenic symptoms of GBC and illustrates their potential significance as treatment targets.

Decoding the role of miRNAs in multiple myeloma pathogenesis: A focus on signaling pathways

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a cancer of plasma cells that has been extensively studied in recent years, with researchers increasingly focusing on the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in regulating gene expression in MM. Several non-coding RNAs have been demonstrated to regulate MM pathogenesis signaling pathways. These pathways might regulate MM development, apoptosis, progression, and therapeutic outcomes. They are Wnt/β-catenin, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, P53 and KRAS. This review highlights the impending role of miRNAs in MM signaling and their relationship with MM therapeutic interventions.

Assessing the Differential Abundance of Maternal Circulating MicroRNAs or Interferon-Stimulated Genes with Early Pregnancy

Interferon-stimulated genes (ISG) and microRNA (miRNA) present in maternal circulation have been reported to be diagnostic of pregnancy in cattle prior to day (d)30 of gestation. The objective of this study was to assess specific ISG and miRNA abundance on d 18 of gestation. Cattle were subjected to estrous synchronization and artificially inseminated to a single Angus sire. At time of insemination (d 0) and d 18 post-insemination, blood was collected and total RNA isolated. Differential abundance (DA) in specific ISG and miRNA between d 0 and d 18 samples in pregnant (n = 10) and open (n = 10) cows were assessed via RT-qPCR. The relative Ct values were normalized using abundance of cyclophilin or the geometric mean of specific miRNA for the ISG and miRNA genes of interest, respectively. The DA of the ISG were increased due to pregnancy (p < 0.05); however, there was no expected day of gestation by pregnancy interaction. Relative abundance of Bta-miR-16 increased on d18 regardless of pregnancy status (p < 0.05). None of the miRNA evaluated in this study were associated with pregnancy status. These data indicate that certain ISG may serve as early indicators of pregnancy in cattle, but abundance of the miRNA does not.

Research progress of circulating non-coding RNA in diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly malignant tumor that carries a significant risk of morbidity and mortality. This type of cancer is prevalent in Asia due to the widespread presence of risk factors. Unfortunately, HCC often goes undetected until it has reached an advanced stage, making early detection and treatment critical for better outcomes. Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is commonly used in clinical practice for diagnosing HCC, but its sensitivity and specificity are limited. While surgery and liver transplantation are the main radical treatments, drug therapy and local interventions are better options for patients with advanced HCC. Accurately assessing treatment efficacy and adjusting plans in a timely manner can significantly improve the prognosis of HCC. Non-coding RNA gene transcription products cannot participate in protein production, but they can regulate gene expression and protein function through the regulation of transcription and translation processes. These non-coding RNAs have been found to be associated with tumor development in various types of tumors. Noncoding RNA released by tumor or blood cells can circulate in the blood and serve as a biomarker for diagnosis, prognosis, and efficacy assessment. This article explores the unique role of circulating noncoding RNA in HCC from various perspectives.

The Role of MicroRNAs in Development of Endometrial Cancer: A Literature Review

Endometrial cancer (EC) ranks as the second most common gynaecological cancer worldwide. EC patients are diagnosed at an early clinical stage and generally have a good prognosis. Therefore, there is a dire need for development of a specific marker for early detection of endometrial adenocarcinoma. The development of EC is conditioned by a multistep process of oncogenic upregulation and tumor suppressor downregulation as shown by molecular genetic evidence. In this setting, microRNAs appear as significant regulators of gene expression and several variations in the expression of microRNAs have been implicated in normal endometrium, endometrial tissue, metrorrhagia, and endometrial cancer. Furthermore, microRNAs act as highly precise, sensitive, and robust molecules, making them potential markers for diagnosing specific cancers and their progression. With the rising incidence of EC, its management remains a vexing challenge and diagnostic methods for the disease are limited to invasive, expensive, and inaccurate tools. Therefore, the prospect of exploiting the utility of microRNAs as potential candidates for diagnosis and therapeutic use in EC seems promising.

Unlocking the Potential of Circulating miRNAs in the Breast Cancer Neoadjuvant Setting: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

The potential role of circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) as biomarkers in breast cancer (BC) management has been widely reported. However, the numerous discrepancies between studies in this regard hinders the implementation of circulating miRNAs in routine clinical practice. In the context of BC patients undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC), the possibility of predicting NAC response may lead to prognostic improvements by individualizing post-neoadjuvant therapy. In this context, the present meta-analysis aims to clarify circulating miRNAs' predictive role with respect to NAC response among BC patients. We conducted a comprehensive literature search on five medical databases until 16 February 2023. We pooled the effect sizes of each study by applying a random-effects model. Cochran's Q test (p-level of significance set at 0.05) scores and I² values were assessed to determine between-study heterogeneity. The PROBAST (Prediction Model Risk of Bias Assessment Tool) tool was used to evaluate the selected studies' risk of bias. Overall, our findings support the hypothesis that circulating miRNAs, specifically miR-21-5p and miR-155-5p, may act as predictive biomarkers in the neoadjuvant setting among BC patients. However, due to the limited number of studies included in this meta-analysis and the high degrees of clinical and statistical heterogeneity, further research is required to confirm the predictive power of circulating miR-21-5p and miR-155-5p.