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Marcos-Fernández R, Sánchez B, Ruiz L, Margolles A. Convergence of flow cytometry and bacteriology. Current and future applications: a focus on food and clinical microbiology. Crit Rev Microbiol 2023; 49:556-577. [PMID: 35749433 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2022.2086035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Since its development in the 1960s, flow cytometry (FCM) was quickly revealed a powerful tool to analyse cell populations in medical studies, yet, for many years, was almost exclusively used to analyse eukaryotic cells. Instrument and methodological limitations to distinguish genuine bacterial signals from the background, among other limitations, have hampered FCM applications in bacteriology. In recent years, thanks to the continuous development of FCM instruments and methods with a higher discriminatory capacity to detect low-size particles, FCM has emerged as an appealing technique to advance the study of microbes, with important applications in research, clinical and industrial settings. The capacity to rapidly enumerate and classify individual bacterial cells based on viability facilitates the monitoring of bacterial presence in foodstuffs or clinical samples, reducing the time needed to detect contamination or infectious processes. Besides, FCM has stood out as a valuable tool to advance the study of complex microbial communities, or microbiomes, that are very relevant in the context of human health, as well as to understand the interaction of bacterial and host cells. This review highlights current developments in, and future applications of, FCM in bacteriology, with a focus on those related to food and clinical microbiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Marcos-Fernández
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Dairy Research Institute of Asturias, Spanish National Research Council (IPLA-CSIC), Asturias, Spain
- Functionality and Ecology of Beneficial Microbes (MicroHealth) Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Asturias, Spain
| | - Borja Sánchez
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Dairy Research Institute of Asturias, Spanish National Research Council (IPLA-CSIC), Asturias, Spain
- Functionality and Ecology of Beneficial Microbes (MicroHealth) Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Asturias, Spain
| | - Lorena Ruiz
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Dairy Research Institute of Asturias, Spanish National Research Council (IPLA-CSIC), Asturias, Spain
- Functionality and Ecology of Beneficial Microbes (MicroHealth) Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Asturias, Spain
| | - Abelardo Margolles
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Dairy Research Institute of Asturias, Spanish National Research Council (IPLA-CSIC), Asturias, Spain
- Functionality and Ecology of Beneficial Microbes (MicroHealth) Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Asturias, Spain
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Zand E, Froehling A, Schoenher C, Zunabovic-Pichler M, Schlueter O, Jaeger H. Potential of Flow Cytometric Approaches for Rapid Microbial Detection and Characterization in the Food Industry-A Review. Foods 2021; 10:3112. [PMID: 34945663 PMCID: PMC8701031 DOI: 10.3390/foods10123112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
As microbial contamination is persistent within the food and bioindustries and foodborne infections are still a significant cause of death, the detection, monitoring, and characterization of pathogens and spoilage microorganisms are of great importance. However, the current methods do not meet all relevant criteria. They either show (i) inadequate sensitivity, rapidity, and effectiveness; (ii) a high workload and time requirement; or (iii) difficulties in differentiating between viable and non-viable cells. Flow cytometry (FCM) represents an approach to overcome such limitations. Thus, this comprehensive literature review focuses on the potential of FCM and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for food and bioindustry applications. First, the principles of FCM and FISH and basic staining methods are discussed, and critical areas for microbial contamination, including abiotic and biotic surfaces, water, and air, are characterized. State-of-the-art non-specific FCM and specific FISH approaches are described, and their limitations are highlighted. One such limitation is the use of toxic and mutagenic fluorochromes and probes. Alternative staining and hybridization approaches are presented, along with other strategies to overcome the current challenges. Further research needs are outlined in order to make FCM and FISH even more suitable monitoring and detection tools for food quality and safety and environmental and clinical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Zand
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), 1190 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Antje Froehling
- Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy, Quality and Safety of Food and Feed, 14469 Potsdam, Germany; (A.F.); (O.S.)
| | - Christoph Schoenher
- Institute of Sanitary Engineering and Water Pollution Control, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria; (C.S.); (M.Z.-P.)
| | - Marija Zunabovic-Pichler
- Institute of Sanitary Engineering and Water Pollution Control, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria; (C.S.); (M.Z.-P.)
| | - Oliver Schlueter
- Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy, Quality and Safety of Food and Feed, 14469 Potsdam, Germany; (A.F.); (O.S.)
| | - Henry Jaeger
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), 1190 Vienna, Austria;
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Mok JH, Pyatkovskyy T, Yousef A, Sastry SK. Effects of combination shear stress, moderate electric field (MEF), and nisin on kinetics and mechanisms of inactivation of Escherichia coli K12 and Listeria innocua in fresh apple-kale blend juice. J FOOD ENG 2021; 292:110262. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2020.110262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Skarbye AP, Thomsen PT, Krogh MA, Svennesen L, Østergaard S. Effect of automatic cluster flushing on the concentration of Staphylococcus aureus in teat cup liners. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:5431-5439. [PMID: 32229116 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Automatic flushing of milking clusters between milking events is a control measure aimed at reducing transmission of mastitis pathogens from infectious milk to a subsequently milked cow. We evaluated the effect of flushing with cold water and flushing with water containing peracetic acid (PAA) on the concentration of Staphylococcus aureus in teat cup liners. Thirty-two clusters in a swing-over milking parlor (Dairymaster, Causeway, Ireland) were subjected to a simulated milking with S. aureus-contaminated milk. Sixteen clusters were not flushed (controls), whereas 8 clusters were flushed with cold water (966 ± 32 mL) and 8 clusters were flushed with water containing PAA (200 mL/mL). A random teat cup in each cluster was sampled by rinsing with a phosphate buffer. Teat cup samples were cultured on the day following collection on Baird-Parker plates to determine the concentration of S. aureus. In teat cup samples from control clusters, the mean concentration of S. aureus was 2.8 × 105 cfu/mL. The concentration of S. aureus was zero in teat cup samples from clusters flushed with cold water. In teat cup samples from clusters flushed with water containing PAA, the concentration of S. aureus was in general reduced compared with control clusters, but S. aureus was not removed completely. However, the automatic cluster flushing did not function properly when clusters were flushed with water containing PAA; thus, results reflected the effect of inadequate function rather than the effect of adding disinfectant to the flushing water. Before the main study, we conducted a pilot study to evaluate whether teat cup sampling with swabs and sample analysis with quantitative PCR were appropriate methods for the main study. Specifically, we evaluated the effect of swab sample mass on detection of S. aureus by quantitative PCR in the laboratory, Further, we compared PCR and bacterial culture on detection of S. aureus in a suspension following disinfection of the suspension with PAA. We sampled 20 identical S. aureus suspensions for culture and PCR by swabs before and after disinfection with PAA. Swab sample mass was determined by differential weighing and contributed to 46% of the variation observed in detection of S. aureus by PCR. Following disinfection with PAA, S. aureus remained detectable by PCR, although culturability ceased. Based on these results, we sampled teat cups in the main study with a buffer rinse and quantified S. aureus in the samples by bacterial culture. We concluded that automatic cluster flushing with cold water was effective in removing S. aureus from teat cup liners and that addition of PAA was therefore not necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice P Skarbye
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark.
| | - Peter T Thomsen
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Mogens A Krogh
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Line Svennesen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Søren Østergaard
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
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Traore MB, Sun A, Gan Z, Senou H, Togo J, Fofana KH. Antimicrobial capacity of ultrasound and ozone for enhancing bacterial safety on inoculated shredded green cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata). Can J Microbiol 2020; 66:125-137. [DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2019-0313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The high frequency and incidence of foodborne outbreaks related to fresh vegetables consumption is a major public health concern and an economic burden worldwide. This study evaluated the effect of individual and combined application of ultrasound (40 kHz, 100 W) and ozone on the inactivation of foodborne Escherichia coli and Salmonella, as well as their impact on cabbage color and vitamin C content. Plate count, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and flow cytometry (FCM) following single or double staining with carboxyfluorescein diacetate and (or) propidium iodide were used to determine bacterial inactivation parameters, such as cell culturability, membrane integrity, intracellular enzyme activity, and injured and dead cells. The results of FCM and SEM showed that ultrasound treatment affected bacteria mainly by acting on the cell membrane and inactivating intracellular esterase, which resulted in bacterial death. Furthermore, when combined with ozone at 1.5 mg/L, the maximum reduction of bacterial populations was observed at 8 min with no damage on the surface of treated leaves. Therefore, fresh products sanitization using a combination of ultrasound and ozone has the potential to be an alternative for maintaining the color and vitamin C content of green cabbage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamadou Bado Traore
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Processing and Safety, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Aidong Sun
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Processing and Safety, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Zhilin Gan
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Processing and Safety, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Hamidou Senou
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Jacques Togo
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
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Cano C, Meneses Y, Chaves BD. Ozone-Based Interventions To Improve the Microbiological Safety and Quality of Poultry Carcasses and Parts: A Review. J Food Prot 2019; 82:940-947. [PMID: 31091112 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
HIGHLIGHTS Ozone treatment achieved microbial population reductions. Gaseous ozone was most commonly used on poultry parts. Carcasses were treated exclusively with aqueous ozone or ozonated water. Ozone treatment can extend poultry product shelf life without significant quality effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yulie Meneses
- 1 Department of Food Science and Technology.,2 Daugherty Water for Food Global Institute, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA
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Chaplot S, Yadav B, Jeon B, Roopesh MS. Atmospheric Cold Plasma and Peracetic Acid-Based Hurdle Intervention To Reduce Salmonella on Raw Poultry Meat. J Food Prot 2019; 82:878-888. [PMID: 31017813 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
HIGHLIGHTS Atmospheric cold plasma and peracetic acid-based hurdle approach for safety of poultry products was evaluated. Study demonstrates a significant synergetic approach to reducing Salmonella on raw poultry. Hurdle approach shows promising bacterial reduction but requires further optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreyak Chaplot
- 1 Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5; and
| | - Barun Yadav
- 1 Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5; and
| | - Byeonghwa Jeon
- 2 School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 1C9
| | - M S Roopesh
- 1 Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5; and
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Arioli S, Montanari C, Magnani M, Tabanelli G, Patrignani F, Lanciotti R, Mora D, Gardini F. Modelling of Listeria monocytogenes Scott A after a mild heat treatment in the presence of thymol and carvacrol: Effects on culturability and viability. J FOOD ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2018.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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9
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Shahryari S, Zahiri HS, Haghbeen K, Adrian L, Noghabi KA. High phenol degradation capacity of a newly characterized Acinetobacter sp. SA01: Bacterial cell viability and membrane impairment in respect to the phenol toxicity. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2018; 164:455-466. [PMID: 30144706 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
An efficient phenol-degrading bacterial strain, belonging to Acinetobacter genus, was isolated and selected to study the impact of different environmentally relevant phenol concentrations on the degradation process. The bacterial isolate, labeled as Acinetobacter sp. SA01 was able to degrade the maximum phenol concentration of 1 g/l during 60 h at optimum condition of pH 7, 30 °C and 180 rpm. Aeration and initial cell density, the two important factors, were carefully examined in the optimal growth conditions. The results showed that these two variables related proportionally with phenol degradation rate. Further investigations showed no effect of inoculum size on the enhancement of degradation of phenol at over 1 g/l. Flow cytometry (FCM) study was performed to find out the relationship between phenol-induced damages and phenol degradation process. Single staining using propidium iodide (PI) showed increased cell membrane permeability with an increase of phenol concentration, while single staining with carboxyfluorescein diacetate (cFDA) demonstrated a considerable reduction in esterase activity of the cells treated with phenol at more than 1 g/l. A detailed investigation of cellular viability using concurrent double staining of cFDA/PI revealed that the cell death increases in cells exposed to phenol at more than 1 g/l. The rate of cell death was low but noticeable in the presence of phenol concentration of 2 g/l, over time. Phenol at concentrations of 3 and 4 g/l caused strong toxicity in living cells of Acinetobacter sp. SA01. The plate count method and microscopy analysis of the cells treated with phenol at 1.5 and 2 g/l confirmed an apparent reduction in cell number over time. It was assumed that the phenol concentrations higher than 1 g/l have destructive effects on membrane integrity of Acinetobacter sp. SA01. Our results also revealed that the toxicity did not reduce by increasing initial cell density. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) examination of bacterial cells revealed the surface morphological changes following exposure to phenol. The bacterial cells, with wizened appearance and wrinkled surface, were observed by exposing to phenol (1 g/l) at lag phase. A morphological change occurred in the mid-logarithmic phase as the bacterial cells demonstrated coccobacilli form as well as elongated filamentous shape. The wrinkled cell surface were totally disappeared in mid-stationary phase, suggesting that the complete degradation of phenol relieve the stress and direct bacterial cells toward possessing smoother cell membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahab Shahryari
- Division of Industrial & Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), P. O. Box 14155-6343, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Shahbani Zahiri
- Division of Industrial & Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), P. O. Box 14155-6343, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kamahldin Haghbeen
- Division of Industrial & Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), P. O. Box 14155-6343, Tehran, Iran
| | - Lorenz Adrian
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kambiz Akbari Noghabi
- Division of Industrial & Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), P. O. Box 14155-6343, Tehran, Iran.
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Schottroff F, Fröhling A, Zunabovic-Pichler M, Krottenthaler A, Schlüter O, Jäger H. Sublethal Injury and Viable but Non-culturable (VBNC) State in Microorganisms During Preservation of Food and Biological Materials by Non-thermal Processes. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2773. [PMID: 30515140 PMCID: PMC6255932 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state, as well as sublethal injury of microorganisms pose a distinct threat to food safety, as the use of traditional, culture-based microbiological analyses might lead to an underestimation or a misinterpretation of the product's microbial status and recovery phenomena of microorganisms may occur. For thermal treatments, a large amount of data and experience is available and processes are designed accordingly. In case of innovative inactivation treatments, however, there are still several open points with relevance for the investigation of inactivation mechanisms as well as for the application and validation of the preservation processes. Thus, this paper presents a comprehensive compilation of non-thermal preservation technologies, i.e., high hydrostatic pressure (HHP), pulsed electric fields (PEFs), pulsed light (PL), and ultraviolet (UV) radiation, as well as cold plasma (CP) treatments. The basic technological principles and the cellular and molecular mechanisms of action are described. Based on this, appropriate analytical methods are outlined, i.e., direct viable count, staining, and molecular biological methods, in order to enable the differentiation between viable and dead cells, as well as the possible occurrence of an intermediate state. Finally, further research needs are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Schottroff
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Antje Fröhling
- Quality and Safety of Food and Feed, Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy, Potsdam, Germany
| | | | - Anna Krottenthaler
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Oliver Schlüter
- Quality and Safety of Food and Feed, Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Henry Jäger
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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Braschi G, Patrignani F, Siroli L, Lanciotti R, Schlueter O, Froehling A. Flow Cytometric Assessment of the Morphological and Physiological Changes of Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli in Response to Natural Antimicrobial Exposure. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2783. [PMID: 30487788 PMCID: PMC6246641 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Essential oils (EOs) or their components represent one of the most promising natural, safe, and feasible alternatives to prevent the growth of food-borne pathogens like Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli in food matrices. Although antimicrobial properties of EOs and their components are well-documented, limited and fragmented information is available on the changes induced by these compounds, even at sub-lethal concentrations, in the physiological properties of microbial cells. The aim of this study was to explore the morpho-physiological changes of L. monocytogenes Scott A and E. coli MG 1655 induced after 1 h exposure to different sub-lethal and lethal concentrations of citral, carvacrol, (E)-2-hexenal, and thyme EO. For this purpose, different cell viability parameters such as membrane integrity, esterase activity, and cytoplasmic cell membrane potential were measured by flow cytometry. Flow cytometric data revealed specific response patterns in relation to the strain, the natural antimicrobial and its concentrations. Both the target microbial strains showed an increased cell membrane permeabilization without a loss of esterase activity and cell membrane potential with increasing citral, carvacrol and thyme EO concentrations. By contrast, (E)-2-hexenal did not significantly affect the measured physiological properties of L. monocytogenes Scott A and E. coli MG 1655. The used approach allowed identifying the most effective natural antimicrobials in relation to the microbial target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Braschi
- Campus Food Science, Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy
| | - Francesca Patrignani
- Campus Food Science, Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Siroli
- Campus Food Science, Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy
| | - Rosalba Lanciotti
- Campus Food Science, Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy
| | - Oliver Schlueter
- Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy, Quality and Safety of Food and Feed, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Antje Froehling
- Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy, Quality and Safety of Food and Feed, Potsdam, Germany
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12
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Carré G, Charpentier E, Audonnet S, Terryn C, Boudifa M, Doliwa C, Belgacem ZB, Gangloff SC, Gelle MP. Contribution of Fluorescence Techniques in Determining the Efficiency of the Non-thermal Plasma Treatment. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2171. [PMID: 30250463 PMCID: PMC6140754 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We have recently developed a non-thermal plasma (NTP) equipment intended to sterilize fragile medical devices and maintain the sterile state of items downstream the treatment. With traditional counts on agar plate a six log reduction of Staphylococcus aureus viability was obtained within 120 min of O2, Ar, or N2 NTP treatments. However to determine the best NTP process, we studied the different physiological states of S. aureus by flow cytometry (FC) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) focusing on the esterasic activity and membrane integrity of the bacteria. Two fluorochromes, 5-(and-6)-carboxy-2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate and propidium iodide were used in order to distinguish three sub-populations: metabolically active, permeabilized, and damaged bacteria that can be in the viable but nonculturable state. FC and CLSM highlight that O2 and Ar NTP treatments were the most attractive processes. Indeed, a 5 min of Ar NTP generated a high destruction of the structure of bacteria and a 120 min of O2 NTP treatment led to the higher decrease of the total damaged bacteria population. SEM observations showed that in presence of clusters, bacteria of upper layers are easily altered compared to bacteria in the deeper layers. In conclusion, the plate counting method is not sufficient by itself to determine the best NTP treatment. FC and CLSM represent attractive indicator techniques to select the most efficient gas NTP treatment generating the lowest proportion of viable bacteria and the most debris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Carré
- Laboratoire de Biomatériaux et Inflammation en Site Osseux (EA 4691), SFR CAP-Santé, FED 4231, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Emilie Charpentier
- Laboratoire de Biomatériaux et Inflammation en Site Osseux (EA 4691), SFR CAP-Santé, FED 4231, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France.,Unité de Formation et de Recherche de Pharmacie, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Sandra Audonnet
- URCACyt - Plateau technique de cytométrie en flux, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France.,PICT - Plateforme d'Imagerie Cellulaire et Tissulaire, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Christine Terryn
- PICT - Plateforme d'Imagerie Cellulaire et Tissulaire, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | | | - Christelle Doliwa
- Laboratoire de Biomatériaux et Inflammation en Site Osseux (EA 4691), SFR CAP-Santé, FED 4231, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Zouhaier Ben Belgacem
- Laboratoire de Biomatériaux et Inflammation en Site Osseux (EA 4691), SFR CAP-Santé, FED 4231, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Sophie C Gangloff
- Laboratoire de Biomatériaux et Inflammation en Site Osseux (EA 4691), SFR CAP-Santé, FED 4231, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France.,Unité de Formation et de Recherche de Pharmacie, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Marie-Paule Gelle
- Laboratoire de Biomatériaux et Inflammation en Site Osseux (EA 4691), SFR CAP-Santé, FED 4231, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France.,UFR Odontologie, Reims, France.,Pôle Médecine Bucco-Dentaire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Reims, France
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Dezest M, Bulteau AL, Quinton D, Chavatte L, Le Bechec M, Cambus JP, Arbault S, Nègre-Salvayre A, Clément F, Cousty S. Oxidative modification and electrochemical inactivation of Escherichia coli upon cold atmospheric pressure plasma exposure. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173618. [PMID: 28358809 PMCID: PMC5373509 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cold atmospheric pressure plasmas (CAPPs) are known to have bactericidal effects but the mechanism of their interaction with microorganisms remains poorly understood. In this study the bacteria Escherichia coli were used as a model and were exposed to CAPPs. Different gas compositions, helium with or without adjunctions of nitrogen or oxygen, were used. Our results indicated that CAPP induced bacterial death at decontamination levels depend on the duration, post-treatment storage and the gas mixture composition used for the treatment. The plasma containing O2 in the feeding gas was the most aggressive and showed faster bactericidal effects. Structural modifications of treated bacteria were observed, especially significant was membrane leakage and morphological changes. Oxidative stress caused by plasma treatment led to significant damage of E. coli. Biochemical analyses of bacterial macromolecules indicated massive intracellular protein oxidation. However, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) are not the only actors involved in E. coli's death, electrical field and charged particles could play a significant role especially for He-O2 CAPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlène Dezest
- UMR 5254, IPREM, Université de Pau et des pays de l’Adour, Pau, France
| | - Anne-Laure Bulteau
- UMR 5254, IPREM, Université de Pau et des pays de l’Adour, Pau, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Damien Quinton
- NSysA group, ENSCBP, CNRS UMR 5255, ISM, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | - Laurent Chavatte
- UMR 5254, IPREM, Université de Pau et des pays de l’Adour, Pau, France
| | - Mickael Le Bechec
- UMR 5254, IPREM, Université de Pau et des pays de l’Adour, Pau, France
| | | | - Stéphane Arbault
- NSysA group, ENSCBP, CNRS UMR 5255, ISM, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | | | - Franck Clément
- UMR 5254, IPREM, Université de Pau et des pays de l’Adour, Pau, France
| | - Sarah Cousty
- Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire de Toulouse, centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
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