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Roussin-Léveillée C, Mackey D, Ekanayake G, Gohmann R, Moffett P. Extracellular niche establishment by plant pathogens. Nat Rev Microbiol 2024:10.1038/s41579-023-00999-8. [PMID: 38191847 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-023-00999-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
The plant extracellular space, referred to as the apoplast, is inhabited by a variety of microorganisms. Reflecting the crucial nature of this compartment, both plants and microorganisms seek to control, exploit and respond to its composition. Upon sensing the apoplastic environment, pathogens activate virulence programmes, including the delivery of effectors with well-established roles in suppressing plant immunity. We posit that another key and foundational role of effectors is niche establishment - specifically, the manipulation of plant physiological processes to enrich the apoplast in water and nutritive metabolites. Facets of plant immunity counteract niche establishment by restricting water, nutrients and signals for virulence activation. The complex competition to control and, in the case of pathogens, exploit the apoplast provides remarkable insights into the nature of virulence, host susceptibility, host defence and, ultimately, the origin of phytopathogenesis. This novel framework focuses on the ecology of a microbial niche and highlights areas of future research on plant-microorganism interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Mackey
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
- Center for Applied Plant Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Gayani Ekanayake
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Reid Gohmann
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Peter Moffett
- Centre SÈVE, Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.
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Jiang N, Lin B, Song L, Tan G, Zhang Z, Yu K. Integrated transcriptome and proteome analyses unravel a series of early defence responses in Sarcandra glabra against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Funct Plant Biol 2023; 50:1047-1061. [PMID: 37814360 DOI: 10.1071/fp23084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides critically threatens the growth and commercial cultivation of Sarcandra glabra . However, the defence responses and underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Herein, we aimed to investigate the molecular reprogramming in S. glabra leaves infected with C. gloeosporioides . Leaf tissues at 0, 24 and 48h post-inoculation (hpi) were analysed by combining RNA sequencing and Tandem Mass Tag-based liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. In total, 18 441 and 25 691 differentially expressed genes were identified at 24 and 48hpi compared to 0hpi (uninoculated control), respectively. In addition, 1240 and 1570 differentially abundant proteins were discovered at 24 and 48hpi compared to 0hpi, respectively. Correlation analysis revealed that transcription and translation levels were highly consistent regarding repeatability and expression. Analyses using databases KEGG and iPATH revealed tricitric acid cycle, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis were induced, whereas photosynthesis and tryptophan were suppressed. Enzymatic activity assay results were consistent with the upregulation of defence-related enzymes including superoxide dismutases, catalases, peroxidases and chitinases. The transcriptome expression results were additionally validated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analyses. This study provides insights into the molecular reprogramming in S. glabra leaves during infection, which lay a foundation for investigating the mechanisms of host-Colletotrichum interactions and breeding disease-resistant plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Jiang
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; and Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning 530023, China
| | - Birun Lin
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; and Guangdong Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Institute of Plant Protection, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Lisha Song
- Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning 530023, China
| | - Guiyu Tan
- Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning 530023, China
| | - Zhanjiang Zhang
- Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning 530023, China
| | - Kai Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; and Department of Omics Technology, Nanning Current Science Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Nanning 530005, China
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Allario T, Fourquez A, Magnin-Robert M, Siah A, Maia-Grondard A, Gaucher M, Brisset MN, Hugueney P, Reignault P, Baltenweck R, Randoux B. Analysis of Defense-Related Gene Expression and Leaf Metabolome in Wheat During the Early Infection Stages of Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici. Phytopathology 2023; 113:1537-1547. [PMID: 37147741 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-10-22-0364-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt) is an obligate biotrophic fungal pathogen responsible for powdery mildew in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum). Upon Bgt infection, the wheat plant activates basal defense mechanisms, namely PAMP-triggered immunity, in the leaves during the first few days. Understanding this early stage of quantitative resistance is crucial for developing new breeding tools and evaluating plant resistance inducers for sustainable agricultural practices. In this sense, we used a combination of transcriptomic and metabolomic approaches to analyze the early steps of the interaction between Bgt and the moderately susceptible wheat cultivar Pakito. Bgt infection resulted in an increasing expression of genes encoding pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins (PR1, PR4, PR5, and PR8) known to target the pathogen, during the first 48 h postinoculation. Moreover, RT-qPCR and metabolomic analyses pointed out the importance of the phenylpropanoid pathway in quantitative resistance against Bgt. Among metabolites linked to this pathway, hydroxycinnamic acid amides containing agmatine and putrescine as amine components accumulated from the second to the fourth day after inoculation. This suggests their involvement in quantitative resistance via cross-linking processes in cell walls for reinforcement, which is supported by the up-regulation of PAL (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase), PR15 (oxalate oxidase) and POX (peroxidase) after inoculation. Finally, pipecolic acid, which is considered a signal involved in systemic acquired resistance, accumulated after inoculation. These new insights lead to a better understanding of basal defense in wheat leaves after Bgt infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Allario
- Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV-UR 4492), SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, CS 80699, F-62228, Calais cedex, France
| | - Alice Fourquez
- Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV-UR 4492), SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, CS 80699, F-62228, Calais cedex, France
| | - Maryline Magnin-Robert
- Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV-UR 4492), SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, CS 80699, F-62228, Calais cedex, France
| | - Ali Siah
- Joint Research Unit 1158 BioEcoAgro, Junia, Univ. Lille, Univ. Liège, UPJV, ULCO, Univ. Artois, INRAE, 2 Rue Norbert Ségard, F-59014, Lille, France
| | | | - Matthieu Gaucher
- IRHS-UMR1345, Université d'Angers, INRAE, Institut Agro, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, F-49071, F-49071 Beaucouzé cedex, France
| | - Marie-Noelle Brisset
- IRHS-UMR1345, Université d'Angers, INRAE, Institut Agro, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, F-49071, F-49071 Beaucouzé cedex, France
| | - Philippe Hugueney
- Université de Strasbourg, INRAE, SVQV UMR-A 1131, F-68000 Colmar, France
| | - Philippe Reignault
- Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV-UR 4492), SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, CS 80699, F-62228, Calais cedex, France
| | | | - Béatrice Randoux
- Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV-UR 4492), SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, CS 80699, F-62228, Calais cedex, France
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Ma L, Meng Q, Shi F, Liu J, Li Y, Liu C, Liu X, Su B, He C, Ji C. Genome-wide analysis of maize PR-1 gene family and expression profiles induced by plant hormones and fungal phytopathogens. Am J Transl Res 2022; 14:8315-8331. [PMID: 36505298 PMCID: PMC9730051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In order to find similarity of the protein X in maize with other species we performed a BLASTP search to identify the maize ZmPR-1 family genes. METHODS We used a BLASTP search to identify the maize ZmPR-1 family genes that may show similarities between the protein X in maize and other species. RESULTS A total of 17 ZmPR-1 genes were identified and these genes were unevenly distributed on 8 chromosomes of maize. All ZmPR-1 gene predicted proteins contained a conserved CAP domain, according to the results of multiple sequence alignment and gene structure analysis. Phylogenetic tree analysis of a total of 85 PR-1 protein sequences from maize, sorghum, rice and Arabidopsis showed that the PR-1 family proteins were divided into four categories, and the maize ZmPR-1 was closely related to sorghum PR-1. In the promoter of maize ZmPR-1 gene, hypothetical cis-elements related to fungal induction, defense stress response, plant hormones, low temperature and drought response were detected. Microarray data analysis showed that ZmPR-1 displayed a tissue-specific expression pattern at different developmental stages, and responded to the infections of five maize pathogens. In addition, we further verified that four ZmPR-1 genes (ZmPR-1-5, 12, 14 and 16) were not only significantly up-regulated after Setosphearia turcica infection, but also affected by exogenous cues such as SA, ABA, MeJA and H2O2. CONCLUSION The ZmPR-1 family may be important in plant disease resistance. This study's data provide important clues for future research on the function of ZmPR-1 family genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ligong Ma
- Institute of Plant Protection, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHarbin 150086, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Qinglin Meng
- Institute of Plant Protection, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHarbin 150086, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Fengmei Shi
- Institute of Plant Protection, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHarbin 150086, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHarbin 150086, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yichu Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHarbin 150086, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Chunlai Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHarbin 150086, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xinglong Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHarbin 150086, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Baohua Su
- Institute of Plant Protection, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHarbin 150086, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Changan He
- Keshan Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesKeshan 161600, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Chunxue Ji
- Keshan Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesKeshan 161600, Heilongjiang, China
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Weed RA, Savchenko KG, Lessin LM, Carris LM, Gang DR. Untargeted Metabolomic Investigation of Wheat Infected with Stinking Smut Tilletia caries. Phytopathology 2021; 111:2343-2354. [PMID: 34865506 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-09-20-0383-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Tilletia caries infection of wheat (Triticum aestivum) has become an increasing problem in organic wheat agriculture throughout the world. Little is known about how this pathogen alters host metabolism to ensure a successful infection. We investigated how T. caries allocates resources from wheat for its growth over the life cycle of the pathogen. An untargeted metabolomics approach that combined gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry and ultraperformance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry platforms was used to determine which primary or specialized metabolite pathways are targeted and altered during T. caries infection. We found that T. caries does not dramatically alter the global metabolome of wheat but instead alters key metabolites for its own nutrient uptake and to antagonize host defenses by reducing wheat's sweet immunity response and other related pathways. Our results highlight metabolic characteristics needed for selecting wheat varieties that are resistant to T. caries infection for organic agriculture. In addition, several wheat metabolites were identified that could be used in developing a diagnostic tool for early detection of T. caries infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Weed
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164
| | - Kyryll G Savchenko
- Department of Biological Sciences, Butler University, Indianapolis, IN 46208
| | - Leandro M Lessin
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164
| | - Lori M Carris
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164
| | - David R Gang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164
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Ruan X, Ma L, Zhang Y, Wang Q, Gao X. Dissection of the Complex Transcription and Metabolism Regulation Networks Associated with Maize Resistance to Ustilago maydis. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:1789. [PMID: 34828395 DOI: 10.3390/genes12111789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The biotrophic fungal pathogen Ustilago maydis causes common smut in maize, forming tumors on all aerial organs, especially on reproductive organs, leading to significant reduction in yield and quality defects. Resistance to U. maydis is thought to be a quantitative trait, likely controlled by many minor gene effects. However, the genes and the underlying complex mechanisms for maize resistance to U. maydis remain largely uncharacterized. Here, we conducted comparative transcriptome and metabolome study using a pair of maize lines with contrast resistance to U. maydis post-infection. WGCNA of transcriptome profiling reveals that defense response, photosynthesis, and cell cycle are critical processes in maize response to U. maydis, and metabolism regulation of glycolysis, amino acids, phenylpropanoid, and reactive oxygen species are closely correlated with defense response. Metabolomic analysis supported that phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis was induced upon U. maydis infection, and an obviously higher content of shikimic acid, a key compound in glycolysis and aromatic amino acids biosynthesis pathways, was detected in resistant samples. Thus, we propose that complex gene co-expression and metabolism networks related to amino acids and ROS metabolism might contribute to the resistance to corn smut.
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7
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Breia R, Conde A, Badim H, Fortes AM, Gerós H, Granell A. Plant SWEETs: from sugar transport to plant-pathogen interaction and more unexpected physiological roles. Plant Physiol 2021; 186:836-852. [PMID: 33724398 PMCID: PMC8195505 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Sugars Will Eventually be Exported Transporters (SWEETs) have important roles in numerous physiological mechanisms where sugar efflux is critical, including phloem loading, nectar secretion, seed nutrient filling, among other less expected functions. They mediate low affinity and high capacity transport, and in angiosperms this family is composed by 20 paralogs on average. As SWEETs facilitate the efflux of sugars, they are highly susceptible to hijacking by pathogens, making them central players in plant-pathogen interaction. For instance, several species from the Xanthomonas genus are able to upregulate the transcription of SWEET transporters in rice (Oryza sativa), upon the secretion of transcription-activator-like effectors. Other pathogens, such as Botrytis cinerea or Erysiphe necator, are also capable of increasing SWEET expression. However, the opposite behavior has been observed in some cases, as overexpression of the tonoplast AtSWEET2 during Pythium irregulare infection restricted sugar availability to the pathogen, rendering plants more resistant. Therefore, a clear-cut role for SWEET transporters during plant-pathogen interactions has so far been difficult to define, as the metabolic signatures and their regulatory nodes, which decide the susceptibility or resistance responses, remain poorly understood. This fuels the still ongoing scientific question: what roles can SWEETs play during plant-pathogen interaction? Likewise, the roles of SWEET transporters in response to abiotic stresses are little understood. Here, in addition to their relevance in biotic stress, we also provide a small glimpse of SWEETs importance during plant abiotic stress, and briefly debate their importance in the particular case of grapevine (Vitis vinifera) due to its socioeconomic impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Breia
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga 4710-057, Portugal
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real 5001-801, Portugal
| | - Artur Conde
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga 4710-057, Portugal
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real 5001-801, Portugal
- Author for communication:
| | - Hélder Badim
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga 4710-057, Portugal
| | - Ana Margarida Fortes
- Lisbon Science Faculty, BioISI, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, Lisbon 1749-016, Portugal
| | - Hernâni Gerós
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga 4710-057, Portugal
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real 5001-801, Portugal
- Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), Department of Engineering, University of Minho, Braga 4710-057, Portugal
| | - Antonio Granell
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Plants, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Polytechnic University of Valencia, Valencia 46022, Spain
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Nehela Y, Killiny N. The unknown soldier in citrus plants: polyamines-based defensive mechanisms against biotic and abiotic stresses and their relationship with other stress-associated metabolites. Plant Signal Behav 2020; 15:1761080. [PMID: 32408848 PMCID: PMC8570725 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2020.1761080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Citrus plants are challenged by a broad diversity of abiotic and biotic stresses, which definitely alter their growth, development, and productivity. In order to survive the various stressful conditions, citrus plants relay on multi-layered adaptive strategies, among which is the accumulation of stress-associated metabolites that play vital and complex roles in citrus defensive responses. These metabolites included amino acids, organic acids, fatty acids, phytohormones, polyamines (PAs), and other secondary metabolites. However, the contribution of PAs pathways in citrus defense responses is poorly understood. In this review article, we will discuss the recent metabolic, genetic, and molecular evidence illustrating the potential roles of PAs in citrus defensive responses against biotic and abiotic stressors. We believe that PAs-based defensive role, against biotic and abiotic stress in citrus, is involving the interaction with other stress-associated metabolites, particularly phytohormones. The knowledge gained so far about PAs-based defensive responses in citrus underpins our need for further genetic manipulation of PAs biosynthetic genes to produce transgenic citrus plants with modulated PAs content that may enhance the tolerance of citrus plants against stressful conditions. In addition, it provides valuable information for the potential use of PAs or their synthetic analogs and their emergence as a promising approach to practical applications in citriculture to enhance stress tolerance in citrus plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasser Nehela
- Citrus Research and Education Center and Department of Plant Pathology, IFAS, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
| | - Nabil Killiny
- Citrus Research and Education Center and Department of Plant Pathology, IFAS, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
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9
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Schmidt A, Mächtel R, Ammon A, Engelsdorf T, Schmitz J, Maurino VG, Voll LM. Reactive oxygen species dosage in Arabidopsis chloroplasts can improve resistance towards Colletotrichum higginsianum by the induction of WRKY33. New Phytol 2020; 226:189-204. [PMID: 31749193 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis plants overexpressing glycolate oxidase in chloroplasts (GO5) and loss-of-function mutants of the major peroxisomal catalase isoform, cat2-2, produce increased hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) amounts from the respective organelles when subjected to photorespiratory conditions like increased light intensity. Here, we have investigated if and how the signaling processes triggered by H2 O2 production in response to shifts in environmental conditions and the concomitant induction of indole phytoalexin biosynthesis in GO5 affect susceptibility towards the hemibiotrophic fungus Colletotrichum higginsianum. Combining histological, biochemical, and molecular assays, we found that the accumulation of the phytoalexin camalexin was comparable between GO genotypes and cat2-2 in the absence of pathogen. Compared with wild-type, GO5 showed improved resistance after light-shift-mediated production of H2 O2 , whereas cat2-2 became more susceptible and allowed significantly more pathogen entry. Unlike GO5, cat2-2 suffered from severe oxidative stress after light shifts, as indicated by glutathione pool size and oxidation state. We discuss a connection between elevated oxidative stress and dampened induction of salicylic acid mediated defense in cat2-2. Genetic analyses demonstrated that induced resistance of GO5 is dependent on WRKY33, but not on camalexin production. We propose that indole carbonyl nitriles might play a role in defense against C. higginsianum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andree Schmidt
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstraße 5, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rebecca Mächtel
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstraße 5, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alexandra Ammon
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstraße 5, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Timo Engelsdorf
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, Philipps-University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch Straße 8, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Jessica Schmitz
- Institute of Developmental and Molecular Biology of Plants, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Veronica G Maurino
- Institute of Developmental and Molecular Biology of Plants, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lars M Voll
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstraße 5, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, Philipps-University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch Straße 8, 35043, Marburg, Germany
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10
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Nehela Y, Killiny N. 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' and Its Vector, Diaphorina citri, Augment the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle of Their Host via the γ-Aminobutyric Acid Shunt and Polyamines Pathway. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2019; 32:413-427. [PMID: 30284953 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-18-0238-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB), a destructive citrus disease, is associated with 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus', which is transmitted by the Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri. Both 'Ca. L. asiaticus' and its vector manipulate the host metabolism for their benefit, to meet their nutritional needs and neutralize the host defense responses. We used a targeted gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-based method to explore the connection between the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) shunt, and polyamines (PAs) pathways in citrus. 'Ca. L. asiaticus' and D. citri accelerated the conversion of α-ketoglutarate to glutamate, then to GABA, causing an accumulation of GABA in the cytosol. In silico analysis showed that the citrus genome possesses a putative GABA permease that connects the GABA shunt with the TCA cycle and supports the accumulation of succinate, fumarate, and citrate. Additionally, the PAs biosynthetic pathway might be connected directly to the TCA cycle, through the production of fumarate, or indirectly, via enhancement of GABA shunt. Taken together, we suggest that GABA shunt and PAs pathways are alternative pathways that contribute to the flux toward succinate rather than an intact TCA cycle in citrus. Both 'Ca. L. asiaticus' and its vector enhance these pathways. This study provides more insights into citrus responses to the HLB pathosystem and could be a further step toward clues for understanding the nutritional needs of 'Ca. L. asiaticus', which could help in culturing 'Ca. L. asiaticus'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasser Nehela
- 1 Department of Plant Pathology, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Rd., Lake Alfred, FL 33850, U.S.A.; and
- 2 Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Nabil Killiny
- 1 Department of Plant Pathology, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Rd., Lake Alfred, FL 33850, U.S.A.; and
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Abstract
This review summarizes the current understanding, future challenges and ongoing quest on sugar metabolic alterations that influence the outcome of plant-pathogen interactions. Intricate cellular and molecular events occur during plant-pathogen interactions. They cause major metabolic perturbations in the host and alterations in sugar metabolism play a pivotal role in governing the outcome of various kinds of plant-pathogen interactions. Sugar metabolizing enzymes and transporters of both host and pathogen origin get differentially regulated during the interactions. Both plant and pathogen compete for utilizing the host sugar metabolic machinery and in turn promote resistant or susceptible responses. However, the kind of sugar metabolism alteration that is beneficial for the host or pathogen is yet to be properly understood. Recently developed tools and methodologies are facilitating research to understand the intricate dynamics of sugar metabolism during the interactions. The present review elaborates current understanding, future challenges and ongoing quest on sugar metabolism, mobilization and regulation during various plant-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Kanwar
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Gopaljee Jha
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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Kretschmer M, Croll D, Kronstad JW. Maize susceptibility to Ustilago maydis is influenced by genetic and chemical perturbation of carbohydrate allocation. Mol Plant Pathol 2017; 18:1222-1237. [PMID: 27564861 PMCID: PMC6638311 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The ability of biotrophic fungi to metabolically adapt to the host environment is a critical factor in fungal diseases of crop plants. In this study, we analysed the transcriptome of maize tumours induced by Ustilago maydis to identify key features underlying metabolic shifts during disease. Among other metabolic changes, this analysis highlighted modifications during infection in the transcriptional regulation of carbohydrate allocation and starch metabolism. We confirmed the relevance of these changes by establishing that symptom development was altered in an id1 (indeterminate1) mutant that showed increased accumulation of sucrose as well as being defective in the vegetative to reproductive transition. We further established the relevance of specific metabolic functions related to carbohydrate allocation by assaying disease in su1 (sugary1) mutant plants with altered starch metabolism and in plants treated with glucose, sucrose and silver nitrate during infection. We propose that specific regulatory and metabolic changes influence the balance between susceptibility and resistance by altering carbon allocation to promote fungal growth or to influence plant defence. Taken together, these studies reveal key aspects of metabolism that are critical for biotrophic adaptation during the maize-U. maydis interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Kretschmer
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British ColumbiaVancouverBCV6T 1Z4Canada
| | - Daniel Croll
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British ColumbiaVancouverBCV6T 1Z4Canada
- Present address:
Institute of Integrative BiologyETH Zürich8092 ZürichSwitzerland
| | - James W. Kronstad
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British ColumbiaVancouverBCV6T 1Z4Canada
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCV6T 1Z4Canada
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Kretschmer M, Croll D, Kronstad JW. Chloroplast-associated metabolic functions influence the susceptibility of maize to Ustilago maydis. Mol Plant Pathol 2017; 18:1210-1221. [PMID: 27564650 PMCID: PMC6638283 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Biotrophic fungal pathogens must evade or suppress plant defence responses to establish a compatible interaction in living host tissue. In addition, metabolic changes during disease reflect both the impact of nutrient acquisition by the fungus to support proliferation and the integration of metabolism with the plant defence response. In this study, we used transcriptome analyses to predict that the chloroplast and associated functions are important for symptom formation by the biotrophic fungus Ustilago maydis on maize. We tested our prediction by examining the impact on disease of a genetic defect (whirly1) in chloroplast function. In addition, we examined whether disease was influenced by inhibition of glutamine synthetase by glufosinate (impacting amino acid biosynthesis) or inhibition of 3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase by glyphosate (influencing secondary metabolism). All of these perturbations increased the severity of disease, thus suggesting a contribution to resistance. Overall, these findings provide a framework for understanding the components of host metabolism that benefit the plant versus the pathogen during a biotrophic interaction. They also reinforce the emerging importance of the chloroplast as a mediator of plant defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Kretschmer
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British ColumbiaVancouverBCV6T 1Z4Canada
| | - Daniel Croll
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British ColumbiaVancouverBCV6T 1Z4Canada
- Present address:
Institute of Integrative BiologyETH Zürich8092 ZürichSwitzerland
| | - James W. Kronstad
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British ColumbiaVancouverBCV6T 1Z4Canada
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCV6T 1Z4Canada
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Zhang Z, Li X, Zhang C, Zou H, Wu Z. Isolation, structural analysis, and expression characteristics of the maize nuclear factor Y gene families. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 478:752-8. [PMID: 27498027 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
NUCLEAR FACTOR-Y (NF-Y) has been shown to play an important role in growth, development, and response to environmental stress. A NF-Y complex, which consists of three subunits, NF-YA, NF-YB, and, NF-YC, binds to CCAAT sequences in a promoter to control the expression of target genes. Although NF-Y proteins have been reported in Arabidopsis and rice, a comprehensive and systematic analysis of ZmNF-Y genes has not yet been performed. To examine the functions of ZmNF-Y genes in this family, we isolated and characterized 50 ZmNF-Y (14 ZmNF-YA, 18 ZmNF-YB, and 18 ZmNF-YC) genes in an analysis of the maize genome. The 50 ZmNF-Y genes were distributed on all 10 maize chromosomes, and 12 paralogs were identified. Multiple alignments showed that maize ZmNF-Y family proteins had conserved regions and relatively variable N-terminal or C-terminal domains. The comparative syntenic map illustrated 40 paralogous NF-Y gene pairs among the 10 maize chromosomes. Microarray data showed that the ZmNF-Y genes had tissue-specific expression patterns in various maize developmental stages and in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. The results suggested that ZmNF-YB2, 4, 8, 10, 13, and 16 and ZmNF-YC6, 8, and 15 were induced, while ZmNF-YA1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 10, 12, and 13, ZmNF-YB15, and ZmNF-YC3 and 9 were suppressed by drought stress. ZmNF-YA3, ZmNF-YA8 and ZmNF-YA12 were upregulated after infection by the three pathogens, while ZmNF-YA1 and ZmNF-YB2 were suppressed. These results indicate that the ZmNF-Ys may have significant roles in the response to abiotic and biotic stresses.
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Kluger B, Lehner S, Schuhmacher R. Metabolomics and Secondary Metabolite Profiling of Filamentous Fungi. In: Zeilinger S, Martín J, García-estrada C, editors. Biosynthesis and Molecular Genetics of Fungal Secondary Metabolites, Volume 2. New York: Springer; 2015. pp. 81-101. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2531-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
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Stamler RA, Holguin O, Dungan B, Schaub T, Sanogo S, Goldberg N, Randall JJ. BABA and Phytophthora nicotianae Induce Resistance to Phytophthora capsici in Chile Pepper (Capsicum annuum). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128327. [PMID: 26020237 PMCID: PMC4447391 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced resistance in plants is a systemic response to certain microorganisms or chemicals that enhances basal defense responses during subsequent plant infection by pathogens. Inoculation of chile pepper with zoospores of non-host Phytophthora nicotianae or the chemical elicitor beta-aminobutyric acid (BABA) significantly inhibited foliar blight caused by Phytophthora capsici. Tissue extract analyses by GC/MS identified conserved change in certain metabolite concentrations following P. nicotianae or BABA treatment. Induced chile pepper plants had reduced concentrations of sucrose and TCA cycle intermediates and increased concentrations of specific hexose-phosphates, hexose-disaccharides and amino acids. Galactose, which increased significantly in induced chile pepper plants, was shown to inhibit growth of P. capsici in a plate assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rio A. Stamler
- The Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology, and Weed Science, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Omar Holguin
- The Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Barry Dungan
- Chemical Analysis and Instrumentation Laboratory, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Tanner Schaub
- Chemical Analysis and Instrumentation Laboratory, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Soumaila Sanogo
- The Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology, and Weed Science, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Natalie Goldberg
- The Department of Extension Plant Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Jennifer J. Randall
- The Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology, and Weed Science, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Zhang Z, Li X, Yu R, Han M, Wu Z. Isolation, structural analysis, and expression characteristics of the maize TIFY gene family. Mol Genet Genomics 2015; 290:1849-58. [PMID: 25862669 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-015-1042-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
TIFY, previously known as ZIM, comprises a plant-specific family annotated as transcription factors that might play important roles in stress response. Despite TIFY proteins have been reported in Arabidopsis and rice, a comprehensive and systematic survey of ZmTIFY genes has not yet been conducted. To investigate the functions of ZmTIFY genes in this family, we isolated and characterized 30 ZmTIFY (1 TIFY, 3 ZML, and 26 JAZ) genes in an analysis of the maize (Zea mays L.) genome in this study. The 30 ZmTIFY genes were distributed over eight chromosomes. Multiple alignment and motif display results indicated that all ZmTIFY proteins share two conserved TIFY and Jas domains. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the ZmTIFY family could be divided into two groups. Putative cis-elements, involved in abiotic stress response, phytohormones, pollen grain, and seed development, were detected in the promoters of maize TIFY genes. Microarray data showed that the ZmTIFY genes had tissue-specific expression patterns in various maize developmental stages and in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. The results indicated that ZmTIFY4, 5, 8, 26, and 28 were induced, while ZmTIFY16, 13, 24, 27, 18, and 30 were suppressed, by drought stress in the maize inbred lines Han21 and Ye478. ZmTIFY1, 19, and 28 were upregulated after infection by three pathogens, whereas ZmTIFY4, 13, 21, 23, 24, and 26 were suppressed. These results indicate that the ZmTIFY family may have vital roles in response to abiotic and biotic stresses. The data presented in this work provide vital clues for further investigating the functions of the genes in the ZmTIFY family.
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Zhang Z, Chen Y, Zhao D, Li R, Wang H, Zhang J, Wei J. X1-homologous genes family as central components in biotic and abiotic stresses response in maize (Zea mays L.). Funct Integr Genomics 2013; 14:101-10. [PMID: 24676795 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-013-0343-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 09/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
X1-homologous genes (XHS) encode plant specific proteins containing three basic domains (XH, XS, zf-XS). In spite of their physiological importance, systematic analyses of ZmXHS genes have not yet been explored. In this study, we isolated and characterized ten ZmXHS genes in a whole-of-genome analysis of the maize genome. A total of ten members of this family were identified in maize genome. The ten ZmXHS genes were distributed on seven maize chromosomes. Multiple alignment and motif display results revealed that most ZmXHS proteins share all the three conserved domains. Putative cis-elements involved in abiotic stress responsive, phytohormone, pollen-specific and quantitative, seed development and germination, light and circadian rhythms regulation, Ca(2+)-responsive, root hair cell-specific, and CO(2)-responsive transcriptional activation were observed in the promoters of ZmXHS genes. Yeast hybrid assay revealed that the XH domain of ZmXHS5 was necessary for interaction with itself and ZmXHS2. Microarray data showed that the ZmXHS genes had tissue-specific expression patterns in the maize developmental steps and biotic stresses response. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis results indicated that, except ZmXHS9, the other nine ZmXHS genes were induced in the seedling leaves by at least one of the four abiotic stresses applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongbao Zhang
- Beijing Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
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Voitsik AM, Muench S, Deising HB, Voll LM. Two recently duplicated maize NAC transcription factor paralogs are induced in response to Colletotrichum graminicola infection. BMC Plant Biol 2013; 13:85. [PMID: 23718541 PMCID: PMC3694029 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-13-85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND NAC transcription factors belong to a large family of plant-specific transcription factors with more than 100 family members in monocot and dicot species. To date, the majority of the studied NAC proteins are involved in the response to abiotic stress, to biotic stress and in the regulation of developmental processes. Maize NAC transcription factors involved in the biotic stress response have not yet been identified. RESULTS We have found that two NAC transcription factors, ZmNAC41 and ZmNAC100, are transcriptionally induced both during the initial biotrophic as well as the ensuing necrotrophic colonization of maize leaves by the hemibiotrophic ascomycete fungus C. graminicola. ZmNAC41 transcripts were also induced upon infection with C. graminicola mutants that are defective in host penetration, while the induction of ZmNAC100 did not occur in such interactions. While ZmNAC41 transcripts accumulated specifically in response to jasmonate (JA), ZmNAC100 transcripts were also induced by the salicylic acid analog 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid (INA).To assess the phylogenetic relation of ZmNAC41 and ZmNAC100, we studied the family of maize NAC transcription factors based on the recently annotated B73 genome information. We identified 116 maize NAC transcription factor genes that clustered into 12 clades. ZmNAC41 and ZmNAC100 both belong to clade G and appear to have arisen by a recent gene duplication event. Including four other defence-related NAC transcription factors of maize and functionally characterized Arabidopsis and rice NAC transcription factors, we observed an enrichment of NAC transcription factors involved in host defense regulation in clade G. In silico analyses identified putative binding elements for the defence-induced ERF, Myc2, TGA and WRKY transcription factors in the promoters of four out of the six defence-related maize NAC transcription factors, while one of the analysed maize NAC did not contain any of these potential binding sites. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides a systematic in silico analysis of maize NAC transcription factors in which we propose a nomenclature for maize genes encoding NAC transcription factors, based on their chromosomal position. We have further identified five pathogen-responsive maize NAC transcription factors that harbour putative binding elements for other defence-associated transcription factors in the proximal promoter region, indicating an involvement of the described NACs in the maize defence network. Our phylogenetic analysis has revealed that the majority of the yet described pathogen responsive NAC proteins from all plant species belong to clade G and suggests that they are phylogenetically related.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Maria Voitsik
- Division of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstrasse 5, D-91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Steffen Muench
- Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Phytopathology and Plant Protection, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Betty-Heimann-Str. 3, 06120, Halle, Saale, Germany
| | - Holger B Deising
- Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Phytopathology and Plant Protection, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Betty-Heimann-Str. 3, 06120, Halle, Saale, Germany
| | - Lars M Voll
- Division of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstrasse 5, D-91058, Erlangen, Germany
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Balmer D, Flors V, Glauser G, Mauch-Mani B. Metabolomics of cereals under biotic stress: current knowledge and techniques. Front Plant Sci 2013; 4:82. [PMID: 23630531 PMCID: PMC3632780 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Prone to attacks by pathogens and pests, plants employ intricate chemical defense mechanisms consisting of metabolic adaptations. However, many plant attackers are manipulating the host metabolism to counteract defense responses and to induce favorable nutritional conditions. Advances in analytical chemistry have allowed the generation of extensive metabolic profiles during plant-pathogen and pest interactions. Thereby, metabolic processes were found to be highly specific for given tissues, species, and plant-pathogen/pest interactions. The clusters of identified compounds not only serve as base in the quest of novel defense compounds, but also as markers for the characterization of the plants' defensive state. The latter is especially useful in agronomic applications where meaningful markers are essential for crop protection. Cereals such as maize make use of their metabolic arsenal during both local and systemic defense responses, and the chemical response is highly adapted to specific attackers. Here, we summarize highlights and recent findings of metabolic patterns of cereals under pathogen and pest attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Balmer
- Institute of Biology, University of NeuchâtelNeuchâtel, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Brigitte Mauch-Mani, University of Neuchâtel, Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Botany, Rue Emile Argand 11, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland. e-mail:
| | - Victor Flors
- Metabolic Integration and Cell Signaling Group, Plant Physiology Section, Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume ICastellón, Spain
| | - Gaetan Glauser
- Chemical Analytical Service of the Swiss Plant Science Web, University of NeuchâtelNeuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Brigitte Mauch-Mani
- Institute of Biology, University of NeuchâtelNeuchâtel, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Brigitte Mauch-Mani, University of Neuchâtel, Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Botany, Rue Emile Argand 11, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland. e-mail:
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Fernie AR. Editorial overview - computational approaches in aid of advancing understanding in plant physiology. Front Plant Sci 2011; 2:78. [PMID: 22639611 PMCID: PMC3355588 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2011.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
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