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Arroyo G, Lescano AG, Gavidia CM, Lopez-Urbina T, Ara-Gomez M, Gomez-Puerta LA, Bustos JA, Jayashi CM, O’Neal SE, Gonzalez AE, Garcia HH. Antibody Banding Patterns on the Enzyme-Linked Immunoelectrotransfer Blot (EITB) Assay Clearly Discriminate Viable Cysticercosis in Naturally Infected Pigs. Pathogens 2023; 13:15. [PMID: 38251323 PMCID: PMC10820179 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot (EITB) detects antibodies against seven Taenia solium larvae antigens in three protein families (GP50, T24/42, and 8-kDa) with different structures and functions. EITB banding patterns against these antigens in pigs provide information about the course of infection and may discriminate viable cysticercosis. We analyzed the banding patterns and infection outcomes (presence of viable cysts, degenerated cysts, and any cysts) of 512 rural pigs. Banding patterns were grouped into homogenous classes using latent class analysis, and relationships with infection outcomes were assessed. Four classes were identified: 1 (n = 308, EITB-negative or positive for the GP50 family), 2 (n = 127, positive for GP50 (GP50 family), GP42-39 and GP24 (T24/42 family), but negative for 8-kDa antigens), 3 (n = 22, positive for GP50 and T24/42 antigens (GP42-39 and GP24), as well as to 8-kDa bands GP13, GP14, and GP18, but negative for GP21), and 4 (n = 55, positive for GP50 and T24/42 antigens, as well as to 8-kDa antigens GP21 and GP18 in combination). Pigs in classes 3 and 4 were more likely to have viable cysts (72.6% and 96.4%, respectively) than pigs in classes 1 and 2 (0.7% and 27.6%, respectively; p < 0.001). The number of infections with any cysts was higher in classes 3 and 4 (77.3% and 98.2%, respectively) and lower in classes 2 and 1 (34.7% and 4.9%, respectively; p < 0.001). Pigs with viable cysts represented >90% of pigs with any cysts in classes 3 and 4 (94.1% and 98.2%, respectively), while degenerated cysts were frequent among pigs with any cysts in classes 1, 3, and 2 (86.7%, 47.1%, and 43.2%, respectively; p < 0.001). EITB banding patterns strongly correlate with cysticercosis infection status in rural pigs, with classes 3 and 4 being more predictive of viable infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianfranco Arroyo
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 15021, Peru; (C.M.G.); (T.L.-U.); (M.A.-G.); (L.A.G.-P.); (C.M.J.); (A.E.G.)
- Center for Global Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15202, Peru; (J.A.B.); (S.E.O.); (H.H.G.)
| | - Andres G. Lescano
- School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15202, Peru;
| | - Cesar M. Gavidia
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 15021, Peru; (C.M.G.); (T.L.-U.); (M.A.-G.); (L.A.G.-P.); (C.M.J.); (A.E.G.)
| | - Teresa Lopez-Urbina
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 15021, Peru; (C.M.G.); (T.L.-U.); (M.A.-G.); (L.A.G.-P.); (C.M.J.); (A.E.G.)
| | - Miguel Ara-Gomez
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 15021, Peru; (C.M.G.); (T.L.-U.); (M.A.-G.); (L.A.G.-P.); (C.M.J.); (A.E.G.)
| | - Luis A. Gomez-Puerta
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 15021, Peru; (C.M.G.); (T.L.-U.); (M.A.-G.); (L.A.G.-P.); (C.M.J.); (A.E.G.)
| | - Javier A. Bustos
- Center for Global Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15202, Peru; (J.A.B.); (S.E.O.); (H.H.G.)
- Cysticercosis Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurologicas, Lima 15030, Peru
| | - Cesar M. Jayashi
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 15021, Peru; (C.M.G.); (T.L.-U.); (M.A.-G.); (L.A.G.-P.); (C.M.J.); (A.E.G.)
| | - Seth E. O’Neal
- Center for Global Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15202, Peru; (J.A.B.); (S.E.O.); (H.H.G.)
- School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Sciences University-Portland State University, Portland, OR 97207, USA
| | - Armando E. Gonzalez
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 15021, Peru; (C.M.G.); (T.L.-U.); (M.A.-G.); (L.A.G.-P.); (C.M.J.); (A.E.G.)
| | - Hector H. Garcia
- Center for Global Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15202, Peru; (J.A.B.); (S.E.O.); (H.H.G.)
- Cysticercosis Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurologicas, Lima 15030, Peru
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Sun X, Mu Q, Yang F, Liu M, Zhou B. The effects of thioredoxin peroxidase from Cysticercus cellulosae excretory-secretory antigens on TGF-β signaling pathway and Th17 cells differentiation in Jurkat cells by transcriptomics. Parasitol Res 2023; 123:50. [PMID: 38095704 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-08075-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Thioredoxin peroxidase (TPx) protein from the excretory-secretory antigens (ESAs) of Cysticercus cellulosae (C. cellulosae) has been shown to regulate the differentiation of host Treg and Th17 cells, resulting in an immunosuppressive response dominated by Treg cells. However, the molecular mechanism by which TPx protein from the ESAs of C. cellulosae regulates the imbalance of host Treg/Th17 cell differentiation has not been reported. TPx protein from porcine C. cellulosae ESAs was used to stimulate Jurkat cells activated with PMA and ionomycin at 0, 24, 48, and 72 h. Transcriptomic analysis was performed to investigate the signaling pathways associated with Jurkat cells differentiation regulated by TPx protein from C. cellulosae ESAs. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) revealed that TPx protein from porcine C. cellulosae ESAs could induce upregulation of the TGF-β signaling pathway and downregulation of Th17 cell differentiation in Jurkat cells. TPx protein from porcine C. cellulosae ESAs can activate the TGF-β signaling pathway in Jurkat cells, thereby regulating the differentiation of Treg/Th17 cells and leading to an immunosuppressive response dominated by Treg cells, enabling evasion of the host immune attack. This study provides a foundation for further validation of these pathways and further elucidates the molecular mechanisms underlying immune evasion caused by porcine C. cellulosae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Sun
- Department of Parasitology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Qianqian Mu
- Department of Parasitology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Fengjiao Yang
- Department of Parasitology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Meichen Liu
- Department of Parasitology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Biying Zhou
- Department of Parasitology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.
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Hossain MS, Shabir S, Toye P, Thomas LF, Falcone FH. Insights into the diagnosis, vaccines, and control of Taenia solium, a zoonotic, neglected parasite. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:380. [PMID: 37876008 PMCID: PMC10594694 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05989-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Taenia solium taeniasis/cysticercosis (TSTC) is a foodborne, zoonotic neglected tropical disease affecting predominately low- and middle-income countries. Humans are definitive hosts for T. solium, whereas pigs act as intermediate hosts. Taeniasis, i.e. intestinal infection with adult T. solium in the human host, occurs through ingestion of undercooked pork infected with the larval stage (porcine cysticercosis, PCC). Human cysticercosis occurs after humans ingest T. solium eggs, acting as accidental intermediate hosts. Migration of cysticerci to the human brain results in neurocysticercosis (NCC), manifesting in a variety of clinical symptoms, most notably epilepsy. NCC is the leading cause of acquired epilepsy cases in endemic areas. PCC results in reduced pork value because of condemnation or the risk of condemnation of the meat. Available serological diagnostic tests for porcine and human cysticercosis are characterized by low sensitivity and are not cost-effective. An effective vaccine for T. solium cysticercosis in pigs has been developed, although it is not yet commercially available in all endemic countries, and still no vaccine is available for use in humans. This primer highlights the recent development in the field of diagnostic tests and vaccine production and explores possible strategies for future control and eradication of T. solium. In the absence of highly specific diagnostic tests and human vaccines, treatment of infected pigs and tapeworm carriers and prevention of disease transmission remain the principal means to interrupt the zoonotic cycle of T. solium in endemic countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Shahadat Hossain
- Department of Parasitology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Shafqat Shabir
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Philip Toye
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Lian F Thomas
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, UK
| | - Franco H Falcone
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
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Tsokkou C, Mitsis A, Christodoulou E, Avraamides P, Sakellaropoulos S. Synchronous Left Ventricular and Endocranial Mass. J Med Cases 2023; 14:332-338. [PMID: 37868326 PMCID: PMC10586335 DOI: 10.14740/jmc4153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Myocardial cysts represent a miscellaneous and infrequent spectrum of conditions, with each of them coming from a different etiological background. Congenital myocardial cysts, neoplasia, cysts of infectious origin (bacterial, viral, or parasitic), and cardiac pathologies that may fake cystic content are all encompassed in this group. Although most patients are asymptomatic, some may occasionally present with obstruction, valvular dysfunction, or heart failure. Even more uncommon is the coexistence of a myocardial cyst with other extracardiac locations causing extracardiac symptoms. In this direction, the coexistence of a myocardial and endocranial cyst is extremely rare and can cause symptomatology from the affected organs (e.g., seizures). Cardiac investigation in this context is mainly dependent on non-invasive diagnostic modalities, and laboratory procedures. In this case report, we present a 26-year-old Congolese male admitted with dyspnea and epileptic seizures. Echocardiography revealed left ventricular and both mitral and tricuspid valve dysfunction and the presence of two myocardial cysts, while brain computed tomography showed an additional frontal cystic lesion. A precise diagnostic workup with a combination of non-invasive imaging, laboratory results, and epidemiology data assisted the diagnosis and guided the most suitable therapeutic choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Tsokkou
- Cardiology Department, Nicosia General Hospital, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Andreas Mitsis
- Cardiology Department, Nicosia General Hospital, Nicosia, Cyprus
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Chege B, Ndambuki G, Owiny M, Kiyong’a A, Fèvre EM, Cook EAJ. Improved latrine coverage may reduce porcine cysticercosis: a comparative cross-sectional study, Busia County, Kenya 2021. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1155467. [PMID: 37476824 PMCID: PMC10354266 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1155467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Smallholder pig farming is an important economic activity for many poor, rural communities in developing countries. Porcine cysticercosis is a growing public health risk in countries where pig rearing is popular. A sanitation-based intervention to reduce the prevalence of open defecation was completed in Busia County, Kenya in 2016. We capitalized on this third party intervention to evaluate its impact on porcine cysticercosis prevalence. Methods We conducted a comparative cross-sectional survey from August through to September 2021. Household selection was done using multistage sampling. Household questionnaire data on pig production, transmission, risk factors and awareness of porcine cysticercosis were collected from 251 households. Lingual palpation was used to test for cysticerci in 370 pigs while serum was tested for circulating antigen using Ag-ELISA. We compared results of our survey to an effective baseline, which was a near equivalent cross sectional survey conducted in 2012 before the third party sanitary intervention was established. The difference in prevalence was measured using Chi-square tests. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to identify risk factors for lingual cysts in pigs. Results The prevalence of palpable lingual cysts was estimated to be 3.8% (95% CI 2.3-6.3%) (14/370). This was 6% (95% CI 0.8-13.9%; p-value 0.0178) lower than the prevalence reported in the pre-implementation period of 9.7% (95% CI: 4.5-17.6%). Circulating antigen was detected in 2 samples (0.54%, 95% CI: 0.2-1.9). Latrine coverage was 86% (95% CI: 81-90%), which was 11% (95% CI: 4.8-16.8%; p < 0.001) higher than the pre-implementation period coverage of 75% (95% CI: 71-79%). There was reduced prevalence of lingual cysts in pigs from households that had a latrine (OR = 0.14; 95% CI: 0.05-0.43; p < 0.001) and where pigs were confined or tethered (OR = 0.27; 95% CI: 0.07-1.02; p = 0.053). Conclusion There was a reduction in the prevalence of porcine cysticercosis in Busia County over the study period from 2012 to 2021. This was not a trial design so we are unable to directly link the decline to a specific cause, but the data are consistent with previous research indicating that improved sanitation reduces porcine cysticercosis. Programs for controlling porcine cysticercosis should include a focus on sanitation in addition to other integrated One Health approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Chege
- Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program (FELTP), Nairobi, Kenya
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Gideon Ndambuki
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Maurice Owiny
- Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program (FELTP), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Alice Kiyong’a
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Eric M. Fèvre
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Ngwili N, Ahimbisibwe S, Sentamu DN, Thomas LF, Ouma E. Structure of the pork value chain in Northern Uganda: implications for Taenia solium control interventions. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1177526. [PMID: 37283878 PMCID: PMC10239858 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1177526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction This study characterizes the pork value chain in Agago, Kitgum, Lamwo, and Pader districts of Northern Uganda and analyzes its implications on the transmission and control of Taenia solium infections. Methodology Data were collected through focus group discussions (FGDs) with farmers and pig and pork traders, key informant interviews (KIIs) with local government officials and consumers, and district-level multi-stakeholder mini workshops organized in the study area. The value chain actors identified include input and services providers, pig farmers, live pig traders, pork traders, and consumers. Results Most of the pig production, marketing and consumption was found to occur through informal channels. Pig production in this area is dominated by smallholder extensive systems, with most producers keeping less than 10 pigs. The production segment of the pig value chain is characterized by low use of inputs and services such as veterinary extension, drugs and improved feeds. Pigs scavenge for food under free-range systems and are at risk of parasitic infections such as the zoonotic helminth Taenia solium. This risk is exacerbated by the inherent contextual aspects of the study sites including low latrine coverage, open defecation, and high poverty. In addition, some respondents viewed pigs as "sanitation policemen" where they leave them to roam around and eat dirt including feaces thereby cleaning the environment. T. solium was recognized as an important pig health constraint in this value chain alongside African swine fever (ASF). Unlike ASF that was associated with the pig mortalities, the cysts were associated with rejection of pigs by traders at purchase, condemnation of pig carcasses by meat inspectors and rejection of raw pork by consumers at points of sale. Discussion Poor organization of the value chain and lack veterinary extension and meat inspection services results in some pigs infected with T. solium entering the food chain, exposing consumers to infection with the parasite. To reduce the pig production losses and public health impact from T. solium infections, there is need for control and prevention interventions targeting specific nodes of the value chain where the risk of transmission is highest.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Salaviriuse Ahimbisibwe
- International Livestock Research Institute, c/o Alliance-Bioversity International-CIAT, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Derrick Noah Sentamu
- International Livestock Research Institute, c/o Alliance-Bioversity International-CIAT, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Lian F. Thomas
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Institute of Infection Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, Wirral, United Kingdom
| | - Emily Ouma
- International Livestock Research Institute, c/o Alliance-Bioversity International-CIAT, Kampala, Uganda
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Ngwili N, Sentamu DN, Korir M, Adriko M, Beinamaryo P, Dione MM, Kaducu JM, Mubangizi A, Mwinzi PN, Thomas LF, Dixon MA. Spatial and temporal distribution of Taenia solium and its risk factors in Uganda. Int J Infect Dis 2023; 129:274-284. [PMID: 36805327 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2023.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The lack of subnational mapping of the zoonotic cestode Taenia solium in endemic countries presents a major challenge to achieving intensified T. solium control milestones, as outlined in the "World Health Organization neglected tropical disease roadmap by 2030". We conducted a mapping study in Uganda, considered to be endemic, to identify subnational high-risk areas. METHODS T. solium prevalence data, adjusted for diagnostic sensitivity and specificity in a Bayesian framework, were identified through a systematic review. Spatial autocorrelation and interpolation techniques were used to transform demographic and health survey cluster-level sanitation and poverty indicators, overlaid onto a pig density map for Uganda into modelled porcine cysticercosis (PCC) risk maps. RESULTS A total of 16 articles (n = 11 PCC and n = 5 human cysticercosis (HCC) and/or human taeniasis) were included in the final analysis. The observed HCC prevalence ranged from 0.01% to 6.0% (confidence interval range: 0.004-11.4%), whereas the adjusted PCC ranged from 0.3 to 93.9% (uncertainty interval range: 0-99.8%). There was substantial variation in the modelled PCC risk factors and prevalence across Uganda and over time. CONCLUSION The high PCC prevalence and moderate HCC exposure estimates indicate the need for urgent implementation of T. solium control efforts in Uganda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Ngwili
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Derrick N Sentamu
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Max Korir
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Moses Adriko
- Vector Borne and Neglected Tropical Disease Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Prudence Beinamaryo
- Vector Borne and Neglected Tropical Disease Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Michel M Dione
- International Livestock Research Institute, c/o AfricaRice, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Joyce Moriku Kaducu
- Ministry of Health: Hon. State Minister of Health, Primary Care, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Alfred Mubangizi
- Vector Borne and Neglected Tropical Disease Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Pauline Ngina Mwinzi
- The Expanded Special Project for Elimination of NTDs, World Health Organization, Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Congo
| | - Lian F Thomas
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, The University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, UK
| | - Matthew A Dixon
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research (LCNTDR), Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, UK; SCI Foundation, Edinburgh House, London, UK; MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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He W, Sun X, Luo B, Liu M, Li L, Fan X, Ye J, Zhou B. Regulation of piglet T-cell immune responses by thioredoxin peroxidase from Cysticercus cellulosae excretory-secretory antigens. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1019810. [PMID: 36466695 PMCID: PMC9718028 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1019810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Taenia solium (T. solium) cysticercosis is a serious threat to human health and animal husbandry. During parasitization, Cysticercus cellulosae (C. cellulosae) can excrete and secrete antigens that modulate the host's T-cell immune responses. However, the composition of C. cellulosae excretory-secretory antigens (ESAs) is complex. This study sought to identify the key molecules in C. cellulosae ESAs involved in regulating T-cell immune responses. Thus, we screened for thioredoxin peroxidase (TPx), with the highest differential expression, as the key target by label-free quantification proteomics of C. cellulosae and its ESAs. In addition, we verified whether TPx protein mainly exists in C. cellulosae ESAs. The TPx recombinant protein was prepared by eukaryotic expression, and ESAs were used as the experimental group to further investigate the effect of TPx protein on the immune response of piglet T cells in vitro. TPx protein induced an increase in CD4+ T cells in piglet peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), while CD8+ T cells did not change significantly. This resulted in an imbalance in the CD4+/CD8+ T-cell ratio and an increase in CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Treg cells in the PBMCs. In addition, TPx protein initiated T helper 2 (Th2)-type immune responses by secreting IL-4 and IL-10 and suppressed Th1/Th17-type immune responses. The results showed that ESAs were involved in regulating piglet T-cell immune responses cells. This suggests that TPx protein found in ESAs plays an essential role to help the parasite evade host immune attack. Moreover, this lays a foundation for the subsequent exploration of the mechanism through which TPx protein regulates signaling molecules to influence T-cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Biying Zhou
- Department of Parasitology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
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Kajuna F, Mwang'onde BJ, Holst C, Ngowi B, Sukums F, Noll J, Winkler AS, Ngowi H. Porcine Cysticercosis Sero-prevalence and Factors Associated with its Occurrence in Southern Highlands, Tanzania. Scientific African 2022; 17:e01382. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2022.e01382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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