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He M, Zhou J, Lyu D, Xu G, Qin S. Exogenous Spermidine Alleviated Low-Temperature Damage by Affecting Polyamine Metabolism and Antioxidant Levels in Apples. Plants (Basel) 2024; 13:1100. [PMID: 38674509 PMCID: PMC11053773 DOI: 10.3390/plants13081100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Low-temperature stress significantly limits the growth, development, and geographical distribution of apple cultivation. Spermidine (Spd), a known plant growth regulator, plays a vital role in the plant's response to abiotic stress. Yet, the mechanisms by which exogenous Spd enhances cold resistance in apples remain poorly understood. Therefore, the present study analyzed the effects of exogenous Spd on antioxidant enzyme activity, polyamine metabolism, and related gene expression levels of 1-year-old apple branches under low-temperature stress. Treatment with exogenous Spd was found to stabilize branch tissue biofilms and significantly reduce the levels of reactive oxygen species by elevating proline content and boosting the activity of antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase. It also upregulated the activities of arginine decarboxylase, S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase, and spermidine synthase and the expression levels of MdADC1, MdSAMDC1, and MdSPDS1 under low-temperature stress and led to the accumulation of large amounts of Spd and spermine. Moreover, compared with the 2 mmol·L-1 Spd treatment, the 1 mmol·L-1 Spd treatment increased the expression levels of cold-responsive genes MdCBF1/2/3, MdCOR47, and MdKIN1, significantly. The findings suggest that exogenous Spd can enhance cold resistance in apple branches significantly. This enhancement is achieved by modulating polyamine metabolism and improving antioxidant defense mechanisms, which could be exploited to improve apple cultivation under cold stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiqi He
- Key Laboratory of Fruit Quality Development and Regulation of Liaoning Province, College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (M.H.); (J.Z.); (D.L.)
| | - Jia Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Fruit Quality Development and Regulation of Liaoning Province, College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (M.H.); (J.Z.); (D.L.)
| | - Deguo Lyu
- Key Laboratory of Fruit Quality Development and Regulation of Liaoning Province, College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (M.H.); (J.Z.); (D.L.)
| | - Gongxun Xu
- Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng 125100, China
| | - Sijun Qin
- Key Laboratory of Fruit Quality Development and Regulation of Liaoning Province, College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (M.H.); (J.Z.); (D.L.)
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2
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Zhu X, Zhang S, Yu Y, Li S, Yang C, Chang Y. Inhibitory Effect of L-Methionine on Alternaria alternata Based on Metabolomics Analysis. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:151. [PMID: 38392823 PMCID: PMC10890048 DOI: 10.3390/jof10020151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Alternaria alternata is the main pathogenic fungus of postharvest black spots in fruits and vegetables. This study aimed to explore the antifungal activity of methionine on A. alternata in vitro and to reveal related antifungal mechanisms through a metabolomics analysis. The results showed that the inhibitory effects of L-methionine (Met) treatment on mycelium growth, spore germination, and the germ tube elongation of A. alternata were enhanced with an increase in the Met concentration, but the inhibitory effects decreased when the Met concentration was higher than 50 mmolL-1. The results of propidium iodide staining and scanning electron microscopy showed that the Met treatment damaged the plasma membrane integrity of the A. alternata spores and caused an irreversible deformation of mycelium. In addition, after the Met treatment, the leakage of electrolytes, nucleic acid, and proteins in the A. alternata cells was significantly higher than that in the control group, indicating that the Met treatment increased the permeability of the cell membranes. Eighty-one different metabolites, divided into seven categories, were identified through the metabolomics analysis, including forty-three downregulated metabolites and thirty-eight upregulated metabolites. Among them, these differential metabolites were mainly involved in amino acid synthesis and metabolism, the pentose phosphate pathway, and the TCA cycle. Therefore, the antifungal effect of the Met treatment on A. alternata was mainly to damage the integrity of the cell membranes, make nucleic acid and protein contents leak, and affect the TCA cycle, carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid synthesis metabolism, and the metabolic pathways associated with cell membrane biosynthesis. Thus, the growth and development of A. alternata were inhibited. The research enriched the investigation of the effect of the antifungal mechanism of Met treatment on A. alternata and provided a theoretical basis for the application of Met to prevent and treat postharvest black spots in fruits and vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianran Zhu
- College of Food Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030000, China
| | - Shaoying Zhang
- College of Food Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030000, China
| | - Youwei Yu
- College of Food Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030000, China
| | - Shengwang Li
- College of Food Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030000, China
| | - Chao Yang
- College of Food Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030000, China
| | - Yuan Chang
- College of Food Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030000, China
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3
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Moola N, Jardine A, Audenaert K, Rafudeen MS. 6-deoxy-6-amino chitosan: a preventative treatment in the tomato/ Botrytis cinerea pathosystem. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1282050. [PMID: 37881612 PMCID: PMC10595175 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1282050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
6-deoxy-6-amino chitosan (aminochitosan) is a water-soluble chitosan derivative with an additional amine group at the C-6 position. This modification has improved aqueous solubility, in vitro antifungal activity and is hypothesized to have enhanced in vivo antifungal activity compared to native chitosan. Gray mold disease in tomatoes is caused by the fungus, Botrytis cinerea, and poses a severe threat both pre- and post-harvest. To investigate the optimal concentration of aminochitosan and its lower molecular weight fractions for antifungal and priming properties in the tomato/B. cinerea pathosystem, different concentrations of aminochitosan were tested in vitro on B. cinerea growth and sporulation and in vivo as a foliar pre-treatment in tomato leaves. The leaves were monitored for photosynthetic changes using multispectral imaging and hydrogen peroxide accumulation using DAB. Despite batch-to-batch variations in aminochitosan, it displayed significantly greater inhibition of B. cinerea in vitro than native chitosan at a minimum concentration of 1 mg/mL. A concentration-dependent increase in the in vitro antifungal activities was observed for radial growth, sporulation, and germination with maximum in vitro inhibition for all the biopolymer batches and lower MW fractions at 2.5 and 5 mg/mL, respectively. However, the inhibition threshold for aminochitosan was identified as 1 mg/mL for spores germinating in vivo, compared to the 2.5 mg/mL threshold in vitro. The pre-treatment of leaves displayed efficacy in priming direct and systemic resistance to B. cinerea infection at 4, 6 and 30 days post-inoculation by maintaining elevated Fv/Fm activity and chlorophyll content due to a stronger and more rapid elicitation of the defense systems at earlier time points. Moreover, these defense systems appear to be ROS-independent at higher concentrations (1 and 2.5 mg/mL). In addition, aminochitosan accumulates in the cell membrane and therefore acts to increase the membrane permeability of cells after foliar spray. These observations corroborate the notion that aminochitosan biopolymers can exert their effects through both direct mechanisms of action and indirect immunostimulatory mechanisms. The contrast between in vitro and in vivo efficacy highlights the bimodal mechanisms of action of aminochitosan and the advantageous role of primed plant defense systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naadirah Moola
- Laboratory of Plant Stress, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Anwar Jardine
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kris Audenaert
- Laboratory of Applied Mycology and Phenomics, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mohamed Suhail Rafudeen
- Laboratory of Plant Stress, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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4
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Song Y, Ren Y, Xue Y, Lu D, Yan T, He J. Putrescine (1,4-Diaminobutane) enhances antifungal activity in postharvest mango fruit against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides through direct fungicidal and induced resistance mechanisms. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2023; 195:105581. [PMID: 37666606 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Anthracnose decay caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides greatly shortens the shelf life and commercial quality of mango fruit. Putrescine (1,4-Diaminobutane) is involved in modulating plant defense to various environmental stresses. In this research, in vivo and in vitro tests were used to explore the antifungal activity and the underlying mechanism of putrescine against C. gloeosporioides in mango fruit after harvested. In vivo tests suggested that putrescine markedly delayed the occurrence of disease and limited the spots expansion on inoculated mango fruit. Further analysis exhibited that putrescine treatment enhanced disease resistance, along with enhanced activities of chitinase (CHI), β-1,3-glucanase (GLU), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), cinnamate-4-hydroxylase (C4H), 4-coumarate coenzyme A ligase (4CL), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and the accumulation of lignin, flavonoid, phenolics, and anthocyanin in infected mango fruit. In addition, in vitro tests showed that putrescine exerted strongly antifungal activity against C. gloeosporioides. Putrescine induced the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and severe lipid peroxidation damage in C. gloeosporioides mycelia, resulting in the leakage of soluble protein, soluble sugar, nucleic acids, K+ and Ca2+ of C. gloeosporioides mycelia. The mycelium treated with putrescine showed severe deformity and shrinkage, and even cracking. Taken together, putrescine could effectively reduce the incidence rate and severity of anthracnose disease possibly through direct fungicidal effect and indirect induced resistance mechanism, thus showing great potential to be applied to disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Song
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanfang Ren
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuhao Xue
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, People's Republic of China
| | - Dandan Lu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, People's Republic of China
| | - Tengyu Yan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, People's Republic of China
| | - Junyu He
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, People's Republic of China.
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Zhu Q, Fei YJ, Wu YB, Luo DL, Chen M, Sun K, Zhang W, Dai CC. Endophytic Fungus Reshapes Spikelet Microbiome to Reduce Mycotoxin Produced by Fusarium proliferatum through Altering Rice Metabolites. J Agric Food Chem 2023. [PMID: 37466504 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c02616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Rice spikelet rot disease (RSRD) caused by Fusarium proliferatum seriously reduces rice yield and produces mycotoxins that threaten human health. The root symbiotic endophytic fungus Phomopsis liquidambaris reduces RSRD incidence and fumonisins accumulation in grain by 21.5 and 9.3%, respectively, while the mechanism of disease resistance remains largely elusive. Here, we found that B3 significantly reduced the abundance of pathogen from 79.91 to 2.84% and considerably enriched resistant microbes Pseudomonas and Proteobacteria in the spikelet microbial community. Further study revealed that B3 altered the metabolites of spikelets, especially hordenine and l-aspartic acid, which played a key role in reshaping the microbiome and supporting the growth of the functional core microbe Pseudomonas, and inhibited the pathogen growth and mycotoxin production. This study provided a feasibility of regulating the function of aboveground microbial communities by manipulating plant subsurface tissues to control disease and mycotoxin pollutants in agricultural production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Yan-Jun Fei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Yi-Bo Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - De-Lin Luo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Man Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Kai Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Chuan-Chao Dai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
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Kovács B, Kovács A, Pál M, Spitkó T, Marton CL, Szőke C. Changes in polyamine contents during Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium verticillioides inoculation in maize seedlings with or without seed-priming. Biol Futur 2023:10.1007/s42977-023-00162-7. [PMID: 37074618 DOI: 10.1007/s42977-023-00162-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
Maize (Zea mays L.) is the most produced field crop all over the world. One of its most critical diseases that results in economic loss is ear rot caused by various Fusarium species. Previous researches have shown that polyamines, found in all living cells, play crucial role in biotic stress responses. At the same time, biosynthesis of polyamines is of paramount importance not only for plants but also for their pathogens to promote stress tolerance and pathogenicity. In our study, we investigated the polyamine content changes induced in the seedlings of two maize genotypes of different susceptibility by isolates of Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium graminearum, two Fusarium species of different lifestyles. Apart from that, it was examined how infection efficiency and changes in polyamine contents were modified by salicylic acid or putrescine seed soaking pre-treatments. Our observations confirmed that initial and stress-induced changes in the polyamine contents are not directly related to tolerance in either coleoptile or radicle. However, the two pathogens with different lifestyles induced remarkably distinct changes in the polyamine contents. The effect of the seed soaking pre-treatments depended on the pathogens and plant resistance as well: both salicylic acid and putrescine seed soaking had positive results against F. verticillioides, while in the case of infection with F. graminearum, seed soaking with distilled water alone affected biomass parameters positively in the tolerant genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanka Kovács
- National Food Chain Safety Office, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anett Kovács
- Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Magda Pál
- Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Martonvásár, Hungary.
| | - Tamás Spitkó
- Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Martonvásár, Hungary
| | - Csaba L Marton
- Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Martonvásár, Hungary
| | - Csaba Szőke
- Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Martonvásár, Hungary
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7
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Hernández-Soberano C, López-Bucio J, Valencia-Cantero E. The Bacterial Volatile Organic Compound N,N-Dimethylhexadecylamine Induces Long-Lasting Developmental and Immune Responses throughout the Life Cycle of Arabidopsis thaliana. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:1540. [PMID: 37050166 PMCID: PMC10096718 DOI: 10.3390/plants12071540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
N,N-dimethylhexadecylamine (DMHDA) is a bacterial volatile organic compound that affects plant growth and morphogenesis and is considered a cross-kingdom signal molecule. Its bioactivity involves crosstalk with the cytokinin and jasmonic acid (JA) pathways to control stem cell niches and induce iron deficiency adaptation and plant defense. In this study, through genetic analysis, we show that the DMHDA-JA-Ethylene (ET) relations determine the magnitude of the defensive response mounted during the infestation of Arabidopsis plants by the pathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea. The Arabidopsis mutants defective in the JA receptor CORONATINE INSENSITIVE 1 (coi1-1) showed a more severe infestation when compared to wild-type plants (Col-0) that were partially restored by DMHDA supplements. Moreover, the oversensitivity manifested by ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE 2 (ein2) by B. cinerea infestation could not be reverted by the volatile, suggesting a role for this gene in DMHDA reinforcement of immunity. Growth of Col-0 plants was inhibited by DMHDA, but ein2 did not. Noteworthy, Arabidopsis seeds treated with DMHDA produced more vigorous plants throughout their life cycle. These data are supportive of a scenario where plant perception of a bacterial volatile influences the resistance to a fungal phytopathogen while modulating plant growth.
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Martin AP, Martínez MF, Chiesa MA, Garcia L, Gerhardt N, Uviedo F, Torres PS, Marano MR. Priming crop plants with rosemary (Salvia rosmarinus Spenn, syn Rosmarinus officinalis L.) extract triggers protective defense response against pathogens. Plant Physiol Biochem 2023; 197:107644. [PMID: 36996636 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant bioactive compounds provide novel straightforward approaches to control plant diseases. Rosemary (Salvia rosmarinus)-derived extracts carry many prominent pharmacological activities, including antimicrobial and antioxidant, mainly due to its phenolic compounds, rosmarinic acid (RA), carnosic acid and carnosol. However, the effects of these extracts on plant diseases are still unknown, which constrains its potential application as bioprotectant in the agricultural production. In this study we demonstrate the antiviral effect of the aqueous rosemary extract (ARE) against tobacco necrosis virus strain A (TNVA) in ARE-treated tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants. Our results show that ARE-treatment enhances plant defense response, contributing to reduce virus replication and systemic movement in tobacco plants. RA, the main phenolic compound detected in this extract, is one of the main inducers of TNVA control. The ARE-induced protection in TNVA-infected plants was characterized by the expression of H2O2 scavengers and defense-related genes, involving salicylic acid- and jasmonic acid-regulated pathways. Furthermore, treatment with ARE in lemon (Citrus limon) and soybean (Glycine max) leaves protects the plants against Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri and Diaporthe phaseolorum var. meridionalis, respectively. Additionally, ARE treatment also promotes growth and development, suggesting a biostimulant activity in soybean. These results open the way for the potential use of ARE as a bioprotective agent in disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Martin
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Ocampo y Esmeralda S/N, S2002 FHN, Rosario, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Suipacha 590, S2002LRK, Rosario, Argentina
| | - María Florencia Martínez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Ocampo y Esmeralda S/N, S2002 FHN, Rosario, Argentina
| | - María Amalia Chiesa
- Laboratorio de Eco-Fisiología Vegetal (LEFIVE), Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agrarias de Rosario (IICAR)-UNR/CONICET, Parque Villarino S/N, 2125, Zavalla, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Lucila Garcia
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Ocampo y Esmeralda S/N, S2002 FHN, Rosario, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Suipacha 590, S2002LRK, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Nadia Gerhardt
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Ocampo y Esmeralda S/N, S2002 FHN, Rosario, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Suipacha 590, S2002LRK, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Facundo Uviedo
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Ocampo y Esmeralda S/N, S2002 FHN, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Pablo S Torres
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Ocampo y Esmeralda S/N, S2002 FHN, Rosario, Argentina
| | - María Rosa Marano
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Ocampo y Esmeralda S/N, S2002 FHN, Rosario, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Suipacha 590, S2002LRK, Rosario, Argentina.
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9
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Lacrampe N, Colombié S, Dumont D, Nicot P, Lecompte F, Lugan R. Nitrogen-mediated metabolic patterns of susceptibility to Botrytis cinerea infection in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) stems. Planta 2023; 257:41. [PMID: 36680621 PMCID: PMC9867679 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-04065-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Severe N stress allows an accumulation of C-based compounds but impedes that of N-based compounds required to lower the susceptibility of tomato stem to Botrytis cinerea. Botrytis cinerea, a necrotrophic filamentous fungus, forms potentially lethal lesions on the stems of infected plants. Contrasted levels of susceptibility to B. cinerea were obtained in a tomato cultivar grown on a range of nitrate concentration: low N supply resulted in high susceptibility while high N supply conferred a strong resistance. Metabolic deviations and physiological traits resulting from both infection and nitrogen limitation were investigated in the symptomless stem tissue surrounding the necrotic lesion. Prior to infection, nitrogen-deficient plants showed reduced levels of nitrogen-based compounds such as amino acids, proteins, and glutathione and elevated levels of carbon-based and defence compounds such as α-tomatine and chlorogenic acid. After B. cinerea inoculation, all plants displayed a few common responses, mainly alanine accumulation and galactinol depletion. The metabolome of resistant plants grown under high N supply showed no significant change after inoculation. On the contrary, the metabolome of susceptible plants grown under low N supply showed massive metabolic adjustments, including changes in central metabolism around glutamate and respiratory pathways, suggesting active resource mobilization and production of energy and reducing power. Redox and defence metabolisms were also stimulated by the infection in plants grown under low N supply; glutathione and chlorogenic acid accumulated, as well as metabolites with more controversial defensive roles, such as polyamines, GABA, branched-chain amino acids and phytosterols. Taken together, the results showed that nitrogen deficiency, although leading to an increase in secondary metabolites even before the pathogen attack, must have compromised the constitutive levels of defence proteins and delayed or attenuated the induced responses. The involvement of galactinol, alanine, cycloartenol and citramalate in the tomato stem response to B. cinerea is reported here for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Lacrampe
- PSH Unit, INRAE, 84914 Avignon, France
- UMR Qualisud, Avignon Université, 84916 Avignon, France
| | - Sophie Colombié
- UMR 1332 BFP, INRAE, Univ Bordeaux, 33883 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | | | | | | | - Raphaël Lugan
- UMR Qualisud, Avignon Université, 84916 Avignon, France
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10
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Zhao Y, Vlasselaer L, Ribeiro B, Terzoudis K, Van den Ende W, Hertog M, Nicolaï B, De Coninck B. Constitutive Defense Mechanisms Have a Major Role in the Resistance of Woodland Strawberry Leaves Against Botrytis cinerea. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:912667. [PMID: 35874021 PMCID: PMC9298464 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.912667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea is a major threat to strawberry cultivation worldwide. By screening different Fragaria vesca genotypes for susceptibility to B. cinerea, we identified two genotypes with different resistance levels, a susceptible genotype F. vesca ssp. vesca Tenno 3 (T3) and a moderately resistant genotype F. vesca ssp. vesca Kreuzkogel 1 (K1). These two genotypes were used to identify the molecular basis for the increased resistance of K1 compared to T3. Fungal DNA quantification and microscopic observation of fungal growth in woodland strawberry leaves confirmed that the growth of B. cinerea was restricted during early stages of infection in K1 compared to T3. Gene expression analysis in both genotypes upon B. cinerea inoculation suggested that the restricted growth of B. cinerea was rather due to the constitutive resistance mechanisms of K1 instead of the induction of defense responses. Furthermore, we observed that the amount of total phenolics, total flavonoids, glucose, galactose, citric acid and ascorbic acid correlated positively with higher resistance, while H2O2 and sucrose correlated negatively. Therefore, we propose that K1 leaves are more resistant against B. cinerea compared to T3 leaves, prior to B. cinerea inoculation, due to a lower amount of innate H2O2, which is attributed to a higher level of antioxidants and antioxidant enzymes in K1. To conclude, this study provides important insights into the resistance mechanisms against B. cinerea, which highly depend on the innate antioxidative profile and specialized metabolites of woodland strawberry leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijie Zhao
- Division of Crop Biotechnics, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Division of Mechatronics, Biostatistics and Sensors, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven Plant Institute, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Liese Vlasselaer
- Division of Crop Biotechnics, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven Plant Institute, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Bianca Ribeiro
- Division of Crop Biotechnics, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven Plant Institute, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Konstantinos Terzoudis
- Division of Mechatronics, Biostatistics and Sensors, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven Plant Institute, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Wim Van den Ende
- KU Leuven Plant Institute, Heverlee, Belgium
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maarten Hertog
- Division of Mechatronics, Biostatistics and Sensors, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven Plant Institute, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Bart Nicolaï
- Division of Mechatronics, Biostatistics and Sensors, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven Plant Institute, Heverlee, Belgium
- Flanders Centre of Postharvest Technology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Barbara De Coninck
- Division of Crop Biotechnics, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven Plant Institute, Heverlee, Belgium
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11
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Versluys M, Toksoy Öner E, Van den Ende W. Fructan oligosaccharide priming alters apoplastic sugar dynamics and improves resistance against Botrytis cinerea in chicory. J Exp Bot 2022; 73:4214-4235. [PMID: 35383363 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrates such as fructans can be involved in priming or defence stimulation, and hence potentially provide new strategies for crop protection against biotic stress. Chicory (Cichorium intybus) is a model plant for fructan research and is a crop with many known health benefits. Using the chicory-Botrytis cinerea pathosystem, we tested the effectiveness of fructan-induced immunity, focussing on different plant and microbial fructans. Sugar dynamics were followed after priming and subsequent pathogen infection. Our results indicated that many higher plants might detect extracellular levan oligosaccharides (LOS) of microbial origin, while chicory also detects extracellular small inulin-type fructooligosaccharides (FOS) of endogenous origin, thus differing from the findings of previous fructan priming studies. No clear positive effects were observed for inulin or mixed-type fructans. An elicitor-specific burst of reactive oxygen species was observed for sulfated LOS, while FOS and LOS both behaved as genuine priming agents. In addition, a direct antifungal effect was observed for sulfated LOS. Intriguingly, LOS priming led to a temporary increase in apoplastic sugar concentrations, mainly glucose, which could trigger downstream responses. Total sugar and starch contents in total extracts of LOS-primed leaves were higher after leaf detachment, indicating they could maintain their metabolic activity. Our results indicate the importance of balancing intra- and extracellular sugar levels (osmotic balance) in the context of 'sweet immunity' pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Versluys
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology and KU Leuven Plant Institute, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ebru Toksoy Öner
- IBSB-Industrial Biotechnology and Systems Biology Research Group, Department of Bioengineering, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Wim Van den Ende
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology and KU Leuven Plant Institute, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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12
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Zhang CX, Kong X, Li HW, Li B, Wu L, Wu Y. A sustainable luminescence-enhanced tri-assembly of polyoxometalate-peptide-polyamine developed for ultrasensitive spermine determination and discrimination. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 212:112379. [PMID: 35123197 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A supramolecular strategy with sustainable emission amplification of an environmentally sensitive polyoxometalate, Na9[EuW10O36]·32H2O (EuW10), has been constructed for the Spm determination and discrimination. The EuW10 has no response to Put and other biogenic amine but a sensitive response to Spm (LOD = 0.56 nM) and Spd (LOD = 85.93 nM), respectively. Assembling with a cationic peptide from HPV E6, GL-22, achieved the EuW10/GL-22 assembly, which showed a unique enhanced emission response to Spm and distinguished it from Spd successfully. Furthermore, a synergistic rather than competitive binding of Spm to the EuW10/GL-22 assembly was revealed using FT-IR, and NMR titration spectra, together with DLS and TEM, essentially for the three-component sensing system. Besides, both EuW10 and EuW10/GL-22 assembly were successfully applied to the Spm determination in human urine and serum, suggesting the potential of these sensing approaches in detecting trace amounts of Spm in the clinic. Therefore, the constructed supramolecular assembly can detect the Spm sensitively (LOD = 2.0 nM) and efficiently distinguish it step-wise from other biogenic amines. It is a facile, straightforward, sensitive, and selective strategy for Spm determination and discrimination, which will be helpful in addressing the related biological and clinical requirements.
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13
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Versluys M, Van den Ende W. Sweet Immunity Aspects during Levan Oligosaccharide-Mediated Priming in Rocket against Botrytis cinerea. Biomolecules 2022; 12:370. [PMID: 35327562 PMCID: PMC8945012 DOI: 10.3390/biom12030370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
New strategies are required for crop protection against biotic stress. Naturally derived molecules, including carbohydrates such as fructans, can be used in priming or defense stimulation. Rocket (Eruca sativa) is an important leafy vegetable and a good source of antioxidants. Here, we tested the efficacy of fructan-induced immunity in the Botrytis cinerea pathosystem. Different fructan types of plant and microbial origin were considered and changes in sugar dynamics were analyzed. Immune resistance increased significantly after priming with natural and sulfated levan oligosaccharides (LOS). No clear positive effects were observed for fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS), inulin or branched-type fructans. Only sulfated LOS induced a direct ROS burst, typical for elicitors, while LOS behaved as a genuine priming compound. Total leaf sugar levels increased significantly both after LOS priming and subsequent infection. Intriguingly, apoplastic sugar levels temporarily increased after LOS priming but not after infection. We followed LOS and small soluble sugar dynamics in the apoplast as a function of time and found a temporal peak in small soluble sugar levels. Although similar dynamics were also found with inulin-type FOS, increased Glc and FOS levels may benefit B. cinerea. During LOS priming, LOS- and/or Glc-dependent signaling may induce downstream sweet immunity responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wim Van den Ende
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology and KU Leuven Plant Institute, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Leuven, Belgium;
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14
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Lai C, Zhou X, Zhang S, Zhang X, Liu M, Zhang C, Xu X, Xu X, Chen X, Chen Y, Lin W, Lai Z, Lin Y. PAs Regulate Early Somatic Embryo Development by Changing the Gene Expression Level and the Hormonal Balance in Dimocarpus longan Lour. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13020317. [PMID: 35205362 PMCID: PMC8872317 DOI: 10.3390/genes13020317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyamines (PAs) play an important regulatory role in many basic cellular processes and physiological and biochemical processes. However, there are few studies on the identification of PA biosynthesis and metabolism family members and the role of PAs in the transition of plant embryogenic calli (EC) into globular embryos (GE), especially in perennial woody plants. We identified 20 genes involved in PA biosynthesis and metabolism from the third-generation genome of longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour.). There were no significant differences between longan and other species regarding the number of members, and they had high similarity with Citrus sinensis. Light, plant hormones and a variety of stress cis-acting elements were found in these family members. The biosynthesis and metabolism of PAs in longan were mainly completed by DlADC2, DlSAMDC2, DlSAMDC3, DlSPDS1A, DlSPMS, DlCuAOB, DlCuAO3A, DlPAO2 and DlPAO4B. In addition, 0.01 mmol∙L−1 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), putrescine (Put) and spermine (Spm), could promote the transformation of EC into GE, and Spm treatment had the best effect, while 0.01 mmol∙L−1 D-arginine (D-arg) treatment inhibited the process. The period between the 9th and 11th days was key for the transformation of EC into GE in longan. There were higher levels of gibberellin (GA), salicylic acid (SA) and abscisic acid (ABA) and lower levels of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), ethylene and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in this key period. The expression levels in this period of DlADC2, DlODC, DlSPDS1A, DlCuAOB and DlPAO4B were upregulated, while those of DlSAMDC2 and DlSPMS were downregulated. These results showed that the exogenous ACC, D-arg and PAs could regulate the transformation of EC into GE in longan by changing the content of endogenous hormones and the expression levels of PA biosynthesis and metabolism genes. This study provided a foundation for further determining the physicochemical properties and molecular evolution characteristics of the PA biosynthesis and metabolism gene families, and explored the mechanism of PAs and ethylene for regulating the transformation of plant EC into GE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunwang Lai
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (C.L.); (S.Z.); (X.Z.); (M.L.); (C.Z.); (X.X.); (X.X.); (X.C.); (Y.C.); (Z.L.)
| | - Xiaojuan Zhou
- Ganzhou Agricultural and Rural Bureau, Ganzhou 341000, China;
| | - Shuting Zhang
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (C.L.); (S.Z.); (X.Z.); (M.L.); (C.Z.); (X.X.); (X.X.); (X.C.); (Y.C.); (Z.L.)
| | - Xueying Zhang
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (C.L.); (S.Z.); (X.Z.); (M.L.); (C.Z.); (X.X.); (X.X.); (X.C.); (Y.C.); (Z.L.)
| | - Mengyu Liu
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (C.L.); (S.Z.); (X.Z.); (M.L.); (C.Z.); (X.X.); (X.X.); (X.C.); (Y.C.); (Z.L.)
| | - Chunyu Zhang
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (C.L.); (S.Z.); (X.Z.); (M.L.); (C.Z.); (X.X.); (X.X.); (X.C.); (Y.C.); (Z.L.)
| | - Xiaoqiong Xu
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (C.L.); (S.Z.); (X.Z.); (M.L.); (C.Z.); (X.X.); (X.X.); (X.C.); (Y.C.); (Z.L.)
| | - Xiaoping Xu
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (C.L.); (S.Z.); (X.Z.); (M.L.); (C.Z.); (X.X.); (X.X.); (X.C.); (Y.C.); (Z.L.)
| | - Xiaohui Chen
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (C.L.); (S.Z.); (X.Z.); (M.L.); (C.Z.); (X.X.); (X.X.); (X.C.); (Y.C.); (Z.L.)
| | - Yan Chen
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (C.L.); (S.Z.); (X.Z.); (M.L.); (C.Z.); (X.X.); (X.X.); (X.C.); (Y.C.); (Z.L.)
| | - Wenzhong Lin
- Quanzhou Agricultural Science Research Institute, Quanzhou 362212, China;
| | - Zhongxiong Lai
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (C.L.); (S.Z.); (X.Z.); (M.L.); (C.Z.); (X.X.); (X.X.); (X.C.); (Y.C.); (Z.L.)
| | - Yuling Lin
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (C.L.); (S.Z.); (X.Z.); (M.L.); (C.Z.); (X.X.); (X.X.); (X.C.); (Y.C.); (Z.L.)
- Correspondence:
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Pál M, Szalai G, Gondor OK, Janda T. Unfinished story of polyamines: Role of conjugation, transport and light-related regulation in the polyamine metabolism in plants. Plant Sci 2021; 308:110923. [PMID: 34034871 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.110923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Polyamines play a fundamental role in the functioning of all cells. Their regulatory role in plant development, their function under stress conditions, and their metabolism have been well documented as regards both synthesis and catabolism in an increasing number of plant species. However, the majority of these studies concentrate on the levels of the most abundant polyamines, sometimes providing data on the enzyme activity or gene expression levels during polyamine synthesis, but generally making no mention of the fact that changes in the polyamine pool are very dynamic, and that other processes are also involved in the regulation of actual polyamine levels. Differences in the distribution of individual polyamines and their conjugation with other compounds were described some time ago, but these have been given little attention. In addition, the role of polyamine transporters in plants is only now being recognised. The present review highlights the importance of conjugated polyamines and also points out that investigations should not only deal with the polyamine metabolism itself, but should also cover other important questions, such as the relationship between light perception and the polyamine metabolism, or the involvement of polyamines in the circadian rhythm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Pál
- Department of Plant Physiology, Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Brunszvik u. 2, Martonvásár, H-2462, Hungary.
| | - Gabriella Szalai
- Department of Plant Physiology, Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Brunszvik u. 2, Martonvásár, H-2462, Hungary
| | - Orsolya Kinga Gondor
- Department of Plant Physiology, Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Brunszvik u. 2, Martonvásár, H-2462, Hungary
| | - Tibor Janda
- Department of Plant Physiology, Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Brunszvik u. 2, Martonvásár, H-2462, Hungary
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Gahir S, Bharath P, Raghavendra AS. Stomatal Closure Sets in Motion Long-Term Strategies of Plant Defense Against Microbial Pathogens. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:761952. [PMID: 34646293 PMCID: PMC8502850 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.761952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
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