1
|
Choi J, Park SW, Lee H, Kim DH, Kim SW. Human Nasal Inferior Turbinate-Derived Neural Stem Cells Improve the Niche of Substantia Nigra Par Compacta in a Parkinson's Disease Model by Modulating Hippo Signaling. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2024:10.1007/s13770-024-00635-3. [PMID: 38600296 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-024-00635-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most prevalent neurodegenerative diseases, following Alzheimer's disease. The onset of PD is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Stem cell therapy has great potential for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, and human nasal turbinate-derived stem cells (hNTSCs) have been found to share some characteristics with mesenchymal stem cells. Although the Hippo signaling pathway was originally thought to regulate cell size in organs, recent studies have shown that it can also control inflammation in neural cells. METHODS Dopaminergic neuron-like cells were differentiated from SH-SY5Y cells (DA-Like cells) and treated with 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium iodide to stimulate Reactive oxidative species (ROS) production. A transwell assay was conducted to validate the effect of hNTSCs on the Hippo pathway. We generated an MPTP-induced PD mouse model and transplanted hNTSCs into the substantia nigra of PD mice via stereotaxic surgery. After five weeks of behavioral testing, the brain samples were validated by immunoblotting and immunostaining to confirm the niche control of hNTSCs. RESULTS In-vitro experiments showed that hNTSCs significantly increased cell survival and exerted anti-inflammatory effects by controlling ROS-mediated ER stress and hippocampal signaling pathway factors. Similarly, the in-vivo experiments demonstrated an increase in anti-inflammatory effects and cell survival rate. After transplantation of hNTSCs, the PD mouse model showed improved mobility and relief from PD symptoms. CONCLUSION hNTSCs improved the survival rate of dopaminergic neurons by manipulating the hippocampal pathway through Yes-associated protein (YAP)/transcriptional coactivator with a PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) by reducing inflammatory cytokines. In this study, we found that controlling the niche of hNTSCs had a therapeutic effect on PD lesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junwon Choi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Postech-Catholic Biomedical Engineering Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Wha Park
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Postech-Catholic Biomedical Engineering Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunji Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Postech-Catholic Biomedical Engineering Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Hyun Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Won Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Postech-Catholic Biomedical Engineering Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li W, Li JY. Overlaps and divergences between tauopathies and synucleinopathies: a duet of neurodegeneration. Transl Neurodegener 2024; 13:16. [PMID: 38528629 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-024-00407-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Proteinopathy, defined as the abnormal accumulation of proteins that eventually leads to cell death, is one of the most significant pathological features of neurodegenerative diseases. Tauopathies, represented by Alzheimer's disease (AD), and synucleinopathies, represented by Parkinson's disease (PD), show similarities in multiple aspects. AD manifests extrapyramidal symptoms while dementia is also a major sign of advanced PD. We and other researchers have sequentially shown the cross-seeding phenomenon of α-synuclein (α-syn) and tau, reinforcing pathologies between synucleinopathies and tauopathies. The highly overlapping clinical and pathological features imply shared pathogenic mechanisms between the two groups of disease. The diagnostic and therapeutic strategies seemingly appropriate for one distinct neurodegenerative disease may also apply to a broader spectrum. Therefore, a clear understanding of the overlaps and divergences between tauopathy and synucleinopathy is critical for unraveling the nature of the complicated associations among neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we discuss the shared and diverse characteristics of tauopathies and synucleinopathies from aspects of genetic causes, clinical manifestations, pathological progression and potential common therapeutic approaches targeting the pathology, in the aim to provide a timely update for setting the scheme of disease classification and provide novel insights into the therapeutic development for neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Li
- Health Sciences Institute, Key Laboratory of Major Chronic Diseases of Nervous System of Liaoning Province, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Jia-Yi Li
- Health Sciences Institute, Key Laboratory of Major Chronic Diseases of Nervous System of Liaoning Province, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China.
- Neural Plasticity and Repair Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, BMC A10, 22184, Lund, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Neha, Mazahir I, Khan SA, Kaushik P, Parvez S. The Interplay of Mitochondrial Bioenergetics and Dopamine Agonists as an Effective Disease-Modifying Therapy for Parkinson's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04078-8. [PMID: 38468113 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04078-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurological ailment with a slower rate of advancement that is more common in older adults. The biggest risk factor for PD is getting older, and those over 60 have an exponentially higher incidence of this condition. The failure of the mitochondrial electron chain, changes in the dynamics of the mitochondria, and abnormalities in calcium and ion homeostasis are all symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD). Increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS) and an energy deficit are linked to these alterations. Levodopa (L-DOPA) is a medication that is typically used to treat most PD patients, but because of its negative effects, additional medications have been created utilizing L-DOPA as the parent molecule. Ergot and non-ergot derivatives make up most PD medications. PD is successfully managed with the use of dopamine agonists (DA). To get around the motor issues produced by L-DOPA, these dopamine derivatives can directly excite DA receptors in the postsynaptic membrane. In the past 10 years, two non-ergoline DA with strong binding properties for the dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) and a preference for the dopamine D3 receptor (D3R) subtype, ropinirole, and pramipexole (PPx) have been developed for the treatment of PD. This review covers the most recent research on the efficacy and safety of non-ergot drugs like ropinirole and PPx as supplementary therapy to DOPA for the treatment of PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neha
- Department of Toxicology, School of Chemical & Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Iqra Mazahir
- Department of Toxicology, School of Chemical & Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Sara Akhtar Khan
- Department of Toxicology, School of Chemical & Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Pooja Kaushik
- Department of Toxicology, School of Chemical & Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India.
| | - Suhel Parvez
- Department of Toxicology, School of Chemical & Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wal P, Wal A, Vig H, Mahmood D, Khan MMU. Potential Applications of Mitochondrial Therapy with a Focus on Parkinson's Disease and Mitochondrial Transplantation. Adv Pharm Bull 2024; 14:147-160. [PMID: 38585467 PMCID: PMC10997929 DOI: 10.34172/apb.2024.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Both aging and neurodegenerative illnesses are thought to be influenced by mitochondrial malfunction and free radical formation. Deformities of the energy metabolism, mitochondrial genome polymorphisms, nuclear DNA genetic abnormalities associated with mitochondria, modifications of mitochondrial fusion or fission, variations in shape and size, variations in transit, modified mobility of mitochondria, transcription defects, and the emergence of misfolded proteins associated with mitochondria are all linked to Parkinson's disease. Methods This review is a condensed compilation of data from research that has been published between the years of 2014 and 2022, using search engines like Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus. Results Mitochondrial transplantation is a one-of-a-kind treatment for mitochondrial diseases and deficits in mitochondrial biogenesis. The replacement of malfunctioning mitochondria with transplanted viable mitochondria using innovative methodologies has shown promising outcomes as a cure for Parkinson's, involving tissue sparing coupled with enhanced energy generation and lower oxidative damage. Numerous mitochondria-targeted therapies, including mitochondrial gene therapy, redox therapy, and others, have been investigated for their effectiveness and potency. Conclusion The development of innovative therapeutics for mitochondria-directed treatments in Parkinson's disease may be aided by optimizing mitochondrial dynamics. Many neurological diseases have been studied in animal and cellular models, and it has been found that mitochondrial maintenance can slow the death of neuronal cells. It has been hypothesized that drug therapies for neurodegenerative diseases that focus on mitochondrial dysfunction will help to delay the onset of neuronal dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pranay Wal
- Pharmacy Department, PSIT- Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology, (PHARMACY) Kanpur-Agra-Delhi National Highway (NH-2), Bhauti-Kanpur-209305
| | - Ankita Wal
- Pharmacy Department, PSIT- Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology, (PHARMACY) Kanpur-Agra-Delhi National Highway (NH-2), Bhauti-Kanpur-209305
| | - Himangi Vig
- Pharmacy Department, PSIT- Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology, (PHARMACY) Kanpur-Agra-Delhi National Highway (NH-2), Bhauti-Kanpur-209305
| | - Danish Mahmood
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Unaizah 51911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Masih Uzzaman Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Unaizah 51911, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kaur S, Sehrawat A, Mastana SS, Kandimalla R, Sharma PK, Bhatti GK, Bhatti JS. Targeting calcium homeostasis and impaired inter-organelle crosstalk as a potential therapeutic approach in Parkinson's disease. Life Sci 2023; 330:121995. [PMID: 37541578 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, leading to motor symptoms such as tremors, rigidity, and bradykinesia. Current therapeutic strategies for PD are limited and mainly involve symptomatic relief, with no available treatment for the underlying causes of the disease. Therefore, there is a need for new therapeutic approaches that target the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of PD. Calcium homeostasis is an essential process for maintaining proper cellular function and survival, including neuronal cells. Calcium dysregulation is also observed in various organelles, including the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), mitochondria, and lysosomes, resulting in organelle dysfunction and impaired inter-organelle communication. The ER, as the primary calcium reservoir, is responsible for folding proteins and maintaining calcium homeostasis, and its dysregulation can lead to protein misfolding and neurodegeneration. The crosstalk between ER and mitochondrial calcium signaling is disrupted in PD, leading to neuronal dysfunction and death. In addition, a lethal network of calcium cytotoxicity utilizes mitochondria, ER and lysosome to destroy neurons. This review article focused on the complex role of calcium dysregulation and its role in aggravating functioning of organelles in PD so as to provide new insight into therapeutic strategies for treating this disease. Targeting dysfunctional organelles, such as the ER and mitochondria and lysosomes and whole network of calcium dyshomeostasis can restore proper calcium homeostasis and improve neuronal function. Additionally targeting calcium dyshomeostasis that arises from miscommunication between several organelles can be targeted so that therapeutic effects of calcium are realised in whole cellular territory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satinder Kaur
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Nanotherapeutics, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Abhishek Sehrawat
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Nanotherapeutics, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Sarabjit Singh Mastana
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.
| | - Ramesh Kandimalla
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | | | - Gurjit Kaur Bhatti
- Department of Medical Lab Technology, University Institute of Applied Health Sciences, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India.
| | - Jasvinder Singh Bhatti
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Nanotherapeutics, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ofori K, Ghosh A, Verma DK, Wheeler D, Cabrera G, Seo JB, Kim YH. A Novel NOX Inhibitor Alleviates Parkinson's Disease Pathology in PFF-Injected Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14278. [PMID: 37762579 PMCID: PMC10531511 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress-mediated damage is often a downstream result of Parkinson's disease (PD), which is marked by sharp decline in dopaminergic neurons within the nigrostriatal regions of the brain, accounting for the symptomatic motor deficits in patients. Regulating the level of oxidative stress may present a beneficial approach in preventing PD pathology. Here, we assessed the efficacy of a nicotinamide adenine phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (NOX) inhibitor, an exogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) regulator synthesized by Aptabio therapeutics with the specificity to NOX-1, 2 and 4. Utilizing N27 rat dopaminergic cells and C57Bl/6 mice, we confirmed that the exposures of alpha-synuclein preformed fibrils (PFF) induced protein aggregation, a hallmark in PD pathology. In vitro assessment of the novel compound revealed an increase in cell viability and decreases in cytotoxicity, ROS, and protein aggregation (Thioflavin-T stain) against PFF exposure at the optimal concentration of 10 nM. Concomitantly, the oral treatment alleviated motor-deficits in behavioral tests, such as hindlimb clasping, rotarod, pole, nesting and grooming test, via reducing protein aggregation, based on rescued dopaminergic neuronal loss. The suppression of NOX-1, 2 and 4 within the striatum and ventral midbrain regions including Substantia Nigra compacta (SNc) contributed to neuroprotective/recovery effects, making it a potential therapeutic option for PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kwadwo Ofori
- Department of Biological Sciences/Neuroscience Program, Delaware State University, Dover, DE 19901, USA; (K.O.); (A.G.); (D.K.V.); (D.W.); (G.C.)
| | - Anurupa Ghosh
- Department of Biological Sciences/Neuroscience Program, Delaware State University, Dover, DE 19901, USA; (K.O.); (A.G.); (D.K.V.); (D.W.); (G.C.)
| | - Dinesh Kumar Verma
- Department of Biological Sciences/Neuroscience Program, Delaware State University, Dover, DE 19901, USA; (K.O.); (A.G.); (D.K.V.); (D.W.); (G.C.)
| | - Darice Wheeler
- Department of Biological Sciences/Neuroscience Program, Delaware State University, Dover, DE 19901, USA; (K.O.); (A.G.); (D.K.V.); (D.W.); (G.C.)
| | - Gabriela Cabrera
- Department of Biological Sciences/Neuroscience Program, Delaware State University, Dover, DE 19901, USA; (K.O.); (A.G.); (D.K.V.); (D.W.); (G.C.)
| | - Jong-Bok Seo
- Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea;
| | - Yong-Hwan Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences/Neuroscience Program, Delaware State University, Dover, DE 19901, USA; (K.O.); (A.G.); (D.K.V.); (D.W.); (G.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Peng Y, Ye JR, Wang SS, He WB, Feng ZP, Sun HS, Chu SF, Zhang Z, Chen NH. A small molecule 20C from Gastrodia elata inhibits α-synuclein aggregation and prevents progression of Parkinson's disease. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:594. [PMID: 37673867 PMCID: PMC10482970 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06116-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is pathologically manifested by the aggregation of α-synuclein, which has been envisioned as a promising disease-modifying target for PD. Here, we identified 20C, a bibenzyl compound derived from Gastrodia elata, able to inhibit the aggregation of A53T variants of α-synuclein directly in vitro. Computational analysis revealed that 20C binds to cavities in mature α-synuclein fibrils, and it indeed displays a strong interaction with α-synuclein and reduced their β-sheet structure by microscale thermophoresis and circular dichroism, respectively. Moreover, incubating neural cells with 20C reduced the amounts of α-synuclein inclusions significantly. The treatment of A53T α-Syn transgenic mice with 20C significantly reduces the toxic α-synuclein levels, improves behavioral performance, rescues dopaminergic neuron, and enhances functional connections between SNc and PD associated brain areas. The transcriptome analysis of SNc demonstrated that 20C improves mitochondrial dynamics, which protects mitochondrial morphology and function against α-synuclein induced degeneration. Overall, 20C appears to be a promising candidate for the treatment of PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jun-Rui Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medical & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Sha-Sha Wang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Wen-Bin He
- Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, National International Joint Research Center for Molecular Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, 030024, China
| | - Zhong-Ping Feng
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Hong-Shuo Sun
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Shi-Feng Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medical & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Zhao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medical & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Nai-Hong Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medical & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Suthar SK, Lee SY. Truncation or proteolysis of α-synuclein in Parkinsonism. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 90:101978. [PMID: 37286088 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.101978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Posttranslational modifications of α-synuclein, such as truncation or abnormal proteolysis, are implicated in Parkinson's disease (PD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and multiple system atrophy (MSA). A key focus of this article includes the proteases responsible for inducing truncation, the specific sites susceptible to truncation, and the resultant influence of these truncated species on the seeding and aggregation of endogenous α-synuclein. We also shed light on the unique structural attributes of these truncated species, and how these modifications can lead to distinctive forms of synucleinopathies. In addition, we explore the comparative toxic potentials of various α-synuclein species. An extensive analysis of available evidence of truncated α-synuclein species in human-synucleinopathy brains is also provided. Lastly, we delve into the detrimental impact of truncated species on key cellular structures such as the mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. Our article discusses enzymes involved in α-synuclein truncation, including 20 S proteasome, cathepsins, asparagine endopeptidase, caspase-1, calpain-1, neurosin/kallikrein-6, matrix metalloproteinase-1/-3, and plasmin. Truncation patterns impact α-synuclein aggregation - C-terminal truncation accelerates aggregation with larger truncations correlated with shortened aggregation lag times. N-terminal truncation affects aggregation differently based on the truncation location. C-terminally truncated α-synuclein forms compact, shorter fibrils compared to the full-length (FL) protein. N-terminally truncated monomers form fibrils similar in length to FL α-synuclein. Truncated forms show distinct fibril morphologies, increased β-sheet structures, and greater protease resistance. Misfolded α-synuclein can adopt various conformations, leading to unique aggregates and distinct synucleinopathies. Fibrils, with prion-like transmission, are potentially more toxic than oligomers, though this is still debated. Different α-synuclein variants with N- and C-terminal truncations, namely 5-140, 39-140, 65-140, 66-140, 68-140, 71-140, 1-139, 1-135, 1-133, 1-122, 1-119, 1-115, 1-110, and 1-103 have been found in PD, DLB, and MSA patients' brains. In Parkinsonism, excess misfolded α-synuclein overwhelms the proteasome degradation system, resulting in truncated protein production and accumulation in the mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sang-Yoon Lee
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea; Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kousparou C, Fyrilla M, Stephanou A, Patrikios I. DHA/EPA (Omega-3) and LA/GLA (Omega-6) as Bioactive Molecules in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10717. [PMID: 37445890 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by neuroinflammation, neuronal depletion and oxidative stress. They coincide with subtle chronic or flaring inflammation, sometimes escalating with infiltrations of the immune system cells in the inflamed parts causing mild to severe or even lethal damage. Thus, neurodegenerative diseases show all features of autoimmune diseases. Prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases has dramatically increased in recent decades and unfortunately, the therapeutic efficacy and safety profile of available drugs is moderate. The beneficial effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 PUFAs) are nowadays highlighted by a plethora of studies. They play a role in suppression of inflammation, gene expression, cellular membrane fluidity/permeability, immune functionality and intracellular/exocellular signaling. The role of omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as linoleic acid (LA), gamma linolenic acid (GLA), and arachidonic acid (AA), on neuroprotection is controversial, as some of these agents, specifically AA, are proinflammatory, whilst current data suggest that they may have neuroprotective properties as well. This review provides an overview of the existing recent clinical studies with respect to the role of omega-3 and omega-6 PUFAs as therapeutic agents in chronic, inflammatory, autoimmune neurodegenerative diseases as well as the dosages and the period used for testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Kousparou
- School of Medicine, European University Cyprus, 6 Diogenous Str., 2404 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Maria Fyrilla
- School of Medicine, European University Cyprus, 6 Diogenous Str., 2404 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Anastasis Stephanou
- School of Medicine, European University Cyprus, 6 Diogenous Str., 2404 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Ioannis Patrikios
- School of Medicine, European University Cyprus, 6 Diogenous Str., 2404 Nicosia, Cyprus
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Pappalardo XG, Risiglione P, Zinghirino F, Ostuni A, Luciano D, Bisaccia F, De Pinto V, Guarino F, Messina A. Human VDAC pseudogenes: an emerging role for VDAC1P8 pseudogene in acute myeloid leukemia. Biol Res 2023; 56:33. [PMID: 37344914 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-023-00446-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Voltage-dependent anion selective channels (VDACs) are the most abundant mitochondrial outer membrane proteins, encoded in mammals by three genes, VDAC1, 2 and 3, mostly ubiquitously expressed. As 'mitochondrial gatekeepers', VDACs control organelle and cell metabolism and are involved in many diseases. Despite the presence of numerous VDAC pseudogenes in the human genome, their significance and possible role in VDAC protein expression has not yet been considered. RESULTS We investigated the relevance of processed pseudogenes of human VDAC genes, both in physiological and in pathological contexts. Using high-throughput tools and querying many genomic and transcriptomic databases, we show that some VDAC pseudogenes are transcribed in specific tissues and pathological contexts. The obtained experimental data confirm an association of the VDAC1P8 pseudogene with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). CONCLUSIONS Our in-silico comparative analysis between the VDAC1 gene and its VDAC1P8 pseudogene, together with experimental data produced in AML cellular models, indicate a specific over-expression of the VDAC1P8 pseudogene in AML, correlated with a downregulation of the parental VDAC1 gene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xena Giada Pappalardo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 97, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Pierpaolo Risiglione
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 97, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Federica Zinghirino
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 97, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Angela Ostuni
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, 85100, Potenza, Italy
| | - Daniela Luciano
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 97, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Faustino Bisaccia
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, 85100, Potenza, Italy
| | - Vito De Pinto
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 97, 95123, Catania, Italy
- we.MitoBiotech S.R.L, C.so Italia 172, 95125, Catania, Italy
- I.N.B.B, National Institute for Biostructures and Biosystems, Interuniversity Consortium, Catania, Italy
- Research Centre on Nutraceuticals and Health Products (CERNUT), University of Catania, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - Francesca Guarino
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 97, 95123, Catania, Italy
- we.MitoBiotech S.R.L, C.so Italia 172, 95125, Catania, Italy
- I.N.B.B, National Institute for Biostructures and Biosystems, Interuniversity Consortium, Catania, Italy
- Research Centre on Nutraceuticals and Health Products (CERNUT), University of Catania, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - Angela Messina
- we.MitoBiotech S.R.L, C.so Italia 172, 95125, Catania, Italy.
- I.N.B.B, National Institute for Biostructures and Biosystems, Interuniversity Consortium, Catania, Italy.
- Research Centre on Nutraceuticals and Health Products (CERNUT), University of Catania, 95125, Catania, Italy.
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 97, 95123, Catania, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Brembati V, Faustini G, Longhena F, Bellucci A. Alpha synuclein post translational modifications: potential targets for Parkinson's disease therapy? Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1197853. [PMID: 37305556 PMCID: PMC10248004 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1197853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder with motor symptoms. The neuropathological alterations characterizing the brain of patients with PD include the loss of dopaminergic neurons of the nigrostriatal system and the presence of Lewy bodies (LB), intraneuronal inclusions that are mainly composed of alpha-synuclein (α-Syn) fibrils. The accumulation of α-Syn in insoluble aggregates is a main neuropathological feature in PD and in other neurodegenerative diseases, including LB dementia (LBD) and multiple system atrophy (MSA), which are therefore defined as synucleinopathies. Compelling evidence supports that α-Syn post translational modifications (PTMs) such as phosphorylation, nitration, acetylation, O-GlcNAcylation, glycation, SUMOylation, ubiquitination and C-terminal cleavage, play important roles in the modulation α-Syn aggregation, solubility, turnover and membrane binding. In particular, PTMs can impact on α-Syn conformational state, thus supporting that their modulation can in turn affect α-Syn aggregation and its ability to seed further soluble α-Syn fibrillation. This review focuses on the importance of α-Syn PTMs in PD pathophysiology but also aims at highlighting their general relevance as possible biomarkers and, more importantly, as innovative therapeutic targets for synucleinopathies. In addition, we call attention to the multiple challenges that we still need to face to enable the development of novel therapeutic approaches modulating α-Syn PTMs.
Collapse
|
12
|
Tiwari S, Singh A, Gupta P, K A, Singh S. UBA52 Attunes VDAC1-Mediated Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Dopaminergic Neuronal Death. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:839-850. [PMID: 36755387 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial homeostasis regulates energy metabolism, calcium buffering, cell function, and apoptosis. The present study has been conducted to investigate the implications of the ubiquitin-encoding gene UBA52 in mitochondrial physiology. Transient expression of Myc-UBA52 in neurons significantly inhibited the rotenone-induced increase in reactive oxygen species generation, nitrite level, and depleted glutathione level. Mass spectrometric and coimmunoprecipitation data suggested the profound interaction of UBA52 with mitochondrial outer membrane channel protein, VDAC1 in both the wild-type and Myc-α-synuclein overexpressed neuronal cells and in the Parkinson's disease (PD)-specific substantia nigra and striatal region of the rat brain. In vitro ubiquitylation assay revealed that UBA52 participates in the ubiquitylation of VDAC1 through E3 ligase CHIP. Myc-UBA52 overexpression in neurons further improved the mitochondrial functionality and cell viability by preventing the alteration in mitochondrial membrane potential, mitochondrial complex I activity, and translocation of cytochrome c and p-Nrf2 along with the effect on intracellular calcium uptake, thus collectively inhibiting the opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pore. Additionally, Myc-UBA52 expression in neuronal cells offered protection against apoptotic and autophagic cell death. Altogether, our findings delineate a functional association between UBA52 and mitochondrial homeostasis, providing new insights into the deterrence of dopaminergic cell death during acute PD pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shubhangini Tiwari
- Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Abhishek Singh
- Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Parul Gupta
- Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Amrutha K
- Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Sarika Singh
- Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Magrì A, Cubisino SAM, Battiato G, Lipari CLR, Conti Nibali S, Saab MW, Pittalà A, Amorini AM, De Pinto V, Messina A. VDAC1 Knockout Affects Mitochondrial Oxygen Consumption Triggering a Rearrangement of ETC by Impacting on Complex I Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043687. [PMID: 36835102 PMCID: PMC9963415 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Voltage-Dependent Anion-selective Channel isoform 1 (VDAC1) is the most abundant isoform of the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM) porins and the principal gate for ions and metabolites to and from the organelle. VDAC1 is also involved in a number of additional functions, such as the regulation of apoptosis. Although the protein is not directly involved in mitochondrial respiration, its deletion in yeast triggers a complete rewiring of the whole cell metabolism, with the inactivation of the main mitochondrial functions. In this work, we analyzed in detail the impact of VDAC1 knockout on mitochondrial respiration in the near-haploid human cell line HAP1. Results indicate that, despite the presence of other VDAC isoforms in the cell, the inactivation of VDAC1 correlates with a dramatic impairment in oxygen consumption and a re-organization of the relative contributions of the electron transport chain (ETC) enzymes. Precisely, in VDAC1 knockout HAP1 cells, the complex I-linked respiration (N-pathway) is increased by drawing resources from respiratory reserves. Overall, the data reported here strengthen the key role of VDAC1 as a general regulator of mitochondrial metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Magrì
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 64, 95125 Catania, Italy
- we.MitoBiotech S.R.L., C.so Italia 174, 95125 Catania, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Giuseppe Battiato
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 64, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Cristiana Lucia Rita Lipari
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 64, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Stefano Conti Nibali
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 64, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Miriam Wissam Saab
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Division of Medical Biochemistry, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 97, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Alessandra Pittalà
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Division of Medical Biochemistry, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 97, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Angela Maria Amorini
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Division of Medical Biochemistry, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 97, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Vito De Pinto
- we.MitoBiotech S.R.L., C.so Italia 174, 95125 Catania, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 64, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Angela Messina
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 64, 95125 Catania, Italy
- we.MitoBiotech S.R.L., C.so Italia 174, 95125 Catania, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Naren P, Cholkar A, Kamble S, Khan SS, Srivastava S, Madan J, Mehra N, Tiwari V, Singh SB, Khatri DK. Pathological and Therapeutic Advances in Parkinson's Disease: Mitochondria in the Interplay. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 94:S399-S428. [PMID: 36093711 PMCID: PMC10473111 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative illness majorly affecting the population between the ages of 55 to 65 years. Progressive dopaminergic neuronal loss and the collective assemblage of misfolded alpha-synuclein in the substantia nigra, remain notable neuro-pathological hallmarks of the disease. Multitudes of mechanistic pathways have been proposed in attempts to unravel the pathogenesis of PD but still, it remains elusive. The convergence of PD pathology is found in organelle dysfunction where mitochondria remain a major contributor. Mitochondrial processes like bioenergetics, mitochondrial dynamics, and mitophagy are under strict regulation by the mitochondrial genome and nuclear genome. These processes aggravate neurodegenerative activities upon alteration through neuroinflammation, oxidative damage, apoptosis, and proteostatic stress. Therefore, the mitochondria have grabbed a central position in the patho-mechanistic exploration of neurodegenerative diseases like PD. The management of PD remains a challenge to physicians to date, due to the variable therapeutic response of patients and the limitation of conventional chemical agents which only offer symptomatic relief with minimal to no disease-modifying effect. This review describes the patho-mechanistic pathways involved in PD not only limited to protein dyshomeostasis and oxidative stress, but explicit attention has been drawn to exploring mechanisms like organelle dysfunction, primarily mitochondria and mitochondrial genome influence, while delineating the newer exploratory targets such as GBA1, GLP, LRRK2, and miRNAs and therapeutic agents targeting them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Padmashri Naren
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Anjali Cholkar
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Suchita Kamble
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Sabiya Samim Khan
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Saurabh Srivastava
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Jitender Madan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Neelesh Mehra
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Vinod Tiwari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (B.H.U.) Varanasi (U.P.), India
| | - Shashi Bala Singh
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Dharmendra Kumar Khatri
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Li Y, Li J, Wu G, Yang H, Yang X, Wang D, He Y. Role of SIRT3 in neurological diseases and rehabilitation training. Metab Brain Dis 2023; 38:69-89. [PMID: 36374406 PMCID: PMC9834132 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-022-01111-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sirtuin3 (SIRT3) is a deacetylase that plays an important role in normal physiological activities by regulating a variety of substrates. Considerable evidence has shown that the content and activity of SIRT3 are altered in neurological diseases. Furthermore, SIRT3 affects the occurrence and development of neurological diseases. In most cases, SIRT3 can inhibit clinical manifestations of neurological diseases by promoting autophagy, energy production, and stabilization of mitochondrial dynamics, and by inhibiting neuroinflammation, apoptosis, and oxidative stress (OS). However, SIRT3 may sometimes have the opposite effect. SIRT3 can promote the transfer of microglia. Microglia in some cases promote ischemic brain injury, and in some cases inhibit ischemic brain injury. Moreover, SIRT3 can promote the accumulation of ceramide, which can worsen the damage caused by cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R). This review comprehensively summarizes the different roles and related mechanisms of SIRT3 in neurological diseases. Moreover, to provide more ideas for the prognosis of neurological diseases, we summarize several SIRT3-mediated rehabilitation training methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanlin Li
- Department of Rehabilitation, Jinzhou Central Hospital, 51 Shanghai Road, Guta District, Jinzhou, 121000, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Rehabilitation, Jinzhou Central Hospital, 51 Shanghai Road, Guta District, Jinzhou, 121000, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangbin Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Jinzhou Central Hospital, 51 Shanghai Road, Guta District, Jinzhou, 121000, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Yang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Jinzhou Central Hospital, 51 Shanghai Road, Guta District, Jinzhou, 121000, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaosong Yang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Jinzhou Central Hospital, 51 Shanghai Road, Guta District, Jinzhou, 121000, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongyu Wang
- Department of Neurology, Jinzhou Central Hospital, 51 Shanghai Road, Guta District, Jinzhou, 121000, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanhui He
- Department of Radiology, Jinzhou Central Hospital, 51 Shanghai Road, Guta District, Jinzhou, 121000, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Rehman MU, Sehar N, Dar NJ, Khan A, Arafah A, Rashid S, Rashid SM, Ganaie MA. Mitochondrial dysfunctions, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation as therapeutic targets for neurodegenerative diseases: An update on current advances and impediments. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 144:104961. [PMID: 36395982 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) such as Alzheimer disease (AD), Parkinson disease (PD), and Huntington disease (HD) represent a major socio-economic challenge in view of their high prevalence yet poor treatment outcomes affecting quality of life. The major challenge in drug development for these NDs is insufficient clarity about the mechanisms involved in pathogenesis and pathophysiology. Mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and inflammation are common pathways that are linked to neuronal abnormalities and initiation of these diseases. Thus, elucidating the shared initial molecular and cellular mechanisms is crucial for recognizing novel remedial targets, and developing therapeutics to impede or stop disease progression. In this context, use of multifunctional compounds at early stages of disease development unclogs new avenues as it acts on act on multiple targets in comparison to single target concept. In this review, we summarize overview of the major findings and advancements in recent years focusing on shared mechanisms for better understanding might become beneficial in searching more potent pharmacological interventions thereby reducing the onset or severity of various NDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muneeb U Rehman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Nouroz Sehar
- Centre for Translational and Clinical Research, School of Chemical & Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Nawab John Dar
- School of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78992 USA
| | - Andleeb Khan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Azher Arafah
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Summya Rashid
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shahzada Mudasir Rashid
- Division of Veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, SKUAST-Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Majid Ahmad Ganaie
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Dentistry and Pharmacy, Buraydah Colleges, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Panda SP, Prasanth D, Gorla US, Dewanjee S. Interlinked role of ASN, TDP-43 and Miro1 with parkinopathy: Focus on targeted approach against neuropathy in parkinsonism. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 83:101783. [PMID: 36371014 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Parkinsonism is a complex neurodegenerative disease that is difficult to differentiate because of its idiopathic and unknown origins. The hereditary parkinsonism known as autosomal recessive-juvenile parkinsonism (AR-JP) is marked by tremors, dyskinesias, dystonic characteristics, and manifestations that improve sleep but do not include dementia. This was caused by deletions and point mutations in PARK2 (chromosome 6q25.2-27). Diminished or unusual sensations (paresthesias), loss of neuron strength both in the CNS and peripheral nerves, and lack of motor coordination are the hallmarks of neuropathy in parkinsonism. The incidence of parkinsonism during oxidative stress and ageing is associated with parkinopathy. Parkinopathy is hypothesized to be triggered by mutation of the parkin (PRKN) gene and loss of normal physiological functions of PRKN proteins, which triggers their pathogenic aggregation due to conformational changes. Two important genes that control mitochondrial health are PRKN and phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1). Overexpression of TAR DNA-binding protein-43 (TDP-43) increases the aggregation of insoluble PRKN proteins in OMM. Foreign α-synuclein (ASN) promotes parkinopathy via S-nitrosylation and hence has a neurotoxic effect on dopaminergic nerves. Miro1 (Miro GTPase1), a member of the RAS superfamily, is expressed in nerve cells. Due to PINK1/PRKN and Miro1's functional relationship, an excess of mitochondrial calcium culminates in the destruction of dopaminergic neurons. An interlinked understanding of TDP-43, PINK1/PRKN, ASN, and Miro1 signalling in the communication among astrocytes, microglia, neurons, and immune cells within the brain explored the pathway of neuronal death and shed light on novel strategies for the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siva Prasad Panda
- Pharmacology Research Division, Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, India.
| | - Dsnbk Prasanth
- Department of Pharmacognosy, KVSR Siddhartha College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vijayawada, AP, India
| | - Uma Sankar Gorla
- College of Pharmacy, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, Guntur, Andhrapradesh, India
| | - Saikat Dewanjee
- Advanced Pharmacognosy Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
Parkinson disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, affecting 0.1-0.2% of the general population. It is a progressive debilitating disorder caused by degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. It is characterized by motor and non-motor symptoms. Parkinson disease can be caused by mutations in genes that encode proteins involved in the autophagic process, resulting in impaired autophagy. Indeed, autophagy has been implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson disease, particularly because its impairment causes the buildup of proteins. Thus, this review aims to provide an overview of Parkinson disease-related genetic mutations and their association with autophagy impairment in Parkinson disease, which can be helpful in improving the understanding of the pathogenesis of Parkinson disease, illustrating the potential therapeutic implications of agents that can enhance autophagy in Parkinson disease. Additionally, we will highlight the essential need for the development of highly sensitive and specific assays for gene-based diagnostic biomarkers. Finally, we will provide an overview on the potential gene-based therapeutic approaches for Parkinson disease, which have been most advanced and are associated with the most common targets being alpha-synuclein (SNCA), leucine-rich repeat kinase-2 (LRRK2), and glucocerebrosidase (GBA).
Collapse
|
19
|
He Y, Wang W, Yang T, Thomas ER, Dai R, Li X, Rai SN. The Potential Role of Voltage-Dependent Anion Channel in the Treatment of Parkinson’s Disease. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2022; 2022:1-13. [PMID: 36246397 PMCID: PMC9556184 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4665530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease second only to Alzheimer’s disease in terms of prevalence. Previous studies have indicated that the occurrence and progression of PD are associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. Mitochondrial dysfunction is one of the most important causes for apoptosis of dopaminergic neurons. Therefore, maintaining the stability of mitochondrial functioning is a potential strategy in the treatment of PD. Voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) is the main component in the outer mitochondrial membrane, and it participates in a variety of biological processes. In this review, we focus on the potential roles of VDACs in the treatment of PD. We found that VDACs are involved in PD by regulating apoptosis, autophagy, and ferroptosis. VDAC1 oligomerization, VDACs ubiquitination, regulation of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) by VDACs, and interaction between VDACs and α-synuclein (α-syn) are all promising methods for the treatment of PD. We proposed that inhibition of VDAC1 oligomerization and promotion of VDAC1 ubiquitination as an effective approach for the treatment of PD. Previous studies have proven that the expression of VDAC1 has a significant change in PD models. The expression levels of VDAC1 are decreased in the substantia nigra (SN) of patients suffering from PD compared with the control group consisting of normal individuals by using bioinformatics tools. VDAC2 is involved in PD mainly through the regulation of apoptosis. VDAC3 may have a similar function to VDAC1. It can be concluded that the functional roles of VDACs contribute to the therapeutic strategy of PD.
Collapse
|
20
|
Wang L, Yang Z, He X, Pu S, Yang C, Wu Q, Zhou Z, Cen X, Zhao H. Mitochondrial protein dysfunction in pathogenesis of neurological diseases. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:974480. [PMID: 36157077 PMCID: PMC9489860 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.974480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are essential organelles for neuronal function and cell survival. Besides the well-known bioenergetics, additional mitochondrial roles in calcium signaling, lipid biogenesis, regulation of reactive oxygen species, and apoptosis are pivotal in diverse cellular processes. The mitochondrial proteome encompasses about 1,500 proteins encoded by both the nuclear DNA and the maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA. Mutations in the nuclear or mitochondrial genome, or combinations of both, can result in mitochondrial protein deficiencies and mitochondrial malfunction. Therefore, mitochondrial quality control by proteins involved in various surveillance mechanisms is critical for neuronal integrity and viability. Abnormal proteins involved in mitochondrial bioenergetics, dynamics, mitophagy, import machinery, ion channels, and mitochondrial DNA maintenance have been linked to the pathogenesis of a number of neurological diseases. The goal of this review is to give an overview of these pathways and to summarize the interconnections between mitochondrial protein dysfunction and neurological diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wang
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ziyun Yang
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- School of Life Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
- Guangxi Universities, Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Biopharmaceutical Technology, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
- Research Center for Biomedical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
| | - Xiumei He
- School of Life Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
- Guangxi Universities, Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Biopharmaceutical Technology, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
- Research Center for Biomedical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
| | - Shiming Pu
- School of Life Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
- Guangxi Universities, Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Biopharmaceutical Technology, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
- Research Center for Biomedical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
| | - Cheng Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
- Guangxi Universities, Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Biopharmaceutical Technology, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
- Research Center for Biomedical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
- Guangxi Universities, Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Biopharmaceutical Technology, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
- Research Center for Biomedical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
| | - Zuping Zhou
- Guangxi Universities, Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Biopharmaceutical Technology, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
- Research Center for Biomedical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
| | - Xiaobo Cen
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongxia Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
- Guangxi Universities, Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Biopharmaceutical Technology, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
- Research Center for Biomedical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Yari H, Mikhailova MV, Mardasi M, Jafarzadehgharehziaaddin M, Shahrokh S, Thangavelu L, Ahmadi H, Shomali N, Yaghoubi Y, Zamani M, Akbari M, Alesaeidi S. Emerging role of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs)-derived exosome in neurodegeneration-associated conditions: a groundbreaking cell-free approach. Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 13:423. [PMID: 35986375 PMCID: PMC9389725 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-03122-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractAccumulating proofs signify that pleiotropic effects of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are not allied to their differentiation competencies but rather are mediated mainly by the releases of soluble paracrine mediators, making them a reasonable therapeutic option to enable damaged tissue repair. Due to their unique immunomodulatory and regenerative attributes, the MSC-derived exosomes hold great potential to treat neurodegeneration-associated neurological diseases. Exosome treatment circumvents drawbacks regarding the direct administration of MSCs, such as tumor formation or reduced infiltration and migration to brain tissue. Noteworthy, MSCs-derived exosomes can cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and then efficiently deliver their cargo (e.g., protein, miRNAs, lipid, and mRNA) to damaged brain tissue. These biomolecules influence various biological processes (e.g., survival, proliferation, migration, etc.) in neurons, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes. Various studies have shown that the systemic or local administration of MSCs-derived exosome could lead to the favored outcome in animals with neurodegeneration-associated disease mainly by supporting BBB integrity, eliciting pro-angiogenic effects, attenuating neuroinflammation, and promoting neurogenesis in vivo. In the present review, we will deliver an overview of the therapeutic benefits of MSCs-derived exosome therapy to ameliorate the pathological symptoms of acute and chronic neurodegenerative disease. Also, the underlying mechanism behind these favored effects has been elucidated.
Collapse
|
22
|
Martinez-Valbuena I, Swinkin E, Santamaria E, Fernandez-Irigoyen J, Sackmann V, Kim A, Li J, Gonzalez-Latapi P, Kuhlman G, Bhowmick SS, Visanji NP, Lang AE, Kovacs GG. α-Synuclein molecular behavior and nigral proteomic profiling distinguish subtypes of Lewy body disorders. Acta Neuropathol 2022; 144:167-85. [PMID: 35748929 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-022-02453-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Lewy body disorders (LBD), characterized by the deposition of misfolded α-synuclein (α-Syn), are clinically heterogeneous. Although the distribution of α-Syn correlates with the predominant clinical features, the burden of pathology does not fully explain the observed variability in clinical presentation and rate of disease progression. We hypothesized that this heterogeneity might reflect α-Syn molecular diversity, between both patients and different brain regions. Using an ultra-sensitive assay, we evaluated α-Syn seeding in 8 brain regions from 30 LBD patients with different clinical phenotypes and disease durations. Comparing seeding across the clinical phenotypes revealed that hippocampal α-Syn from patients with a cognitive-predominant phenotype had significantly higher seeding capacity than that derived from patients with a motor-predominant phenotype, whose nigral-derived α-Syn in turn had higher seeding capacity than that from cognitive-predominant patients. Interestingly, α-Syn from patients with rapid disease progression (< 3 years to development of advanced disease) had the highest nigral seeding capacity of all the patients included. To validate these findings and explore factors underlying seeding heterogeneity, we performed in vitro toxicity assays, and detailed neuropathological and biochemical examinations. Furthermore, and for the first time, we performed a proteomic-wide profiling of the substantia nigra from 5 high seeder and 5 low seeder patients. The proteomic data suggests a significant disruption in mitochondrial function and lipid metabolism in high seeder cases compared to the low seeders. These observations suggest that distinct molecular populations of α-Syn may contribute to heterogeneity in phenotypes and progression rates in LBD and imply that effective therapeutic strategies might need to be directed at an ensemble of differently misfolded α-Syn species, with the relative contribution of their differing impacts accounting for heterogeneity in the neurodegenerative process.
Collapse
|
23
|
Risiglione P, Cubisino SAM, Lipari CLR, De Pinto V, Messina A, Magrì A. α-Synuclein A53T Promotes Mitochondrial Proton Gradient Dissipation and Depletion of the Organelle Respiratory Reserve in a Neuroblastoma Cell Line. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12060894. [PMID: 35743925 PMCID: PMC9225574 DOI: 10.3390/life12060894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
α-synuclein (αSyn) is a small neuronal protein whose accumulation correlates with Parkinson’s disease. αSyn A53T mutant impairs mitochondrial functions by affecting substrate import within the organelle, activity of complex I and the maximal respiratory capacity. However, the precise mechanism initiating the bioenergetic dysfunction is not clearly understood yet. By overexpressing αSyn A53T in SH-SY5Y cells, we investigated the specific changes in the mitochondrial respiratory profile using High-Resolution Respirometry. We found that αSyn A53T increases dissipative fluxes across the intermembrane mitochondrial space: this does not compromise the oxygen flows devoted to ATP production while it reduces the bioenergetic excess capacity of mitochondria, providing a possible explanation of the increased cell susceptibility observed in the presence of further stress stimuli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pierpaolo Risiglione
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 64, 95125 Catania, Italy; (P.R.); (S.A.M.C.); (C.L.R.L.); (V.D.P.)
| | - Salvatore Antonio Maria Cubisino
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 64, 95125 Catania, Italy; (P.R.); (S.A.M.C.); (C.L.R.L.); (V.D.P.)
| | - Cristiana Lucia Rita Lipari
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 64, 95125 Catania, Italy; (P.R.); (S.A.M.C.); (C.L.R.L.); (V.D.P.)
| | - Vito De Pinto
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 64, 95125 Catania, Italy; (P.R.); (S.A.M.C.); (C.L.R.L.); (V.D.P.)
- we.MitoBiotech S.R.L., Corso Italia 172, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Angela Messina
- we.MitoBiotech S.R.L., Corso Italia 172, 95125 Catania, Italy
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 64, 95125 Catania, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Andrea Magrì
- we.MitoBiotech S.R.L., Corso Italia 172, 95125 Catania, Italy
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 64, 95125 Catania, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.M.); (A.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Hsu H, Yang Y, Chang W, Fang W, Huang S, Chou S, Lo Y. Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy Improves Parkinson’s Disease by Promoting Mitochondrial Biogenesis via the SIRT-1/PGC-1α Pathway. Biomolecules 2022; 12:661. [PMID: 35625589 PMCID: PMC9138219 DOI: 10.3390/biom12050661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) has been suggested as a potential adjunctive therapy for Parkinson’s disease (PD). PD is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). The aim of this study was to investigate the protective mechanisms of HBOT on neurons and motor function in a 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) mouse model of PD and 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+)-mediated neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells on the potential protective capability. In vivo: male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into three groups: control, MPTP group and MPTP+HBOT group. The MPTP-treated mice were intraperitoneally received MPTP (20 mg/kg) four times at 2 h intervals within a day. The day after MPTP treatment, MPTP+HBOT mice were exposed to hyperbaric oxygen at 2.5 atmosphere absolute (ATA) with 100% oxygen for 1 h once daily for 7 consecutive days. In vitro: retinoic acid (RA)-differentiated SH-SY5Y cells were treated with MPP+ for 1 h followed by hyperbaric oxygen at 2.5 ATA with 100% oxygen for 1 h. The results showed that MPTP induced a significant loss in tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive neurons in the SNpc of mice. HBOT treatment significantly increased the number of TH-positive neurons, with enhanced neurotrophic factor BDNF, decreased apoptotic signaling and attenuated inflammatory mediators in the midbrain of MPTP-treated mice. In addition, MPTP treatment decreased the locomotor activity and grip strength of mice, and these effects were shown to improve after HBOT treatment. Furthermore, MPTP decreased mitochondrial biogenesis signaling (SIRT-1, PGC-1α and TFAM), as well as mitochondrial marker VDAC expression, while HBOT treatment was shown to upregulate protein expression. In cell experiments, MPP+ reduced neurite length, while HBOT treatment attenuated neurite retraction. Conclusions: the effects of HBOT in MPTP-treated mice might come from promoting mitochondrial biogenesis, decreasing apoptotic signaling and attenuating inflammatory mediators in the midbrain, suggesting its potential benefits in PD treatment.
Collapse
|
25
|
Balakrishnan R, Cho D, Kim I, Seol S, Choi D. Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential of α- and β-Asarone in the Treatment of Neurological Disorders. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:281. [PMID: 35204164 PMCID: PMC8868500 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurological disorders are important causes of morbidity and mortality around the world. The increasing prevalence of neurological disorders, associated with an aging population, has intensified the societal burden associated with these diseases, for which no effective treatment strategies currently exist. Therefore, the identification and development of novel therapeutic approaches, able to halt or reverse neuronal loss by targeting the underlying causal factors that lead to neurodegeneration and neuronal cell death, are urgently necessary. Plants and other natural products have been explored as sources of safe, naturally occurring secondary metabolites with potential neuroprotective properties. The secondary metabolites α- and β-asarone can be found in high levels in the rhizomes of the medicinal plant Acorus calamus (L.). α- and β-asarone exhibit multiple pharmacological properties including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, anticancer, and neuroprotective effects. This paper aims to provide an overview of the current research on the therapeutic potential of α- and β-asarone in the treatment of neurological disorders, particularly neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), as well as cerebral ischemic disease, and epilepsy. Current research indicates that α- and β-asarone exert neuroprotective effects by mitigating oxidative stress, abnormal protein accumulation, neuroinflammation, neurotrophic factor deficit, and promoting neuronal cell survival, as well as activating various neuroprotective signalling pathways. Although the beneficial effects exerted by α- and β-asarone have been demonstrated through in vitro and in vivo animal studies, additional research is required to translate laboratory results into safe and effective therapies for patients with AD, PD, and other neurological and neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
|
26
|
Araújo de Lima L, Oliveira Cunha PL, Felicio Calou IB, Tavares Neves KR, Facundo HT, Socorro de Barros Viana G. Effects of vitamin D (VD3) supplementation on the brain mitochondrial function of male rats, in the 6-OHDA-induced model of Parkinson's disease. Neurochem Int 2022; 154:105280. [PMID: 35026378 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2022.105280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria dysfunction is an important factor involved in PD pathogenesis. We reported neuroprotective actions of vitamin D (VD3) on a PD model, and now we investigated the VD3 effects on the brain mitochondrial function. We focused on oxygen consumption, respiratory control ratio (RCR), ADP/O ratio, mitochondria swelling, H2O2 production, and SOD activity. Additionally, immunohistochemistry assays for the dopamine system markers (TH and DAT) and mitochondrial markers (VDAC1 and Hsp60) were also carried out in the striata. Young adult male Wistar rats (250 g, 2.5 months age) were anesthetized and subjected to stereotaxic surgery and injection of saline (SO group) or 6-OHDA, into the right striatum. Brain mitochondria were isolated from the groups: sham-operated (SO), 6-OHDA, 6-OHDA pretreated with VD3 for 7, days before the 6-OHDA lesion (6-OHDA+VD3, pre-) or treated with VD3 for 14 days, after the 6-OHDA lesion (6-OHDA+VD3, post-). VD3 prevented decreases in oxygen consumption, RCR, and ADP/O ratio observed after 6-OHDA injury. Noteworthy, a very low (oxygen consumption and RCR) or no improvement (ADP/O) were observed in the 6-OHDA+VD3 post- group. VD3 also prevented the increased mitochondria swelling and H2O2 production and a decrease in SOD activity, respectively, in the 6-OHDA injured mitochondria. Also, VD3 supplementation protected the hemiparkinsonian brain from decreases in TH and DAT expressions and decreased the upregulation of mitochondrial markers, as VDAC 1 and Hsp60. In conclusion, VD3 showed neuroprotective actions on brain mitochondria injured by 6-OHDA and should stimulate translational studies focusing on its use as a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases as PD.
Collapse
|
27
|
Prasuhn J, Brüggemann N. Gene Therapeutic Approaches for the Treatment of Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12111840. [PMID: 34828446 PMCID: PMC8623067 DOI: 10.3390/genes12111840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Mitochondrial dysfunction has been identified as a pathophysiological hallmark of disease onset and progression in patients with Parkinsonian disorders. Besides the overall emergence of gene therapies in treating these patients, this highly relevant molecular concept has not yet been defined as a target for gene therapeutic approaches. Methods: This narrative review will discuss the experimental evidence suggesting mitochondrial dysfunction as a viable treatment target in patients with monogenic and idiopathic Parkinson’s disease. In addition, we will focus on general treatment strategies and crucial challenges which need to be overcome. Results: Our current understanding of mitochondrial biology in parkinsonian disorders opens up the avenue for viable treatment strategies in Parkinsonian disorders. Insights can be obtained from primary mitochondrial diseases. However, substantial knowledge gaps and unique challenges of mitochondria-targeted gene therapies need to be addressed to provide innovative treatments in the future. Conclusions: Mitochondria-targeted gene therapies are a potential strategy to improve an important primary disease mechanism in Parkinsonian disorders. However, further studies are needed to address the unique design challenges for mitochondria-targeted gene therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jannik Prasuhn
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany;
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
- Center for Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Norbert Brüggemann
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany;
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
- Center for Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Magrì A, Risiglione P, Caccamo A, Formicola B, Tomasello MF, Arrigoni C, Zimbone S, Guarino F, Re F, Messina A. Small Hexokinase 1 Peptide against Toxic SOD1 G93A Mitochondrial Accumulation in ALS Rescues the ATP-Related Respiration. Biomedicines 2021; 9:948. [PMID: 34440152 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9080948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in Cu/Zn Superoxide Dismutase (SOD1) gene represent one of the most common causes of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a fatal neurodegenerative disorder that specifically affects motor neurons (MNs). The dismutase-active SOD1 G93A mutant is responsible for the formation of toxic aggregates onto the mitochondrial surface, using the Voltage-Dependent Anion Channel 1 (VDAC1) as an anchor point to the organelle. VDAC1 is the master regulator of cellular bioenergetics and by binding to hexokinases (HKs) it controls apoptosis. In ALS, however, SOD1 G93A impairs VDAC1 activity and displaces HK1 from mitochondria, promoting organelle dysfunction, and cell death. Using an ALS cell model, we demonstrate that a small synthetic peptide derived from the HK1 sequence (NHK1) recovers the cell viability in a dose–response manner and the defective mitochondrial respiration profile relative to the ADP phosphorylation. This correlates with an unexpected increase of VDAC1 expression and a reduction of SOD1 mutant accumulation at the mitochondrial level. Overall, our findings provide important new insights into the development of therapeutic molecules to fight ALS and help to better define the link between altered mitochondrial metabolism and MNs death in the disease.
Collapse
|