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Alldred MJ, Ginsberg SD. Microisolation of Spatially Characterized Single Populations of Neurons for RNA Sequencing from Mouse and Postmortem Human Brain Tissues. J Clin Med 2023; 12:3304. [PMID: 37176744 PMCID: PMC10179294 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12093304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Single-cell and single-population RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) is a rapidly evolving new field of intense investigation. Recent studies indicate unique transcriptomic profiles are derived based on the spatial localization of neurons within circuits and regions. Individual neuronal subtypes can have vastly different transcriptomic fingerprints, well beyond the basic excitatory neuron and inhibitory neuron designations. To study single-population gene expression profiles of spatially characterized neurons, we have developed a methodology combining laser capture microdissection (LCM), RNA purification of single populations of neurons, and subsequent library preparation for downstream applications, including RNA-seq. LCM provides the benefit of isolating single neurons characterized by morphology or via transmitter-identified and/or receptor immunoreactivity and enables spatial localization within the sample. We utilize unfixed human postmortem and mouse brain tissue that is frozen to preserve RNA quality in order to isolate the desired neurons of interest. Microisolated neurons are then pooled for RNA purification utilizing as few as 250 individual neurons from a tissue section, precluding extraneous nonspecific tissue contaminants. Library preparation is performed from picogram RNA quantities extracted from LCM-captured neurons. Single-population RNA-seq analysis demonstrates that microisolated neurons from both postmortem human and mouse brain tissues are viable for transcriptomic profiling, including differential gene expression assessment and bioinformatic pathway inquiry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J. Alldred
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Stephen D. Ginsberg
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of Neuroscience & Physiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- NYU Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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2
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Alldred MJ, Lee SH, Stutzmann GE, Ginsberg SD. Oxidative Phosphorylation Is Dysregulated Within the Basocortical Circuit in a 6-month old Mouse Model of Down Syndrome and Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:707950. [PMID: 34489678 PMCID: PMC8417045 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.707950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is the primary genetic cause of intellectual disability (ID), which is due to the triplication of human chromosome 21 (HSA21). In addition to ID, HSA21 trisomy results in a number of neurological and physiological pathologies in individuals with DS, including progressive cognitive dysfunction and learning and memory deficits which worsen with age. Further exacerbating neurological dysfunction associated with DS is the concomitant basal forebrain cholinergic neuron (BFCN) degeneration and onset of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology in early mid-life. Recent single population RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis in the Ts65Dn mouse model of DS, specifically the medial septal cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain (BF), revealed the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation pathway was significantly impacted, with a large subset of genes within this pathway being downregulated. We further queried oxidative phosphorylation pathway dysregulation in Ts65Dn mice by examining genes and encoded proteins within brain regions comprising the basocortical system at the start of BFCN degeneration (6 months of age). In select Ts65Dn mice we demonstrate significant deficits in gene and/or encoded protein levels of Complex I-V of the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation pathway in the BF. In the frontal cortex (Fr Ctx) these complexes had concomitant alterations in select gene expression but not of the proteins queried from Complex I-V, suggesting that defects at this time point in the BF are more severe and occur prior to cortical dysfunction within the basocortical circuit. We propose dysregulation within mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation complexes is an early marker of cognitive decline onset and specifically linked to BFCN degeneration that may propagate pathology throughout cortical memory and executive function circuits in DS and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J Alldred
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, United States.,Departments of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sang Han Lee
- Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, United States.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Grace E Stutzmann
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Therapeutics, Discipline of Neuroscience, Rosalind Franklin University/The Chicago Medical School, North Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Stephen D Ginsberg
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, United States.,Departments of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,Neuroscience & Physiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,NYU Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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3
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Alldred MJ, Penikalapati SC, Lee SH, Heguy A, Roussos P, Ginsberg SD. Profiling Basal Forebrain Cholinergic Neurons Reveals a Molecular Basis for Vulnerability Within the Ts65Dn Model of Down Syndrome and Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:5141-5162. [PMID: 34263425 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02453-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Basal forebrain cholinergic neuron (BFCN) degeneration is a hallmark of Down syndrome (DS) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Current therapeutics have been unsuccessful in slowing disease progression, likely due to complex pathological interactions and dysregulated pathways that are poorly understood. The Ts65Dn trisomic mouse model recapitulates both cognitive and morphological deficits of DS and AD, including BFCN degeneration. We utilized Ts65Dn mice to understand mechanisms underlying BFCN degeneration to identify novel targets for therapeutic intervention. We performed high-throughput, single population RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to interrogate transcriptomic changes within medial septal nucleus (MSN) BFCNs, using laser capture microdissection to individually isolate ~500 choline acetyltransferase-immunopositive neurons in Ts65Dn and normal disomic (2N) mice at 6 months of age (MO). Ts65Dn mice had unique MSN BFCN transcriptomic profiles at ~6 MO clearly differentiating them from 2N mice. Leveraging Ingenuity Pathway Analysis and KEGG analysis, we linked differentially expressed gene (DEG) changes within MSN BFCNs to several canonical pathways and aberrant physiological functions. The dysregulated transcriptomic profile of trisomic BFCNs provides key information underscoring selective vulnerability within the septohippocampal circuit. We propose both expected and novel therapeutic targets for DS and AD, including specific DEGs within cholinergic, glutamatergic, GABAergic, and neurotrophin pathways, as well as select targets for repairing oxidative phosphorylation status in neurons. We demonstrate and validate this interrogative quantitative bioinformatic analysis of a key dysregulated neuronal population linking single population transcript changes to an established pathological hallmark associated with cognitive decline for therapeutic development in human DS and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J Alldred
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, NY, 10962, USA.,Departments of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sai C Penikalapati
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, NY, 10962, USA
| | - Sang Han Lee
- Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - Adriana Heguy
- Genome Technology Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Panos Roussos
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, NY, 10962, USA.,Departments of Genetics and Genomic Sciences and Psychiatry and the Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stephen D Ginsberg
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, NY, 10962, USA. .,Departments of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA. .,Neuroscience & Physiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA. .,NYU Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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Alldred MJ, Lee SH, Ginsberg SD. Adiponectin Modulation by Genotype and Maternal Choline Supplementation in a Mouse Model of Down Syndrome and Alzheimer's Disease. J Clin Med 2021; 10:2994. [PMID: 34279477 PMCID: PMC8267749 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10132994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is a genetic disorder caused by the triplication of human chromosome 21, which results in neurological and physiological pathologies. These deficits increase during aging and are exacerbated by cognitive decline and increase of Alzheimer's disease (AD) neuropathology. A nontoxic, noninvasive treatment, maternal choline supplementation (MCS) attenuates cognitive decline in mouse models of DS and AD. To evaluate potential underlying mechanisms, laser capture microdissection of individual neuronal populations of MCS offspring was performed, followed by RNA sequencing and bioinformatic inquiry. Results at ~6 months of age (MO) revealed DS mice (the well-established Ts65Dn model) have significant dysregulation of select genes within the Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) signaling pathway relative to normal disomic (2N) littermates. Accordingly, we interrogated key T2DM protein hormones by ELISA assay in addition to gene and encoded protein levels in the brain. We found dysregulation of adiponectin (APN) protein levels in the frontal cortex of ~6 MO trisomic mice, which was attenuated by MCS. APN receptors also displayed expression level changes in response to MCS. APN is a potential biomarker for AD pathology and may be relevant in DS. We posit that changes in APN signaling may be an early marker of cognitive decline and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J. Alldred
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
- Departments of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Sang Han Lee
- Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA;
- Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Stephen D. Ginsberg
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
- Departments of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Neuroscience & Physiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- NYU Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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He B, Perez SE, Lee SH, Ginsberg SD, Malek-Ahmadi M, Mufson EJ. Expression profiling of precuneus layer III cathepsin D-immunopositive pyramidal neurons in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease: Evidence for neuronal signaling vulnerability. J Comp Neurol 2020; 528:2748-2766. [PMID: 32323319 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The precuneus (PreC; Brodmann area 7), a key hub within the default mode network (DMN) displays amyloid and tau-containing neurofibrillary tangle (NFT) pathology during the onset of Alzheimer's disease (AD). PreC layer III projection neurons contain lysosomal hydrolase cathepsin D (CatD), a marker of neurons vulnerable to NFT pathology. Here we applied single population laser capture microdissection coupled with custom-designed microarray profiling to determine the genetic signature of PreC CatD-positive-layer III neurons accrued from postmortem tissue obtained from the Rush Religious Orders Study (RROS) cases with a premortem clinical diagnosis of no cognitive impairment (NCI), mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD. Expression profiling revealed significant differential expression of key transcripts in MCI and AD compared to NCI that underlie signaling defects, including dysregulation of genes within the endosomal-lysosomal and autophagy pathways, cytoskeletal elements, AD-related genes, ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors, cholinergic enzymes and receptors, markers of monoamine neurotransmission as well as steroid-related transcripts. Pervasive defects in both MCI and AD were found in select transcripts within these key gene ontology categories, underscoring the vulnerability of these corticocortical projection neurons during the onset and progression of dementia. Select PreC dysregulated genes detected via custom-designed microarray analysis were validated using qPCR. In summary, expression profiling of PreC CatD -positive layer III neurons revealed significant dysregulation of a mosaic of genes in MCI and AD that were not previously appreciated in terms of their indication of systems-wide signaling defects in a key hub of the DMN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin He
- Department of Neurobiology and Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Sylvia E Perez
- Department of Neurobiology and Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Sang H Lee
- Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, New York, USA.,Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Stephen D Ginsberg
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, New York, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA.,Neuroscience & Physiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA.,NYU Neuroscience Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | | | - Elliott J Mufson
- Department of Neurobiology and Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
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Peng KY, Pérez-González R, Alldred MJ, Goulbourne CN, Morales-Corraliza J, Saito M, Saito M, Ginsberg SD, Mathews PM, Levy E. Apolipoprotein E4 genotype compromises brain exosome production. Brain 2019; 142:163-175. [PMID: 30496349 PMCID: PMC6308312 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awy289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to being the greatest genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease, expression of the ɛ4 allele of apolipoprotein E can lead to cognitive decline during ageing that is independent of Alzheimer's amyloid-β and tau pathology. In human post-mortem tissue and mouse models humanized for apolipoprotein E, we examined the impact of apolipoprotein E4 expression on brain exosomes, vesicles that are produced within and secreted from late-endocytic multivesicular bodies. Compared to humans or mice homozygous for the risk-neutral ɛ3 allele we show that the ɛ4 allele, whether homozygous or heterozygous with an ɛ3 allele, drives lower exosome levels in the brain extracellular space. In mice, we show that the apolipoprotein E4-driven change in brain exosome levels is age-dependent: while not present at age 6 months, it is detectable at 12 months of age. Expression levels of the exosome pathway regulators tumor susceptibility gene 101 (TSG101) and Ras-related protein Rab35 (RAB35) were found to be reduced in the brain at the protein and mRNA levels, arguing that apolipoprotein E4 genotype leads to a downregulation of exosome biosynthesis and release. Compromised exosome production is likely to have adverse effects, including diminishing a cell's ability to eliminate materials from the endosomal-lysosomal system. This reduction in brain exosome levels in 12-month-old apolipoprotein E4 mice occurs earlier than our previously reported brain endosomal pathway changes, arguing that an apolipoprotein E4-driven failure in exosome production plays a primary role in endosomal and lysosomal deficits that occur in apolipoprotein E4 mouse and human brains. Disruption of these interdependent endosomal-exosomal-lysosomal systems in apolipoprotein E4-expressing individuals may contribute to amyloidogenic amyloid-β precursor protein processing, compromise trophic signalling and synaptic function, and interfere with a neuron's ability to degrade material, all of which are events that lead to neuronal vulnerability and higher risk of Alzheimer's disease development. Together, these data suggest that exosome pathway dysfunction is a previously unappreciated component of the brain pathologies that occur as a result of apolipoprotein E4 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Y Peng
- Department of Neurology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA.,Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, New York, USA
| | - Rocío Pérez-González
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, New York, USA
| | - Melissa J Alldred
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, New York, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chris N Goulbourne
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, New York, USA
| | - Jose Morales-Corraliza
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, New York, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mariko Saito
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA.,Division of Neurochemistry, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, New York, USA
| | - Mitsuo Saito
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA.,Division of Analytical Psychopharmacology, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, New York, USA
| | - Stephen D Ginsberg
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, New York, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA.,NYU Neuroscience Institute, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paul M Mathews
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, New York, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA.,NYU Neuroscience Institute, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Efrat Levy
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, New York, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA.,NYU Neuroscience Institute, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
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Ginsberg SD, Malek-Ahmadi MH, Alldred MJ, Chen Y, Chen K, Chao MV, Counts SE, Mufson EJ. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and TrkB hippocampal gene expression are putative predictors of neuritic plaque and neurofibrillary tangle pathology. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 132:104540. [PMID: 31349032 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.104540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Downregulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its cognate neurotrophin receptor, TrkB, were observed during the progression of dementia, but whether the Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathological lesions diffuse plaques, (DPs), neuritic plaques (NPs), and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) are related to this alteration remains to be clarified. METHODS Negative binomial (NB) regressions were performed using gene expression data accrued from a single population of CA1 pyramidal neurons and regional hippocampal dissections obtained from participants in the Rush Religious Orders Study (RROS). RESULTS Downregulation of Bdnf is independently associated with increased entorhinal cortex NPs. Downregulation of TrkB is independently associated with increased entorhinal cortex NFTs and CA1 NPs during the progression of AD. DISCUSSION Results indicate that BDNF and TrkB dysregulation contribute to AD neuropathology, most notably hippocampal NPs and NFTs. These data suggest attenuating BDNF/TrkB signaling deficits either at the level of BDNF, TrkB, or downstream of TrkB signaling may abrogate NPs and/or NFTs.
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Alldred MJ, Chao HM, Lee SH, Beilin J, Powers BE, Petkova E, Strupp BJ, Ginsberg SD. Long-term effects of maternal choline supplementation on CA1 pyramidal neuron gene expression in the Ts65Dn mouse model of Down syndrome and Alzheimer's disease. FASEB J 2019; 33:9871-9884. [PMID: 31180719 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802669rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Choline is critical for normative function of 3 major pathways in the brain, including acetylcholine biosynthesis, being a key mediator of epigenetic regulation, and serving as the primary substrate for the phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase pathway. Sufficient intake of dietary choline is critical for proper brain function and neurodevelopment. This is especially important for brain development during the perinatal period. Current dietary recommendations for choline intake were undertaken without critical evaluation of maternal choline levels. As such, recommended levels may be insufficient for both mother and fetus. Herein, we examined the impact of perinatal maternal choline supplementation (MCS) in a mouse model of Down syndrome and Alzheimer's disease, the Ts65Dn mouse relative to normal disomic littermates, to examine the effects on gene expression within adult offspring at ∼6 and 11 mo of age. We found MCS produces significant changes in offspring gene expression levels that supersede age-related and genotypic gene expression changes. Alterations due to MCS impact every gene ontology category queried, including GABAergic neurotransmission, the endosomal-lysosomal pathway and autophagy, and neurotrophins, highlighting the importance of proper choline intake during the perinatal period, especially when the fetus is known to have a neurodevelopmental disorder such as trisomy.-Alldred, M. J., Chao, H. M., Lee, S. H., Beilin, J., Powers, B. E., Petkova, E., Strupp, B. J., Ginsberg, S. D. Long-term effects of maternal choline supplementation on CA1 pyramidal neuron gene expression in the Ts65Dn mouse model of Down syndrome and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J Alldred
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, New York, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, (NYU) Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Helen M Chao
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, New York, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, (NYU) Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sang Han Lee
- Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, New York, USA.,Department Neuroscience and Physiology, (NYU) Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Judah Beilin
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, New York, USA
| | - Brian E Powers
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Eva Petkova
- Child Psychiatry, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, New York, USA.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, (NYU) Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Barbara J Strupp
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA.,Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Stephen D Ginsberg
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, New York, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, (NYU) Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.,Department Neuroscience and Physiology, (NYU) Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.,New York University (NYU) Neuroscience Institute, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
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Alldred MJ, Chao HM, Lee SH, Beilin J, Powers BE, Petkova E, Strupp BJ, Ginsberg SD. CA1 pyramidal neuron gene expression mosaics in the Ts65Dn murine model of Down syndrome and Alzheimer's disease following maternal choline supplementation. Hippocampus 2018; 28:251-268. [PMID: 29394516 PMCID: PMC5874173 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Although there are changes in gene expression and alterations in neuronal density and afferent inputs in the forebrain of trisomic mouse models of Down syndrome (DS) and Alzheimer's disease (AD), there is a lack of systematic assessments of gene expression and encoded proteins within individual vulnerable cell populations, precluding translational investigations at the molecular and cellular level. Further, no effective treatment exists to combat intellectual disability and basal forebrain cholinergic neurodegeneration seen in DS. To further our understanding of gene expression changes before and following cholinergic degeneration in a well-established mouse model of DS/AD, the Ts65Dn mouse, we assessed RNA expression levels from CA1 pyramidal neurons at two adult ages (∼6 months of age and ∼11 months of age) in both Ts65Dn and their normal disomic (2N) littermates. We further examined a therapeutic intervention, maternal choline supplementation (MCS), which has been previously shown to lessen dysfunction in spatial cognition and attention, and have protective effects on the survival of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons in the Ts65Dn mouse model. Results indicate that MCS normalized expression of several genes in key gene ontology categories, including synaptic plasticity, calcium signaling, and AD-associated neurodegeneration related to amyloid-beta peptide (Aβ) clearance. Specifically, normalized expression levels were found for endothelin converting enzyme-2 (Ece2), insulin degrading enzyme (Ide), Dyrk1a, and calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (Camk2a), among other relevant genes. Single population expression profiling of vulnerable CA1 pyramidal neurons indicates that MCS is a viable therapeutic for long-term reprogramming of key transcripts involved in neuronal signaling that are dysregulated in the trisomic mouse brain which have translational potential for DS and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J. Alldred
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY
- Departments of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Helen M. Chao
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY
- Departments of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Sang Han Lee
- Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY
- Child Psychiatry, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY
- Departments of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Judah Beilin
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY
| | | | - Eva Petkova
- Child Psychiatry, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Barbara J. Strupp
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
- Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Stephen D. Ginsberg
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY
- Departments of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY
- Neuroscience & Physiology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY
- NYU Neuroscience Institute, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY
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Ginsberg SD, Alldred MJ, Gunnam SM, Schiroli C, Lee SH, Morgello S, Fischer T. Expression profiling suggests microglial impairment in human immunodeficiency virus neuropathogenesis. Ann Neurol 2018; 83:406-417. [PMID: 29369399 PMCID: PMC5822676 DOI: 10.1002/ana.25160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE CD16+ /CD163+ macrophages (MΦs) and microglia accumulate in the brains of patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) encephalitis (HIVE), a neuropathological correlate of the most severe form of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders, HIV-associated dementia. Recently, we found that some parenchymal microglia in brain of HIV+ subjects without encephalitis (HIV/noE) but with varying degrees of neurocognitive impairment express CD16 and CD163, even in the absence of detectable virus production. To further our understanding of microglial activation in HIV, we investigated expression of specific genes by profiling parenchymal microglia from archival brain tissue of patients with HIVE and HIV/noE, and HIV- controls. METHODS Single-population microarray analyses were performed on ∼2,500 laser capture microdissected CD163+ , CD16+ , or CD68+ MΦs/microglia per case, using terminal continuation RNA amplification and a custom-designed array platform. RESULTS Several classes of microglial transcripts in HIVE and HIV/noE were altered, relative to HIV- subjects, including factors related to cell stress, immune activation, and apoptosis. Additionally, several neurotrophic factors were reduced in HIV infection, suggesting an additional mechanism of neuropathogenesis. The majority of transcripts altered in HIVE displayed intermediate changes in HIV/noE. INTERPRETATION Our results support the notion that microglia contribute to the maintenance of brain homeostasis and their potential loss of function in the context of chronic inflammation contributes to neuropathogenesis. Furthermore, they indicate the utility of profiling MΦs/microglia to increase our understanding of microglia function, as well as to ascertain alterations in specific pathways, genes, and potentially, encoded proteins that may be amenable to targeted treatment modalities in diseases affecting the brain. Ann Neurol 2018;83:406-417.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D. Ginsberg
- Center for Dementia Research, Orangeburg, NY
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY
- Department of Neuroscience & Physiology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY
- NYU Neuroscience Institute, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Melissa J. Alldred
- Center for Dementia Research, Orangeburg, NY
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Satya M. Gunnam
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Consuelo Schiroli
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sang Han Lee
- Division of Medical Physics, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY
| | - Susan Morgello
- Departments of Neurology, Pathology and Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
| | - Tracy Fischer
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Ginsberg SD, Malek-Ahmadi MH, Alldred MJ, Che S, Elarova I, Chen Y, Jeanneteau F, Kranz TM, Chao MV, Counts SE, Mufson EJ. Selective decline of neurotrophin and neurotrophin receptor genes within CA1 pyramidal neurons and hippocampus proper: Correlation with cognitive performance and neuropathology in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Hippocampus 2017; 29:422-439. [PMID: 28888073 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons, a major component of the medial temporal lobe memory circuit, are selectively vulnerable during the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The cellular mechanism(s) underlying degeneration of these neurons and the relationship to cognitive performance remains largely undefined. Here, we profiled neurotrophin and neurotrophin receptor gene expression within microdissected CA1 neurons along with regional hippocampal dissections from subjects who died with a clinical diagnosis of no cognitive impairment (NCI), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), or AD using laser capture microdissection (LCM), custom-designed microarray analysis, and qPCR of CA1 subregional dissections. Gene expression levels were correlated with cognitive test scores and AD neuropathology criteria. We found a significant downregulation of several neurotrophin genes (e.g., Gdnf, Ngfb, and Ntf4) in CA1 pyramidal neurons in MCI compared to NCI and AD subjects. In addition, the neurotrophin receptor transcripts TrkB and TrkC were decreased in MCI and AD compared to NCI. Regional hippocampal dissections also revealed select neurotrophic gene dysfunction providing evidence for vulnerability within the hippocampus proper during the progression of dementia. Downregulation of several neurotrophins of the NGF family and cognate neurotrophin receptor (TrkA, TrkB, and TrkC) genes correlated with antemortem cognitive measures including the Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE), a composite global cognitive score (GCS), and Episodic, Semantic, and Working Memory, Perceptual Speed, and Visuospatial domains. Significant correlations were found between select neurotrophic expression downregulation and neuritic plaques (NPs) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), but not diffuse plaques (DPs). These data suggest that dysfunction of neurotrophin signaling complexes have profound negative sequelae within vulnerable hippocampal cell types, which play a role in mnemonic and executive dysfunction during the progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D Ginsberg
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, New York.,Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York.,Department of Neuroscience & Physiology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York.,Neuroscience Institute, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York
| | | | - Melissa J Alldred
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, New York.,Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Shaoli Che
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, New York.,Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Irina Elarova
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, New York
| | | | - Freddy Jeanneteau
- Inserm, U1191, Institute of Functional Genomics, Montpellier, F-34000, France.,CNRS, UMR-5203, Montpellier, F-34000, France.,Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34000, France
| | - Thorsten M Kranz
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York.,Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Moses V Chao
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York.,Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Scott E Counts
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan.,Department of Family Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan.,Michigan Alzheimer's Disease Core Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Mercy Health Saint Mary's Hospital, Hauenstein Neurosciences Center, Grand Rapids, Michigan
| | - Elliott J Mufson
- Department of Neurobiology and Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona
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12
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Gauthier SA, Pérez-González R, Sharma A, Huang FK, Alldred MJ, Pawlik M, Kaur G, Ginsberg SD, Neubert TA, Levy E. Enhanced exosome secretion in Down syndrome brain - a protective mechanism to alleviate neuronal endosomal abnormalities. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2017; 5:65. [PMID: 28851452 PMCID: PMC5576289 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-017-0466-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A dysfunctional endosomal pathway and abnormally enlarged early endosomes in neurons are an early characteristic of Down syndrome (DS) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). We have hypothesized that endosomal material can be released by endosomal multivesicular bodies (MVBs) into the extracellular space via exosomes to relieve neurons of accumulated endosomal contents when endosomal pathway function is compromised. Supporting this, we found that exosome secretion is enhanced in the brains of DS patients and a mouse model of the disease, and by DS fibroblasts. Furthermore, increased levels of the tetraspanin CD63, a regulator of exosome biogenesis, were observed in DS brains. Importantly, CD63 knockdown diminished exosome release and worsened endosomal pathology in DS fibroblasts. Taken together, these data suggest that increased CD63 expression enhances exosome release as an endogenous mechanism mitigating endosomal abnormalities in DS. Thus, the upregulation of exosome release represents a potential therapeutic goal for neurodegenerative disorders with endosomal pathology.
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13
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Article Withdrawal Statement. Int J Neurosci 2016; 126:i-viii. [DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2013.790902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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14
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Schafer MJ, Alldred MJ, Lee SH, Calhoun ME, Petkova E, Mathews PM, Ginsberg SD. Reduction of β-amyloid and γ-secretase by calorie restriction in female Tg2576 mice. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 36:1293-302. [PMID: 25556162 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Research indicates that female risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD) is greater than that of males. Moderate reduction of calorie intake, known as calorie restriction (CR), reduces pathology in AD mouse models and is a potentially translatable prevention measure for individuals at-risk for AD, as well as an important tool for understanding how the brain endogenously attenuates age-related pathology. Whether sex influences the response to CR remains unknown. In this study, we assessed the effect of CR on beta-amyloid peptide (Aβ) pathology and hippocampal CA1 neuron specific gene expression in the Tg2576 mouse model of cerebral amyloidosis. Relative to ad libitum (AL) feeding, CR feeding significantly reduced hippocampal Aβ burden in 15-month-old female, but not age-matched male, Tg2576 mice. Sustained CR also significantly reduced expression of presenilin enhancer 2 (Psenen) and presenilin 1, components of the γ-secretase complex, in Tg2576 females. These results indicate that long-term CR significantly reduces age-dependent female Tg2576 Aβ pathology, which is likely to involve CR-mediated reductions in γ-secretase-dependent amyloid precursor protein (APP) metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa J Schafer
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Cell Biology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - Melissa J Alldred
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sang Han Lee
- Division of Medical Physics, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | | | - Eva Petkova
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Division of Child Psychiatry, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - Paul M Mathews
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stephen D Ginsberg
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Physiology & Neuroscience, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
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Yu CJ, Liu W, Chen HY, Wang L, Zhang ZR. BACE1 RNA interference improves spatial memory and attenuates Aβburden in a streptozotocin-induced tau hyperphosphorylated rat model. Cell Biochem Funct 2014; 32:590-6. [PMID: 25230339 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Jiang Yu
- Department of Neurology; Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University; Harbin Heilongjiang China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Neurology; Haidian Hospital; Beijing 100080 China
| | - Hong-Yuan Chen
- Department of Neurology; Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University; Harbin Heilongjiang China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Geriatrics; Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University; Harbin Heilongjiang China
| | - Zhi-Ren Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy; Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University; Harbin Heilongjiang China
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Alldred MJ, Lee SH, Petkova E, Ginsberg SD. Expression profile analysis of vulnerable CA1 pyramidal neurons in young-Middle-Aged Ts65Dn mice. J Comp Neurol 2014; 523:61-74. [PMID: 25131634 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is the most prevalent cause of intellectual disability (ID). Individuals with DS show a variety of cognitive deficits, most notably in hippocampal learning and memory, and display pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD), with neurodegeneration of cholinergic basal forebrain (CBF) neurons. Elucidation of the molecular and cellular underpinnings of neuropathology has been assessed via gene expression analysis in a relevant animal model, termed the Ts65Dn mouse. The Ts65Dn mouse is a segmental trisomy model of DS that mimics DS/AD pathology, notably age-related cognitive dysfunction and degeneration of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons (BFCNs). To determine expression level changes, molecular fingerprinting of cornu ammonis 1 (CA1) pyramidal neurons was performed in adult (4-9 month-old) Ts65Dn mice, at the initiation of BFCN degeneration. To quantitate transcriptomic changes during this early time period, laser capture microdissection (LCM), terminal continuation (TC) RNA amplification, custom-designed microarray analysis, and subsequent validation of individual transcripts by qPCR and protein analysis via immunoblotting was performed. The results indicate significant alterations within CA1 pyramidal neurons of Ts65Dn mice compared with normal disomic (2N) littermates, notably in the downregulation of neurotrophins and their cognate neurotrophin receptors among other classes of transcripts relevant to neurodegeneration. The results of this single-population gene expression analysis at the time of septohippocampal deficits in a trisomic mouse model shed light on a vulnerable circuit that may cause the AD-like pathology invariably seen in DS that could help to identify mechanisms of degeneration, and provide novel gene targets for therapeutic interventions. J. Comp. Neurol. 523:61-74, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J Alldred
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, New York, 10962; Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, 10016
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Mariga A, Zavadil J, Ginsberg SD, Chao MV. Withdrawal of BDNF from hippocampal cultures leads to changes in genes involved in synaptic function. Dev Neurobiol 2014; 75:173-92. [PMID: 25059794 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Neurotrophins play a crucial role in mediating neuronal survival and synaptic plasticity. A lack of trophic factor support in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) is associated with a transcription-dependent programmed cell death process in developing sympathetic neurons. While most of the attention has been on events culminating in cell death in the PNS, the earliest events that occur after trophic factor withdrawal in the central nervous system (CNS) have not been investigated. In the CNS, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is widely expressed and is released in an activity-dependent manner to shape the structure and function of neuronal populations. Reduced neurotrophic factor support has been proposed as a mechanism to account for changes in synaptic plasticity during neurodevelopment to aging and neurodegenerative disorders. To this end, we performed transcriptional profiling in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. We used a TrkB ligand scavenger (TrkB-FC ) to sequester endogenous neurotrophic factor activity from hippocampal neurons in culture. Using a high-density microarray platform, we identified a significant decrease in genes that are associated with vesicular trafficking and synaptic function, as well as selective increases in MAP kinase phosphatases. A comparison of these changes with recent studies of Alzheimer's disease and cognitive impairment in postmortem brain tissue revealed striking similarities in gene expression changes for genes involved in synaptic function. These changes are relevant to a wide number of conditions in which levels of BDNF are compromised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Mariga
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, 10016
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Alldred MJ, Lee SH, Petkova E, Ginsberg SD. Expression profile analysis of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons in aged Ts65Dn mice, a model of Down syndrome (DS) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Brain Struct Funct 2014; 220:2983-96. [PMID: 25031177 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-014-0839-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is caused by the triplication of human chromosome 21 (HSA21) and is the most common genetic cause of intellectual disability, with individuals having deficits in cognitive function including hippocampal learning and memory and neurodegeneration of cholinergic basal forebrain neurons, a pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). To date, the molecular underpinnings driving this pathology have not been elucidated. The Ts65Dn mouse is a segmental trisomy model of DS and like DS/AD pathology, displays age-related cognitive dysfunction and basal forebrain cholinergic neuron (BFCN) degeneration. To determine molecular and cellular changes important for elucidating mechanisms of neurodegeneration in DS/AD pathology, expression profiling studies were performed. Molecular fingerprinting of homogeneous populations of Cornu Ammonis 1 (CA1) pyramidal neurons was performed via laser capture microdissection followed by Terminal Continuation RNA amplification combined with custom-designed microarray analysis and subsequent validation of individual transcripts by qPCR and protein analysis via immunoblotting. Significant alterations were observed within CA1 pyramidal neurons of aged Ts65Dn mice compared to normal disomic (2N) littermates, notably in excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission receptor families and neurotrophins, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor as well as several cognate neurotrophin receptors. Examining gene and protein expression levels after the onset of BFCN degeneration elucidated transcriptional and translational changes in neurons within a vulnerable circuit that may cause the AD-like pathology seen in DS as these individuals age, and provide rational targets for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J Alldred
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, NY, 10962, USA
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Kaur G, Sharma A, Xu W, Gerum S, Alldred MJ, Subbanna S, Basavarajappa BS, Pawlik M, Ohno M, Ginsberg SD, Wilson DA, Guilfoyle DN, Levy E. Glutamatergic transmission aberration: a major cause of behavioral deficits in a murine model of Down's syndrome. J Neurosci 2014; 34:5099-106. [PMID: 24719089 DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5338-13.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Trisomy 21, or Down's syndrome (DS), is the most common genetic cause of intellectual disability. Altered neurotransmission in the brains of DS patients leads to hippocampus-dependent learning and memory deficiency. Although genetic mouse models have provided important insights into the genes and mechanisms responsible for DS-specific changes, the molecular mechanisms leading to memory deficits are not clear. We investigated whether the segmental trisomy model of DS, Ts[Rb(12.1716)]2Cje (Ts2), exhibits hippocampal glutamatergic transmission abnormalities and whether these alterations cause behavioral deficits. Behavioral assays demonstrated that Ts2 mice display a deficit in nest building behavior, a measure of hippocampus-dependent nonlearned behavior, as well as dysfunctional hippocampus-dependent spatial memory tested in the object-placement and the Y-maze spontaneous alternation tasks. Magnetic resonance spectra measured in the hippocampi revealed a significantly lower glutamate concentration in Ts2 as compared with normal disomic (2N) littermates. The glutamate deficit accompanied hippocampal NMDA receptor1 (NMDA-R1) mRNA and protein expression level downregulation in Ts2 compared with 2N mice. In concert with these alterations, paired-pulse analyses suggested enhanced synaptic inhibition and/or lack of facilitation in the dentate gyrus of Ts2 compared with 2N mice. Ts2 mice also exhibited disrupted synaptic plasticity in slice recordings of the hippocampal CA1 region. Collectively, these findings imply that deficits in glutamate and NMDA-R1 may be responsible for impairments in synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus associated with behavioral dysfunctions in Ts2 mice. Thus, these findings suggest that glutamatergic deficits have a significant role in causing intellectual disabilities in DS.
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Devi L, Alldred MJ, Ginsberg SD, Ohno M. Mechanisms underlying insulin deficiency-induced acceleration of β-amyloidosis in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32792. [PMID: 22403710 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Although evidence is accumulating that diabetes mellitus is an important risk factor for sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD), the mechanisms by which defects in insulin signaling may lead to the acceleration of AD progression remain unclear. In this study, we applied streptozotocin (STZ) to induce experimental diabetes in AD transgenic mice (5XFAD model) and investigated how insulin deficiency affects the β-amyloidogenic processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP). Two and half months after 5XFAD mice were treated with STZ (90 mg/kg, i.p., once daily for two consecutive days), they showed significant reductions in brain insulin levels without changes in insulin receptor expression. Concentrations of cerebral amyloid-β peptides (Aβ40 and Aβ42) were significantly increased in STZ-treated 5XFAD mice as compared with vehicle-treated 5XFAD controls. Importantly, STZ-induced insulin deficiency upregulated levels of both β-site APP cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) and full-length APP in 5XFAD mouse brains, which was accompanied by dramatic elevations in the β-cleaved C-terminal fragment (C99). Interestingly, BACE1 mRNA levels were not affected, whereas phosphorylation of the translation initiation factor eIF2α, a mechanism proposed to mediate the post-transcriptional upregulation of BACE1, was significantly elevated in STZ-treated 5XFAD mice. Meanwhile, levels of GGA3, an adapter protein responsible for sorting BACE1 to lysosomal degradation, are indistinguishable between STZ- and vehicle-treated 5XFAD mice. Moreover, STZ treatments did not affect levels of Aβ-degrading enzymes such as neprilysin and insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) in 5XFAD brains. Taken together, our findings provide a mechanistic foundation for a link between diabetes and AD by demonstrating that insulin deficiency may change APP processing to favor β-amyloidogenesis via the translational upregulation of BACE1 in combination with elevations in its substrate, APP.
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Alldred MJ, Duff KE, Ginsberg SD. Microarray analysis of CA1 pyramidal neurons in a mouse model of tauopathy reveals progressive synaptic dysfunction. Neurobiol Dis 2012; 45:751-62. [PMID: 22079237 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2011.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The hTau mouse model of tauopathy was utilized to assess gene expression changes in vulnerable hippocampal CA1 neurons. CA1 pyramidal neurons were microaspirated via laser capture microdissection followed by RNA amplification in combination with custom-designed microarray analysis and qPCR validation in hTau mice and nontransgenic (ntg) littermates aged 11-14months. Statistical analysis revealed ~8% of all the genes on the array platform were dysregulated, with notable downregulation of several synaptic-related markers including synaptophysin (Syp), synaptojanin, and synaptobrevin, among others. Downregulation was also observed for select glutamate receptors (GluRs), Psd-95, TrkB, and several protein phosphatase subunits. In contrast, upregulation of tau isoforms and a calpain subunit were found. Microarray assessment of synaptic-related markers in a separate cohort of hTau mice at 7-8months of age indicated only a few alterations compared to the 11-14month cohort, suggesting progressive synaptic dysfunction occurs as tau accumulates in CA1 pyramidal neurons. An assessment of SYP and PSD-95 expression was performed in the hippocampal CA1 sector of hTau and ntg mice via confocal laser scanning microscopy along with hippocampal immunoblot analysis for protein-based validation of selected microarray observations. Results indicate significant decreases in SYP-immunoreactive and PSD-95-immunoreactive puncta as well as downregulation of SYP-immunoreactive and PSD-95-immunoreactive band intensity in hTau mice compared to age-matched ntg littermates. In summary, the high prevalence of downregulation of synaptic-related genes indicates that the moderately aged hTau mouse may be a model of tau-induced synaptodegeneration, and has profound effects on how we perceive progressive tau pathology affecting synaptic transmission in AD.
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Ginsberg SD, Alldred MJ, Che S. Gene expression levels assessed by CA1 pyramidal neuron and regional hippocampal dissections in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2011; 45:99-107. [PMID: 21821124 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2011.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Revised: 05/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate molecular signatures of an individual cell type in comparison to the associated region relevant towards understanding the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), CA1 pyramidal neurons and the surrounding hippocampal formation were microaspirated via laser capture microdissection (LCM) from neuropathologically confirmed AD and age-matched control (CTR) subjects as well as from wild type mouse brain using single population RNA amplification methodology coupled with custom-designed microarray analysis with real-time quantitative polymerase-chain reaction (qPCR) validation. CA1 pyramidal neurons predominantly displayed downregulation of classes of transcripts related to synaptic transmission in AD versus CTR. Regional hippocampal dissections displayed downregulation of several overlapping genes found in the CA1 neuronal population related to neuronal expression, as well as upregulation of select transcripts indicative of admixed cell types including glial-associated markers and immediate-early and cell death genes. Gene level distributions observed in CA1 neurons and regional hippocampal dissections in wild type mice paralleled expression mosaics seen in postmortem human tissue. Microarray analysis was validated in qPCR studies using human postmortem brain tissue and CA1 sector and regional hippocampal dissections obtained from a mouse model of AD/Down syndrome (Ts65Dn mice) and normal disomic (2N) littermates. Classes of transcripts that have a greater percentage of the overall hybridization signal intensity within single neurons tended to be genes related to neuronal communication. The converse was also found, as classes of transcripts such as glial-associated markers were under represented in CA1 pyramidal neuron expression profiles relative to regional hippocampal dissections. These observations highlight a dilution effect that is likely to occur in conventional regional microarray and qPCR studies. Thus, single population studies of specific neurons and intrinsic circuits will likely yield informative gene expression profile data that may be subthreshold and/or underrepresented in regional studies with an admixture of cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D Ginsberg
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA.
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Ginsberg SD, Mufson EJ, Alldred MJ, Counts SE, Wuu J, Nixon RA, Che S. Upregulation of select rab GTPases in cholinergic basal forebrain neurons in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. J Chem Neuroanat 2011; 42:102-10. [PMID: 21669283 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2011.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Revised: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Endocytic system dysfunction is one of the earliest disturbances that occur in Alzheimer's disease (AD), and may underlie the selective vulnerability of cholinergic basal forebrain (CBF) neurons during the progression of dementia. Herein we report that genes regulating early and late endosomes are selectively upregulated within CBF neurons in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD. Specifically, upregulation of rab4, rab5, rab7, and rab27 was observed in CBF neurons microdissected from postmortem brains of individuals with MCI and AD compared to age-matched control subjects with no cognitive impairment (NCI). Upregulated expression of rab4, rab5, rab7, and rab27 correlated with antemortem measures of cognitive decline in individuals with MCI and AD. qPCR validated upregulation of these select rab GTPases within microdissected samples of the basal forebrain. Moreover, quantitative immunoblot analysis demonstrated upregulation of rab5 protein expression in the basal forebrain of subjects with MCI and AD. The elevation of rab4, rab5, and rab7 expression is consistent with our recent observations in CA1 pyramidal neurons in MCI and AD. These findings provide further support that endosomal pathology accelerates endocytosis and endosome recycling, which may promote aberrant endosomal signaling and neurodegeneration throughout the progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D Ginsberg
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA.
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Ginsberg SD, Che S, Hashim A, Zavadil J, Cancro R, Lee SH, Petkova E, Sershen HW, Volavka J. Differential regulation of catechol-O-methyltransferase expression in a mouse model of aggression. Brain Struct Funct 2011; 216:347-56. [PMID: 21512897 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-011-0315-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2010] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to understand molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying aggressive behaviors in mice exposed to repeated interactions in their homecage with conspecifics. A resident-intruder procedure was employed whereby two males were allowed to interact for 10 min trials, and aggressive and/or submissive behaviors (e.g., degree of attacking, biting, chasing, grooming, rearing, or upright posture) were assessed. Following 10 days of behavioral trials, brains were removed and dissected into specific regions including the cerebellum, frontal cortex, hippocampus, midbrain, pons, and striatum. Gene expression analysis was performed using real-time quantitative polymerase-chain reaction (qPCR) for catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Compared to naive control mice, significant up regulation of COMT expression of residents was observed in the cerebellum, frontal cortex, hippocampus, midbrain, and striatum; in all of these brain regions the COMT expression of residents was also significantly higher than that of intruders. The intruders also had a significant down regulation (compared to naive control mice) within the hippocampus, indicating a selective decrease in COMT expression in the hippocampus of submissive subjects. Immunoblot analysis confirmed COMT up regulation in the midbrain and hippocampus of residents and down regulation in intruders. qPCR analysis of TH expression indicated significant up regulation in the midbrain of residents and concomitant down regulation in intruders. These findings implicate regionally- and behaviorally-specific regulation of COMT and TH expression in aggressive and submissive behaviors. Additional molecular and cellular characterization of COMT, TH, and other potential targets is warranted within this animal model of aggression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D Ginsberg
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
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Ståhlberg A, Andersson D, Aurelius J, Faiz M, Pekna M, Kubista M, Pekny M. Defining cell populations with single-cell gene expression profiling: correlations and identification of astrocyte subpopulations. Nucleic Acids Res 2010; 39:e24. [PMID: 21112872 PMCID: PMC3045576 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkq1182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-cell gene expression levels show substantial variations among cells in seemingly homogenous populations. Astrocytes perform many control and regulatory functions in the central nervous system. In contrast to neurons, we have limited knowledge about functional diversity of astrocytes and its molecular basis. To study astrocyte heterogeneity and stem/progenitor cell properties of astrocytes, we used single-cell gene expression profiling in primary mouse astrocytes and dissociated mouse neurosphere cells. The transcript number variability for astrocytes showed lognormal features and revealed that cells in primary cultures to a large extent co-express markers of astrocytes and neural stem/progenitor cells. We show how subpopulations of cells can be identified at single-cell level using unsupervised algorithms and that gene correlations can be used to identify differences in activity of important transcriptional pathways. We identified two subpopulations of astrocytes with distinct gene expression profiles. One had an expression profile very similar to that of neurosphere cells, whereas the other showed characteristics of activated astrocytes in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Ståhlberg
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 9A, 413 90 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Ginsberg SD, Alldred MJ, Counts SE, Cataldo AM, Neve RL, Jiang Y, Wuu J, Chao MV, Mufson EJ, Nixon RA, Che S. Microarray analysis of hippocampal CA1 neurons implicates early endosomal dysfunction during Alzheimer's disease progression. Biol Psychiatry 2010; 68:885-93. [PMID: 20655510 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2009] [Revised: 05/04/2010] [Accepted: 05/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endocytic dysfunction and neurotrophin signaling deficits may underlie the selective vulnerability of hippocampal neurons during the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD), although there is little direct in vivo and biochemical evidence to support this hypothesis. METHODS Microarray analysis of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons acquired via laser capture microdissection was performed using postmortem brain tissue. Validation was achieved using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunoblot analysis. Mechanistic studies were performed using human fibroblasts subjected to overexpression with viral vectors or knockdown via small interference RNA. RESULTS Expression levels of genes regulating early endosomes (rab5) and late endosomes (rab7) are selectively upregulated in homogeneous populations of CA1 neurons from individuals with mild cognitive impairment and AD. The levels of these genes are selectively increased as antemortem measures of cognition decline during AD progression. Hippocampal quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunoblot analyses confirmed increased levels of these transcripts and their respective protein products. Elevation of select rab GTPases regulating endocytosis paralleled the downregulation of genes encoding the neurotrophin receptors TrkB and TrkC. Overexpression of rab5 in cells suppressed TrkB expression, whereas knockdown of TrkB expression did not alter rab5 levels, suggesting that TrkB downregulation is a consequence of endosomal dysfunction associated with elevated rab5 levels in early AD. CONCLUSIONS These data support the hypothesis that neuronal endosomal dysfunction is associated with preclinical AD. Increased endocytic pathway activity, driven by elevated rab GTPase expression, may result in long-term deficits in hippocampal neurotrophic signaling and represent a key pathogenic mechanism underlying AD progression.
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Devi L, Alldred MJ, Ginsberg SD, Ohno M. Sex- and brain region-specific acceleration of β-amyloidogenesis following behavioral stress in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Mol Brain 2010; 3:34. [PMID: 21059265 PMCID: PMC2988063 DOI: 10.1186/1756-6606-3-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is hypothesized that complex interactions between multiple environmental factors and genetic factors are implicated in sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD); however, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Importantly, recent evidence reveals that expression and activity levels of the β-site APP cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1), which initiates amyloid-β (Aβ) production, are elevated in AD brains. In this study, we investigated a molecular mechanism by which sex and stress interactions may accelerate β-amyloidogenesis and contribute to sporadic AD. Results We applied 5-day restraint stress (6 h/day) to the male and female 5XFAD transgenic mouse model of AD at the pre-pathological stage of disease, which showed little amyloid deposition under non-stressed control conditions. Exposure to the relatively brief behavioral stress increased levels of neurotoxic Aβ42 peptides, the β-secretase-cleaved C-terminal fragment (C99) and plaque burden in the hippocampus of female 5XFAD mice but not in that of male 5XFAD mice. In contrast, significant changes in the parameters of β-amyloidosis were not observed in the cerebral cortex of stressed male or female 5XFAD mice. We found that this sex- and brain region-specific acceleration of β-amyloidosis was accounted for by elevations in BACE1 and APP levels in response to adverse stress. Furthermore, not only BACE1 mRNA but also phosphorylation of the translation initiation factor eIF2α (a proposed mediator of the post-transcriptional upregulation of BACE1) was elevated in the hippocampus of stressed female 5XFAD mice. Conclusions Our results suggest that the higher prevalence of sporadic AD in women may be attributable to the vulnerability of female brains (especially, the hippocampus) to stressful events, which alter APP processing to favor the β-amyloidogenesis through the transcriptional and translational upregulation of BACE1 combined with elevations in its substrate APP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latha Devi
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, New York 10962, USA
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Kaur G, Mohan P, Pawlik M, DeRosa S, Fajiculay J, Che S, Grubb A, Ginsberg SD, Nixon RA, Levy E. Cystatin C rescues degenerating neurons in a cystatin B-knockout mouse model of progressive myoclonus epilepsy. Am J Pathol 2010; 177:2256-67. [PMID: 20889561 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.100461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In vitro studies have shown that cystatin C (CysC) is neuroprotective. Here we demonstrate that CysC is neuroprotective in vivo, in a mouse model of the inherited neurodegenerative disorder, progressive myoclonic epilepsy type 1 (EPM1). Loss-of-function mutations in the cystatin B (CysB) gene, an intracellular cysteine protease inhibitor, lead to this human disease. A CysB-knockout (CysBKO) mouse model develops symptoms that mimic EPM1. CysB deficiency in these mice results in enhanced cathepsin B and D activities, indicating lysosomal dysfunction. We show that expression of CysC is enhanced in the brains of CysBKO mice. Crossbreeding of CysBKO mice with either CysC-overexpressing transgenic mice or CysC-knockout mice demonstrates that clinical symptoms and neuropathologies, including motor coordination disorder, cerebellar atrophy, neuronal loss in the cerebellum and cerebral cortex, and gliosis caused by CysB deficiency, are rescued by CysC overexpression and exacerbated by CysC deficiency. Thus, CysC effectively rescues the CysB loss-of-function mutations, facilitating the reversal of pathophysiological changes and suggesting a novel therapeutic intervention for patients with EPM1 and other neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurjinder Kaur
- Nathan S. Kline Institute, 140 Old Orangeburg Rd, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
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Counts SE, He B, Che S, Ginsberg SD, Mufson EJ. Galanin fiber hyperinnervation preserves neuroprotective gene expression in cholinergic basal forebrain neurons in Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2010; 18:885-96. [PMID: 19749437 DOI: 10.3233/jad-2009-1196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Fibers containing galanin (GAL) hyperinnervate cholinergic basal forebrain (CBF) nucleus basalis neurons in late stage Alzheimer's disease (AD), yet the molecular consequences of this phenomenon are unknown. To determine whether GAL alters the expression of genes critical to CBF cell survival in AD, single cell microarray analysis was used to determine mRNA levels within nucleus basalis neurons lacking GAL innervation from subjects who died with a clinical diagnosis of no cognitive impairment (NCI) compared to nucleus basalis neurons from AD cases either lacking GAL hyperinnervation (AD/GAL-) or those displaying prominent GAL hyperinnervation (AD/GAL+). Levels of mRNAs encoding putatively neuroprotective proteins such as the GluR2 Ca(2)-impermeable glutamate receptor subunit, superoxide dismutase 2, and the GLUT2 glucose transporter were significantly decreased in AD/GAL- nucleus basalis neurons compared to NCI and AD/GAL+ neurons. By contrast, mRNAs encoding calpain catalytic and regulatory subunits, which may contribute to cell death in AD, were increased in AD/GAL- compared to NCI and AD/GAL+ neurons. Hence, GAL fiber hyperinnervation appears to preserve the expression of genes subserving multiple neuroprotective pathways suggesting that GAL overexpression regulates CBF neuron survival in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott E Counts
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Ginsberg SD. Alterations in discrete glutamate receptor subunits in adult mouse dentate gyrus granule cells following perforant path transection. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 397:3349-58. [PMID: 20577723 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3826-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2010] [Revised: 04/27/2010] [Accepted: 05/04/2010] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Custom-designed microarray analysis was utilized to evaluate expression levels of glutamate receptors (GluRs) and GluR-interacting protein genes within isolated dentate gyrus granule cells following axotomy of the principal input, the perforant path (PP). Dentate gyrus granule cells were evaluated by microdissection via laser capture microdissection, terminal continuation RNA amplification, and microarray analysis following unilateral PP transections at seven time points. Expression profiles garnered from granule cells on the side ipsilateral to PP transections were compared and contrasted with naive subjects and mice subjected to unilateral occipital cortex lesions. Selected microarray observations were validated by real-time quantitative PCR analysis. Postlesion time-dependent alterations in specific alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid receptors, kainate receptors, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, and GluR-interacting protein genes were found across the time course of the study, suggesting a neuroplasticity response associated with the transsynaptic granule cell alterations following axotomy of incoming PP terminals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D Ginsberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, New York University Langone Medical Center, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA.
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