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Dubal ÍTP, Coradi PC, Dos Santos Bilhalva N, Biduski B, Lutz É, Mallmann CA, Anschau KF, Flores EMM. Monitoring of carbon dioxide and equilibrium moisture content for early detection of physicochemical and morphological changes in soybeans stored in vertical silos. Food Chem 2024; 436:137721. [PMID: 37864969 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
In the context of grain storage, impurities and soybeans defects in soybeans can significantly impact the equilibrium moisture content. This, cause moisture migration and heating of the stored product, leading to increased respiratory activity. Furthermore, temperature measurements within stored grain mass do not provide sufficient information for effective grain quality monitoring, primarily due to the grains excellent thermal insulating properties. To address this issue, we propose a different approach: monitoring the equilibrium moisture content and CO2 concentration as indicators of soybean respiration within the intergranular spaces of the stored grain mass. This study propose monitoring the CO2 concentration in the intergranular air along with environmental variables for early detection of physicochemical and morphological changes in soybeans stored in vertical silos using near infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Thermogravimetry and spectrometry analyses revealed that the interrelationships among variables had a direct impact on soybean quality attributes. Specifically, the presence of soybeans with 5.2 % impurities led to an increased in respiration rates, resulting in a CO2 concentration of up to 5000 ppm and the consumption of up to 3.6 % of dry matter. Consequently, there were changes in the percentage of ash, proteins, fibers, and oils compositions. These findings highlight the potential for indirect assessments, enabling the prediction of physicochemical quality and contamination of soybeans stored in vertical silos through continuous monitoring of CO2 concentration and equilibrium moisture content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ítala Thaisa Padilha Dubal
- Department Agricultural Engineering, Rural Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Paulo Carteri Coradi
- Department Agricultural Engineering, Rural Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Laboratory of Postharvest (LAPOS), Campus Cachoeira do Sul, Federal University of Santa Maria, 96506-322 Cachoeira do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Nairiane Dos Santos Bilhalva
- Department Agricultural Engineering, Rural Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Biduski
- Food Quality and Sensory Science Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre Ashtown, Dublin City D15 KN3K, Ireland
| | - Éverton Lutz
- Department Agricultural Engineering, Rural Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Carlos Augusto Mallmann
- Laboratory of Mycotoxicological Analyses (LAMIC), Federal University of Santa Maria, 97105-970, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Kellen Francine Anschau
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Erico Marlon Moraes Flores
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Mesterhazy A. What Is Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) Resistance and What Are Its Food Safety Risks in Wheat? Problems and Solutions-A Review. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:31. [PMID: 38251247 PMCID: PMC10820574 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16010031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The term "Fusarium Head Blight" (FHB) resistance supposedly covers common resistances to different Fusarium spp. without any generally accepted evidence. For food safety, all should be considered with their toxins, except for deoxynivalenol (DON). Disease index (DI), scabby kernels (FDK), and DON steadily result from FHB, and even the genetic regulation of Fusarium spp. may differ; therefore, multitoxin contamination is common. The resistance types of FHB form a rather complex syndrome that has been the subject of debate for decades. It seems that resistance types are not independent variables but rather a series of components that follow disease and epidemic development; their genetic regulation may differ. Spraying inoculation (Type 1 resistance) includes the phase where spores land on palea and lemma and spread to the ovarium and also includes the spread-inhibiting resistance factor; therefore, it provides the overall resistance that is needed. A significant part of Type 1-resistant QTLs could, therefore, be Type 2, requiring the retesting of the QTLs; this is, at least, the case for the most effective ones. The updated resistance components are as follows: Component 1 is overall resistance, as discussed above; Component 2 includes spreading from the ovarium through the head, which is a part of Component 1; Component 3 includes factors from grain development to ripening (FDK); Component 4 includes factors influencing DON contamination, decrease, overproduction, and relative toxin resistance; and for Component 5, the tolerance has a low significance without new results. Independent QTLs with different functions can be identified for one or more traits. Resistance to different Fusarium spp. seems to be connected; it is species non-specific, but further research is necessary. Their toxin relations are unknown. DI, FDK, and DON should be checked as they serve as the basic data for the risk analysis of cultivars. A better understanding of the multitoxin risk is needed regarding resistance to the main Fusarium spp.; therefore, an updated testing methodology is suggested. This will provide more precise data for research, genetics, and variety registration. In winter and spring wheat, the existing resistance level is very high, close to Sumai 3, and provides much greater food safety combined with sophisticated fungicide preventive control and other practices in commercial production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akos Mesterhazy
- Cereal Research Non-Profit Ltd., Alsokikotosor 9, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
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Cui H, Wang S, Yang X, Zhang W, Chen M, Wu Y, Li S, Li L, Cai D, Guo B, Ye J, Wang S. Predictive models for assessing the risk of Fusarium pseudograminearum mycotoxin contamination in post-harvest wheat with multi-parameter integrated sensors. Food Chem X 2022; 16:100472. [PMID: 36304207 PMCID: PMC9593717 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2022.100472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Water activity plays a significant role in affecting CO2 and mycotoxin levels. Models were developed to predict contamination with ZEN and DON in stored wheat. These models + multi-parameter integrated sensors for real-time mycotoxin monitoring.
Reliable prediction of the risk of mycotoxin contamination in post-harvest wheat will aid in improvement of the quality and safety. To establish the relationship between Fusarium pseudograminearum mycotoxins and CO2 production, changes in their respective concentrations were monitored for the artificial contamination of wheat under different values of water activities (0.84 aw, 0.92 aw, and 0.97 aw) and temperatures (20 ℃, 25 ℃, and 30 ℃). Water activity played a significant role in all these processes. CO2 concentration together with moisture content and temperature were used as the main parameters to establish DON and ZEN contamination prediction models. The prediction accuracy for DON was 98.15 % (R2 = 0.990) and 90.74 % for ZEN (R2 = 0.982). These models were combined with T/RH/MC/CO2 multi-parameter integrated sensors to form an early warning system, which offers a great prospect to minimise the risk of DON/ZEN contamination in post-harvest wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Cui
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, No. 11 Baiwanzhuang Str, Xicheng District, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Songshan Wang
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, No. 11 Baiwanzhuang Str, Xicheng District, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Xu Yang
- Baoding Qingyuan District National Grain Reserve Co., Ltd., No. 2866-500, Lianchi South Str, Qingyuan District, Baoding City, Hebei 071100, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, No. 11 Baiwanzhuang Str, Xicheng District, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Mengze Chen
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, No. 11 Baiwanzhuang Str, Xicheng District, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Yu Wu
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, No. 11 Baiwanzhuang Str, Xicheng District, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Sen Li
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, No. 11 Baiwanzhuang Str, Xicheng District, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Li Li
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, No. 11 Baiwanzhuang Str, Xicheng District, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Di Cai
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, No. 11 Baiwanzhuang Str, Xicheng District, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Baoyuan Guo
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, No. 11 Baiwanzhuang Str, Xicheng District, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Jin Ye
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, No. 11 Baiwanzhuang Str, Xicheng District, Beijing 100037, China,Corresponding author.
| | - Songxue Wang
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, No. 11 Baiwanzhuang Str, Xicheng District, Beijing 100037, China
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Stępień
- Department of Pathogen Genetics and Plant Resistance, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland
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