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El-Hiti GA, Ahmed DS, Yousif E, Al-Khazrajy OSA, Abdallh M, Alanazi SA. Modifications of Polymers through the Addition of Ultraviolet Absorbers to Reduce the Aging Effect of Accelerated and Natural Irradiation. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 14:20. [PMID: 35012042 PMCID: PMC8747282 DOI: 10.3390/polym14010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The photooxidative degradation process of plastics caused by ultraviolet irradiation leads to bond breaking, crosslinking, the elimination of volatiles, formation of free radicals, and decreases in weight and molecular weight. Photodegradation deteriorates both the mechanical and physical properties of plastics and affects their predicted life use, in particular for applications in harsh environments. Plastics have many benefits, while on the other hand, they have numerous disadvantages, such as photodegradation and photooxidation in harsh environments and the release of toxic substances due to the leaching of some components, which have a negative effect on living organisms. Therefore, attention is paid to the design and use of safe, plastic, ultraviolet stabilizers that do not pose a danger to the environment if released. Plastic ultraviolet photostabilizers act as efficient light screeners (absorbers or pigments), excited-state deactivators (quenchers), hydroperoxide decomposers, and radical scavengers. Ultraviolet absorbers are cheap to produce, can be used in low concentrations, mix well with polymers to produce a homogenous matrix, and do not alter the color of polymers. Recently, polyphosphates, Schiff bases, and organometallic complexes were synthesized and used as potential ultraviolet absorbers for polymeric materials. They reduced the damage caused by accelerated and natural ultraviolet aging, which was confirmed by inspecting the surface morphology of irradiated polymeric films. For example, atomic force microscopy revealed that the roughness factor of polymers' irradiated surfaces was improved significantly in the presence of ultraviolet absorbers. In addition, the investigation of the surface of irradiated polymers using scanning electron microscopy showed a high degree of homogeneity and the appearance of pores that were different in size and shape. The current work surveys for the first time the use of newly synthesized, ultraviolet absorbers as additives to enhance the photostability of polymeric materials and, in particular, polyvinyl chloride and polystyrene, based mainly on our own recent work in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamal A. El-Hiti
- Cornea Research Chair, Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Dina S. Ahmed
- Department of Medical Instrumentation Engineering, Al-Mansour University College, Baghdad 64021, Iraq;
| | - Emad Yousif
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq; (E.Y.); (M.A.)
| | - Omar S. A. Al-Khazrajy
- Department of Chemistry, College of Education for Pure Science (Ibn Al-Haytham), University of Baghdad, Baghdad 64021, Iraq;
| | - Mustafa Abdallh
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq; (E.Y.); (M.A.)
| | - Saud A. Alanazi
- Cornea Research Chair, Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia;
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Aravind R, Sahu AK, Brahma GS, Swain T. Investigation on the Thermo-Oxidative Degradation of Polyethylene, Poly(vinyl chloride), and Polystyrene Using NiPIm 1.5 and NiPIm 2 Nanocomposites. ACS Omega 2021; 6:29869-29881. [PMID: 34778660 PMCID: PMC8582061 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c04358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we report the synthesis of two nanoscale composites of nickel, NiPIm1.5 and NiPIm2 (NiPIm1.5 = [Ni(C3H4N2)(H2O)5](HPO4)(H2O)·0.3(C3H4N2) and NiPIm2 = [Ni(C3H4N2)(H2O)5](HPO4)(H2O)·0.4(C3H4N2)·H2O), characterization by various instrumental methods and the investigation of the thermo-oxidative degradation of polyethylene (PE), poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), and polystyrene (PS) in the presence of both nanocomposites. All of these polymers are subjected to thermal treatment with and without composites at 353 K for 120 min. The rate of degradation is maximum with NiPIm2 for all three polymers, PE-13.1522%, PS-13.6152%, and PVC-8.04%, whereas with NiPIm1.5, PE-7.3128%, PS-11.9837%, and PVC-4.9106%. The percentage of degradation in the presence of composites is much greater than the percentage of degradation without composites. The specific heat capacities of NiPIm1.5 and NiPIm2 are -148.42 and -348.64 J kg-1 K-1, respectively. The degradation process takes place by free radical mechanism. Thermogravimetric and differential thermal analyses revealed that the temperatures corresponding to the formation of composite materials with NiPIm2 are 338.76, 331.78, and 354.30 K for PE, PVC, and PS, respectively. The temperatures of formation of the above composites are found to be less than that of NiPIm1.5. The degraded residues of polymers indicate that ester is formed in each case along with other byproducts containing imidazole. Infrared studies revealed the thermal oxidation of hydroperoxides and the formation of ketone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudrarapu Aravind
- Department
of Chemistry, IcfaiTech (Faculty of Science and Technology), IFHE, Hyderabad, Telangana 501203, India
| | - Akash Kumar Sahu
- Department
of Chemistry, IcfaiTech (Faculty of Science and Technology), IFHE, Hyderabad, Telangana 501203, India
| | - Gouri Sankhar Brahma
- Department
of Chemistry, IcfaiTech (Faculty of Science and Technology), IFHE, Hyderabad, Telangana 501203, India
| | - Trilochan Swain
- P.G.
Department of Chemistry, Fakir Mohan University, Nuapadhi, Balasore, Odisha 756089, India
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Yaseen AA, Al-Tikrity ETB, Yousif E, Ahmed DS, Kariuki BM, El-Hiti GA. Effect of Ultraviolet Irradiation on Polystyrene Containing Cephalexin Schiff Bases. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13172982. [PMID: 34503022 PMCID: PMC8434342 DOI: 10.3390/polym13172982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The scale of production of polystyrene has escalated in the recent past in order to meet growing demand. As a result, a large quantity of polystyrene waste continues to be generated along with associated health and environmental problems. One way to tackle such problems is to lengthen the lifetime of polystyrene, especially for outdoor applications. Our approach is the synthesis and application of new ultraviolet photostabilizers for polystyrene and this research is focused on four cephalexin Schiff bases. The reaction of cephalexin and 3-hydroxybenzaldehyde, 4-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde, 4-methoxybenzaldehyde, and 4-bromobanzaldehyde under acidic condition afforded the corresponding Schiff bases in high yields. The Schiff bases were characterized and their surfaces were examined. The Schiff bases were mixed with polystyrene to form homogenous blends and their effectiveness as photostabilizers was explored using different methods. The methods included monitoring the changes in the infrared spectra, weight loss, depression in molecular weight, and surface morphology on irradiation. In the presence of the Schiff bases, the formation of carbonyl group fragments, weight loss, and decrease in molecular weight of polystyrene were lower when compared with pure polystyrene. In addition, undesirable changes in the surface such as the appearance of dark spots, cracks, and roughness were minimal for irradiated polystyrene containing cephalexin Schiff bases. Mechanisms by which cephalexin Schiff bases stabilize polystyrene against photodegradation have also been suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaheed A. Yaseen
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Tikrit University, Tikrit 34001, Iraq; (A.A.Y.); (E.T.B.A.-T.)
| | - Emaad T. B. Al-Tikrity
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Tikrit University, Tikrit 34001, Iraq; (A.A.Y.); (E.T.B.A.-T.)
| | - Emad Yousif
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq;
| | - Dina S. Ahmed
- Department of Medical Instrumentation Engineering, Al-Mansour University College, Baghdad 64021, Iraq;
| | - Benson M. Kariuki
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK;
| | - Gamal A. El-Hiti
- Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +966-11469-3778; Fax: +966-11469-3536
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Ghani H, Yousif E, Ahmed DS, Kariuki BM, El-Hiti GA. Tin Complexes of 4-(Benzylideneamino)benzenesulfonamide: Synthesis, Structure Elucidation and Their Efficiency as PVC Photostabilizers. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2434. [PMID: 34372037 DOI: 10.3390/polym13152434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) suffers from photo-oxidation and photodegradation when exposed to harsh conditions. Application of PVC thus relies on the development of ever more efficient photostabilizers. The current research reports the synthesis of new complexes of tin and their assessment as poly(vinyl chloride) photostabilizers. The three new complexes were obtained in high yields from reaction of 4-(benzylideneamino)benzenesulfonamide and tin chlorides. Their structures were elucidated using different tools. The complexes were mixed with poly(vinyl chloride) at a very low concentration and thin films were made from the blends. The effectiveness of the tin complexes as photostabilizers has been established using a variety of methods. The new tin complexes led to a decrease in weight loss, formation of small residues, molecular weight depression, and surface alteration of poly(vinyl chloride) after irradiation. The additives act by absorption of ultraviolet light, removal the active chlorine produced through a dehydrochlorination process, decomposition of peroxides, and coordination with the polymeric chains. The triphenyltin complex showed the greatest stabilizing effect against PVC photodegradation as a result of its high aromaticity.
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Jasem H, Hadi AG, El-Hiti GA, Baashen MA, Hashim H, Ahmed AA, Ahmed DS, Yousif E. Tin-Naphthalene Sulfonic Acid Complexes as Photostabilizers for Poly(vinyl chloride). Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26123629. [PMID: 34198519 PMCID: PMC8231842 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(vinyl chloride) degrades when exposed to ultraviolet light for long durations; therefore, the photostability of polymeric materials should be enhanced through the application of additives. New organotin complexes containing 4-aminonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid were synthesized and their role as poly(vinyl chloride) photostabilizers were evaluated. The reaction of 4-amino-3-hydroxynaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid and appropriate di- or trisubstituted tin chloride (triphenyltin chloride, tributyltin chloride, dibutyltin dichloride, and dimethyltin dichloride) in methanol under reflux gave the corresponding tin-naphthalene complexes with yields of 75%-95%. Elemental analyses and spectroscopic techniques including infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance (proton and tin) were used to confirm their structures. The tin complexes were added to poly(vinyl chloride) to produce thin films that irradiated with ultraviolet light. Various parameters were assessed, such as the weight loss, formation of specific functional groups, changes in the surface due to photoirradiation, and rate constant of photodegradation, to test the role played by the organotin complexes to reduce photodegradation in polymeric films. The results proved that organotin complexes acted as photostabilizers in these circumstances. The weight loss, formation of fragments containing specific functional groups, and undesirable changes in the surface of polymeric films were limited in the presence of organotin complexes. Organotin complexes containing three phenyl groups showed the most desirable stabilization effect. These act as efficient primary and secondary photostabilizers, and as decomposers for peroxides. In addition, such an additive inhibits the dehydrochlorination process, which is the main cause of poly(vinyl chloride) photodegradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadeer Jasem
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Babylon, Babylon 51002, Iraq; (H.J.); (A.G.H.)
| | - Angham G. Hadi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Babylon, Babylon 51002, Iraq; (H.J.); (A.G.H.)
| | - Gamal A. El-Hiti
- Cornea Research Chair, Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +966-11469-3778; Fax: +966-11469-3536
| | - Mohammed A. Baashen
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Humanities, Shaqra University, Dawadmi 11911, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Hassan Hashim
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq;
| | - Ahmed A. Ahmed
- Polymer Research Unit, College of Science, Al-Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad 10052, Iraq;
| | - Dina S. Ahmed
- Department of Medical Instrumentation Engineering, Al-Mansour University College, Baghdad 10067, Iraq;
| | - Emad Yousif
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq;
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Ahmed A, El-hiti GA, Hadi AG, Ahmed DS, Baashen MA, Hashim H, Yousif E. Photostabilization of Poly(vinyl chloride) Films Blended with Organotin Complexes of Mefenamic Acid for Outdoor Applications. Applied Sciences 2021; 11:2853. [DOI: 10.3390/app11062853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study develops a process for enhancing the photostabilization of PVC films blended with a low concentration of mefenamate–tin complex. One tri-substituted and three di-substituted organotin complexes containing mefenamate unit are synthesized, and their chemical structures are established. The reactions of mefenamic acid and a number of substituted tin chlorides gave the corresponding tin complexes in 70–77% yields. Tin complexes were blended with PVC and thin films. The effect of the addition of additives against long-term irradiation (290–400 nm, 300 h) is also tested. Changes in the infrared spectra, weight, and surface of the PVC blends due to irradiation are examined and analyzed. Any damage to the PVC surface and its chemical degradation level are noticeably low in the presence of additives. Minimal photodegradation levels and surface changes of the irradiated PVC films are observed when the triphenyltin complex is used. Such a complex is highly aromatic and can act as an ultraviolet irradiation absorber and a scavenger for hydrogen chloride and radicals produced due to the photooxidation and photoirradiation of PVC films.
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Omer RM, Al-Tikrity ETB, Yousif E, El-Hiti GA, Ahmed DS, Ahmed AA. Spectroscopic and Morphological Study of Irradiated PVC Films Doped with Polyphosphates Containing 4,4'-Methylenedianiline. RUSS J APPL CHEM+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070427220120113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Mousa OG, El-Hiti GA, Baashen MA, Bufaroosha M, Ahmed A, Ahmed AA, Ahmed DS, Yousif E. Synthesis of Carvedilol-Organotin Complexes and Their Effects on Reducing Photodegradation of Poly(Vinyl Chloride). Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:500. [PMID: 33561971 DOI: 10.3390/polym13040500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) undergoes photodegradation induced by ultraviolet (UV) irradiation; therefore, for outdoor applications, its photostability should be enhanced through the use of additives. Several carvedilol tin complexes were synthesized, characterized and mixed with PVC to produce thin films. These films were irradiated at 25 °C with a UV light (λ = 313 nm) for up to 300 h. The reduction in weight and changes in chemical structure and surface morphology of the PVC films were monitored. The films containing synthesized complexes showed less undesirable changes than the pure PVC film. Organotin with a high content of aromatics was particularly efficient in inhibiting photodegradation of PVC. The carvedilol tin complexes both absorbed UV light and scavenged radicals, hydrochloride, and peroxides and, therefore, photostabilized PVC.
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Mohamed SH, Hameed AS, El-hiti GA, Ahmed DS, Kadhom M, Baashen MA, Bufaroosha M, Ahmed AA, Yousif E. A Process for the Synthesis and Use of Highly Aromatic Organosilanes as Additives for Poly(Vinyl Chloride) Films. Processes (Basel) 2021; 9:91. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9010091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Three organosilanes were synthesized in good yields from the condensation of 4,4′,4″-((phenylsilanetriyl)tris(oxy))tribenzaldehyde and 4-substituted anilines under acidic conditions. The structure of the organosilanes was confirmed using a variety of techniques. Organosilanes were mixed with poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) and homogenous films were produced. The effect of long-term irradiation on the films containing organosilanes was tested using various methods. Monitoring the infrared spectra of PVC films before, during and after irradiation processes showed the formation of side products comprising polyene, carbonyl and hydroxyl groups. The intensities of absorption bands due to these functional groups were much lower in the presence of organosilanes as compared to the blank film. Also, the decrease in the weight and molecular weight of PVC films after irradiation was lower in the presence of organosilanes. Additionally, there was a minimal surface change of irradiated PVC in the presence of organosilanes. Clearly, organosilanes act as inhibitors, particularly the one containing the hydroxyl group, for the photodegradation of PVC. Different mechanisms were proposed to speculate the role played by organosilanes in stabilizing PVC against long-term ultraviolet light exposure.
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Salam B, El-Hiti GA, Bufaroosha M, Ahmed DS, Ahmed A, Alotaibi MH, Yousif E. Tin Complexes Containing an Atenolol Moiety as Photostabilizers for Poly(Vinyl Chloride). Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12122923. [PMID: 33291282 PMCID: PMC7768508 DOI: 10.3390/polym12122923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The lifetime of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) can be increased through the addition of additives to provide protection against irradiation. Therefore, several new tin complexes containing atenolol moieties were synthesized and their photostabilizing effect on PVC was investigated. Reacting atenolol with a number of tin reagents in boiling methanol provided high yields of tin complexes. PVC was then mixed with the tin complexes at a low concentration, producing polymeric thins films. The films were irradiated with ultraviolet light and the resulting damage was assessed using different analytical and surface morphology techniques. Infrared spectroscopy and weight loss determination indicated that the films incorporating tin complexes incurred less damage and less surface changes compared to the blank film. In particular, the triphenyltin complex was very effective in enhancing the photostability of PVC, and this is due to its high aromaticity (three phenyl rings) compared to other complexes. Such an additive acts as a hydrogen chloride scavenger, radical absorber, and hydroperoxide decomposer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baneen Salam
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq;
| | - Gamal A. El-Hiti
- Cornea Research Chair, Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (G.A.E.-H.); (M.H.A.); (E.Y.); Tel.: +966-11469-3778 (G.A.E.-H.); Fax: +966-11469-3536 (G.A.E.-H.)
| | - Muna Bufaroosha
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 15551, Al-Ain 1818, UAE;
| | - Dina S. Ahmed
- Department of Medical Instrumentation Engineering, Al-Mansour University College, Baghdad 64021, Iraq;
| | - Ahmed Ahmed
- Polymer Research Unit, College of Science, Al-Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad 10052, Iraq;
| | - Mohammad Hayal Alotaibi
- National Center for Petrochemicals Technology, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (G.A.E.-H.); (M.H.A.); (E.Y.); Tel.: +966-11469-3778 (G.A.E.-H.); Fax: +966-11469-3536 (G.A.E.-H.)
| | - Emad Yousif
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq;
- Correspondence: (G.A.E.-H.); (M.H.A.); (E.Y.); Tel.: +966-11469-3778 (G.A.E.-H.); Fax: +966-11469-3536 (G.A.E.-H.)
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Mahmood ZN, Yousif E, Alias M, El-Hiti GA, Ahmed DS. Synthesis, characterization, properties, and use of new fusidate organotin complexes as additives to inhibit poly(vinyl chloride) photodegradation. J Polym Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-020-02245-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Mohammed A, El-Hiti GA, Yousif E, Ahmed AA, Ahmed DS, Alotaibi MH. Protection of Poly(Vinyl Chloride) Films against Photodegradation Using Various Valsartan Tin Complexes. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12040969. [PMID: 32326307 PMCID: PMC7240378 DOI: 10.3390/polym12040969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(vinyl chloride) is a common plastic that is widely used in many industrial applications. Poly(vinyl chloride) is mixed with additives to improve its mechanical and physical properties and to enable its use in harsh environments. Herein, to protect poly(vinyl chloride) films against photoirradiation with ultraviolet light, a number of tin complexes containing valsartan were synthesized and their chemical structures were established. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, weight loss, and molecular weight determination showed that the non-desirable changes were lower in the films containing the tin complexes than for the blank polymeric films. Analysis of the surface morphology of the irradiated polymeric materials showed that the films containing additives were less rough than the irradiated blank film. The tin complexes protected the poly(vinyl chloride) films against irradiation, where the complexes with high aromaticity were particularly effective. The additives act as primary and secondary stabilizers that absorb the incident radiation and slowly remit it to the polymeric chain as heat energy over time at a harmless level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Mohammed
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq;
| | - Gamal A. El-Hiti
- Cornea Research Chair, Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (G.A.E.-H.); (E.Y.); (M.H.A.); Tel.: +966-11469-3778 (G.A.E.-H.); Fax: +966-11469-3536 (G.A.E.-H.)
| | - Emad Yousif
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq;
- Correspondence: (G.A.E.-H.); (E.Y.); (M.H.A.); Tel.: +966-11469-3778 (G.A.E.-H.); Fax: +966-11469-3536 (G.A.E.-H.)
| | - Ahmed A. Ahmed
- Polymer Research Unit, College of Science, Al-Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad 10052, Iraq;
| | - Dina S. Ahmed
- Department of Medical Instrumentation Engineering, Al-Mansour University College, Baghdad 64021, Iraq;
| | - Mohammad Hayal Alotaibi
- National Center for Petrochemicals Technology, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (G.A.E.-H.); (E.Y.); (M.H.A.); Tel.: +966-11469-3778 (G.A.E.-H.); Fax: +966-11469-3536 (G.A.E.-H.)
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El-Hiti GA, Ahmed DS, Yousif E, Alotaibi MH, Satar HA, Ahmed AA. Influence of Polyphosphates on the Physicochemical Properties of Poly (Vinyl Chloride) after Irradiation with Ultraviolet Light. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E193. [PMID: 31936894 DOI: 10.3390/polym12010193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Three new polyphosphates were synthesized in good yields by reacting diethylenetriamine with the appropriate phosphate ester in ethanol under acidic conditions. The polyphosphate structures were determined using FT-IR and 1H-NMR spectroscopies, and their elemental compositions were confirmed by EDX spectroscopy. Polyphosphates were added to poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) at low concentrations to fabricate thin films. The PVC films were irradiated with ultraviolet light for long periods, and the effect of polyphosphates as the photostabilizer was investigated by determining changes in the infrared spectra (intensity of specific functional group peaks), reduction in molecular weight, weight loss, and surface morphology. Minimal changes were seen for PVC films containing polyphosphate compared to that for the blank film. In addition, optical, scanning electron, and atomic force microscopies were used to inspect the surface morphology of films. Undesirable changes due to photodegradation were negligible in PVC films containing additives compared to films containing no additives. In addition, the surfaces were smoother and more homogeneous. Polyphosphates, and in particular ones that contain an ortho-geometry, act as efficient photostabilizers to reduce the rate of photodegradation. Polyphosphates absorb ultraviolet light, chelate with polymeric chains, scavenge radical moieties, and decompose peroxide residues.
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Hadi AG, Jawad K, El-Hiti GA, Alotaibi MH, Ahmed AA, Ahmed DS, Yousif E. Photostabilization of Poly(vinyl chloride) by Organotin(IV) Compounds against Photodegradation. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24193557. [PMID: 31581427 PMCID: PMC6804033 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24193557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), a polymer widely used in common household and industrial materials, undergoes photodegradation upon ultraviolet irradiation, leading to undesirable physicochemical properties and a reduced lifetime. In this study, four telmisartan organotin(IV) compounds were tested as photostabilizers against photodegradation. PVC films (40-µm thickness) containing these compounds (0.5 wt%) were irradiated with ultraviolet light at room temperature for up to 300 h. Changes in various polymeric parameters, including the growth of hydroxyl, carbonyl, and alkene functional groups, weight loss, reduction in molecular weight, and appearance of surface irregularities, were investigated to test the efficiency of the photostabilizers. The changes were more noticeable in the blank PVC film than in the films containing the telmisartan organotin(IV) compounds. These results reflect that these compounds effectively inhibit the photodegradation of PVC, possibly by acting as hydrogen chloride and radical scavengers, peroxide decomposers, and primary photostabilizers. The synthesized organotin(IV) complexes could be used as PVC additives to enhance photostability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angham G Hadi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Babylon University, Babil 51002, Iraq.
| | - Khudheyer Jawad
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Babylon University, Babil 51002, Iraq.
| | - Gamal A El-Hiti
- Cornea Research Chair, Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohammad Hayal Alotaibi
- National Center for Petrochemicals Technology, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ahmed A Ahmed
- Polymer Research Unit, College of Science, Al-Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad 10052, Iraq.
| | - Dina S Ahmed
- Department of Medical Instrumentation Engineering, Al-Mansour University College, Baghdad 64021, Iraq.
| | - Emad Yousif
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq.
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Alotaibi MH, El-hiti GA, Yousif E, Ahmed DS, Hashim H, Hameed AS, Ahmed A. Evaluation of the use of polyphosphates as photostabilizers and in the formation of ball-like polystyrene materials. J Polym Res 2019; 26. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-019-1829-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Yousif E, Ahmed DS, Ahmed AA, Hameed AS, Muhamed SH, Yusop RM, Mohammed SA. The effect of high UV radiation exposure environment on the novel PVC polymers. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2019; 26:9945-9954. [PMID: 30739295 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04323-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Although plastic induces environmental damages, almost the consumption of poly(vinyl chloride) never stops increasing. Therefore, this work abstracted by two parts, first, synthesis of Schiff bases 1-4 compounds through the reaction of amino group with appropriate aromatic aldehyde, reaction of PVC with Schiff bases compounds 1-4 in THF to form a new modified PVC-1, PVC-2, PVC-3, and PVC-4. The structures of Schiff bases 1-4 and the modified PVC-1, PVC-2, PVC-3, and PVC-4 have been characterized by different spectroscopic analyses. Second, the influence of introducing 4-amino-1,2,4-triazole as a pendent groups into PVC chain investigated on photostability rules of tests. The modified polymers photostability investigated by observing indices (ICO, Ipo, and IOH), weight loss, UV and morphological studies, and all results obtained indicated that PVC-1, PVC-2, PVC-3 and PVC-4 gave lower growth rate of ICO, IPO, and IOH through UV exposure time. The photostability are given as PVC-4 < PVC-3 < PVC-2 < PVC-1 from different mechanisms which suggested building on existence of 4-amino-1,2,4-triazole moieties in the polymer chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emad Yousif
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, 64021, Iraq.
| | - Dina S Ahmed
- Department of Medical Instrumentation Engineering, Al-Mansour University College, Baghdad, 64021, Iraq
| | - Ahmed A Ahmed
- Polymer Research Unit, College of Science, Al- Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ayad S Hameed
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Tikrit University, Tikrit, 34001, Iraq
| | - Safaa H Muhamed
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Tikrit University, Tikrit, 34001, Iraq
| | - Rahimi M Yusop
- School of Chemical Science and Food Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Salam A Mohammed
- Department of Chemical and Petrochemical Engineering, College of Engineering and Architecture, University of Nizwa, 616, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman
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Alotaibi MH, El-Hiti GA, Hashim H, Hameed AS, Ahmed DS, Yousif E. SEM analysis of the tunable honeycomb structure of irradiated poly(vinyl chloride) films doped with polyphosphate. Heliyon 2018; 4:e01013. [PMID: 30619957 PMCID: PMC6313840 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e01013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The fabrication of tunable poly(vinyl chloride) porous films containing polyphosphate as an additive was successful. Irradiation of poly(vinyl chloride) films containing polyphosphate at a low concentration (0.5% by weight) with an ultraviolet light (λmax = 313 nm) for 300 h leads to the formation of a honeycomb like structure. The scanning electron microscopy images, at different magnification power, confirmed the production of the PVC honeycomb-like structure. The morphological images of the polymeric film showed a rough surface and a large number of regularly distributed hexagonal pores. The number of pores increased upon irradiation time and it was maximum after 300 h. The honeycomb structure formation could be due to the regular aggregation of polyphosphate among the polymeric chains, the increase in solution intrinsic viscosity and evaluation of hydrogen chloride gas through dehydrochlorination process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hayal Alotaibi
- National Center for Petrochemicals Technology, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh, 11442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gamal A. El-Hiti
- Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh, 11433, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan Hashim
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ayad S. Hameed
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Tikrit University, Tikrit, 34001, Iraq
| | - Dina S. Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Tikrit University, Tikrit, 34001, Iraq
| | - Emad Yousif
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, 64021, Iraq
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