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Penagos-Tabares F, Mahmood M, Khan MZU, Talha HMA, Sajid M, Rafique K, Naveed S, Faas J, Artavia JI, Sulyok M, Müller A, Krska R, Zebeli Q. Co-occurrence of mycotoxins and other fungal metabolites in total mixed rations of cows from dairy farms in Punjab, Pakistan. Mycotoxin Res 2023; 39:421-436. [PMID: 37665547 PMCID: PMC10635927 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-023-00502-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
After India and the USA, Pakistan is the third country leading in global dairy production, a sector of very high socioeconomic relevance in Asia. Mycotoxins can affect animal health, reproduction and productivity. This study analysed a broad range of co-occurring mycotoxins and fungal secondary metabolites derived from Alternaria, Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium and other fungal species. To complete this, a validated multi-metabolite liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometric (LC/ESI-MS/MS) method was employed, detecting 96 of > 500 tested secondary fungal metabolites. This first preliminary study demonstrated that total mixed rations (TMRs) (n = 30) from big commercial dairy cattle farms (> 200 lactating cows) in Punjab, Pakistan, presented ubiquitous contamination with mixtures of mycotoxins. The mean of mycotoxins per sample was 14, ranging from 11 to 20 mycotoxins among all TMR samples. Metabolites derived from other fungi and Fusarium spp. showed the highest levels, frequency and diversity among the detected fungal compounds. Among the most prevalent mycotoxins were Fusarium toxins like fumonisins B1 (FB1) (93%), B2 (FB2) (100%) and B3 (FB3) (77%) and others. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) was evidenced in 40% of the samples, and 7% exceeded the EU maximum limit for feeding dairy cattle (5 µg/kg at 88% dry matter). No other mycotoxin exceeds the EU guidance values (GVs). Additionally, we found that dietary ingredients like corn grain, soybean meal and canola meal were related to increased contamination of some mycotoxins (like FB1, FB2 and FB3) in TMR from the province of Punjab, Pakistan. Among typical forage sources, the content of maize silage was ubiquitous. Individually, the detected mycotoxins represented relatively low levels. However, under a realistic scenario, long-term exposure to multiple mycotoxins and other fungal secondary metabolites can exert unpredictable effects on animal health, reproduction and productivity. Except for ergot alkaloids (73%), all the groups of metabolites (i.e. derived from Alternaria spp., Aspergillus spp., Fusarium spp., Penicillium spp. and other fungi) occurred in 100% of the TMR samples. At individual levels, no other mycotoxins than AFB1 represented a considerable risk; however, the high levels of co-occurrence with several mycotoxins/metabolites suggest that long-term exposure should be considered because of their potential toxicological interactions (additive or synergistic effects).
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Penagos-Tabares
- Unit of Nutritional Physiology, Institute of Physiology, Pathophysiology, and Biophysics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria.
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Christian-Doppler-Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts in Livestock (CDL-LiveGUT), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria.
- FFoQSI GmbH - Austrian Competence Centre for Feed and Food Quality, Safety and Innovation, Technopark 1C, 3430, Tulln, Austria.
| | - Mubarik Mahmood
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Subcampus Jhang, 12 km Chiniot Road, Jhang, 35200, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zafar Ullah Khan
- Agri-Food Research & Sustainable Solutions (ARASS), Private Limited F-1, IBL Market, Ghouri Block, Bahria Town, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Hafiz Muhammad Amjad Talha
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Subcampus Jhang, 12 km Chiniot Road, Jhang, 35200, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sajid
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Subcampus Jhang, 12 km Chiniot Road, Jhang, 35200, Pakistan
| | - Kanwal Rafique
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Subcampus Jhang, 12 km Chiniot Road, Jhang, 35200, Pakistan
| | - Saima Naveed
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Ravi Campus, Pattoki, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, 55300, Pakistan
| | - Johannes Faas
- DSM-BIOMIN Research Center, Technopark 1, 3430, Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | | | - Michael Sulyok
- Department of Agrobiotechnology, IFA-Tulln, Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 20, 3430, Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Anneliese Müller
- DSM-BIOMIN Research Center, Technopark 1, 3430, Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Department of Agrobiotechnology, IFA-Tulln, Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 20, 3430, Tulln an der Donau, Austria
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, University Road, Belfast, BT7 1NN, UK
| | - Qendrim Zebeli
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Christian-Doppler-Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts in Livestock (CDL-LiveGUT), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
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Mukhtar K, Nabi BG, Ansar S, Bhat ZF, Aadil RM, Khaneghah AM. Mycotoxins and consumers' awareness: Recent progress and future challenges. Toxicon 2023:107227. [PMID: 37454753 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
While food shortages have become an important challenge, providing safe food resources is a point of interest on a global scale. Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites that are formed through various fungi species. They are mainly spread through diets such as food or beverages. About one quarter of the world's food is spoiled with mycotoxins. As this problem is not resolved, it represents a significant threat to global food security. Besides the current concerns regarding the contamination of food items by these metabolites, the lack of knowledge by consumers and their possible growth and toxin production attracted considerable attention. While globalization provides a favorite condition for some countries, food security still is challenging for most countries. There are various approaches to reducing the mycotoxigenic fungi growth and formation of mycotoxins in food, include as physical, chemical, and biological processes. The current article will focus on collecting data regarding consumers' awareness of mycotoxins. Furthermore, a critical overview and comparison among different preventative approaches to reduce risk by consumers will be discussed. Finally, the current effect of mycotoxins on global trade, besides future challenges faced by mycotoxin contamination on food security, will be discussed briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinza Mukhtar
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Brera Ghulam Nabi
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Sadia Ansar
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | | | - Rana Muhammad Aadil
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan.
| | - Amin Mousavi Khaneghah
- Department of Fruit and Vegetable Product Technology, Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology - State Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Technology of Chemistry, Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University, Baku, Azerbaijan.
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Ogallo IO, Kaindi DWM, Abong GO, Mwangi AM. Dietary aflatoxin exposure of lactating mothers of children 0-6 months in Makueni County, Kenya. Matern Child Nutr 2023:e13493. [PMID: 36814005 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.13493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
The southeastern region of Kenya is prone to aflatoxin outbreaks, yet maternal and infant aflatoxin intake levels remain unclear. We determined dietary aflatoxin exposure of 170 lactating mothers breastfeeding children aged 6 months and below in a descriptive cross-sectional study involving aflatoxin analysis of maize-based cooked food samples (n = 48). Their socioeconomic characteristics, food consumption patterns and postharvest handling of maize were determined. Aflatoxins were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Statistical analysis was conducted using Statistical Package Software for Social Sciences (SPSS version 27) and Palisade's @Risk software. About 46% of the mothers were from low-income households, and 48.2% had not attained the basic level of education. A generally low dietary diversity was reported among 54.1% of lactating mothers. Food consumption pattern was skewed towards starchy staples. Approximately 50% never treated their maize, and at least 20% stored their maize in containers that promote aflatoxin contamination. Aflatoxin was detected in 85.4% of food samples. The mean of total aflatoxin was 97.8 μg/kg (standard deviation [SD], 57.7), while aflatoxin B1 was 9.0 μg/kg (SD, 7.7). The mean dietary intake of total aflatoxin and aflatoxin B1 was 7.6 μg/kg/b.w.t/day (SD, 7.5) and 0.6 (SD, 0.6), respectively. Dietary aflatoxin exposure of lactating mothers was high (margin of exposure < 10,000). Sociodemographic characteristics, food consumption patterns and postharvest handling of maize variably influenced dietary aflatoxin exposure of the mothers. The high prevalence and presence of aflatoxin in foods of lactating mothers are a public health concern and calls for the need to devise easy-to-use household food safety and monitoring measures in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac O Ogallo
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Food, Science, Nutrition & Technology, Applied Human Nutrition Program, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.,Department of International Agricultural Development, Graduate School of International Food and Agricultural Studies, Tropical Crop Science, Master Program, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Dasel W M Kaindi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Food, Science, Nutrition & Technology, Applied Human Nutrition Program, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - George O Abong
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Food, Science, Nutrition & Technology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Alice M Mwangi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Food, Science, Nutrition & Technology, Applied Human Nutrition Program, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.,Udugu, Ufanisi Ustawi wa Jamii (3UJ) Development Limited, Nairobi, Kenya
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Ajmal M, Bedale W, Akram A, Yu JH. Comprehensive Review of Aflatoxin Contamination, Impact on Health and Food Security, and Management Strategies in Pakistan. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14. [PMID: 36548742 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14120845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins (AFs) are the most important toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic fungal toxins that routinely contaminate food and feed. While more than 20 AFs have been identified to date, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), B2 (AFB2), G1 (AFG1), G2 (AFG2), and M1 (AFM1) are the most common. Over 25 species of Aspergillus have been shown to produce AFs, with Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus, and Aspergillus nomius being the most important and well-known AF-producing fungi. These ubiquitous molds can propagate on agricultural commodities to produce AFs in fields and during harvesting, processing, transportation, and storage. Countries with warmer climates and that produce foods susceptible to AF contamination shoulder a substantial portion of the global AF burden. Pakistan's warm climate promotes the growth of toxigenic fungi, resulting in frequent AF contamination of human foods and animal feeds. The potential for contamination in Pakistan is exacerbated by improper storage conditions and a lack of regulatory limits and enforcement mechanisms. High levels of AFs in common commodities produced in Pakistan are a major food safety problem, posing serious health risks to the population. Furthermore, aflatoxin contamination contributes to economic losses by limiting exports of these commodities. In this review, recent information regarding the fungal producers of AFs, prevalence of AF contamination of foods and feed, current regulations, and AF prevention and removal strategies are summarized, with a major focus on Pakistan.
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Bilandžić N, Varga I, Varenina I, Solomun Kolanović B, Božić Luburić Đ, Đokić M, Sedak M, Cvetnić L, Cvetnić Ž. Seasonal Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 in Raw Milk during a Five-Year Period in Croatia: Dietary Exposure and Risk Assessment. Foods 2022; 11:1959. [PMID: 35804774 PMCID: PMC9265853 DOI: 10.3390/foods11131959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study’s objective was to estimate the seasonal occurrence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in cow’s milk between winter 2016 and winter 2022 and to assess dietary exposure and risk assessment for the adult Croatian population. In total, 5817 cow milk samples were screened for AFM1 concentrations using the enzyme immunoassay assay (ELISA). For confirmation purposes of AFM1 concentration above the European Union maximum permitted level (MRL), ultra high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry was performed. In 94.7% of milk samples, AFM1 levels were below the detection limit (LOD) of the ELISA test. For 3.47% of samples, the AFM1 was between the LOD and MRL values. Only 1.87% of all samples exceeded the MRL. The mean value of elevated AFM1 in different seasons ranged between 59.2 ng/kg (autumn 2017) and 387.8 ng/kg (autumn 2021). The highest incidences of positive AFM1 were determined in autumn and winter and the maximum (6.4%) was in winter 2019/2020. The largest percentage of positive samples (69.7%) was found in central Croatia. The estimated daily intakes for positive samples ranged between 0.17 and 2.82 ng/kg body weight/day. Risk assessment indicated a high level of concern during autumn and winter, especially for consumers of large amounts of milk.
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Mokhtari SA, Nemati A, Fazlzadeh M, Moradi-Asl E, Ardabili VT, Seddigh A. Aflatoxin M1 in distributed milks in northwestern Iran: occurrence, seasonal variation, and risk assessment. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:41429-41438. [PMID: 35088262 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-18212-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxin is one of the dangerous fungal toxins that is produced in the presence of humidity and heat and lack of proper storage conditions and is considered as a dangerous substance threatening human health. The work aimed to determination of aflatoxin M1 (AFM) level in raw, pasteurized, and sterilized milks offered in the study area and to evaluate the risk of its consumption. In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 60 samples of milk types supplied in the region were collected during two series of sampling (cold and hot seasons) and analyzed by ELISA method. LCR, MoE, and HI indices were used to assess the possible risk of consuming milk containing AFM. In all taken samples AFM was found, the toxin concentration range in the first and second series of sampling was 57.5-270.6 ng/L and 57-185.9 ng/L, respectively. The level of toxin in pasteurized and sterilized milks in both sampling series was higher than raw milks. Based on the obtained data and in order to assess the risk of milk consumption in the target population, associated values with EDI, LCR, MoE, and HI were also calculated and obtained in the range of 0.145-0.3 ng/k.d b.w, 0.0008-0.0017 additional case per one million population, 1892.9-3921.6 and 0.72-1.5 ng/kg b.w, respectively. According to the findings, all samples tested are contaminated and although it is within the range of the WHO recommendation, however, based on the calculated indicators, the risk of liver cancer threatens the consumers of these milks. Therefore, it is necessary to manage this issue through educational control and monitoring measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyyed Ahmad Mokhtari
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Ali Nemati
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Fazlzadeh
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
| | - Eslam Moradi-Asl
- Department of Public Health, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Vahid Taefi Ardabili
- Food and Drug Administration, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Anoshirvan Seddigh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
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Yalçin SS, Güneş B, Yalçin S. Influence of season and lactational stage on aflatoxin M1 and ochratoxin A in human milk in a cohort study from southeastern region of Turkey. Int J Environ Health Res 2022; 32:1192-1203. [PMID: 33307760 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2020.1860200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The aim was to evaluate the changes in aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) and ochratoxin A (OTA) levels in human breast milk (HBM) during the first five postpartum months according to the sampling season in a cohort study from Şanlıurfa. From 78 healthy lactating mothers, HBM was taken at the 5-14 days postpartum (D5-14) and the 6th and 18th weeks postpartum (W6 and W18). Mycotoxin levels were analyzed with competitive ELISA. Generalized Estimating Equations with repeated measures (three-correlation matrix dimension) revealed a significantly higher mean AFM1 level at W6 than that on D5-14. AFM1 and OTA levels in winter and spring were considerably higher than that in summer and autumn. Maternal smoke exposure, body mass index, history of moldy food exposure, birth order, and breastfeeding type did not influence the results. Whilst season had a marked effect on the milk levels of both analytes, lactation stage affected AFM1 more notable than OTA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bülent Güneş
- Child Health and Disease Service, Özel Şan Med Hospital, Şanlıurfa, Turkey
| | - Suzan Yalçin
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey
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Nguyen T, Palmer J, Loo T, Shilton A, Petcu M, Newson HL, Flint S. Investigation of UV light treatment (254 nm) on the reduction of aflatoxin M1 in skim milk and degradation products after treatment. Food Chem 2022; 390:133165. [PMID: 35561509 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the reduction of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in skim milk by using ultraviolet light at 254 nm and the effects of influencing factors on the efficacy including treatment time (min), depth of samples (mm), contamination level (μg L-1), stirring, temperature, and fat content in milk. The colour and pH of milk samples were measured to evaluate the influence of the treatment on these values. It was found that short-wave ultraviolet radiation (UVC) reduced up to 50% of AFM1 in milk after 20 min of treatment regardless of the initial AFM1 contamination level. Treatment time, depth of samples, and stirring were all found to significantly (P < 0.05) enhance the reduction of AFM1. The milk colour was affected but there was no influence on the pH of milk samples at any duration of UV exposure. It is concluded that UVC light treatment has the potential to reduce AFM1 in milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thu Nguyen
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, New Zealand.
| | - Jon Palmer
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, New Zealand
| | - Trevor Loo
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, New Zealand
| | - Andrew Shilton
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, New Zealand
| | | | | | - Steve Flint
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, New Zealand
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Rehman S, Iqbal Z, Qureshi R, Rahman IU, Sakhi S, Khan I, Hashem A, Al-Arjani ABF, Almutairi KF, Abd_Allah EF, Ali N, Khan MA, Ijaz F. Ethnoveterinary Practices of Medicinal Plants Among Tribes of Tribal District of North Waziristan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:815294. [PMID: 35400104 PMCID: PMC8990162 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.815294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Domestic animals play a vital role in the development of human civilization. Plants are utilized as remedies for a variety of domestic animals, in addition to humans. The tribes of North Waziristan are extremely familiar with the therapeutic potential of medicinal plants as ethnoveterinary medicines. The present study was carried out during 2018–2019 to record ethnoveterinary knowledge of the local plants that are being used by the tribal communities of North Waziristan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. In all, 56 medicinal plant species belonging to 42 families were identified, which were reported to treat 45 different animal diseases. These included 32 herbs, 12 shrubs, and 12 trees. Among the plant families, Asteraceae contributed the most species (5 spp.), followed by Amaranthaceae (4 spp.), Solanaceae (4 species), and Alliaceae, Araceae, and Lamiaceae (2 spp. each). The most common ethnoveterinary applications were documented for the treatment of blood in urine, bone injury, colic, indigestion, postpartum retention, skin diseases, constipation, increased milk production, mastitis, foot, and mouth diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabith Rehman
- Department of Botany, Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan
| | - Zafar Iqbal
- Department of Botany, Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan
| | - Rahmatullah Qureshi
- Department of Botany, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Inayat Ur Rahman
- Department of Botany, Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan
- William L. Brown Center, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO, United States
- *Correspondence: Inayat Ur Rahman
| | - Shazia Sakhi
- Department of Botany, University of Swat, Swat, Pakistan
| | - Imran Khan
- Department of Botany, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Sheringal, Pakistan
| | - Abeer Hashem
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Khalid F. Almutairi
- Department of Plant Production, College of Food and Agriculture Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Elsayed Fathi Abd_Allah
- Department of Plant Production, College of Food and Agriculture Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Niaz Ali
- Department of Botany, Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan
| | | | - Farhana Ijaz
- Department of Botany, Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan
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Kaur S, Bedi JS, Dhaka P, Vijay D, Aulakh RS. Exposure assessment and risk characterization of aflatoxin M1 through consumption of market milk and milk products in Ludhiana, Punjab. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.107991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Akash MSH, Rehman K, Irshad K. Prevalence of contamination of aflatoxin M 1 in milk: a retrospective analysis of studies conducted in Pakistan. Environ Monit Assess 2021; 193:456. [PMID: 34213650 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09235-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxins, produced by multiple fungal species, are present in several kinds of food items and animal feed. Several studies conducted in Pakistan have reported the presence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in milk. Hence, owing to the public health concern and absence of general statistics regarding the prevalence of AFM1 contamination, current study was aimed to investigate the prevalence of AFM1 in milk in Pakistan. For this study, various databases were searched from 2007 to 2020. A random effect model was applied for analytical purpose and heterogeneity of selected studies was investigated with an I2 index. Comprehensive meta-analysis (version 3) was used for analysis of data. According to the results, prevalence of AFM1 in milk was 84.4% (95% CI 75.0-90.7%). Regarding the heterogeneity based on meta-regression, it has been observed that there was a significant difference between the effect of year of study and sample size with prevalence of AFM1 in animal milk. These results suggest that AFM1 contamination in animal milk is high in Pakistan. Hence, continuous monitoring of AFM1 in animal milk requires utmost attention from the respective food and drug regulatory authorities of Pakistan so that the strict actions and preventive measures should be taken to prevent the prevalence of exposure of AFM1 in animal milk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kanwal Rehman
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Kanwal Irshad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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13
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Mohammadi S, Keshavarzi M, Kazemi A, Berizi E, Mohsenpour MA, Ghaffarian‐Bahraman A. Occurrence of aflatoxin M 1 in yogurt of five countries in west Asia region: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. J Food Saf 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Salman Mohammadi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran
| | - Majid Keshavarzi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering School of Public Health, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences Sabzevar Iran
| | - Asma Kazemi
- Nutrition Research Center Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran
| | - Enayat Berizi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Mohsenpour
- Department of Clinical Nutrition School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran
| | - Ali Ghaffarian‐Bahraman
- Occupational Environment Research Center Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences Rafsanjan Iran
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Min L, Li D, Tong X, Sun H, Chen W, Wang G, Zheng N, Wang J. The challenges of global occurrence of aflatoxin M1 contamination and the reduction of aflatoxin M1 in milk over the past decade. Food Control 2020; 117:107352. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Puga-Torres B, Salazar D, Cachiguango M, Cisneros G, Gómez-Bravo C. Determination of Aflatoxin M1 in Raw Milk from Different Provinces of Ecuador. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E498. [PMID: 32756414 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12080498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is a mycotoxin from Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus, classified as carcinogenic and hepatotoxic. The objective of the present investigation was to determine its presence in raw milk from north-central Ecuador, constituted by the provinces of Pichincha, Manabí, and Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas. These areas represent approximately 30% of Ecuadorian milk production. By the end of the investigation, a total of 209 raw milk samples were collected, obtained both during the dry (June and August) and rainy seasons (April and November) of 2019. AFM1 concentrations were measured with lateral flow immunochromatographic assays, and 100% of the samples were positive for this mycotoxin, presenting a mean value of 0.0774 μg/kg with a range of 0.023 to 0.751 μg/kg. These AFM1 levels exceeded the European Union regulatory limit of 0.05 μg/kg in 59.3% (124/209) of samples, while only 1.9% (4/209) exceeded the Ecuadorian legal limit of 0.5 μg/kg. By using non-parametric tests, significant differences were determined (p ≤ 0.05) between the provinces for months of study, climatic season (being higher in the dry season), and climatic region (greater in the coast region). On the other hand, there were no significant differences (p ≥ 0.05) between the types of producers or between production systems. Therefore, AFM1 contamination in raw milk does not present a serious public health problem in Ecuador, but a monitoring and surveillance program for this mycotoxin in milk should be developed to prevent consumer health problems.
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Salari N, Kazeminia M, Vaisi-raygani A, Jalali R, Mohammadi M. Aflatoxin M1 in Milk Worldwide from 1988 to 2020: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J FOOD QUALITY 2020; 2020:1-14. [DOI: 10.1155/2020/8862738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. Aflatoxins are found in various types of food and animal feed. Food contamination with aflatoxin toxin is of particular importance today. Various studies have reported different prevalence of aflatoxin M1 in animal milk. Therefore, due to the importance of this toxin, its role in health, and lack of general statistics about it worldwide, the present study aimed to determine the prevalence of aflatoxin M1 in milk worldwide with a systematic review and meta-analysis study. Methods. In this review study, national and international databases were extracted from SID, MagIran, IranMedex, IranDoc, Embase, ScienceDirect, Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science (ISI) between January 1988 and February 2020. A random effects model was used for analysis, and heterogeneity of studies with an I2 index was investigated. Data were analyzed using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (version 2). Results. The prevalence of aflatoxin M1 in milk worldwide from January 1988 to February 2020 in 122 articles with a sample size of 18921 was 79.1% (95% CI: 75.5–82.3%). Regarding the heterogeneity based on metaregression, there was a significant difference between the effect of the year of study (p≤0.001) and sample size (p≤0.001) with the prevalence of aflatoxin M1 in animal milk. Conclusion. The results of this study show that the prevalence of aflatoxin M1 in milk is high worldwide. Therefore, considering the importance of the milk group and its products, special measures should be taken to protect the ration from aflatoxin molds and milk quality.
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Akbar N, Nasir M, Naeem N, Ahmad M, Saeed F, Anjum FM, Iqbal S, Imran M, Tufail T, Shah F, Atif M. Assessment of aflatoxin in milk and feed samples and impact of seasonal variations in the Punjab, Pakistan. Food Sci Nutr 2020; 8:2699-2709. [PMID: 32566187 PMCID: PMC7300088 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study was designed to assess the incidence of aflatoxin contamination in animal feed and raw milk samples (total 240 each) collected from dairy farms during the complete year of 2015. These samples were collected through a cluster random sampling technique by dividing the province of Punjab, Pakistan into five clusters (north, south, east, west and central). Factors (environmental & physical) affecting aflatoxin contamination in milk and animal feed at farms were also studied. The AFM1 levels in raw milk & AFB1 levels in feed samples were analyzed by using the ELISA technique. Results demonstrated that overall about 53% raw milk samples from dairy farms were contaminated beyond the US MRL (0.50 µg/L) for AFM1 with than average level of 0.59 µg/L, while the 95% farm feed samples were exceeding the FDA MRL (20 µg/kg) of AFB1 with average level of 43 µg/kg. During winter season, the concentration of AFM1 was higher in all clusters with avg 0.68 µg/L, while the AFB1 contamination was highest in the spring season with avg 54 µg/kg. Market feed prices had negative correlation with AFB1 contamilevels, which were further supported by the positive correlation between quantity of feed at farms with AFM1 and AFB1 contamination. Results exhibited significantly positive impact of environmental factors on milk and feed aflatoxin contamination levels, whereas temperature showed an inverse relationship with AFM1 and AFB1 levels. The study recommends need of synergistic extension work to support dairy farms and highlight the contamination levels for regulatory bodies to introduce strategic policies for control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveed Akbar
- Department of Food Science and Human NutritionUniversity of Veterinary and Animal SciencesLahorePakistan
| | - Muhammad Nasir
- Department of Food Science and Human NutritionUniversity of Veterinary and Animal SciencesLahorePakistan
| | - Naureen Naeem
- Department of Food Science and Human NutritionUniversity of Veterinary and Animal SciencesLahorePakistan
| | - Mansur‐ud‐Din Ahmad
- Department of Epidemiology and Public HealthUniversity of Veterinary and Animal SciencesLahorePakistan
| | - Farhan Saeed
- Institute of Home and Food SciencesGovernment College UniversityFaisalabadPakistan
| | | | - Sanaullah Iqbal
- Department of Food Science and Human NutritionUniversity of Veterinary and Animal SciencesLahorePakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran
- University Institute of Diet and Nutritional SciencesFaculty of Allied Health SciencesThe University of LahoreLahorePakistan
| | - Tabussam Tufail
- University Institute of Diet and Nutritional SciencesFaculty of Allied Health SciencesThe University of LahoreLahorePakistan
| | - Faiz‐ul‐Hassan Shah
- University Institute of Diet and Nutritional SciencesFaculty of Allied Health SciencesThe University of LahoreLahorePakistan
| | - Muhammad Atif
- Department of Clinical Laboratory SciencesCollege of Applied Medical SciencesJouf UniversityKingdom of Saudi ArabiaSakaka
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Yunus AW, Ullah A, Lindahl JF, Anwar Z, Ullah A, Saif S, Ali M, Zahur AB, Irshad H, Javaid S, Imtiaz N, Farooq U, Ahsan A, Fatima Z, Hashmi AA, Abbasi BHA, Bari Z, Khan IU, Ibrahim MNM. Aflatoxin Contamination of Milk Produced in Peri-urban Farms of Pakistan: Prevalence and Contributory Factors. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:159. [PMID: 32194511 PMCID: PMC7064436 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin M1 contamination of milk in Pakistan, like many developing countries, is poorly understood. The present study was therefore conducted to determine AFM1 contamination of milk and its contributory factors in Pakistan. We sampled milk and feedstuffs from 450 peri-urban dairy farms in seven major cities following a cross-sectional study design. Analysis of milk using ELISA revealed high contamination with an overall average of 3164.5 ng of AFM1/L, and significant differences (p < 0.001) between cities. The milk sampled from Gilgit, in northern hilly areas, had an average AFM1 level of 92.5 ng/L. Milk from other cities had 3529.7 ng/L average contamination, with only 5.7% samples qualifying the maximum tolerable limit of 500 ng of AFM1/L. Heavy mean aflatoxin contamination was found in bakery waste (724.6 μg/kg), and cottonseed cake (600.8 μg/kg). Rest of the other feedstuffs had moderate to low mean aflatoxin contamination, ranging from 66.0 μg/kg in maize stover to 3.4 μg/kg in wheat bran. The mean aflatoxin level in commercial dairy concentrates was 32.7 µg/kg. About 80% of the total aflatoxin intake of dairy animals was contributed by cottonseed cake alone due to its high aflatoxin contamination and proportion in dairy rations. On-farm storage time of oilseed cakes varied (p < 0.01) in different cities but was not associated with aflatoxin contamination. The exceptionally high AFM1 contamination suggests that milk from peri-urban dairy farms is a serious public health threat in Pakistan. This situation can be mitigated by reducing aflatoxin contamination in cottonseed cake and promoting the use of commercial concentrates and other feedstuffs with low contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agha Waqar Yunus
- Animal Sciences Institute, PARC National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Aman Ullah
- Animal Sciences Institute, PARC National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Zahid Anwar
- Department of Animal Genomics and Biotechnology, PARC Institute of Advanced Studies in Agriculture, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Atta Ullah
- Department of Animal Genomics and Biotechnology, PARC Institute of Advanced Studies in Agriculture, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sharjeel Saif
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mubarak Ali
- Animal Sciences Institute, PARC National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Aamer Bin Zahur
- Animal Sciences Institute, PARC National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Hamid Irshad
- Animal Sciences Institute, PARC National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Shahbaz Javaid
- Animal Sciences Institute, PARC National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Nida Imtiaz
- Department of Animal Genomics and Biotechnology, PARC Institute of Advanced Studies in Agriculture, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Umer Farooq
- Animal Sciences Institute, PARC National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Aitzaz Ahsan
- Animal Sciences Institute, PARC National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Zahida Fatima
- Animal Sciences Institute, PARC National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Babar Hilal Ahmad Abbasi
- Center for Advanced Studies in Vaccinology and Biotechnology, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Zubair Bari
- Livestock and Dairy Development Department, Lahore, Pakistan
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Agriopoulou S, Stamatelopoulou E, Varzakas T. Advances in Occurrence, Importance, and Mycotoxin Control Strategies: Prevention and Detoxification in Foods. Foods 2020; 9:E137. [PMID: 32012820 PMCID: PMC7074356 DOI: 10.3390/foods9020137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic substances that can infect many foods with carcinogenic, genotoxic, teratogenic, nephrotoxic, and hepatotoxic effects. Mycotoxin contamination of foodstuffs causes diseases worldwide. The major classes of mycotoxins that are of the greatest agroeconomic importance are aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, emerging Fusarium mycotoxins, enniatins, ergot alkaloids, Alternaria toxins, and patulin. Thus, in order to mitigate mycotoxin contamination of foods, many control approaches are used. Prevention, detoxification, and decontamination of mycotoxins can contribute in this purpose in the pre-harvest and post-harvest stages. Therefore, the purpose of the review is to elaborate on the recent advances regarding the occurrence of main mycotoxins in many types of important agricultural products, as well as the methods of inactivation and detoxification of foods from mycotoxins in order to reduce or fully eliminate them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Agriopoulou
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of the Peloponnese, Antikalamos, 24100 Kalamata, Greece; (E.S.); (T.V.)
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