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Tang X, Li S, Zhou J, Bian X, Wang J, Han N, Zhu X, Tao R, Wang W, Sun M, Li P, Zhang X, Li B. Recombinant bivalent subunit vaccine combining truncated VP4 from P[7] and P[23] induces protective immunity against prevalent porcine rotaviruses. J Virol 2024; 98:e0021224. [PMID: 38591886 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00212-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine rotaviruses (PoRVs) cause severe economic losses in the swine industry. P[7] and P[23] are the predominant genotypes circulating on farms, but no vaccine is yet available. Here, we developed a bivalent subunit PoRV vaccine using truncated versions (VP4*) of the VP4 proteins from P[7] and P[23]. The vaccination of mice with the bivalent subunit vaccine elicited more robust neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) and cellular immune responses than its components, even at high doses. The bivalent subunit vaccine and inactivated bivalent vaccine prepared from strains PoRVs G9P[7] and G9P[23] were used to examine their protective efficacy in sows and suckling piglets after passive immunization. The immunized sows showed significantly elevated NAbs in the serum and colostrum, and the suckling piglets acquired high levels of sIgA antibodies from the colostrum. Challenging subunit-vaccinated or inactivated-vaccinated piglets with homologous virulent strains did not induce diarrhea, except in one or two piglets, which had mild diarrhea. Immunization with the bivalent subunit vaccine and inactivated vaccine also alleviated the microscopic lesions in the intestinal tissues caused by the challenge with the corresponding homologous virulent strain. However, all the piglets in the challenged group displayed mild to watery diarrhea and high levels of viral shedding, whereas the feces and intestines of the piglets in the bivalent subunit vaccine and inactivated vaccine groups had lower viral loads. In summary, our data show for the first time that a bivalent subunit vaccine combining VP4*P[7] and VP4*P[23] effectively protects piglets against the diarrhea caused by homologous virulent strains.IMPORTANCEPoRVs are the main causes of diarrhea in piglets worldwide. The multisegmented genome of PoRVs allows the reassortment of VP4 and VP7 genes from different RV species and strains. The P[7] and P[23] are the predominant genotypes circulating in pig farms, but no vaccine is available at present in China. Subunit vaccines, as nonreplicating vaccines, are an option to cope with variable genotypes. Here, we have developed a bivalent subunit candidate vaccine based on a truncated VP4 protein, which induced robust humoral and cellular immune responses and protected piglets against challenge with homologous PoRV. It also appears to be safe. These data show that the truncated VP4-protein-based subunit vaccine is a promising candidate for the prevention of PoRV diarrhea.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Swine
- Rotavirus/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Swine Diseases/prevention & control
- Swine Diseases/virology
- Swine Diseases/immunology
- Capsid Proteins/immunology
- Capsid Proteins/genetics
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Vaccines, Subunit/immunology
- Vaccines, Subunit/administration & dosage
- Rotavirus Infections/prevention & control
- Rotavirus Infections/veterinary
- Rotavirus Infections/immunology
- Rotavirus Infections/virology
- Rotavirus Vaccines/immunology
- Rotavirus Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Mice
- Female
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Diarrhea/prevention & control
- Diarrhea/virology
- Diarrhea/veterinary
- Diarrhea/immunology
- Genotype
- Immunity, Cellular
- Vaccination
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuechao Tang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Sufen Li
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinzhu Zhou
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Coinnovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou, China
| | - Xianyu Bian
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianxin Wang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Nan Han
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuejiao Zhu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Coinnovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou, China
| | - Ran Tao
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Coinnovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Coinnovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou, China
| | - Min Sun
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Coinnovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou, China
| | - Peng Li
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Xuehan Zhang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Coinnovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou, China
| | - Bin Li
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
- Jiangsu Coinnovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou, China
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Yang J, Sun W, Dai S. Risk Factors of Convulsions in Children With Rotavirus Gastroenteritis and Construction of a Nomogram Prediction Model. Pediatr Emerg Care 2024; 40:395-399. [PMID: 38412521 DOI: 10.1097/pec.0000000000003136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to investigate and analyze the risk factors of convulsions in children with rotavirus gastroenteritis and to construct a nomogram prediction model. METHODS A retrospective analysis was performed on 940 cases of pediatric patients with rotavirus gastroenteritis treated in our hospital from December 2017 to December 2022. Based on whether convulsions occurred during hospitalization, patients were divided into the convulsion group (n = 135) and the convulsion-free group (n = 805). Clinical information of patients in both groups was collected, logistic regression analysis was carried out to analyze the convulsion risk factors pertaining to children with rotavirus gastroenteritis, and a nomogram prediction model was constructed. RESULTS The univariate analysis revealed that fever, frequency of diarrhea, white blood cell count, blood calcium level, blood glucose level, CO 2 CP, creatine kinase myocardial band (CK-MB), and blood pH value were all factors that display statistically significant differences at the level of P = 0.05. Then, logistic regression analysis was carried out, taking the occurrence of such convulsions as the dependent variable and the aforementioned factors as independent variables. The results show that fever, frequency of diarrhea, blood calcium, CO 2 CP, and CK-MB were the independent risk factors ( P < 0.05), whereas the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (area under the curve) of the constructed nomogram prediction model based on these factors was 0.842 (95% confidence interval, 0.821-0.914). CONCLUSIONS Frequency of diarrhea, blood calcium, CO 2 CP, and CK-MB are independent risk factors for the occurrence of convulsions in children with rotavirus gastroenteritis. The nomogram prediction model constructed based on these risk factors provides guidance and value in effectively preventing and controlling convulsions in children with rotavirus gastroenteritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- From the Department of Infectious Disease, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weiwei Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, Maternal and Child Care Service of Huai'an, Huai'an, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shasha Dai
- From the Department of Infectious Disease, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Mansour Ghanaiee R, Fallah T, Karimi A, Sedighi I, Tariverdi M, Nazari T, Nahanmoghaddam N, Sedighi P, Nateghian A, Amirali A, Monavari SH, Fallahi M, Zahraei SM, Mahmoudi S, Elikaei A, Alebouyeh M. Multicenter Study of Rotavirus Infection, Diversity of Circulating Genotypes and Clinical Outcomes in Children ≤5 Years Old in Iran. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2024; 43:320-327. [PMID: 38190647 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000004231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To determine the epidemiology of rotavirus group A (RVA) infection in symptomatic children, and analyze genotype diversity in association with clinical characteristics, geographical and seasonal changes. METHODS The stool samples of symptomatic children 5≥ years old were collected from 5 different hospitals during December 2020 and March 2022. Rotavirus stool antigen test was done and G and P genotypes of the positive samples were determined. Associations of the infection and genotype diversity with demographical and clinical data were assessed by statistical methods. RESULTS RVA infection was detected in 32.1% (300/934) of the patients (Ranges between 28.4% and 47.4%). An inverse association with age was detected, where the highest frequency was measured in children ≤12 months of age (175/482, 36.3%). The infection was more frequent during winter (124/284, 43.7%) and spring (64/187, 34.2%). Children who were exclusively fed with breast milk showed a lower rate of infection (72/251, 28.6%). Among the 46 characterized genotypes (17 single- and 29 mixed-genotype infections), G1P[8] and G9P[4] were more frequently detected in children <36 (67/234, 28.63%) and 36-60 (7/24, 29.16%) months of age children, respectively. A seasonal diversity in the circulating genotypes was detected in different cities. Children with G1P[8], G1P[6], and mixed-genotype infection experienced a shorter duration of hospitalization, and a higher frequency of nausea and severe diarrhea, respectively. CONCLUSIONS In this study high frequency of RVA infection was detected in symptomatic children in Iran. Moreover, genotype diversity according to geographic area, seasons, age groups, and clinical features of disease was detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana Mansour Ghanaiee
- From the Pediatric Infections Research Center, Research Institute for Children's Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tina Fallah
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdollah Karimi
- From the Pediatric Infections Research Center, Research Institute for Children's Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Iraj Sedighi
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Marjan Tariverdi
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Tayebe Nazari
- From the Pediatric Infections Research Center, Research Institute for Children's Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Negin Nahanmoghaddam
- Department of Pediatrics, Bouali Hospital Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Parinaz Sedighi
- Student Research Committee, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Nateghian
- Department of Pediatrics, Ali Asghar Children's hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arezu Amirali
- From the Pediatric Infections Research Center, Research Institute for Children's Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Hamidreza Monavari
- Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Fallahi
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohsen Zahraei
- Center for Communicable Diseases Control, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sussan Mahmoudi
- Center for Communicable Diseases Control, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ameneh Elikaei
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Alebouyeh
- From the Pediatric Infections Research Center, Research Institute for Children's Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Latifi T, Kachooei A, Jalilvand S, Zafarian S, Roohvand F, Shoja Z. Correlates of immune protection against human rotaviruses: natural infection and vaccination. Arch Virol 2024; 169:72. [PMID: 38459213 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-024-05975-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Species A rotaviruses are the leading viral cause of acute gastroenteritis in children under 5 years of age worldwide. Despite progress in the characterization of the pathogenesis and immunology of rotavirus-induced gastroenteritis, correlates of protection (CoPs) in the course of either natural infection or vaccine-induced immunity are not fully understood. There are numerous factors such as serological responses (IgA and IgG), the presence of maternal antibodies (Abs) in breast milk, changes in the intestinal microbiome, and rotavirus structural and non-structural proteins that contribute to the outcome of the CoP. Indeed, while an intestinal IgA response and its surrogate, the serum IgA level, are suggested as the principal CoPs for oral rotavirus vaccines, the IgG level is more likely to be a CoP for parenteral non-replicating rotavirus vaccines. Integrating clinical and immunological data will be instrumental in improving rotavirus vaccine efficacy, especially in low- and middle-income countries, where vaccine efficacy is significantly lower than in high-income countries. Further knowledge on CoPs against rotavirus disease will be helpful for next-generation vaccine development. Herein, available data and literature on interacting components and proposed CoPs against human rotavirus disease are reviewed, and limitations and gaps in our knowledge in this area are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayebeh Latifi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA
| | - Atefeh Kachooei
- Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Somayeh Jalilvand
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saman Zafarian
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzin Roohvand
- Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zabihollah Shoja
- Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
- Research Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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Roier S, Mangala Prasad V, McNeal MM, Lee KK, Petsch B, Rauch S. mRNA-based VP8* nanoparticle vaccines against rotavirus are highly immunogenic in rodents. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:190. [PMID: 38129390 PMCID: PMC10739717 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00790-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the availability of live-attenuated oral vaccines, rotavirus remains a major cause of severe childhood diarrhea worldwide. Due to the growing demand for parenteral rotavirus vaccines, we developed mRNA-based vaccine candidates targeting the viral spike protein VP8*. Our monomeric P2 (universal T cell epitope)-VP8* mRNA design is equivalent to a protein vaccine currently in clinical development, while LS (lumazine synthase)-P2-VP8* was designed to form nanoparticles. Cyro-electron microscopy and western blotting-based data presented here suggest that proteins derived from LS-P2-VP8* mRNA are secreted in vitro and self-assemble into 60-mer nanoparticles displaying VP8*. mRNA encoded VP8* was immunogenic in rodents and introduced both humoral and cellular responses. LS-P2-VP8* induced superior humoral responses to P2-VP8* in guinea pigs, both as monovalent and trivalent vaccines, with encouraging responses detected against the most prevalent P genotypes. Overall, our data provide evidence that trivalent LS-P2-VP8* represents a promising mRNA-based next-generation rotavirus vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vidya Mangala Prasad
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Monica M McNeal
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kelly K Lee
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Nyblade C, Zhou P, Frazier M, Frazier A, Hensley C, Fantasia-Davis A, Shahrudin S, Hoffer M, Agbemabiese CA, LaRue L, Barro M, Patton JT, Parreño V, Yuan L. Human Rotavirus Replicates in Salivary Glands and Primes Immune Responses in Facial and Intestinal Lymphoid Tissues of Gnotobiotic Pigs. Viruses 2023; 15:1864. [PMID: 37766270 PMCID: PMC10534682 DOI: 10.3390/v15091864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Human rotavirus (HRV) is a leading cause of viral gastroenteritis in children across the globe. The virus has long been established as a pathogen of the gastrointestinal tract, targeting small intestine epithelial cells and leading to diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting. Recently, this classical infection pathway was challenged by the findings that murine strains of rotavirus can infect the salivary glands of pups and dams and transmit via saliva from pups to dams during suckling. Here, we aimed to determine if HRV was also capable of infecting salivary glands and spreading in saliva using a gnotobiotic (Gn) pig model of HRV infection and disease. Gn pigs were orally inoculated with various strains of HRV, and virus shedding was monitored for several days post-inoculation. HRV was shed nasally and in feces in all inoculated pigs. Infectious HRV was detected in the saliva of four piglets. Structural and non-structural HRV proteins, as well as the HRV genome, were detected in the intestinal and facial tissues of inoculated pigs. The pigs developed high IgM antibody responses in serum and small intestinal contents at 10 days post-inoculation. Additionally, inoculated pigs had HRV-specific IgM antibody-secreting cells present in the ileum, tonsils, and facial lymphoid tissues. Taken together, these findings indicate that HRV can replicate in salivary tissues and prime immune responses in both intestinal and facial lymphoid tissues of Gn pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Nyblade
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (C.N.); (P.Z.); (M.F.); (A.F.); (C.H.); (A.F.-D.); (V.P.)
| | - Peng Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (C.N.); (P.Z.); (M.F.); (A.F.); (C.H.); (A.F.-D.); (V.P.)
| | - Maggie Frazier
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (C.N.); (P.Z.); (M.F.); (A.F.); (C.H.); (A.F.-D.); (V.P.)
| | - Annie Frazier
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (C.N.); (P.Z.); (M.F.); (A.F.); (C.H.); (A.F.-D.); (V.P.)
| | - Casey Hensley
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (C.N.); (P.Z.); (M.F.); (A.F.); (C.H.); (A.F.-D.); (V.P.)
| | - Ariana Fantasia-Davis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (C.N.); (P.Z.); (M.F.); (A.F.); (C.H.); (A.F.-D.); (V.P.)
| | - Shabihah Shahrudin
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; (S.S.); (M.H.); (C.A.A.); (J.T.P.)
| | - Miranda Hoffer
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; (S.S.); (M.H.); (C.A.A.); (J.T.P.)
| | - Chantal Ama Agbemabiese
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; (S.S.); (M.H.); (C.A.A.); (J.T.P.)
| | - Lauren LaRue
- GIVAX Inc.—RAVEN at RA Capital Management, Boston, MA 02116, USA; (L.L.); (M.B.)
| | - Mario Barro
- GIVAX Inc.—RAVEN at RA Capital Management, Boston, MA 02116, USA; (L.L.); (M.B.)
| | - John T. Patton
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; (S.S.); (M.H.); (C.A.A.); (J.T.P.)
| | - Viviana Parreño
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (C.N.); (P.Z.); (M.F.); (A.F.); (C.H.); (A.F.-D.); (V.P.)
- INCUINTA, IVIT (INTA-Conicet), Hurligham, Buenos Aires 1686, Argentina
| | - Lijuan Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (C.N.); (P.Z.); (M.F.); (A.F.); (C.H.); (A.F.-D.); (V.P.)
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