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Zhang J, Zhang Y, Khanal S, Cao D, Zhao J, Dang X, Nguyen LNT, Schank M, Wu XY, Jiang Y, Ning S, Wang L, El Gazzar M, Moorman JP, Guo H, Yao ZQ. Synthetic gRNA/Cas9 ribonucleoprotein targeting HBV DNA inhibits viral replication. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28952. [PMID: 37455550 PMCID: PMC10977344 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
The presence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) covalently closed circular (ccc) DNA (cccDNA), which serves as a template for viral replication and integration of HBV DNA into the host cell genome, sustains liver pathogenesis and constitutes an intractable barrier to the eradication of chronic HBV infection. The current antiviral therapy for HBV infection, using nucleos(t)ide analogues (NAs), can suppress HBV replication but cannot eliminate integrated HBV DNA and episomal cccDNA. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/Cas9 is a powerful genetic tool that can edit integrated HBV DNA and minichromosomal cccDNA for gene therapy, but its expression and delivery require a viral vector, which poses safety concerns for therapeutic applications in humans. In the present study, we used synthetic guide RNA (gRNA)/Cas9-ribonucleoprotein (RNP) as a nonviral formulation to develop a novel CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene therapy for eradicating HBV infection. We designed a series of gRNAs targeting multiple specific HBV genes and tested their antiviral efficacy and cytotoxicity in different HBV cellular models. Transfection of stably HBV-infected human hepatoma cell line HepG2.2.15 with HBV-specific gRNA/Cas9 RNPs resulted in a substantial reduction in HBV transcripts. Specifically, gRNA5 and/or gRNA9 RNPs significantly reduced HBV cccDNA, total HBV DNA, pregenomic RNA, and HBV antigen (HBsAg, HBeAg) levels. T7 endonuclease 1 (T7E1) cleavage assay and DNA sequencing confirmed specific HBV gene cleavage and mutations at or around the gRNA target sites. Notably, this gene-editing system did not alter cellular viability or proliferation in the treated cells. Because of their rapid DNA cleavage capability, low off-target effects, low risk of insertional mutagenesis, and readiness for use in clinical application, these results suggest that synthetic gRNA/Cas9 RNP-based gene-editing can be utilized as a promising therapeutic drug for eradicating chronic HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyu Zhang
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee 37614
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Quillen College of Medicine, ETSU, Johnson City, Tennessee 37614
| | - Yi Zhang
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee 37614
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Quillen College of Medicine, ETSU, Johnson City, Tennessee 37614
| | - Sushant Khanal
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee 37614
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Quillen College of Medicine, ETSU, Johnson City, Tennessee 37614
| | - Dechao Cao
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee 37614
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Quillen College of Medicine, ETSU, Johnson City, Tennessee 37614
| | - Juan Zhao
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee 37614
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Quillen College of Medicine, ETSU, Johnson City, Tennessee 37614
| | - Xindi Dang
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee 37614
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Quillen College of Medicine, ETSU, Johnson City, Tennessee 37614
| | - Lam Ngoc Thao Nguyen
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee 37614
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Quillen College of Medicine, ETSU, Johnson City, Tennessee 37614
| | - Madison Schank
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee 37614
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Quillen College of Medicine, ETSU, Johnson City, Tennessee 37614
| | - Xiao Y. Wu
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee 37614
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Quillen College of Medicine, ETSU, Johnson City, Tennessee 37614
| | - Yong Jiang
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee 37614
| | - Shunbin Ning
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee 37614
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Quillen College of Medicine, ETSU, Johnson City, Tennessee 37614
| | - Ling Wang
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee 37614
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Quillen College of Medicine, ETSU, Johnson City, Tennessee 37614
| | - Mohamed El Gazzar
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee 37614
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Quillen College of Medicine, ETSU, Johnson City, Tennessee 37614
| | - Jonathan P. Moorman
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee 37614
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Quillen College of Medicine, ETSU, Johnson City, Tennessee 37614
- HCV/HBV/HIV Program, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, Johnson City, Tennessee 37614
| | - Haitao Guo
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Zhi Q. Yao
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee 37614
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Quillen College of Medicine, ETSU, Johnson City, Tennessee 37614
- HCV/HBV/HIV Program, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, Johnson City, Tennessee 37614
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Fazlalipour M, Ghoreshi ZAS, Molaei HR, Arefinia N. The Role of DNA Viruses in Human Cancer. Cancer Inform 2023; 22:11769351231154186. [PMID: 37363356 PMCID: PMC10286548 DOI: 10.1177/11769351231154186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This review discusses the possible involvement of infections-associated cancers in humans, with virus infections contributing 15% to 20% of total cancer cases in humans. DNA virus encoded proteins interact with host cellular signaling pathways and control proliferation, cell death and genomic integrity viral oncoproteins are known to bind cellular Deubiquitinates (DUBs) such as cyclindromatosis tumor suppressor, ubiquitin-specific proteases 7, 11, 15 and 20, and A-20 to improve their intracellular stability and cellular signaling pathways and finally transformation. Human papillomaviruses (cervical carcinoma, oral cancer and laryngeal cancer); human polyomaviruses (mesotheliomas, brain tumors); Epstein-Barr virus (B-cell lymphoproliferative diseases and nasopharyngeal carcinoma); Kaposi's Sarcoma Herpesvirus (Kaposi's Sarcoma and primary effusion lymphomas); hepatitis B (hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)) cause up to 20% of malignancies around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Fazlalipour
- WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Rabies, Pasteur Institute of Iran (IPI), Tehran, Iran
- Research Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran (IPI), Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Hamid Reza Molaei
- Department of Medical Bacteriology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Nasir Arefinia
- Student Research Committee, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
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Khan AA, Nema V, Ashraf MT. Host-microbiota interactions and oncogenesis: Crosstalk and its implications in etiology. Microb Pathog 2023; 178:106063. [PMID: 36893903 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
A number of articles have discussed the potential of microbiota in oncogenesis. Several of these have evaluated the modulation of microbiota and its influence on cancer development. Even in recent past, a plethora of studies have gathered in order to understand the difference in microbiota population among different cancer and normal individuals. Although in majority of studies, microbiota mediated oncogenesis has been primarily attributed to the inflammatory mechanisms, there are several other ways through which microbiota can influence oncogenesis. These relatively less discussed aspects including the hormonal modulation through estrobolome and endobolome, production of cyclomodulins, and lateral gene transfer need more attention of scientific community. We prepared this article to discuss the role of microbiota in oncogenesis in order to provide concise information on these relatively less discussed microbiota mediated oncogenesis mechanisms.
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Wang Y, Ma L, Xue P, Qin B, Wang T, Li B, Wu L, Zhao L, Liu X. Construction and Analysis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Prognostic Model Based on Random Forest. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 2023:6707698. [PMID: 36685007 PMCID: PMC9851787 DOI: 10.1155/2023/6707698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Methods Transcriptome data and clinical data of HCC were downloaded from the TCGA database. Screen important genes based on the random forest method, combined with differential expression genes (DEGs) to screen out important DEGs. The Kaplan‒Meier curve was used to evaluate its prognostic significance. Cox regression analysis was used to construct a survival prognosis prediction model, and the ROC curve was used to verify it. Finally, the mechanism of action was explored through GO and KEGG pathway enrichment and GeneMANIA coexpression analyses. Results Seven important DEGs were identified, three were highly expressed and four were lowly expressed. Among them, GPRIN1, MYBL2, and GSTM5 were closely related to prognosis (P < 0.05). After the survival prognosis prediction model was established, the survival analysis showed that the survival time of the high-risk group was significantly shortened (P < 0.001), but the ROC analysis indicated that the model was not superior to staging. Twenty coexpressed genes were screened, and enrichment analysis indicated that glutathione metabolism was an important mechanism for these genes to regulate HCC progression. Conclusion This study revealed the important DEGs affecting HCC progression and provided references for clinical assessment of patient prognosis and exploration of HCC progression mechanisms through the construction of predictive models and gene enrichment analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yikai Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China
| | - Le Ma
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China
| | - Pengjun Xue
- Department of Operating Room, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Bianni Qin
- Department of Operating Room, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Operating Room, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Operating Room, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Lina Wu
- Department of Operating Room, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Liyan Zhao
- Department of Operating Room, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xiongtao Liu
- Department of Operating Room, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, Shaanxi Province, China
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Cai DM, Mei FB, Zhang CJ, An SC, Lv RB, Ren GH, Xiao CC, Long L, Huang TR, Deng W. The Abnormal Proliferation of Hepatocytes is Associated with MC-LR and C-Terminal Truncated HBX Synergistic Disturbance of the Redox Balance. J Hepatocell Carcinoma 2022; 9:1229-1246. [PMID: 36505941 PMCID: PMC9733568 DOI: 10.2147/jhc.s389574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) are associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the concentrations of MC-LR in drinking water and the synergistic effect of MC-LR and HBV on hepatocellular carcinogenesis through their disturbance of redox balance have not been fully elucidated. Methods We measured the MC-LR concentrations in 168 drinking water samples of areas with a high incidence of HCC. The relationships between MC-LR and both redox status and liver diseases in 177 local residents were analyzed. The hepatoma cell line HepG2 transfected with C-terminal truncated hepatitis B virus X gene (Ct-HBX) were treated with MC-LR. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured. Cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and apoptosis were assessed with cell activity assays, scratch and transwell assays, and flow cytometry, respectively. The mRNA and protein expression-related redox status genes were analyzed with qPCR and Western blotting. Results The average concentration of MC-LR in well water, river water and reservoir water were 57.55 ng/L, 76.74 ng/L and 132.86 ng/L respectively, and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). The MC-LR levels in drinking water were correlated with liver health status, including hepatitis, clonorchiasis, glutamic pyruvic transaminase abnormalities and hepatitis B surface antigen carriage (all P values < 0.05). The serum MDA increased in subjects who drank reservoir water and were infected with HBV (P < 0.05). In the cell experiment, ROS increased when Ct-HBX-transfected HepG2 cells were treated with MC-LR, followed by a decrease in SOD and GSH and an increase in MDA. MC-LR combined with Ct-HBX promoted the proliferation, migration and invasion of HepG2 cells, upregulated the mRNA and protein expression of MAOA gene, and downregulated UCP2 and GPX1 genes. Conclusion MC-LR and HBV may synergistically affect redox status and play an important role in hepatocarcinoma genesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Mei Cai
- Department of Experimental Research, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fan-Biao Mei
- Department of Experimental Research, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chao-Jun Zhang
- Department of Experimental Research, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People’s Republic of China
| | - San-Chun An
- Department of Experimental Research, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rui-Bo Lv
- Department of Experimental Research, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guan-Hua Ren
- Department of Experimental Research, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chan-Chan Xiao
- Department of Experimental Research, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Long Long
- Department of Experimental Research, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People’s Republic of China,Guangxi Cancer Molecular Medicine Engineering Research Center, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tian-Ren Huang
- Department of Experimental Research, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People’s Republic of China,Guangxi Cancer Molecular Medicine Engineering Research Center, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Deng
- Department of Experimental Research, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People’s Republic of China,Guangxi Cancer Molecular Medicine Engineering Research Center, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence: Wei Deng; Tianren Huang, Department of Experimental Research, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, No. 71, Hedi Road, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People’s Republic of China, Email ;
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Katerji M, Bertucci A, Filippov V, Vazquez M, Chen X, Duerksen-Hughes PJ. Proton-induced DNA damage promotes integration of foreign plasmid DNA into human genome. Front Oncol 2022; 12:928545. [PMID: 36119491 PMCID: PMC9478911 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.928545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
High-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs) cause virtually all cervical cancer cases and are also associated with other types of anogenital and oropharyngeal cancers. Normally, HPV exists as a circular episomal DNA in the infected cell. However, in some instances, it integrates into the human genome in such a way as to enable increased expression of viral oncogenes, thereby leading to carcinogenesis. Since viral integration requires breaks in both viral and human genomes, DNA damage likely plays a key role in this critical process. One potentially significant source of DNA damage is exposure to elevated doses of ionizing radiation. Natural background radiation is ubiquitous; however, some populations, including radiological workers, radiotherapy patients, and astronauts, are exposed to significantly higher radiation doses, as well as to different types of radiation such as particle radiation. We hypothesize that ionizing radiation-induced DNA damage facilitates the integration of HPV into the human genome, increasing the risk of developing HPV-related cancers in the exposed population. To test this, we first determined the kinetics of DNA damage in keratinocytes exposed to ionizing radiation (protons) by assessing γ-H2AX foci formation using immunofluorescence (direct damage), and also measured ROS and 8-oxoG levels via DCFDA and Avidin-FITC (indirect damage).As anticipated, direct DNA damage was observed promptly, within 30 min, whereas indirect DNA damage was delayed due to the time required for ROS to accumulate and cause oxidative damage. Although radiation was lethal at high doses, we were able to establish an experimental system where radiation exposure (protons and X-rays) induced DNA damage dose-dependently without causing major cytotoxic effects as assessed by several cytotoxicity assays. Most importantly, we explored the impact of radiation exposure on integration frequency using a clonogenic assay and demonstrated that as predicted, proton-induced DNA damage promotes the integration of HPV-like foreign DNA in oral keratinocytes. Overall, the insights gained from this work enable us to better understand the contribution of radiation exposure and DNA damage to HPV-mediated carcinogenesis and direct us toward strategies aimed at preventing malignancies in HPV-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghri Katerji
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Antonella Bertucci
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Valery Filippov
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Marcelo Vazquez
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, United States
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, United States
- Center for Genomics, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Penelope J. Duerksen-Hughes
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Penelope J. Duerksen-Hughes,
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Linden N, Jones RB. Potential multi-modal effects of provirus integration on HIV-1 persistence: lessons from other viruses. Trends Immunol 2022; 43:617-629. [PMID: 35817699 PMCID: PMC9429957 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2022.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Despite antiretroviral therapy (ART), HIV-1 persists as proviruses integrated into the genomic DNA of CD4+ T cells. The mechanisms underlying the persistence and clonal expansion of these cells remain incompletely understood. Cases have been described in which proviral integration can alter host gene expression to drive cellular proliferation. Here, we review observations from other genome-integrating human viruses to propose additional putative modalities by which HIV-1 integration may alter cellular function to favor persistence, such as by altering susceptibility to cytotoxicity in virus-expressing cells. We propose that signals implicating such mechanisms may have been masked thus far by the preponderance of defective and/or nonreactivatable HIV-1 proviruses, but could be revealed by focusing on the integration sites of intact proviruses with expression potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Linden
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA; Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10021, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - R Brad Jones
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA; Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10021, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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Ballerini P, Contursi A, Bruno A, Mucci M, Tacconelli S, Patrignani P. Inflammation and Cancer: From the Development of Personalized Indicators to Novel Therapeutic Strategies. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:838079. [PMID: 35308229 PMCID: PMC8927697 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.838079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal (CRC) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are associated with chronic inflammation, which plays a role in tumor development and malignant progression. An unmet medical need in these settings is the availability of sensitive and specific noninvasive biomarkers. Their use will allow surveillance of high-risk populations, early detection, and monitoring of disease progression. Moreover, the characterization of specific fingerprints of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) without or with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) at the early stages of liver fibrosis is necessary. Some lines of evidence show the contribution of platelets to intestinal and liver inflammation. Thus, low-dose Aspirin, an antiplatelet agent, reduces CRC and liver cancer incidence and mortality. Aspirin also produces antifibrotic effects in NAFLD. Activated platelets can trigger chronic inflammation and tissue fibrosis via the release of soluble mediators, such as thromboxane (TX) A2 and tumor growth factor (TGF)-β, and vesicles containing genetic material (including microRNA). These platelet-derived products contribute to cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression and prostaglandin (PG)E2 biosynthesis by tumor microenvironment cells, such as immune and endothelial cells and fibroblasts, alongside cancer cells. Enhanced COX-2-dependent PGE2 plays a crucial role in chronic inflammation and promotes tumor progression, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Antiplatelet agents can indirectly prevent the induction of COX-2 in target cells by inhibiting platelet activation. Differently, selective COX-2 inhibitors (coxibs) block the activity of COX-2 expressed in the tumor microenvironment and cancer cells. However, coxib chemopreventive effects are hampered by the interference with cardiovascular homeostasis via the coincident inhibition of vascular COX-2-dependent prostacyclin biosynthesis, resulting in enhanced risk of atherothrombosis. A strategy to improve anti-inflammatory agents' use in cancer prevention could be to develop tissue-specific drug delivery systems. Platelet ability to interact with tumor cells and transfer their molecular cargo can be employed to design platelet-mediated drug delivery systems to enhance the efficacy and reduce toxicity associated with anti-inflammatory agents in these settings. Another peculiarity of platelets is their capability to uptake proteins and transcripts from the circulation. Thus, cancer patient platelets show specific proteomic and transcriptomic expression profiles that could be used as biomarkers for early cancer detection and disease monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Ballerini
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), Chieti, Italy
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, Chieti, Italy
| | - Annalisa Contursi
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), Chieti, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Science, G. d’Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Annalisa Bruno
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), Chieti, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Science, G. d’Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Matteo Mucci
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), Chieti, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Science, G. d’Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Stefania Tacconelli
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), Chieti, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Science, G. d’Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Paola Patrignani
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), Chieti, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Science, G. d’Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
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Poortahmasebi V, Alavian SM, Ghaziasadi A, Azadi A, Nasiri Toosi M, Jazayeri SM. Detection and Quantification of Hepatitis B Virus Genomes in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection, Cirrhosis, and Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients. Hepat Mon 2022; 21. [DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.120982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Background: Several studies have revealed that the hepatitis B virus (HBV) exists in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). It remains poorly understood whether HBV DNA and covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) can emerge in PBMCs of patients with different stages of HBV infection. Objectives: This study aimed to compare the detection of HBV DNA and quantification and presence of cccDNA within PBMC from patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB), cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods: The present study was conducted on 120 participants (30 CHB patients, 30 cirrhosis patients, 30 HCC patients, and 30 healthy controls) from Tehran, Iran. HBV serological markers were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). PBMCs of all individuals were assayed for HBV DNA detection, quantification, and the presence of cccDNA. Results: Of 90 HBV patients, 58 (64.4%) were positive for HBV DNA in PBMCs. HBV DNA was detected in PBMCs isolated from 13/30 CHB, 20/30 cirrhosis, and 25/30 HCC patients. In addition, 6 (20%) CHB, 13 (43.3%) cirrhosis, and 16 (15.3%) HCC patients were cccDNA positive. The HBV viral loads in serums were statistically higher than the HBV viral loads of PBMCs (P < 0.001). A positive correlation was found between HBV DNA loads in serums and PBMCs of patients. Moreover, HBV DNA quantity of serums and PBMCs showed a significant association in terms of hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) status. Conclusions: HBV quantity in PBMCs correlated with serum HBV viral loads. HBV genomes in PBMCs may be a risk factor for HBV disease progression.
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Yassin NYS, AbouZid SF, El-Kalaawy AM, Ali TM, Almehmadi MM, Ahmed OM. Silybum marianum total extract, silymarin and silibinin abate hepatocarcinogenesis and hepatocellular carcinoma growth via modulation of the HGF/c-Met, Wnt/β-catenin, and PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathways. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 145:112409. [PMID: 34781148 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has been identified as one of the most deadly malignancies with limited therapeutic efficacy worldwide. However, understanding the molecular mechanisms of crosstalk between signaling pathways in HCC and predicting cancer cell responses to targeted therapeutic interventions remain to be challenge. Thus, in this study, we aimed to evaluate the anticancerous efficacy of Silybum marianum total extract (STE), silymarin (Sm), and silibinin (Sb) against experimentally-induced HCC in rats. In vitro investigations were also performed and the anticancer effects against HCC cell lines (HepG2 and Huh7) were confirmed. Wistar rats were given diethylnitrosamine (DEN)/2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF)/carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) and were orally treated with STE (200 mg/kg body weight (bw)), Sm (150 mg/kg bw), and Sb (5 mg/kg bw) every other day from the 1st or 16th week to the 25th week of DEN/AAF/CCl4 injection. Treatment with STE, Sm, and Sb inhibited the growth of cancerous lesions in DEN/AAF/CCl4-treated rats. This inhibition was associated with inhibition of Ki-67 expression and repression of HGF/cMet, Wnt/β-catenin, and PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathways. STE, Sm, and Sb improved liver function biomarkers and tumor markers (AFP, CEA, and CA19.9) and increased total protein and albumin levels in serum. STE, Sm, and Sb treatment was also noted to reduce the hepatic production of lipid peroxides, increase hepatic glutathione content, and induce the activities of hepatic antioxidant enzymes in DEN/AAF/CCl4-treated rats. These results indicate that STE, Sm, and Sb exert anti-HCC effects through multiple pathways, including suppression of Ki-67 expression and HGF/cMet, Wnt/β-catenin, and PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathways and enhancement of antioxidant defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour Y S Yassin
- Physiology Division, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, P.O. Box 62521, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Sameh F AbouZid
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University for Sustainable Development, 3 Cairo-Belbeis Desert Road, P.O. Box 3020 El Salam, 11785 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Asmaa M El-Kalaawy
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Tarek M Ali
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Taif University, P. O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mazen M Almehmadi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P. O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osama M Ahmed
- Physiology Division, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, P.O. Box 62521, Beni-Suef, Egypt.
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11
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Medhat A, Arzumanyan A, Feitelson MA. Hepatitis B x antigen (HBx) is an important therapeutic target in the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncotarget 2021; 12:2421-2433. [PMID: 34853663 PMCID: PMC8629409 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.28077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a human pathogen that has infected an estimated two billion people worldwide. Despite the availability of highly efficacious vaccines, universal screening of the blood supply for virus, and potent direct acting anti-viral drugs, there are more than 250 million carriers of HBV who are at risk for the sequential development of hepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). More than 800,000 deaths per year are attributed to chronic hepatitis B. Many different therapeutic approaches have been developed to block virus replication, and although effective, none are curative. These treatments have little or no impact upon the portions of integrated HBV DNA, which often encode the virus regulatory protein, HBx. Although given little attention, HBx is an important therapeutic target because it contributes importantly to (a) HBV replication, (b) in protecting infected cells from immune mediated destruction during chronic infection, and (c) in the development of HCC. Thus, the development of therapies targeting HBx, combined with other established therapies, will provide a functional cure that will target virus replication and further reduce or eliminate both the morbidity and mortality associated with chronic liver disease and HCC. Simultaneous targeting of all these characteristics underscores the importance of developing therapies against HBx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvin Medhat
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Azad University, North Unit, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alla Arzumanyan
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mark A Feitelson
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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12
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Motawi TMK, Sabry D, Shehata NI, William MM, Fahim AT. Impact of FOXP1 rs2687201 genetic variant on the susceptibility to HCV-related hepatocellular carcinoma in Egyptians. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2021; 36:e22965. [PMID: 34783112 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) constitutes a challenging health problem in Egypt due to the high incidence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Improved understanding of genetic mechanisms underlying the individual predisposition to HCC will lead to enhancements in the early diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of this disease. Transcription factor forkhead box P1 (FOXP1) is involved in the cellular processes of proliferation, differentiation, metabolism, and longevity. In addition, it has been implicated in hepatic tumorigenesis. The present study explored the association of C/A single-nucleotide polymorphism in the FOXP1 gene (rs2687201) with HCC susceptibility in HCV Egyptian patients. The study included 108 patients with HCV-dependant HCC, 86 HCV patients, and 80- age and gender-matched healthy controls. rs2687201 genotyping was performed by allelic discrimination method using TaqMan real-time PCR assays while FOXP1 gene expression and protein level were determined using qRT-PCR and enzyme-linked immunoassay, respectively. Our results revealed a significant association between FOXP1 rs2687201 and HCC risk where (A) allele was significantly more frequent in patients with HCC compared to controls (odds ratio [OR]: 1.88, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.17-3.04, p = 0.01) and to HCV patients (OR: 1.85, 95% CI: 1.62-2.94, p = 0.012). Furthermore, FOXP1 gene and protein expression levels were remarkably higher in (CA + AA) than in CC genotype carriers in a dominant model. The (CA + AA) genotype displayed a significantly shorter overall survival than the CC genotype in HCC patients. In conclusion, FOXP1 gene polymorphism rs2687201 is significantly associated with HCC, but not with HCV infection, in Egyptian patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dina Sabry
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Mira Magdy William
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, October 6 University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Atef Tadros Fahim
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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13
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Kato Y, Tabata H, Sato K, Nakamura M, Saito I, Nakanishi T. Adenovirus Vectors Expressing Eight Multiplex Guide RNAs of CRISPR/Cas9 Efficiently Disrupted Diverse Hepatitis B Virus Gene Derived from Heterogeneous Patient. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10570. [PMID: 34638909 PMCID: PMC8508944 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) chronically infects more than 240 million people worldwide, causing chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Genome editing using CRISPR/Cas9 could provide new therapies because it can directly disrupt HBV genomes. However, because HBV genome sequences are highly diverse, the identical target sequence of guide RNA (gRNA), 20 nucleotides in length, is not necessarily present intact in the target HBV DNA in heterogeneous patients. Consequently, possible genome-editing drugs would be effective only for limited numbers of patients. Here, we show that an adenovirus vector (AdV) bearing eight multiplex gRNA expression units could be constructed in one step and amplified to a level sufficient for in vivo study with lack of deletion. Using this AdV, HBV X gene integrated in HepG2 cell chromosome derived from a heterogeneous patient was cleaved at multiple sites and disrupted. Indeed, four targets out of eight could not be cleaved due to sequence mismatches, but the remaining four targets were cleaved, producing irreversible deletions. Accordingly, the diverse X gene was disrupted at more than 90% efficiency. AdV containing eight multiplex gRNA units not only offers multiple knockouts of genes, but could also solve the problems of heterogeneous targets and escape mutants in genome-editing therapy.
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MESH Headings
- Adenoviridae/genetics
- Adenoviridae/physiology
- CRISPR-Cas Systems
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/genetics
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/therapy
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/virology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Gene Editing/methods
- Genetic Vectors/genetics
- HEK293 Cells
- Hep G2 Cells
- Hepatitis B virus/genetics
- Hepatitis B virus/metabolism
- Hepatitis B, Chronic/genetics
- Hepatitis B, Chronic/therapy
- Hepatitis B, Chronic/virology
- Humans
- Liver Neoplasms/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms/therapy
- Liver Neoplasms/virology
- RNA, Guide, CRISPR-Cas Systems/genetics
- RNA, Guide, CRISPR-Cas Systems/metabolism
- Trans-Activators/genetics
- Trans-Activators/metabolism
- Viral Regulatory and Accessory Proteins/genetics
- Viral Regulatory and Accessory Proteins/metabolism
- Virus Replication/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Kato
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Microbial Chemistry (BIKAKEN), Microbial Chemistry Foundation, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0021, Japan; (Y.K.); (H.T.); (M.N.); (T.N.)
| | - Hirotaka Tabata
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Microbial Chemistry (BIKAKEN), Microbial Chemistry Foundation, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0021, Japan; (Y.K.); (H.T.); (M.N.); (T.N.)
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan;
| | - Kumiko Sato
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan;
| | - Mariko Nakamura
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Microbial Chemistry (BIKAKEN), Microbial Chemistry Foundation, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0021, Japan; (Y.K.); (H.T.); (M.N.); (T.N.)
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan;
- Center for Biomedical Research Resources, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Izumu Saito
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Microbial Chemistry (BIKAKEN), Microbial Chemistry Foundation, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0021, Japan; (Y.K.); (H.T.); (M.N.); (T.N.)
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan;
- Department of Physiology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Tomoko Nakanishi
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Microbial Chemistry (BIKAKEN), Microbial Chemistry Foundation, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0021, Japan; (Y.K.); (H.T.); (M.N.); (T.N.)
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan;
- Center for Biomedical Research Resources, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
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14
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Kamara S, Guo Y, Mao S, Ye X, Li Q, Zheng M, Zhu J, Zhang J, Du W, Chen J, Zhu S, Zhang L. Novel EBV LMP1 C-terminal domain binding affibody molecules as potential agents for in vivo molecular imaging diagnosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:7283-7293. [PMID: 34505914 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11559-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is consistently associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latent infection and is common in Southern China and Southeast Asia. The viral latent membrane proteins LMP1 and LMP2 are persistently expressed in NPC tissues; the cytoplasmic domain of LMP1 (LMP1 C-terminal) and LMP2A (LMP2A N-terminal) proteins is essential for maintenance of latency and can alter host cell signaling to facilitate tumor growth and progression. Thus, targeting LMP1 or LMP2 oncoprotein has been an increasing interest for diagnosis and targeted therapy of NPC. Affibody molecules, a new class of small-affinity engineered scaffold proteins, have demonstrated high potential for therapeutics, diagnostics, and biotechnological applications. More recently, radiolabelled HER2-specific affibody molecules have demonstrated to be useful in imaging of HER2 expressing tumor. In this study, we report three novel EBV LMP1 C-terminal (EBV LMP1-C) domain affibody molecules (ZLMP1-C15, ZLMP1-C114, and ZLMP1-C277) were selected by biopanning from a random-peptide displayed phage library and used for molecular imaging in tumor-bearing nude mice. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR), indirect immunofluorescence, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) clearly showed that all three selected affibody molecules have high affinity and specificity in binding to EBV LMP1 protein. Moreover, in vivo tumor imaging revealed that Dylight-755-labeled affibody molecules accumulated rapidly in tumor site after injection (1 h) and then were continuously maintained for 24 h in EBV-positive NPC xenograft mice model. In conclusion, our findings highlight the potential use of ZLMP1-C affibody molecules as tumor-specific molecular imaging agents of EBV-associated NPC.Key points• We screened three novel affibody molecules (ZLMP1-C15, ZLMP1-C114, and ZLMP1-C277) targeting EBV LMP1-C terminal domain• ZLMP1-C recognize the recombinant and native LMP1-C with high affinity and specificity• ZLMP1-C can be used for molecular imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saidu Kamara
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanru Guo
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Mao
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxian Ye
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingfeng Li
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Maolin Zheng
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinshun Zhu
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Wangqi Du
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Chen
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanli Zhu
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Lifang Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Ghosh S, Chakraborty A, Banerjee S. Persistence of Hepatitis B Virus Infection: A Multi-Faceted Player for Hepatocarcinogenesis. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:678537. [PMID: 34526974 PMCID: PMC8435854 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.678537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection has a multi-dimensional effect on the host, which not only alters the dynamics of immune response but also persists in the hepatocytes to predispose oncogenic factors. The virus exists in multiple forms of which the nuclear localized covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) is the most stable and the primary reason for viral persistence even after clearance of surface antigen and viral DNA. The second reason is the existence of pregenomic RNA (pgRNA) containing virion particles. On the other hand, the integration of the viral genome in the host chromosome also leads to persistent production of viral proteins along with the chromosomal instabilities. The interferon treatment or administration of nucleot(s)ide analogs leads to reduction in the viral DNA load, but the pgRNA and surface antigen clearance are a slow process and complete loss of serological HBsAg is rare. The prolonged exposure of immune cells to the viral antigens, particularly HBs antigen, in the blood circulation results in T-cell exhaustion, which disrupts immune clearance of the virus and virus-infected cells. In addition, it predisposes immune-tolerant microenvironment, which facilitates the tumor progression. Thus cccDNA, pgRNA, and HBsAg along with the viral DNA could be the therapeutic targets in the early disease stages that may improve the quality of life of chronic hepatitis B patients by impeding the progression of the disease toward hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Soma Banerjee
- Centre for Liver Research, School of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
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16
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Katerji M, Duerksen-Hughes PJ. DNA damage in cancer development: special implications in viral oncogenesis. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:3956-3979. [PMID: 34522461 PMCID: PMC8414375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA lesions arise from a combination of physiological/metabolic sources and exogenous environmental influences. When left unrepaired, these alterations accumulate in the cells and can give rise to mutations that change the function of important proteins (i.e. tumor suppressors, oncoproteins), or cause chromosomal rearrangements (i.e. gene fusions) that also result in the deregulation of key cellular molecules. Progressive acquisition of such genetic changes promotes uncontrolled cell proliferation and evasion of cell death, and hence plays a key role in carcinogenesis. Another less-studied consequence of DNA damage accumulating in the host genome is the integration of oncogenic DNA viruses such as Human papillomavirus, Merkel cell polyomavirus, and Hepatitis B virus. This critical step of viral-induced carcinogenesis is thought to be particularly facilitated by DNA breaks in both viral and host genomes. Therefore, the impact of DNA damage on carcinogenesis is magnified in the case of such oncoviruses via the additional effect of increasing integration frequency. In this review, we briefly present the various endogenous and exogenous factors that cause different types of DNA damage. Next, we discuss the contribution of these lesions in cancer development. Finally, we examine the amplified effect of DNA damage in viral-induced oncogenesis and summarize the limited data existing in the literature related to DNA damage-induced viral integration. To conclude, additional research is needed to assess the DNA damage pathways involved in the transition from viral infection to cancer. Discovering that a certain DNA damaging agent increases the likelihood of viral integration will enable the development of prophylactic and therapeutic strategies designed specifically to prevent such integration, with an ultimate goal of reducing or eliminating these viral-induced malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghri Katerji
- Department of Basic Science, Loma Linda University School of Medicine Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
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17
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Zhang C, Xiao C, Ren G, Cai D, Long L, Li J, Li K, Tang Y, Huang T, Deng W. C-terminal-truncated hepatitis B virus X protein promotes hepatocarcinogenesis by activating the MAPK pathway. Microb Pathog 2021; 159:105136. [PMID: 34390769 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE C-terminally truncated hepatitis B virus X (ctHBx) is frequently detected in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV) integrated into their genomes, but the molecular mechanisms of ctHBx-related oncogenic signaling remain unclear. In this study, the effects of ctHBx on HepG2 cells were investigated by measuring ctHBx-induced changes in the cell cycle-related target proteins cell division cycle 25C (cdc25C) and p53 downstream of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. MATERIALS AND METHODS ctHBx lentiviruses were constructed and transfected into HepG2 cells. Then, we investigated HepG2 cell line function by conducting the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK8) assay, clone formation assay, scratch wound testing, Transwell assays and flow cytometry to examine cell cycle and apoptosis. Western blotting (WB) was performed to detect proteins related to and downstream of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase(ERK)/c-Jun N-terminal kinase(JNK)/p38 MAPK pathway, including cdc25C and p53. RESULTS ctHBx significantly enhanced the proliferation, migration, invasion and colony-forming capability of HepG2 cells. In addition, ctHBx activated the ERK/JNK/p38 MAPK signaling pathway to regulate cell viability by affecting the expression of cyclin-related proteins, including cdc25C and p53. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrates that ctHBx promote the formation and development of HCC via regulating MAPK/cdc25C and p53 axis. ctHBx should be the driving factor of HBV-induced hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaojun Zhang
- Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, 71 Hedi Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Chanchan Xiao
- Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, 71 Hedi Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Guanhua Ren
- Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, 71 Hedi Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Dongmei Cai
- Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, 71 Hedi Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Long Long
- Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, 71 Hedi Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Jilin Li
- Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, 71 Hedi Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Kezhi Li
- Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, 71 Hedi Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Yanping Tang
- Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, 71 Hedi Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Tianren Huang
- Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, 71 Hedi Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Wei Deng
- Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, 71 Hedi Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.
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18
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Wu C, Guo X, Li M, Shen J, Fu X, Xie Q, Hou Z, Zhai M, Qiu X, Cui Z, Xie H, Qin P, Weng X, Hu Z, Liang J. DeepHBV: a deep learning model to predict hepatitis B virus (HBV) integration sites. BMC Ecol Evol 2021; 21:138. [PMID: 34233610 PMCID: PMC8261932 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-021-01869-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The hepatitis B virus (HBV) is one of the main causes of viral hepatitis and liver cancer. HBV integration is one of the key steps in the virus-promoted malignant transformation. Results An attention-based deep learning model, DeepHBV, was developed to predict HBV integration sites. By learning local genomic features automatically, DeepHBV was trained and tested using HBV integration site data from the dsVIS database. Initially, DeepHBV showed an AUROC of 0.6363 and an AUPR of 0.5471 for the dataset. The integration of genomic features of repeat peaks and TCGA Pan-Cancer peaks significantly improved model performance, with AUROCs of 0.8378 and 0.9430 and AUPRs of 0.7535 and 0.9310, respectively. The transcription factor binding sites (TFBS) were significantly enriched near the genomic positions that were considered. The binding sites of the AR-halfsite, Arnt, Atf1, bHLHE40, bHLHE41, BMAL1, CLOCK, c-Myc, COUP-TFII, E2A, EBF1, Erra, and Foxo3 were highlighted by DeepHBV in both the dsVIS and VISDB datasets, revealing a novel integration preference for HBV. Conclusions DeepHBV is a useful tool for predicting HBV integration sites, revealing novel insights into HBV integration-related carcinogenesis. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12862-021-01869-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Canbiao Wu
- Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaofang Guo
- Department of Medical Oncology of the Eastern Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, 510700, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengyuan Li
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, 510080, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingxian Shen
- Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiayu Fu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, 510080, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingyu Xie
- Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, Guangdong, China.,School of Computer Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Zeliang Hou
- Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, Guangdong, China
| | - Manman Zhai
- Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, Guangdong, China.,School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaofan Qiu
- Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, Guangdong, China
| | - Zifeng Cui
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, 510080, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongxian Xie
- Generulor Company Bio-X Lab, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Pengmin Qin
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Xuchu Weng
- Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, Guangdong, China.,Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Zheng Hu
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, 510080, Guangzhou, China. .,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.
| | - Jiuxing Liang
- Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, Guangdong, China. .,Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China.
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19
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Elpek GO. Molecular pathways in viral hepatitis-associated liver carcinogenesis: An update. World J Clin Cases 2021; 9:4890-4917. [PMID: 34307543 PMCID: PMC8283590 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v9.i19.4890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of cancer among primary malignant tumors of the liver and is a consequential cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. In recent years, uncovering the molecular mechanisms involved in the development and behavior of this tumor has led to the identification of multiple potential treatment targets. Despite the vast amount of data on this topic, HCC remains a challenging tumor to treat due to its aggressive behavior and complex molecular profile. Therefore, the number of studies aiming to elucidate the mechanisms involved in both carcinogenesis and tumor progression in HCC continues to increase. In this context, the close association of HCC with viral hepatitis has led to numerous studies focusing on the direct or indirect involvement of viruses in the mechanisms contributing to tumor development and behavior. In line with these efforts, this review was undertaken to highlight the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) participate in oncogenesis and tumor progression in HCC and summarize new findings. Cumulative evidence indicates that HBV DNA integration promotes genomic instability, resulting in the overexpression of genes related to cancer development, metastasis, and angiogenesis or inactivation of tumor suppressor genes. In addition, genetic variations in HBV itself, especially preS2 deletions, may play a role in malignant transformation. Epigenetic dysregulation caused by both viruses might also contribute to tumor formation and metastasis by modifying the methylation of DNA and histones or altering the expression of microRNAs. Similarly, viral proteins of both HBV and HCV can affect pathways that are important anticancer targets. The effects of these two viruses on the Hippo-Yap-Taz pathway in HCC development and behavior need to be investigated. Additional, comprehensive studies are also needed to determine these viruses' interaction with integrins, farnesoid X, and the apelin system in malignant transformation and tumor progression. Although the relationship of persistent inflammation caused by HBV and HCV hepatitis with carcinogenesis is well defined, further studies are warranted to decipher the relationship among inflammasomes and viruses in carcinogenesis and elucidate the role of virus-microbiota interactions in HCC development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulsum Ozlem Elpek
- Department of Pathology, Akdeniz University Medical School, Antalya 07070, Turkey
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20
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Lin SY, Zhang A, Lian J, Wang J, Chang TT, Lin YJ, Song W, Su YH. Recurrent HBV Integration Targets as Potential Drivers in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061294. [PMID: 34071075 PMCID: PMC8224658 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is the major etiology of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), frequently with HBV integrating into the host genome. HBV integration, found in 85% of HBV-associated HCC (HBV–HCC) tissue samples, has been suggested to be oncogenic. Here, we investigated the potential of HBV–HCC driver identification via the characterization of recurrently targeted genes (RTGs). A total of 18,596 HBV integration sites from our in-house study and others were analyzed. RTGs were identified by applying three criteria: at least two HCC subjects, reported by at least two studies, and the number of reporting studies. A total of 396 RTGs were identified. Among the 28 most frequent RTGs, defined as affected in at least 10 HCC patients, 23 (82%) were associated with carcinogenesis and 5 (18%) had no known function. Available breakpoint positions from the three most frequent RTGs, TERT, MLL4/KMT2B, and PLEKHG4B, were analyzed. Mutual exclusivity of TERT promoter mutation and HBV integration into TERT was observed. We present an RTG consensus through comprehensive analysis to enable the potential identification and discovery of HCC drivers for drug development and disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selena Y. Lin
- JBS Science, Inc., Doylestown, PA 18902, USA; (S.Y.L.); (J.W.); (W.S.)
| | - Adam Zhang
- The Baruch S. Blumberg Research Institute, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA; (A.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Jessica Lian
- The Baruch S. Blumberg Research Institute, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA; (A.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Jeremy Wang
- JBS Science, Inc., Doylestown, PA 18902, USA; (S.Y.L.); (J.W.); (W.S.)
| | - Ting-Tsung Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan 704, Taiwan;
| | - Yih-Jyh Lin
- Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan 704, Taiwan;
| | - Wei Song
- JBS Science, Inc., Doylestown, PA 18902, USA; (S.Y.L.); (J.W.); (W.S.)
| | - Ying-Hsiu Su
- The Baruch S. Blumberg Research Institute, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA; (A.Z.); (J.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +215-489-4907
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21
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Guo J, Gao XS. Prediction models for development of hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis B patients. World J Clin Cases 2021; 9:3238-3251. [PMID: 34002133 PMCID: PMC8107908 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v9.i14.3238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B (CHB)-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major health problem in Asian-Pacific regions. Antiviral therapy reduces, but does not completely prevent, HCC development. Thus, there is a need for accurate risk prediction to assist prognostication and decisions on the need for antiviral therapy and HCC surveillance. A few risk scores have been developed to predict the occurrence of HCC in CHB patients. Initially, the scores were derived from untreated CHB patients. With the development and extensive clinical application of nucleos(t)ide analog(s) (NA), the number of risk scores based on treated CHB patients has increased gradually. The components included in risk scores may be categorized into host factors and hepatitis B virus factors. Hepatitis activities, hepatitis B virus factors, and even liver fibrosis or cirrhosis are relatively controlled by antiviral therapy. Therefore, variables that are more dynamic during antiviral therapy have since been included in risk scores. However, host factors are more difficult to modify. Most existing scores derived from Asian populations have been confirmed to be accurate in predicting HCC development in CHB patients from Asia, while these scores have not offered excellent predictability in Caucasian patients. These findings support that more relevant variables should be considered to provide individualized predictions that are easily applied to CHB patients of different ethnicities. CHB patients should receive different intensities of HCC surveillance according to their risk category.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Guo
- Department of Interventional Oncology, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Xue-Song Gao
- Department of General Medicine, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China
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22
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Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). There are approximately 250 million people in the world that are chronically infected by this virus, resulting in nearly 1 million deaths every year. Many of these patients die from severe liver diseases, including HCC. HBV may induce HCC through the induction of chronic liver inflammation, which can cause oxidative stress and DNA damage. However, many studies also indicated that HBV could induce HCC via the alteration of hepatocellular physiology that may involve genetic and epigenetic changes of the host DNA, the alteration of cellular signaling pathways, and the inhibition of DNA repair mechanisms. This alteration of cellular physiology can lead to the accumulation of DNA damages and the promotion of cell cycles and predispose hepatocytes to oncogenic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoung Lee
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, 2011 Zonal Avenue, HMR-401, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Kuen-Nan Tsai
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, 2011 Zonal Avenue, HMR-401, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Jing-Hsiung James Ou
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, 2011 Zonal Avenue, HMR-401, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
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23
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Abstract
Immunization programmes against hepatitis-B are being carried out since more than three decades but still HBV is a major public health problem. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) genome consists of circular and partial double stranded DNA. Due to partial double stranded DNA, it uses an RNA intermediate during replication. This replicative strategy of HBV and lack of polymerase proofreading activity give rise to error occurrences comparable to retroviruses. The low fidelity of polymerase, overlapping reading frames and high replication rate produces many non-identical variants at every cycle of replication. Therefore, HBV spreads with mutations and variations. The mutations have been reported both in non-structural as well as structural genes of HBV genome. Recent advances in molecular biology have made easier to analyse these mutations. Hepatitis B antiviral therapy and immunization are all influenced by genetic variability. The analysis and understanding of these mutations are important for therapy against hepatitis B and updating of diagnostic tools. The present review discusses about mutations occurring in whole HBV genome. The mutation occurring both in structural and non-structural genes and non-coding regions have been described in details. It is much more informative because most of literature available, covers only individual gene or DNA regions of HBV.
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24
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Ringlander J, Skoglund C, Prakash K, Andersson ME, Larsson SB, Tang KW, Rydell GE, Abrahamsson S, Castedal M, Norder H, Hellstrand K, Lindh M. Deep sequencing of liver explant transcriptomes reveals extensive expression from integrated hepatitis B virus DNA. J Viral Hepat 2020; 27:1162-1170. [PMID: 32592629 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.13356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Integration of HBV DNA into the human genome may contribute to oncogenesis and to the production of the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). Whether integrations contribute to HBsAg levels in the blood is poorly known. Here, we characterize the HBV RNA profile of HBV integrations in liver tissue in patients with chronic HBV infection, with or without concurrent hepatitis D infection, by transcriptome deep sequencing. Transcriptomes were determined in liver tissue by deep sequencing providing 200 million reads per sample. Integration points were identified using a bioinformatic pipeline. Explanted liver tissue from five patients with end-stage liver disease caused by HBV or HBV/HDV was studied along with publicly available transcriptomes from 21 patients. Almost all HBV RNA profiles were devoid of reads in the core and the 3' redundancy (nt 1830-1927) regions, and contained a large number of chimeric viral/human reads. Hence, HBV transcripts from integrated HBV DNA rather than from covalently closed circular HBV DNA (cccDNA) predominated in late-stage HBV infection, in particular in cases with hepatitis D virus co-infection. The findings support the suggestion that integrated HBV DNA can be a significant source of HBsAg in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Ringlander
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Catarina Skoglund
- The Transplant Institute, Department of Surgery, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kasthuri Prakash
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maria E Andersson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Simon B Larsson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ka-Wei Tang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gustaf E Rydell
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sanna Abrahamsson
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maria Castedal
- The Transplant Institute, Department of Surgery, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Heléne Norder
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kristoffer Hellstrand
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Magnus Lindh
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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25
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Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV), which was discovered in 1965, is a threat to global public health. HBV infects human hepatocytes and leads to acute and chronic liver diseases, and there is no cure. In cells infected by HBV, viral DNA can be integrated into the cellular genome. HBV DNA integration is a complicated process during the HBV life cycle. Although HBV integration normally results in replication-incompetent transcripts, it can still act as a template for viral protein expression. Of note, it is a primary driver of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Recently, with the development of detection methods and research models, the molecular biology and the pathogenicity of HBV DNA integration have been better revealed. Here, we review the advances in the research of HBV DNA integration, including molecular mechanisms, detection methods, research models, the effects on host and viral gene expression, the role of HBV integrations in the pathogenesis of HCC, and potential treatment strategies. Finally, we discuss possible future research prospects of HBV DNA integration. HBV DNA integration is associated with hepatocarcinogenesis via multiple mechanisms HBV double-stranded linear DNA (dslDNA) is the dominant substrate for integration into the host genome The insertion sites of HBV DNA integration occur throughout the whole host genome using the NHEJ or MMEJ DNA repair pathway HBV DNA integration should be used as a clinical indicator for disease monitoring and treatment of patients with HBV infection
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26
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Ji Y, Yin Y, Zhang W. Integrated Bioinformatic Analysis Identifies Networks and Promising Biomarkers for Hepatitis B Virus-Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Int J Genomics 2020; 2020:2061024. [PMID: 32775402 PMCID: PMC7407030 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2061024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) has long been recognized as a dominant hazard factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and accounts for at least half of HCC instances globally. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of HBV-linked HCC has not been completely elucidated. Here, three microarray datasets, totally containing 170 tumoral samples and 181 adjacent normal tissues from the liver of patients suffering from HBV-related HCC assembled from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, were subjected to integrated analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Subsequently, the analysis of function and pathway enrichment as well as the protein-protein interaction network (PPI) was performed. The ten hub genes screened out from the PPI network were further subjected to expression profile and survival analysis. Overall, 329 DEGs (67 upregulated and 262 downregulated) were identified. Ten DEGs with the highest degree of connectivity included cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1), cyclin B1 (CCNB1), cyclin B2 (CCNB2), PDZ-binding kinase (PBK), abnormal spindle microtubule assembly (ASPM), nuclear division cycle 80 (NDC80), aurora kinase A (AURKA), targeting protein for xenopus kinesin-like protein 2 (TPX2), kinesin family member 2C (KIF2C), and centromere protein F (CENPF). Kaplan-Meier analysis unveiled that overexpression levels of KIF2C and TPX2 were relevant to both the poor overall survival and relapse-free survival. In summary, the hub genes validated in the present study may provide promising targets for the diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy of HBV-associated HCC. Additionally, our work uncovers various crucial biological components (e.g., extracellular exosome) and signaling pathways that participate in the progression of HCC induced by HBV, serving comprehensive knowledge of the mechanisms regarding HBV-related HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Ji
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yue Yin
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Weizhen Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
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27
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Guo L, Wang Z, Du Y, Mao J, Zhang J, Yu Z, Guo J, Zhao J, Zhou H, Wang H, Gu Y, Li Y. Random-forest algorithm based biomarkers in predicting prognosis in the patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Cell Int 2020; 20:251. [PMID: 32565735 PMCID: PMC7302385 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-020-01274-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) one of the most common digestive system tumors, threatens the tens of thousands of people with high morbidity and mortality world widely. The purpose of our study was to investigate the related genes of HCC and discover their potential abilities to predict the prognosis of the patients. Methods We obtained RNA sequencing data of HCC from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and performed analysis on protein coding genes. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were selected. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment were conducted to discover biological functions of DEGs. Protein and protein interaction (PPI) was performed to investigate hub genes. In addition, a method of supervised machine learning, recursive feature elimination (RFE) based on random forest (RF) classifier, was used to screen for significant biomarkers. And the basic experiment was conducted by lab, we constructe a clinical patients’ database, and obtained the data and results of immunohistochemistry. Results We identified five biomarkers with significantly high expression to predict survival risk of the HCC patients. These prognostic biomarkers included SPC25, NUF2, MCM2, BLM and AURKA. We also defined a risk score model with these biomarkers to identify the patients who is in high risk. In our single-center experiment, 95 pairs of clinical samples were used to explore the expression levels of NUF2 and BLM in HCC. Immunohistochemical staining results showed that NUF2 and BLM were significantly up-regulated in immunohistochemical staining. High expression levels of NUF2 and BLM indicated poor prognosis. Conclusion Our investigation provided novel prognostic biomarkers and model in HCC and aimed to improve the understanding of HCC. In the results obtained, we also conducted a part of experiments to verify the theory described earlier, The experimental results did verify our theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyun Guo
- Department of General Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030 Gansu China.,Key Laboratory of Digestive System Tumors of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, 730030 Gansu China
| | - Zhenjiang Wang
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030 Gansu China
| | - Yuanyuan Du
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030 Gansu China
| | - Jie Mao
- Department of General Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030 Gansu China
| | - Junqiang Zhang
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030 Gansu China
| | - Zeyuan Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030 Gansu China
| | - Jiwu Guo
- Department of General Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030 Gansu China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030 Gansu China
| | - Huinian Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030 Gansu China
| | - Haitao Wang
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730030 Gansu China
| | - Yanmei Gu
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730030 Gansu China
| | - Yumin Li
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030 Gansu China.,Key Laboratory of Digestive System Tumors of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, 730030 Gansu China.,The Second Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730030 Gansu China
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28
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Lee YM, Kim S, Park RY, Kim YS. Hepatitis B Virus-X Downregulates Expression of Selenium Binding Protein 1. Viruses 2020; 12:v12050565. [PMID: 32443734 PMCID: PMC7291177 DOI: 10.3390/v12050565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Selenium binding protein 1 (SELENBP1) has been known to be reduced in various types cancer, and epigenetic change is shown to be likely to account for the reduction of SELNEBP1 expression. With cDNA microarray comparative analysis, we found that SELENBP1 is markedly decreased in hepatitis B virus-X (HBx)-expressing cells. To clarify the effect of HBx on SELENBP1 expression, we compared the expression levels of SELENBP1 mRNA and protein by semi-quantitative RT-PCR, Northern blot, and Western blot. As expected, SELENBP1 expression was shown to be reduced in cells expressing HBx, and reporter gene analysis showed that the SELENBP1 promoter is repressed by HBx. In addition, the stepwise deletion of 5′ flanking promoter sequences resulted in a gradual decrease in basal promoter activity and inhibition of SELENBP1 expression by HBx. Moreover, immunohistochemistry on tissue microarrays containing 60 pairs of human liver tissue showed decreased intensity of SELENBP1 in tumor tissues as compared with their matched non-tumor liver tissues. Taken together, our findings suggest that inhibition of SELENBP1 expression by HBx might act as one of the causes in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma caused by HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Man Lee
- Dasan Undergraduate College, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea;
| | - Soojin Kim
- Graduate School of New Drug Discovery & Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea;
| | - Ran-Young Park
- Department of Smart Food & Drugs, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea;
| | - Yeon-Soo Kim
- Graduate School of New Drug Discovery & Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-42-821-8631
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29
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Subramaniam N, Kannan P, K A, Thiruvengadam D. Hepatoprotective effect of boldine against diethylnitrosamine‐induced hepatocarcinogenesis in wistar rats. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2019; 33:e22404. [DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Pugazhendhi Kannan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Taramani CampusUniversity of MadrasChennai India
| | - Ashokkumar K
- Department of Biotechnology, Guindy CampusUniversity of MadrasChennai India
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30
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Lian YF, Huang YL, Wang JL, Deng MH, Xia TL, Zeng MS, Chen MS, Wang HB, Huang YH. Anillin is required for tumor growth and regulated by miR-15a/miR-16-1 in HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 10:1884-1901. [PMID: 30103211 PMCID: PMC6128427 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Anillin (ANLN) is an actin-binding protein essential for assembly of cleavage furrow during cytokinesis. Although reportedly overexpressed in various human cancers, its role in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is unclear. To address this issue, we confirmed that in 436 liver samples obtained from surgically removed HCC tissues, higher ANLN expression was detected in tumor tissues than in adjacent non-tumor tissues of HCC as measured by immunohistochemistry, quantitative real-time PCR and western blotting. Correlation and Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that patients with higher ANLN expression were associated with worse clinical outcomes and a shorter survival time, respectively. Moreover, ANLN inhibition resulted in growth restraint, reduced colony formation, and a lower sphere number in suspension culture. Mechanistically, ANLN deficiency induced an increasing number of multinucleated cells along with the activation of apoptosis signaling and DNA damage checkpoints. Furthermore, HBV infection increased ANLN expression by inhibiting the expression of microRNA (miR)-15a and miR-16-1, both of which were identified as ANLN upstream repressors by targeting its 3’ untranslated region. Thus, we conclude that ANLN promotes tumor growth by ways of decreased apoptosis and DNA damage. Expression level of ANLN significantly influences the survival probability of HCC patients and may represent a promising prognostic biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fan Lian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Lin Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Liang Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mei-Hai Deng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tian-Liang Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mu-Sheng Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min-Shan Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong-Bo Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue-Hua Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Infectious Diseases, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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31
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Minarovits J, Niller HH. Truncated oncoproteins of retroviruses and hepatitis B virus: A lesson in contrasts. Infection, Genetics and Evolution 2019; 73:342-357. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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32
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Zhang TY, Chen HY, Cao JL, Xiong HL, Mo XB, Li TL, Kang XZ, Zhao JH, Yin B, Zhao X, Huang CH, Yuan Q, Xue D, Xia NS, Yuan YA. Structural and functional analyses of hepatitis B virus X protein BH3-like domain and Bcl-xL interaction. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3192. [PMID: 31324803 PMCID: PMC6642116 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11173-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) X protein, HBx, interacts with anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL proteins through its BH3-like motif to promote HBV replication and cytotoxicity. Here we report the crystal structure of HBx BH3-like motif in complex with Bcl-xL where the BH3-like motif adopts a short α-helix to snuggle into a hydrophobic pocket in Bcl-xL via its noncanonical Trp120 residue and conserved Leu123 residue. This binding pocket is ~2 Å away from the canonical BH3-only binding pocket in structures of Bcl-xL with proapoptotic BH3-only proteins. Mutations altering Trp120 and Leu123 in HBx impair its binding to Bcl-xL in vitro and HBV replication in vivo, confirming the importance of this motif to HBV. A HBx BH3-like peptide, HBx-aa113-135, restores HBV replication from a HBx-null HBV replicon, while a shorter peptide, HBx-aa118-127, inhibits HBV replication. These results provide crucial structural and functional insights into drug designs for inhibiting HBV replication and treating HBV patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, China.,National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, China
| | - Hong-Ying Chen
- National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute, 377 Lin Quan Street, Suzhou Industrial Park, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jia-Li Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, China.,National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, China
| | - Hua-Long Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, China.,National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiao-Bing Mo
- National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute, 377 Lin Quan Street, Suzhou Industrial Park, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tian-Liang Li
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Xiao-Zhen Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, China.,National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, China
| | - Jing-Hua Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, China.,National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, China
| | - Bo Yin
- National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute, 377 Lin Quan Street, Suzhou Industrial Park, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiang Zhao
- School of Life Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng-Hao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, China.,National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, China
| | - Quan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, China. .,National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, China.
| | - Ding Xue
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA. .,School of Life Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China.
| | - Ning-Shao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, China. .,National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, China.
| | - Y Adam Yuan
- National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute, 377 Lin Quan Street, Suzhou Industrial Park, 215123, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Biological Sciences and Centre for Bioimaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
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Motawi TMK, Sadik NAH, Sabry D, Shahin NN, Fahim SA. rs2267531, a promoter SNP within glypican-3 gene in the X chromosome, is associated with hepatocellular carcinoma in Egyptians. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6868. [PMID: 31053802 PMCID: PMC6499880 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43376-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major health concern in Egypt owing to the high prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. HCC incidence is characterized by obvious male predominance, yet the molecular mechanisms behind this gender bias are still unidentified. Functional variations in X-linked genes have more impact on males than females. Glypican-3 (GPC3) gene, located in the Xq26 region, has lately emerged as being potentially implicated in hepatocellular carcinogenesis. The current study was designed to examine the association of -784 G/C single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in GPC3 promoter region (rs2267531) with HCC susceptibility in male and female Egyptian HCV patients. Our results revealed a significant association between GPC3 and HCC risk in both males and females, evidenced by higher C allele and CC/C genotype frequencies in HCC patients when compared to controls. However, no such association was found when comparing HCV patients to controls. Moreover, GPC3 gene and protein expression levels were significantly higher in CC/C than in GG/G genotype carriers in males and females. The CC/C genotype exhibited a significant shorter overall survival than GG/G genotype in HCC patients. In conclusion, GPC3 rs2267531 on the X chromosome is significantly associated with HCC, but not with HCV infection, in the Egyptian population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dina Sabry
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nancy Nabil Shahin
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sally Atef Fahim
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, Cairo, Egypt.
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Li CL, Li CY, Lin YY, Ho MC, Chen DS, Chen PJ, Yeh SH. Androgen Receptor Enhances Hepatic Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase Gene Transcription After Hepatitis B Virus Integration or Point Mutation in Promoter Region. Hepatology 2019; 69:498-512. [PMID: 30070724 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The gender disparity of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is most striking in hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related cases. The majority of such HCC cases contain integrated HBV, and some hotspot integrations, such as those in the telomerase reverse transcriptase gene (TERT) promoter, activate gene expression to drive carcinogenesis. As the HBV genome contains both androgen-responsive and estrogen-responsive motifs, we hypothesized that the integrated HBV DNA renders a similar regulation for downstream gene expression and thus contributes to male susceptibility to HCC. To test this hypothesis, the HBV integration sites and the common mutations in the TERT promoter and tumor protein P53 (TP53) coding region were analyzed in 101 HBV-related HCC cases using a capture-next-generation sequencing platform. The results showed that both HBV integration and -124G>A mutation in the TERT promoter region, occurring in a mutually exclusive manner, were more frequent in male than in female patients with HCC (integration: 22/58 male patients with HCC, 6/36 female patients with HCC, P = 0.0285; -124G>A: 17/62 male patients with HCC, 3/39 female patients with HCC, P = 0.0201; in combination, 39/62 male patients with HCC, 9/39 female patients with HCC, P < 0.0001). The effects of sex hormone pathways on the expression of TERT with both genetic changes were investigated using a reporter assay. HBV integration in the TERT promoter rendered the TERT transcription responsive to sex hormones, with enhancement by androgen receptor (AR) but suppression by estrogen receptor, both of which were dependent on hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha. Besides, AR also increased TERT expression by targeting TERT promoter mutations in a GA binding protein transcription factor subunit alpha-dependent manner. Conclusion: TERT elevation by AR through integrated HBV and point mutation at the TERT promoter region was identified as a mechanism for the male dominance of HBV-related HCCs; telomerase and AR thus may be targets for intervention of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiao-Ling Li
- Department of Microbiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Yu Li
- Department of Microbiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - You-Yu Lin
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chih Ho
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ding-Shinn Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Jer Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,National Taiwan University Center for Genomic Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shiou-Hwei Yeh
- Department of Microbiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,National Taiwan University Center for Genomic Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Abstract
Background Since tumor often has a high level of intra-tumor heterogeneity, multiple tumor samples from the same patient at different locations or different time points are often sequenced to study tumor intra-heterogeneity or tumor evolution. In virus-related tumors such as human papillomavirus- and Hepatitis B Virus-related tumors, virus genome integrations can be critical driving events. It is thus important to investigate the integration sites of the virus genomes. Currently, a few algorithms for detecting virus integration sites based on high-throughput sequencing have been developed, but their insufficient performance in their sensitivity, specificity and computational complexity hinders their applications in multiple related tumor sequencing. Results We develop VirTect for detecting virus integration sites simultaneously from multiple related-sample data. This algorithm is mainly based on the joint analysis of short reads spanning breakpoints of integration sites from multiple samples. To achieve high specificity and breakpoint accuracy, a local precise sandwich alignment algorithm is used. Simulation and real data analyses show that, compared with other algorithms, VirTect is significantly more sensitive and has a similar or lower false discovery rate. Conclusions VirTect can provide more accurate breakpoint position and is computationally much more efficient in terms both memory requirement and computational time. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12920-018-0461-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchao Xia
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yun Liu
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Minghua Deng
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.,Center for Quantitative Biology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Ruibin Xi
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China. .,Center for Statistical Science, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China. .,Center for Data Science, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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36
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Aldersley J, Lorenz DR, Misra V, Uno H, Gabuzda D. Increased risk of anal squamous cell carcinoma in HIV-positive men with prior hepatitis B virus infection. AIDS 2019; 33:145-52. [PMID: 30325778 DOI: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000002059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE(S) HIV-positive individuals have elevated rates of anal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and sexually transmitted infections with its causative agent, high-risk human papillomavirus, and other oncoviruses including hepatitis B virus (HBV). HBV infection can cause liver cancer, and has been associated with increased risk of some extra-hepatic cancers including biliary tract cancer, pancreatic cancer, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Whether HBV is associated with anal SCC risk is unknown. DESIGN Prospective study of anal SCC risk in HIV-positive and HIV-negative MSM in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study from 1984 to 2014. METHODS Poisson regression models were used to examine the association between past or current HBV infection (positive tests for HBV core antibodies, surface antigen, and/or DNA) and anal SCC risk. RESULTS We observed 53 cases of anal SCC among 5298 participants with 79 334 person-years follow-up. Among HIV-positive men, past or current HBV infection was associated with anal SCC risk in models adjusted for age, CD4+ cell counts, HAART use, and other risk factors [incidence rate ratio (IRR), 95% confidence interval 3.15, 1.27-7.82]. Additional risk factors included immunological parameters 1 and 6 years prior to diagnosis (IRR, 95% confidence interval 2.45, 1.31-4.58 and 2.44, 1.3-4.59 for CD4+ cell counts <500 cells/μl; 2.43, 1.34-4.42 and 2.77, 1.5-5.11 for CD4+ : CD8+ ratios <0.5, respectively). Among HIV-negative men, IRR for prior HBV and anal SCC risk was similar, but NS due to small number of cases. CONCLUSION HIV-positive MSM with prior HBV infection have increased anal SCC risk. This population may benefit from screening.
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Mui UN, Haley CT, Vangipuram R, Tyring SK. Human oncoviruses: Mucocutaneous manifestations, pathogenesis, therapeutics, and prevention: Hepatitis viruses, human T-cell leukemia viruses, herpesviruses, and Epstein-Barr virus. J Am Acad Dermatol 2018; 81:23-41. [PMID: 30502415 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2018.10.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In 1964, the first human oncovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, was identified in Burkitt lymphoma cells. Since then, 6 other human oncoviruses have been identified: human papillomavirus, Merkel cell polyomavirus, hepatitis B and C viruses, human T-cell lymphotropic virus-1, and human herpesvirus-8. These viruses are causally linked to 12% of all cancers, many of which have mucocutaneous manifestations. In addition, oncoviruses are associated with multiple benign mucocutaneous diseases. Research regarding the pathogenic mechanisms of oncoviruses and virus-specific treatment and prevention is rapidly evolving. Preventative vaccines for human papillomavirus and hepatitis B virus are already available. This review discusses the mucocutaneous manifestations, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of oncovirus-related diseases. The first article in this continuing medical education series focuses on diseases associated with human papillomavirus and Merkel cell polyomavirus, while the second article in the series focuses on diseases associated with hepatitis B and C viruses, human T-cell lymphotropic virus-1, human herpesvirus-8, and Epstein-Barr virus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ramya Vangipuram
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Stephen K Tyring
- Center for Clinical Studies, Webster, Texas; Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
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Akcay IM, Katrinli S, Ozdil K, Doganay GD, Doganay L. Host genetic factors affecting hepatitis B infection outcomes: Insights from genome-wide association studies. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:3347-3360. [PMID: 30122875 PMCID: PMC6092584 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i30.3347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical outcome of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infection depends on the success or failure of the immune responses to HBV, and varies widely among individuals, ranging from asymptomatic self-limited infection, inactive carrier state, chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, to liver failure. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) identified key genetic factors influencing the pathogenesis of HBV-related traits. In this review, we discuss GWAS for persistence of HBV infection, antibody response to hepatitis B vaccine, and HBV-related advanced liver diseases. HBV persistence is associated with multiple genes with diverse roles in immune mechanisms. The strongest associations are found within the classical human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes, highlighting the central role of antigen presentation in the immune response to HBV. Associated variants affect both epitope binding specificities and expression levels of HLA molecules. Several other susceptibility genes regulate the magnitude of adaptive immune responses, determining immunity vs tolerance. HBV persistence and nonresponse to vaccine share the same risk variants, implying overlapping genetic bases. On the other hand, the risk variants for HBV-related advanced liver diseases are largely different, suggesting different host-virus dynamics in acute vs chronic HBV infections. The findings of these GWAS are likely to pave the way for developing more effective preventive and therapeutic interventions by personalizing the management of HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izzet Mehmet Akcay
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul 34469, Turkey
| | - Seyma Katrinli
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul 34469, Turkey
| | - Kamil Ozdil
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Umraniye Teaching and Research Hospital, Istanbul 34764, Turkey
| | - Gizem Dinler Doganay
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul 34469, Turkey
| | - Levent Doganay
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Umraniye Teaching and Research Hospital, Istanbul 34764, Turkey
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Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common cancer in men and the second leading cause of cancer deaths globally. The high prevalence of HCC is due in part to the high prevalence of chronic HBV infection and the high mortality rate is due to the lack of biomarkers for early detection and limited treatment options for late stage HCC. The observed individual variance in development of HCC is attributable to differences in HBV genotype and mutations, host predisposing germline genetic variations, the acquisition of tumor-specific somatic mutations, as well as environmental factors. HBV genotype C and mutations in the preS, basic core promoter (BCP) or HBx regions are associated with an increased risk of HCC. Genome-wide association studies have identified common polymorphisms in KIF1B, HLA-DQ, STAT4, and GRIK1 with altered risk of HBV-related HCC. HBV integration into growth control genes (such as TERT), pro-oncogenic genes, or tumor suppressor genes and the oncogenic activity of truncated HBx promote hepatocarcinogenesis. Somatic mutations in the TERT promoter and classic cancer signaling pathways, including Wnt (CTNNB1), cell cycle regulation (TP53), and epigenetic modification (ARID2 and MLL4) are frequently detected in hepatic tumor tissues. The identification of HBV and host variation associated with tumor initiation and progression has clinical utility for improving early diagnosis and prognosis; whereas the identification of somatic mutations driving tumorigenesis hold promise to inform precision treatment for HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping An
- Basic Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Jinghang Xu
- Basic Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, United States.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Center for Liver Diseases, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanyan Yu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Center for Liver Diseases, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Cheryl A Winkler
- Basic Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, United States
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40
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Müller-Coan BG, Caetano BFR, Pagano JS, Elgui de Oliveira D. Cancer Progression Goes Viral: The Role of Oncoviruses in Aggressiveness of Malignancies. Trends Cancer 2018; 4:485-498. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Freitas N, Lukash T, Gunewardena S, Chappell B, Slagle BL, Gudima SO. Relative Abundance of Integrant-Derived Viral RNAs in Infected Tissues Harvested from Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Carriers. J Virol 2018; 92:e02221-17. [PMID: 29491161 PMCID: PMC5923063 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02221-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Five matching sets of nonmalignant liver tissues and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) samples from individuals chronically infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) were examined. The HBV genomic sequences were determined by using overlapping PCR amplicons covering the entire viral genome. Four pairs of tissues were infected with HBV genotype C, while one pair was infected with HBV genotype B. HBV replication markers were found in all tissues. In the majority of HCC samples, the levels of pregenomic/precore RNA (pgRNA) and covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) were lower than those in liver tissue counterparts. Regardless of the presence of HBV replication markers, (i) integrant-derived HBV RNAs (id-RNAs) were found in all tissues by reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) analysis and were considerably abundant or predominant in 6/10 tissue samples (2 liver and 4 HCC samples), (ii) RNAs that were polyadenylated using the cryptic HBV polyadenylation signal and therefore could be produced by HBV replication or derived from integrated HBV DNA were found in 5/10 samples (3 liver and 2 HCC samples) and were considerably abundant species in 3/10 tissues (2 livers and 1 HCC), and (iii) cccDNA-transcribed RNAs polyadenylated near position 1931 were not abundant in 7/10 tissues (2 liver and 5 HCC samples) and were predominant in only two liver samples. Subsequent RNA sequencing analysis of selected liver/HCC samples also showed relative abundance of id-RNAs in most of the examined tissues. Our findings suggesting that id-RNAs could represent a significant source of HBV envelope proteins, which is independent of viral replication, are discussed in the context of the possible contribution of id-RNAs to the HBV life cycle.IMPORTANCE The relative abundance of integrant-derived HBV RNAs (id-RNAs) in chronically infected tissues suggest that id-RNAs coding for the envelope proteins may facilitate the production of a considerable fraction of surface antigens (HBsAg) in infected cells bearing HBV integrants. If the same cells support HBV replication, then a significant fraction of assembled HBV virions could bear id-RNA-derived HBsAg as a major component of their envelopes. Therefore, the infectivity of these HBV virions and their ability to facilitate virus cell-to-cell spread could be determined mainly by the properties of id-RNA-derived envelope proteins and not by the properties of replication-derived HBsAg. These interpretations suggest that id-RNAs may play a role in the maintenance of chronic HBV infection and therefore contribute to the HBV life cycle. Furthermore, the production of HBsAg from id-RNAs independently of viral replication may explain at least in part why treatment with interferon or nucleos(t)ides in most cases fails to achieve a loss of serum HBsAg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Freitas
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Tetyana Lukash
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Sumedha Gunewardena
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Benjamin Chappell
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Betty L Slagle
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Severin O Gudima
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
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Allweiss L, Volz T, Giersch K, Kah J, Raffa G, Petersen J, Lohse AW, Beninati C, Pollicino T, Urban S, Lütgehetmann M, Dandri M. Proliferation of primary human hepatocytes and prevention of hepatitis B virus reinfection efficiently deplete nuclear cccDNA in vivo. Gut 2018; 67:542-552. [PMID: 28428345 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2016-312162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The stability of the covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) in nuclei of non-dividing hepatocytes represents a key determinant of HBV persistence. Contrarily, studies with animal hepadnaviruses indicated that hepatocyte turnover can reduce cccDNA loads but knowledge on the proliferative capacity of HBV-infected primary human hepatocytes (PHHs) in vivo and the fate of cccDNA in dividing PHHs is still lacking. This study aimed to determine the impact of human hepatocyte division on cccDNA stability in vivo. METHODS PHH proliferation was triggered by serially transplanting hepatocytes from HBV-infected humanised mice into naïve recipients. Cell proliferation and virological changes were assessed by quantitative PCR, immunofluorescence and RNA in situ hybridisation. Viral integrations were analysed by gel separation and deep sequencing. RESULTS PHH proliferation strongly reduced all infection markers, including cccDNA (median 2.4 log/PHH). Remarkably, cell division appeared to cause cccDNA dilution among daughter cells and intrahepatic cccDNA loss. Nevertheless, HBV survived in sporadic non-proliferating human hepatocytes, so that virological markers rebounded as hepatocyte expansion relented. This was due to reinfection of quiescent PHHs since treatment with the entry inhibitor myrcludex-B or nucleoside analogues blocked viral spread and intrahepatic cccDNA accumulation. Viral integrations were detected both in donors and recipient mice but did not appear to contribute to antigen production. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that human hepatocyte division even without involvement of cytolytic mechanisms triggers substantial cccDNA loss. This process may be fundamental to resolve self-limiting acute infection and should be considered in future therapeutic interventions along with entry inhibition strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Allweiss
- Department of Medicine, Center for Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tassilo Volz
- Department of Medicine, Center for Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katja Giersch
- Department of Medicine, Center for Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Janine Kah
- Department of Medicine, Center for Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Giuseppina Raffa
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Joerg Petersen
- IFI Institute for Interdisciplinary Medicine at Asklepios Clinic St. Georg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ansgar W Lohse
- Department of Medicine, Center for Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel and Heidelberg Partner Sites, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Concetta Beninati
- Department of Human Pathology, University Hospital of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Teresa Pollicino
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Stephan Urban
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel and Heidelberg Partner Sites, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marc Lütgehetmann
- Department of Medicine, Center for Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maura Dandri
- Department of Medicine, Center for Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel and Heidelberg Partner Sites, Hamburg, Germany
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Tornesello ML, Buonaguro L, Izzo F, Buonaguro FM. Molecular alterations in hepatocellular carcinoma associated with hepatitis B and hepatitis C infections. Oncotarget 2018; 7:25087-102. [PMID: 26943571 PMCID: PMC5041890 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic infections with hepatitis B (HBV) and hepatitis C viruses (HCV) are the leading cause of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) worldwide. Both viruses encode multifunctional regulatory proteins activating several oncogenic pathways, which induce accumulation of multiple genetic alterations in the infected hepatocytes. Gene mutations in HBV- and HCV-induced HCCs frequently impair the TP53, Wnt/b-catenin, RAS/RAF/MAPK kinase and AKT/mTOR pathways, which represent important anti-cancer targets. In this review, we highlight the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of primary liver cancer, with particular emphasis on the host genetic variations identified by high-throughput technologies. In addition, we discuss the importance of genetic alterations, such as mutations in the telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) promoter, for the diagnosis, prognosis, and tumor stratification for development of more effective treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lina Tornesello
- Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology Unit, Department of Research, Istituto Nazionale Tumori "Fondazione G. Pascale" - IRCCS, Napoli, Italy
| | - Luigi Buonaguro
- Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology Unit, Department of Research, Istituto Nazionale Tumori "Fondazione G. Pascale" - IRCCS, Napoli, Italy
| | - Francesco Izzo
- Hepato-Biliary Surgery Department, Istituto Nazionale Tumori "Fondazione G. Pascale" - IRCCS, Napoli, Italy
| | - Franco M Buonaguro
- Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology Unit, Department of Research, Istituto Nazionale Tumori "Fondazione G. Pascale" - IRCCS, Napoli, Italy
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Bakacs T, Safadi R, Kovesdi I. Post-infection viral superinfection technology could treat HBV and HCV patients with unmet needs. Hepatol Med Policy 2018; 3:2. [PMID: 30288325 PMCID: PMC5918728 DOI: 10.1186/s41124-017-0028-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Viral hepatitis deaths from acute infection, cirrhosis, and liver cancer have risen from the tenth to the seventh leading cause of death worldwide between 1990 and 2013. Even in the oral direct acting antiviral (DAA) agent era there are still large numbers of patients with unmet needs. Medications approved for treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection do not eradicate HBV often requiring treatment for life associated with risks of adverse reactions, drug resistance, nonadherence, and increased cost. Although DAAs increased virologic cure rates well over 90% in all hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes, HCV infection still cannot be cured in a small but significant minority of patients. While most of the medical issues of HCV treatment have been solved, the current costs of DAAs are prohibitive. Results The post-infection viral superinfection treatment (SIT) platform technology has been clinically proven to be safe and effective to resolve acute and persistent viral infections in 42 HBV and HCV patients (20 HBV, 22 HCV), and in 4 decompensated patients (2 HBV, 2 HCV). SIT employs a non-pathogenic avian double stranded RNA (dsRNA) virus, a potent activator of antiviral gene responses. Unexpectedly, SIT is active against unrelated DNA (HBV) and RNA (HCV) viruses. SIT does not require lifelong therapy, which is a major advantage considering present HBV treatments. The new viral drug candidate (R903/78) is homogeneously produced by reverse genetics in Vero cells. R903/78 has exceptional pH and temperature stability and also excellent long-term stability; therefore, it can be orally administered, stored and shipped without freezing. Since R903/78 is easy to stockpile, the post-infection SIT could also alleviate the logistic hurdles of surge capacity in vaccine production during viral pandemics. Conclusion To help large number of HBV and HCV patients with unmet needs, broad-spectrum antiviral drugs effective against whole classes of viruses are urgently needed. The innovative SIT technological platform will be a great additional armament to conquer viral hepatitis, which is still a major cause of death and disability worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rifaat Safadi
- 2Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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Thomaschewski M, Riecken K, Unrau L, Volz T, Cornils K, Ittrich H, Heim D, Wege H, Akgün E, Lütgehetmann M, Dieckhoff J, Köpke M, Dandri M, Benten D, Fehse B. Multi-color RGB marking enables clonality assessment of liver tumors in a murine xenograft model. Oncotarget 2017; 8:115582-115595. [PMID: 29383183 PMCID: PMC5777795 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently introduced red-green-blue (RGB) marking for clonal cell tracking based on individual color-coding. Here, we applied RGB marking to study clonal development of liver tumors. Immortalized, non-tumorigenic human fetal hepatocytes expressing the human telomerase reverse transcriptase (FH-hTERT) were RGB-marked by simultaneous transduction with lentiviral vectors encoding mCherry, Venus, and Cerulean. Multi-color fluorescence microscopy was used to analyze growth characteristics of RGB-marked FH-hTERT in vitro and in vivo after transplantation into livers of immunodeficient mice with endogenous liver damage (uPA/SCID). After initially polyclonal engraftment we observed oligoclonal regenerative nodules derived from transplanted RGB-marked FH-hTERT. Some mice developed monochromatic invasive liver tumors; their clonal origin was confirmed both on the molecular level, based on specific lentiviral-vector insertion sites, and by serial transplantation of one tumor. Vector insertions in proximity to the proto-oncogene MCF2 and the transcription factor MITF resulted in strong upregulation of mRNA expression in the respective tumors. Notably, upregulated MCF2 and MITF expression was also observed in 21% and 33% of 24 human hepatocellular carcinomas analyzed. In conclusion, liver repopulation with RGB-marked FH-hTERT is a useful tool to study clonal progression of liver tumors caused by insertional mutagenesis in vivo and will help identifying genes involved in liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Thomaschewski
- Research Department of Cell and Gene Therapy, Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center (UMC) Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kristoffer Riecken
- Research Department of Cell and Gene Therapy, Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center (UMC) Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ludmilla Unrau
- Research Department of Cell and Gene Therapy, Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center (UMC) Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tassilo Volz
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, UMC Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Cornils
- Research Department of Cell and Gene Therapy, Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center (UMC) Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Harald Ittrich
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, UMC Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Denise Heim
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, UMC Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Henning Wege
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, UMC Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ercan Akgün
- Research Department of Cell and Gene Therapy, Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center (UMC) Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marc Lütgehetmann
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, UMC Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jan Dieckhoff
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, UMC Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Köpke
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, UMC Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maura Dandri
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, UMC Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Benten
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, UMC Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Gastroenterology, Helios Klinikum Duisburg, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Boris Fehse
- Research Department of Cell and Gene Therapy, Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center (UMC) Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Fang X, Wu HH, Ren JJ, Liu HZ, Li KZ, Li JL, Tang YP, Xiao CC, Huang TR, Deng W. Associations between serum HBX quasispecies and their integration in hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2017; 10:11857-11866. [PMID: 31966550 PMCID: PMC6966043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
HBV quasispecies are closely related to the course and outcome of liver disease. However, whether the complexity and diversity of HBX quasispecies affects its integration in the liver cell and thereby enhances the resultant carcinogenesis is still not clear. 15 HCC patients were recruited; genomic DNA and HBV DNA were extracted from liver cancer tissue and serum respectively. The integrated HBX fragment in liver cancer tissue was amplified by Alu repeat sequence-polymerase chain reaction (Alu-PCR) and sequenced. The serum HBX gene was amplified by nested PCR and sequenced. Quasispecies complexity and diversity, phylogenetic characteristics, lymphocyte count and survival time between HBX-integrated and HBX-unintegrated patients were evaluated. Results showed that the integrated HBX fragment was detected in the tumor tissue of nine patients, and the integration rate was 60.00% (9/15). Compared with the HBX-unintegrated patients, the HBX-integrated patients had a higher quasispecies complexity (P=0.028 and 0.004, at the nucleotide and amino acid levels, respectively). The HBX-integrated patients had a tendency of higher quasispecies diversity, lower lymphocyte count and the survival time. A total of 12 mutation sites were revealed in the HBX-integrated fragment after alignment with the reference sequence. In these, the HBX-integrated groups had significantly higher mutation frequencies at C1497T, A1630G, G1721A, A1762T/G1764A and A1774G. This study revealed influence factors of HBX integration both in virus and the host. The increased complexity and diversity of HBX quasispecies might destroy the host immune balance, and lead to HBX integration ultimately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Fang
- Department of Experimental Research, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University Nanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Hang-Hang Wu
- Department of Experimental Research, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University Nanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Jing-Jing Ren
- Department of Experimental Research, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University Nanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Hai-Zhou Liu
- Department of Experimental Research, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University Nanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Ke-Zhi Li
- Department of Experimental Research, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University Nanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Ji-Lin Li
- Department of Experimental Research, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University Nanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Yan-Ping Tang
- Department of Experimental Research, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University Nanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Chan-Chan Xiao
- Department of Experimental Research, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University Nanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Tian-Ren Huang
- Department of Experimental Research, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University Nanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Wei Deng
- Department of Experimental Research, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University Nanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
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Gómez-Moreno A, Garaigorta U. Hepatitis B Virus and DNA Damage Response: Interactions and Consequences for the Infection. Viruses 2017; 9:v9100304. [PMID: 29048354 PMCID: PMC5691655 DOI: 10.3390/v9100304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major etiologic agent of acute and chronic hepatitis, and end-stage liver disease. Establishment of HBV infection, progression to persistency and pathogenesis are determined by viral and cellular factors, some of which remain still undefined. Key steps of HBV life cycle e.g., transformation of genomic viral DNA into transcriptionally active episomal DNA (cccDNA) or transcription of viral mRNAs from cccDNA, take place in the nucleus of infected cells and strongly depend on enzymatic activities provided by cellular proteins. In this regard, DNA damage response (DDR) pathways and some DDR proteins are being recognized as important factors regulating the infection. On one hand, HBV highjacks specific DDR proteins to successfully complete some of the steps of its life cycle. On the other hand, HBV subverts DDR pathways to presumably create a cellular environment that favours its replication. Direct consequences of these interactions are: HBV DNA integration into host chromosomal DNA, and accumulation of mutations in host chromosomal DNA that could eventually trigger carcinogenic processes, which would explain in part the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in chronically infected patients. Unravelling the interactions that HBV establishes with DDR pathways might help identify new molecular targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andoni Gómez-Moreno
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), Darwin 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Urtzi Garaigorta
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), Darwin 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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Hagiwara S, Nishida N, Park AM, Komeda Y, Sakurai T, Watanabe T, Kudo M. Contribution of C1485T mutation in the HBx gene to human and murine hepatocarcinogenesis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10440. [PMID: 28874700 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10570-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Although Hepatitis B virus (HBV) X gene mutations are frequently detected in HBV-related human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients, causative HBx mutations in the development of HCC have not yet been determined. We herein identified C1485T and C1653T mutations in the HBx gene as independent risk of HCC for HBV through the analysis using serum from chronic hepatitis B patients. We generated transgenic mice expressing wild-type (WT-HBxTg) and mutant (C1485T-HBxTg) HBx to assess the carcinogenic potential of mutated HBx. C1485T-HBxTg mice were more susceptible to diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatocarcinogenesis than WT-HBxTg mice and control non-Tg mice. The promotion of hepatocarcinogenesis in C1485T-HBxTg mice was accompanied by the activation of β-catenin and Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathways as well as the production of reactive oxygen species, whereas the activation of nuclear factor-kappa B in the livers of C1485T-HBxTg mice was attenuated. These results demonstrate that the HBx C1485T mutation contributes to human and murine hepatocarcinogenesis.
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50
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Hong M, Bertoletti A. Tolerance and immunity to pathogens in early life: insights from HBV infection. Semin Immunopathol. 2017;39:643-652. [PMID: 28685270 PMCID: PMC5711997 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-017-0641-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Immunity is not static but varies with age. The immune system of a newborn infant is not "defective" or "immature." Rather, there are distinct features of innate and adaptive immunity from fetal life to adulthood, which may alter the susceptibility of newborn infants to infections compared to adults. Increased protection to certain infectious diseases during early life may benefit from a dampened immune response as a result of decreased immune pathology. This concept may offer an alternative interpretation of the different pathological manifestations clinically observed in hepatitis B virus (HBV)-infected patients during the natural history of infection. Herein, we review the immune pathological features of HBV infection from early life to adulthood and challenge the concept of a generic immune tolerant state in young people. We then discuss how the different clinical and virological manifestations during HBV infection may be related to the differential antiviral immunity and pro-inflammatory capacity generated at different ages. Lastly, we address the potential to consider earlier therapeutic intervention in HBV-infected young patients to achieve effective immune control leading to better outcomes.
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