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Ogongo P, Wassie L, Tran A, Columbus D, Sharling L, Ouma G, Ouma SG, Bobosha K, Lindestam Arlehamn CS, Gandhi NR, Auld SC, Rengarajan J, Day CL, Altman JD, Blumberg HM, Ernst JD. Rare Variable M. tuberculosis Antigens induce predominant Th17 responses in human infection. bioRxiv 2024:2024.03.05.583634. [PMID: 38496518 PMCID: PMC10942433 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.05.583634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
CD4 T cells are essential for immunity to M. tuberculosis (Mtb), and emerging evidence indicates that IL-17-producing Th17 cells contribute to immunity to Mtb. While identifying protective T cell effector functions is important for TB vaccine design, T cell antigen specificity is also likely to be important. To identify antigens that induce protective immunity, we reasoned that as in other pathogens, effective immune recognition drives sequence diversity in individual Mtb antigens. We previously identified Mtb genes under evolutionary diversifying selection pressure whose products we term Rare Variable Mtb Antigens (RVMA). Here, in two distinct human cohorts with recent exposure to TB, we found that RVMA preferentially induce CD4 T cells that express RoRγt and produce IL-17, in contrast to 'classical' Mtb antigens that induce T cells that produce IFNγ. Our results suggest that RVMA can be valuable antigens in vaccines for those already infected with Mtb to amplify existing antigen-specific Th17 responses to prevent TB disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Ogongo
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Institute of Primate Research, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Liya Wassie
- Mycobacterial Disease Research Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Anthony Tran
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Devin Columbus
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lisa Sharling
- Department of Epidemiology, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Gregory Ouma
- Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Samuel Gurrion Ouma
- Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Kidist Bobosha
- Mycobacterial Disease Research Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Neel R. Gandhi
- Department of Epidemiology, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Global Health, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sara C. Auld
- Department of Epidemiology, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Global Health, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jyothi Rengarajan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Cheryl L. Day
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - John D. Altman
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Henry M. Blumberg
- Department of Epidemiology, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Global Health, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Joel D. Ernst
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Xia J, Bo B, Yang S, Cao Y, Cao Y, Cui H. Interfacial reactivity-modulated fluorescent metal-organic frameworks for sensitive detection of interferon-γ towards tuberculosis diagnosis. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 191:6. [PMID: 38051387 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-06088-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
A new aptamer-based method has been developed for interferon-γ (IFN-γ) detection by utilizing interface reactivity-modulated fluorescent metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). Specifically, the binding of IFN-γ to its aptamer decreases the interface reactivity between the biotin-labeled aptamer and the streptavidin-functionalized magnetic beads by generating significant steric effects. As a result, several biotin-labeled aptamers escape from the enrichment of magnetic beads and remain in the supernatant, which subsequently undergo the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-catalyzed polymerization elongation. Along with the elongation, pyrophosphate is continuously produced as the by-product, triggering the decomposition of fluorescent MOFs to generate a remarkable fluorescent response with the excitation/emission wavelength of 610 nm/685 nm. Experimental results show that the method enables the detection of IFN-γ in the range 0.06 fM to 6 pM with a detection limit of 0.057 fM. The method also displays high specificity and repeatability with an average relative standard deviation of 2.04%. Moreover, the method demonstrates satisfactory recoveries from 96.3 to 105.5% in serum samples and excellent utility in clinical blood samples. Therefore, this work may provide a valuable tool for IFN-γ detection and is expected to be of high potential in tuberculosis diagnosis in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianan Xia
- Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
- Center for Molecular Recognition and Biosensing, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Bo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Yang
- Center for Molecular Recognition and Biosensing, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Cao
- Center for Molecular Recognition and Biosensing, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya Cao
- Center for Molecular Recognition and Biosensing, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China.
| | - Haiyan Cui
- Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China.
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Young C, Suliman S, Rozot V, Mendelsohn SC. Meeting report: 6th Global Forum on Tuberculosis Vaccines, 22–25 February 2022, Toulouse, France. Vaccine X 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2023.100267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
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Clarkson BDS, Johnson RK, Bingel C, Lothaller C, Howe CL. Preservation of antigen-specific responses in cryopreserved CD4 + and CD8 + T cells expanded with IL-2 and IL-7. J Transl Autoimmun 2022; 5:100173. [PMID: 36467614 PMCID: PMC9713293 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtauto.2022.100173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives We sought to develop medium throughput standard operating procedures for screening cryopreserved human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) for CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses to potential autoantigens. Methods Dendritic cells were loaded with a peptide cocktail from ubiquitous viruses or full-length viral protein antigens and cocultured with autologous T cells. We measured expression of surface activation markers on T cells by flow cytometry and cytometry by time of flight 24-72 h later. We tested responses among T cells freshly isolated from healthy control PBMCs, cryopreserved T cells, and T cells derived from a variety of T cell expansion protocols. We also compared the transcriptional profile of CD8+ T cells rested with interleukin (IL)7 for 48 h after 1) initial thawing, 2) expansion, and 3) secondary cryopreservation/thawing of expanded cells. To generate competent antigen presenting cells from PBMCs, we promoted differentiation of PBMCs into dendritic cells with granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor and IL-4. Results We observed robust dendritic cell differentiation from human PBMCs treated with 50 ng/mL GM-CSF and 20 ng/mL IL-4 in as little as 3 days. Dendritic cell purity was substantially increased by magnetically enriching for CD14+ monocytes prior to differentiation. We also measured antigen-dependent T cell activation in DC-T cell cocultures. However, polyclonal expansion of T cells with anti-CD3/antiCD28 abolished antigen-dependent upregulation of CD69 in our assay despite minimal transcriptional differences between rested CD8+ T cells before and after expansion. Furthermore, resting these expanded T cells in IL-2, IL-7 or IL-15 did not restore the antigen dependent responses. In contrast, T cells that were initially expanded with IL-2 + IL-7 rather than plate bound anti-CD3 + anti-CD28 retained responsiveness to antigen stimulation and these responses strongly correlated with responses measured at initial thawing. Significance While screening techniques for potential pathological autoantibodies have come a long way, comparable full-length protein target assays for screening patient T cells at medium throughput are noticeably lacking due to technical hurdles. Here we advance techniques that should have broad applicability to translational studies investigating cell mediated immunity in infectious or autoimmune diseases. Future studies are aimed at investigating possible CD8+ T cell autoantigens in MS and other CNS autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin DS. Clarkson
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA,Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA,Corresponding author. Mayo Clinic, Guggenheim 1521C, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905.
| | | | - Corinna Bingel
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Pediatric Oncology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Charles L. Howe
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA,Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA,Division of Experimental Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA,Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
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Bachanová P, Cheyne A, Broderick C, Newton SM, Levin M, Kaforou M. Comparative transcriptomic analysis of whole blood mycobacterial growth assays and tuberculosis patients' blood RNA profiles. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17684. [PMID: 36271270 PMCID: PMC9587058 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20409-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro whole blood infection models are used for elucidating the immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). They exhibit commonalities but also differences, to the in vivo blood transcriptional response during natural human Mtb disease. Here, we present a description of concordant and discordant components of the immune response in blood, quantified through transcriptional profiling in an in vitro whole blood infection model compared to whole blood from patients with tuberculosis disease. We identified concordantly and discordantly expressed gene modules and performed in silico cell deconvolution. A high degree of concordance of gene expression between both adult and paediatric in vivo-in vitro tuberculosis infection was identified. Concordance in paediatric in vivo vs in vitro comparison is largely characterised by immune suppression, while in adults the comparison is marked by concordant immune activation, particularly that of inflammation, chemokine, and interferon signalling. Discordance between in vitro and in vivo increases over time and is driven by T-cell regulation and monocyte-related gene expression, likely due to apoptotic depletion of monocytes and increasing relative fraction of longer-lived cell types, such as T and B cells. Our approach facilitates a more informed use of the whole blood in vitro model, while also accounting for its limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Bachanová
- grid.7445.20000 0001 2113 8111Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ashleigh Cheyne
- grid.7445.20000 0001 2113 8111Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK ,grid.7445.20000 0001 2113 8111MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Claire Broderick
- grid.7445.20000 0001 2113 8111Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Sandra M. Newton
- grid.7445.20000 0001 2113 8111Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK ,grid.7445.20000 0001 2113 8111Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Michael Levin
- grid.7445.20000 0001 2113 8111Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK ,grid.7445.20000 0001 2113 8111Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Myrsini Kaforou
- grid.7445.20000 0001 2113 8111Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK ,grid.7445.20000 0001 2113 8111Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Singh S, Bolz M, Cornelius A, Desvignes L. Intravenous BCG driven antigen recognition in a murine tuberculosis model. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2022; 87:101838. [PMID: 35700556 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2022.101838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is the only approved vaccine against tuberculosis but the subcutaneous route does not provide for the elimination of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), thus highlighting the need for investigating other routes of administration. We used a unique set of 60 peptide pools with unprecedented coverage of the bacterium that had previously been used to study T cell responses in subjects latently infected with Mtb. We showed that intravenous BCG vaccination of C57BL/6 mice elicited a more robust IFN-γ response from splenocytes than the subcutaneous route, with the highest responses driven by the Ag85A/B and PE/PPE family epitopes, followed by TB10.4 and Esx-1. We then compared the spectrum of antigen recognition in BCG-naïve H37Rv-challenged and BCG-vaccinated H37Rv-challenged mice. Peptides belonging to TB10.4, ESAT-6, CFP-10, Ag85A/Ag85B, PE/PPE and Esx families up-regulated IFN-γ production in the lungs of BCG-naïve H37Rv-challenged mice but the response was much lower in the BCG-vaccinated group. Historically, a limited number of Mtb antigens have been used to study T cell responses in TB. The goal of using this 60-peptide assay was to define T cell responses in TB down to the epitope level. We envision that the use of broad antigen panels such as ours in conjunction with studies of bacterial load reduction will help delineate the protective efficacy of 'groups' of antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Singh
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, USA.
| | - Miriam Bolz
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, USA
| | - Amber Cornelius
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, USA
| | - Ludovic Desvignes
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, USA; Office of Science & Research, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Kaushal
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio
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Auld SC, Staitieh BS. HIV and the tuberculosis "set point": how HIV impairs alveolar macrophage responses to tuberculosis and sets the stage for progressive disease. Retrovirology 2020; 17:32. [PMID: 32967690 PMCID: PMC7509826 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-020-00540-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As HIV has fueled a global resurgence of tuberculosis over the last several decades, there is a growing awareness that HIV-mediated impairments in both innate and adaptive immunity contribute to the heightened risk of tuberculosis in people with HIV. Since early immune responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) set the stage for subsequent control or progression to active tuberculosis disease, early host-pathogen interactions following Mtb infection can be thought of as establishing a mycobacterial "set point," which we define as the mycobacterial burden at the point of adaptive immune activation. This early immune response is impaired in the context of HIV coinfection, allowing for a higher mycobacterial set point and greater likelihood of progression to active disease with greater bacterial burden. Alveolar macrophages, as the first cells to encounter Mtb in the lungs, play a critical role in containing Mtb growth and establishing the mycobacterial set point. However, a number of key macrophage functions, ranging from pathogen recognition and uptake to phagocytosis and microbial killing, are blunted in HIV coinfection. To date, research evaluating the effects of HIV on the alveolar macrophage response to Mtb has been relatively limited, particularly with regard to the critical early events that help to dictate the mycobacterial set point. A greater understanding of alveolar macrophage functions impacted by HIV coinfection will improve our understanding of protective immunity to Mtb and may reveal novel pathways amenable to intervention to improve both early immune control of Mtb and clinical outcomes for the millions of people worldwide infected with HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara C Auld
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Azizi A. Protective Efficacy of Candidate Vaccines Prior to Human Clinical Trials. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:2992-2994. [PMID: 30121314 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Azizi
- Sanofi Pasteur, Analytical Research and Development North America, Toronto, Ontario M2R 3T4, Canada.
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Petruccioli E, Chiacchio T, Vanini V, Cuzzi G, Codecasa LR, Ferrarese M, Schininà V, Palmieri F, Ippolito G, Goletti D. Effect of therapy on Quantiferon-Plus response in patients with active and latent tuberculosis infection. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15626. [PMID: 30353115 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33825-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lack of biomarkers for treatment monitoring is listed among the main requirements for next generation assays, as identified globally among tuberculosis (TB) researchers. In this study, we evaluated in a low TB endemic country such as Italy, the effect of preventive therapy on the results obtained in the QuantiFERON TB Plus (QFT-Plus), in a cohort of subjects with latent TB infection (LTBI) and active TB. We found that TB therapy significantly decreased IFN-γ values and number of responders to TB1- and TB2- peptides stimulation in both LTBI and active TB patients. Stratifying LTBI subjects according to the type of preventive TB therapy used, we found that INH treatment but not INH and RIF significantly decreased IFN-γ production. Stratifying the active TB patients according the microbiological status, we found that TB therapy significantly decreased IFN-γ response to antigen present in QFT-Plus test in patients with clinical diagnosis compared to those with a microbiological diagnosis. In conclusions, we demonstrated that TB therapy decreases IFN-γ level in response to antigen present in QFT-Plus test in LTBI and active TB patients. Future studies are needed to better characterize Mtb-specifc response as a potential marker for monitoring TB therapy and preventive treatment effects.
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Coppola M, Ottenhoff TH. Genome wide approaches discover novel Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens as correlates of infection, disease, immunity and targets for vaccination. Semin Immunol 2018; 39:88-101. [PMID: 30327124 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Every day approximately six thousand people die of Tuberculosis (TB). Its causative agent, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is an ancient pathogen that through its evolution developed complex mechanisms to evade immune surveillance and acquire the ability to establish persistent infection in its hosts. Currently, it is estimated that one-fourth of the human population is latently infected with Mtb and among those infected 3-10% are at risk of developing active TB disease during their lifetime. The currently available diagnostics are not able to detect this risk group for prophylactic treatment to prevent transmission. Anti-TB drugs are available but only as long regimens with considerable side effects, which could both be reduced if adequate tests were available to monitor the response of TB to treatment. New vaccines are also urgently needed to substitute or boost Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), the only approved TB vaccine: although BCG prevents disseminated TB in infants, it fails to impact the incidence of pulmonary TB in adults, and therefore has little effect on TB transmission. To achieve TB eradication, the discovery of Mtb antigens that effectively correlate with the human response to infection, with the curative host response following TB treatment, and with natural as well as vaccine induced protection will be critical. Over the last decade, many new Mtb antigens have been found and proposed as TB biomarkers and vaccine candidates, but only a very small number of these is being used in commercial diagnostic tests or is being assessed as candidate TB vaccine antigens in human clinical trials, aiming to prevent infection, disease or disease recurrence following treatment. Most of these antigens were discovered decades ago, before the complete Mtb genome sequence became available, and thus did not harness the latest insights from post-genomic antigen discovery strategies and genome wide approaches. These have, for example, revealed critical phase variation in Mtb replication and accompanying gene -and therefore antigen- expression patterns. In this review, we present a brief overview of past methodologies, and subsequently focus on the most important recent Mtb antigen discovery studies which have mined the Mtb antigenome through "unbiased" genome wide approaches. We compare the results for these approaches -as far as we know for the first time-, highlight Mtb antigens that have been identified independently by different strategies and present a comprehensive overview of the Mtb antigens thus discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariateresa Coppola
- Dept. Infectious Diseases, LUMC, PO Box 9600, 2300RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Tom Hm Ottenhoff
- Dept. Infectious Diseases, LUMC, PO Box 9600, 2300RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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