1
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Tenggara MK, Oh SH, Yang C, Nariya HK, Metz AM, Upadhyay AA, Gudipati DR, Guo L, McGhee EG, Gill K, Viox EG, Mason RD, Doria-Rose NA, Foulds KE, Mascola JR, Du Y, Fu H, Altman JD, Yan Q, Sheng Z, Bosinger SE, Kong R. Frequency-potency analysis of IgG+ memory B cells delineates neutralizing antibody responses at single-cell resolution. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113948. [PMID: 38483908 PMCID: PMC11003769 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Identifying individual functional B cell receptors (BCRs) is common, but two-dimensional analysis of B cell frequency versus BCR potency would delineate both quantity and quality of antigen-specific memory B cells. We efficiently determine quantitative BCR neutralizing activities using a single-cell-derived antibody supernatant analysis (SCAN) workflow and develop a frequency-potency algorithm to estimate B cell frequencies at various neutralizing activity or binding affinity cutoffs. In an HIV-1 fusion peptide (FP) immunization study, frequency-potency curves elucidate the quantity and quality of FP-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG)+ memory B cells for different animals, time points, and antibody lineages at single-cell resolution. The BCR neutralizing activities are mainly determined by their affinities to soluble envelope trimer. Frequency analysis definitively demonstrates dominant neutralizing antibody lineages. These findings establish SCAN and frequency-potency analyses as promising approaches for general B cell analysis and monoclonal antibody (mAb) discovery. They also provide specific rationales for HIV-1 FP-directed vaccine optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle K Tenggara
- Emory Vaccine Center, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; Emory National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Seo-Ho Oh
- Emory Vaccine Center, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; Emory National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Catherine Yang
- Emory Vaccine Center, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; Emory National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Hardik K Nariya
- Emory Vaccine Center, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; Emory National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Amanda M Metz
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Amit A Upadhyay
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Dedeepya R Gudipati
- Emory Vaccine Center, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; Emory National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Lizheng Guo
- Emory Vaccine Center, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; Emory National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Emily G McGhee
- Emory Vaccine Center, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; Emory National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Kiran Gill
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Elise G Viox
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Rosemarie D Mason
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nicole A Doria-Rose
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kathryn E Foulds
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John R Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yuhong Du
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Emory Chemical Biology Discovery Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Haian Fu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Emory Chemical Biology Discovery Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - John D Altman
- Emory Vaccine Center, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; Emory National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Qi Yan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Zizhang Sheng
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Steven E Bosinger
- Emory Vaccine Center, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; Emory National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Rui Kong
- Emory Vaccine Center, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; Emory National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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2
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Ogongo P, Wassie L, Tran A, Columbus D, Sharling L, Ouma G, Ouma SG, Bobosha K, Lindestam Arlehamn CS, Gandhi NR, Auld SC, Rengarajan J, Day CL, Altman JD, Blumberg HM, Ernst JD. Rare Variable M. tuberculosis Antigens induce predominant Th17 responses in human infection. bioRxiv 2024:2024.03.05.583634. [PMID: 38496518 PMCID: PMC10942433 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.05.583634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
CD4 T cells are essential for immunity to M. tuberculosis (Mtb), and emerging evidence indicates that IL-17-producing Th17 cells contribute to immunity to Mtb. While identifying protective T cell effector functions is important for TB vaccine design, T cell antigen specificity is also likely to be important. To identify antigens that induce protective immunity, we reasoned that as in other pathogens, effective immune recognition drives sequence diversity in individual Mtb antigens. We previously identified Mtb genes under evolutionary diversifying selection pressure whose products we term Rare Variable Mtb Antigens (RVMA). Here, in two distinct human cohorts with recent exposure to TB, we found that RVMA preferentially induce CD4 T cells that express RoRγt and produce IL-17, in contrast to 'classical' Mtb antigens that induce T cells that produce IFNγ. Our results suggest that RVMA can be valuable antigens in vaccines for those already infected with Mtb to amplify existing antigen-specific Th17 responses to prevent TB disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Ogongo
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Institute of Primate Research, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Liya Wassie
- Mycobacterial Disease Research Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Anthony Tran
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Devin Columbus
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lisa Sharling
- Department of Epidemiology, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Gregory Ouma
- Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Samuel Gurrion Ouma
- Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Kidist Bobosha
- Mycobacterial Disease Research Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Neel R. Gandhi
- Department of Epidemiology, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Global Health, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sara C. Auld
- Department of Epidemiology, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Global Health, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jyothi Rengarajan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Cheryl L. Day
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - John D. Altman
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Henry M. Blumberg
- Department of Epidemiology, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Global Health, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Joel D. Ernst
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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3
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Huang S, Shahine A, Cheng TY, Chen YL, Ng SW, Balaji GR, Farquhar R, Gras S, Hardman CS, Altman JD, Tahiri N, Minnaard AJ, Ogg GS, Mayfield JA, Rossjohn J, Moody DB. CD1 lipidomes reveal lipid-binding motifs and size-based antigen-display mechanisms. Cell 2023; 186:4583-4596.e13. [PMID: 37725977 PMCID: PMC10591967 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
The CD1 system binds lipid antigens for display to T cells. Here, we solved lipidomes for the four human CD1 antigen-presenting molecules, providing a map of self-lipid display. Answering a basic question, the detection of >2,000 CD1-lipid complexes demonstrates broad presentation of self-sphingolipids and phospholipids. Whereas peptide antigens are chemically processed, many lipids are presented in an unaltered form. However, each type of CD1 protein differentially edits the self-lipidome to show distinct capture motifs based on lipid length and chemical composition, suggesting general antigen display mechanisms. For CD1a and CD1d, lipid size matches the CD1 cleft volume. CD1c cleft size is more variable, and CD1b is the outlier, where ligands and clefts show an extreme size mismatch that is explained by uniformly seating two small lipids in one cleft. Furthermore, the list of compounds that comprise the integrated CD1 lipidome supports the ongoing discovery of lipid blockers and antigens for T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouxiong Huang
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunity and Inflammation, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Adam Shahine
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Tan-Yun Cheng
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunity and Inflammation, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yi-Ling Chen
- Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Soo Weei Ng
- Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Gautham R. Balaji
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Rachel Farquhar
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Stephanie Gras
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Clare S. Hardman
- Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - John D. Altman
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Nabil Tahiri
- Department of Chemical Biology, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Adriaan J. Minnaard
- Department of Chemical Biology, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Graham S. Ogg
- Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jacob A. Mayfield
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunity and Inflammation, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - D. Branch Moody
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunity and Inflammation, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Lead contact
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4
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Altman JD, Rouse BT. The Long-Awaited Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccine. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2023; 43:285-286. [PMID: 37463460 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2023.0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- John D Altman
- Emory Vaccine Center and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Barry T Rouse
- Biomedical & Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
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5
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Gao F, Mallajosyula V, Arunachalam PS, van der Ploeg K, Manohar M, Röltgen K, Yang F, Wirz O, Hoh R, Haraguchi E, Lee JY, Willis R, Ramachandiran V, Li J, Kathuria KR, Li C, Lee AS, Shah MM, Sindher SB, Gonzalez J, Altman JD, Wang TT, Boyd SD, Pulendran B, Jagannathan P, Nadeau KC, Davis MM. Spheromers reveal robust T cell responses to the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine and attenuated peripheral CD8 + T cell responses post SARS-CoV-2 infection. Immunity 2023; 56:864-878.e4. [PMID: 36996809 PMCID: PMC10017386 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
T cells are a critical component of the response to SARS-CoV-2, but their kinetics after infection and vaccination are insufficiently understood. Using "spheromer" peptide-MHC multimer reagents, we analyzed healthy subjects receiving two doses of the Pfizer/BioNTech BNT162b2 vaccine. Vaccination resulted in robust spike-specific T cell responses for the dominant CD4+ (HLA-DRB1∗15:01/S191) and CD8+ (HLA-A∗02/S691) T cell epitopes. Antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses were asynchronous, with the peak CD4+ T cell responses occurring 1 week post the second vaccination (boost), whereas CD8+ T cells peaked 2 weeks later. These peripheral T cell responses were elevated compared with COVID-19 patients. We also found that previous SARS-CoV-2 infection resulted in decreased CD8+ T cell activation and expansion, suggesting that previous infection can influence the T cell response to vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Gao
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation, and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Vamsee Mallajosyula
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation, and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Prabhu S Arunachalam
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation, and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kattria van der Ploeg
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Monali Manohar
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University and Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Katharina Röltgen
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Oliver Wirz
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ramona Hoh
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Emily Haraguchi
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ji-Yeun Lee
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Richard Willis
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Jiefu Li
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation, and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Karan Raj Kathuria
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation, and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Chunfeng Li
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation, and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Alexandra S Lee
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University and Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mihir M Shah
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University and Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sayantani B Sindher
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University and Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Joseph Gonzalez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - John D Altman
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Taia T Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Scott D Boyd
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University and Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Bali Pulendran
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation, and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Prasanna Jagannathan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kari C Nadeau
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation, and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University and Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard, MA, USA
| | - Mark M Davis
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation, and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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Vita RJ, Mody A, Overton JA, Buus S, Haley ST, Willis RA, Sette A, Mallajosyula V, Peters B, Altman JD. The Minimal Information about MHC Multimers (MIAMM). The Journal of Immunology 2022. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.208.supp.173.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The Minimal Information about MHC Multimers (MIAMM, miamm.lji.org) is a recently established data standard to be applied to publications utilizing these reagents. Available at miamm.lji.org, we explain how to easily represent multimer reagents in a standardized format using ontology terminology. Additionally, we provide a free, publicly available Multimer Validation Tool. This tool helps users adopt this new data standard and was proven to be generally applicable to real life use cases by its validation of the data present in the NIH Tetramer Core Facility and the nearly 18,500 multimer assays in the Immune Epitope Database (IEDB). As the scientific public adopts MIAMM, the quality, reproducibility, and annotatability of MHC multimer reagent data in the scientific literature will be improved.
Funding: JDA, RAW, and DLL acknowledge support from the contract for the NIH Tetramer Facility (75N93020D00005) from the Yerkes National Primate Research Center (P51OD011132), and the Emory Center for AIDS Research (P30AI050409). RV, JAO, AM, and BP acknowledge support from National Institutes of Health grant R24 HG010032. RV, JAO, AM, BP, and AS acknowledge support from National Institutes of Health contract 75N93019C00001
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7
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Altman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA. .,Emory Vaccine Center, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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8
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Vita R, Mody A, Overton JA, Buus S, Haley ST, Sette A, Mallajosyula V, Davis MM, Long DL, Willis RA, Peters B, Altman JD. Minimal Information about MHC Multimers (MIAMM). J Immunol 2022; 208:531-537. [PMID: 35042788 PMCID: PMC8830768 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
With the goal of improving the reproducibility and annotatability of MHC multimer reagent data, we present the establishment of a new data standard: Minimal Information about MHC Multimers (https://miamm.lji.org/). Multimers are engineered reagents composed of a ligand and a MHC, which can be represented in a standardized format using ontology terminology. We provide an online Web site to host the details of the standard, as well as a validation tool to assist with the adoption of the standard. We hope that this publication will bring increased awareness of Minimal Information about MHC Multimers and drive acceptance, ultimately improving the quality and documentation of multimer data in the scientific literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randi Vita
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA;
| | - Apurva Mody
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA
| | | | - Soren Buus
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Vamsee Mallajosyula
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation, and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Mark M Davis
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation, and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Dale L Long
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; and
| | - Richard A Willis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; and
| | - Bjoern Peters
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - John D Altman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; and
- Emory Vaccine Center and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
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9
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Cotton RN, Wegrecki M, Cheng TY, Chen YL, Veerapen N, Le Nours J, Orgill DP, Pomahac B, Talbot SG, Willis R, Altman JD, de Jong A, Van Rhijn I, Clark RA, Besra GS, Ogg G, Rossjohn J, Moody DB. CD1a selectively captures endogenous cellular lipids that broadly block T cell response. J Exp Med 2021; 218:e20202699. [PMID: 33961028 PMCID: PMC8111460 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20202699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We optimized lipidomics methods to broadly detect endogenous lipids bound to cellular CD1a proteins. Whereas membrane phospholipids dominate in cells, CD1a preferentially captured sphingolipids, especially a C42, doubly unsaturated sphingomyelin (42:2 SM). The natural 42:2 SM but not the more common 34:1 SM blocked CD1a tetramer binding to T cells in all human subjects tested. Thus, cellular CD1a selectively captures a particular endogenous lipid that broadly blocks its binding to TCRs. Crystal structures show that the short cellular SMs stabilized a triad of surface residues to remain flush with CD1a, but the longer lipids forced the phosphocholine group to ride above the display platform to hinder TCR approach. Whereas nearly all models emphasize antigen-mediated T cell activation, we propose that the CD1a system has intrinsic autoreactivity and is negatively regulated by natural endogenous inhibitors selectively bound in its cleft. Further, the detailed chemical structures of natural blockers could guide future design of therapeutic blockers of CD1a response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel N. Cotton
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Marcin Wegrecki
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tan-Yun Cheng
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Yi-Ling Chen
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Institute for Health Research, Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Natacha Veerapen
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jérôme Le Nours
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dennis P. Orgill
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Bohdan Pomahac
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Simon G. Talbot
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Richard Willis
- National Institutes of Health Tetramer Core Facility, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - John D. Altman
- National Institutes of Health Tetramer Core Facility, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Annemieke de Jong
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Ildiko Van Rhijn
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Rachael A. Clark
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Gurdyal S. Besra
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Graham Ogg
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Institute for Health Research, Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | - D. Branch Moody
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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10
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Layton ED, Barman S, Wilburn DB, Yu KKQ, Smith MT, Altman JD, Scriba TJ, Tahiri N, Minnaard AJ, Roederer M, Seder RA, Darrah PA, Seshadri C. T Cells Specific for a Mycobacterial Glycolipid Expand after Intravenous Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Vaccination. J Immunol 2021; 206:1240-1250. [PMID: 33536255 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Intradermal vaccination with Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) protects infants from disseminated tuberculosis, and i.v. BCG protects nonhuman primates (NHP) against pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis. In humans and NHP, protection is thought to be mediated by T cells, which typically recognize bacterial peptide Ags bound to MHC proteins. However, during vertebrate evolution, T cells acquired the capacity to recognize lipid Ags bound to CD1a, CD1b, and CD1c proteins expressed on APCs. It is unknown whether BCG induces T cell immunity to mycobacterial lipids and whether CD1-restricted T cells are resident in the lung. In this study, we developed and validated Macaca mulatta (Mamu) CD1b and CD1c tetramers to probe ex vivo phenotypes and functions of T cells specific for glucose monomycolate (GMM), an immunodominant mycobacterial lipid Ag. We discovered that CD1b and CD1c present GMM to T cells in both humans and NHP. We show that GMM-specific T cells are expanded in rhesus macaque blood 4 wk after i.v. BCG, which has been shown to protect NHP with near-sterilizing efficacy upon M. tuberculosis challenge. After vaccination, these T cells are detected at high frequency within bronchoalveolar fluid and express CD69 and CD103, markers associated with resident memory T cells. Thus, our data expand the repertoire of T cells known to be induced by whole cell mycobacterial vaccines, such as BCG, and show that lipid Ag-specific T cells are resident in the lungs, where they may contribute to protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik D Layton
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Soumik Barman
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Damien B Wilburn
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Krystle K Q Yu
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Malisa T Smith
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - John D Altman
- National Institutes of Health Tetramer Core Facility, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329
| | - Thomas J Scriba
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 9747, South Africa
| | - Nabil Tahiri
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen 7925, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Adriaan J Minnaard
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen 7925, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Mario Roederer
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Robert A Seder
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Patricia A Darrah
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Chetan Seshadri
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109; .,Tuberculosis Research and Training Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
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11
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McLaughlin TA, Nizam A, Hayara FO, Ouma GS, Campbell A, Khayumbi J, Ongalo J, Ouma SG, Shah NS, Altman JD, Kaushal D, Rengarajan J, Ernst JD, Blumberg HM, Waller LA, Gandhi NR, Day CL, Benkeser D. Schistosoma mansoni Infection Is Associated With a Higher Probability of Tuberculosis Disease in HIV-Infected Adults in Kenya. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2021; 86:157-163. [PMID: 33074856 PMCID: PMC8284023 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000002536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helminth infections can modulate immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). However, the effect of helminths, including Schistosoma mansoni (SM), on Mtb infection outcomes is less clear. Furthermore, HIV is a known risk factor for tuberculosis (TB) disease and has been implicated in SM pathogenesis. Therefore, it is important to evaluate whether HIV modifies the association between SM and Mtb infection. SETTING HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected adults were enrolled in Kisumu County, Kenya, between 2014 and 2017 and categorized into 3 groups based on Mtb infection status: Mtb-uninfected healthy controls, latent TB infection (LTBI), and active TB disease. Participants were subsequently evaluated for infection with SM. METHODS We used targeted minimum loss estimation and super learning to estimate a covariate-adjusted association between SM and Mtb infection outcomes, defined as the probability of being Mtb-uninfected healthy controls, LTBI, or TB. HIV status was evaluated as an effect modifier of this association. RESULTS SM was not associated with differences in baseline demographic or clinical features of participants in this study, nor with additional parasitic infections. Covariate-adjusted analyses indicated that infection with SM was associated with a 4% higher estimated proportion of active TB cases in HIV-uninfected individuals and a 14% higher estimated proportion of active TB cases in HIV-infected individuals. There were no differences in estimated proportions of LTBI cases. CONCLUSIONS We provide evidence that SM infection is associated with a higher probability of active TB disease, particularly in HIV-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Azhar Nizam
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA
| | | | - Gregory Sadat Ouma
- Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Angela Campbell
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Jeremiah Khayumbi
- Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Joshua Ongalo
- Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Samuel Gurrion Ouma
- Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - N. Sarita Shah
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA
- Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - John D. Altman
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Deepak Kaushal
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Center, San Antonio, TX
| | - Jyothi Rengarajan
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Joel D. Ernst
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Henry M. Blumberg
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Lance A. Waller
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Neel R. Gandhi
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA
- Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Cheryl L. Day
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - David Benkeser
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA
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12
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Willis RA, Ramachandiran V, Shires JC, Bai G, Jeter K, Bell DL, Han L, Kazarian T, Ugwu KC, Laur O, Contreras-Alcantara S, Long DL, Altman JD. Production of Class II MHC Proteins in Lentiviral Vector-Transduced HEK-293T Cells for Tetramer Staining Reagents. Curr Protoc 2021; 1:e36. [PMID: 33539685 PMCID: PMC7880703 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Class II major histocompatibility complex peptide (MHC-IIp) multimers are precisely engineered reagents used to detect T cells specific for antigens from pathogens, tumors, and self-proteins. While the related Class I MHC/peptide (MHC-Ip) multimers are usually produced from subunits expressed in E. coli, most Class II MHC alleles cannot be produced in bacteria, and this has contributed to the perception that MHC-IIp reagents are harder to produce. Herein, we present a robust constitutive expression system for soluble biotinylated MHC-IIp proteins that uses stable lentiviral vector-transduced derivatives of HEK-293T cells. The expression design includes allele-specific peptide ligands tethered to the amino-terminus of the MHC-II β chain via a protease-cleavable linker. Following cleavage of the linker, HLA-DM is used to catalyze efficient peptide exchange, enabling high-throughput production of many distinct MHC-IIp complexes from a single production cell line. Peptide exchange is monitored using either of two label-free methods, native isoelectric focusing gel electrophoresis or matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry of eluted peptides. Together, these methods produce MHC-IIp complexes that are highly homogeneous and that form the basis for excellent MHC-IIp multimer reagents. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Lentivirus production and expression line creation Support Protocol 1: Six-well assay for estimation of production cell line yield Support Protocol 2: Universal ELISA for quantifying proteins with fused leucine zippers and His-tags Basic Protocol 2: Cultures for production of Class II MHC proteins Basic Protocol 3: Purification of Class II MHC proteins by anti-leucine zipper affinity chromatography Alternate Protocol 1: IMAC purification of His-tagged Class II MHC Support Protocol 3: Protein concentration measurements and adjustments Support Protocol 4: Polishing purification by anion-exchange chromatography Support Protocol 5: Estimating biotinylation percentage by streptavidin precipitation Basic Protocol 4: Peptide exchange Basic Protocol 5: Analysis of peptide exchange by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry Alternate Protocol 2: Native isoelectric focusing to validate MHC-II peptide loading Basic Protocol 6: Multimerization Basic Protocol 7: Staining cells with Class II MHC tetramers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Willis
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Vasanthi Ramachandiran
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - John C Shires
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ge Bai
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Kelly Jeter
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Donielle L Bell
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Lixia Han
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Tamara Kazarian
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Kyla C Ugwu
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Oskar Laur
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Emory Custom Cloning Core Facility, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Susana Contreras-Alcantara
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Dale L Long
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - John D Altman
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Center for AIDS Research, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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13
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Cotton RN, Cheng TY, Wegrecki M, Le Nours J, Orgill DP, Pomahac B, Talbot SG, Willis RA, Altman JD, de Jong A, Ogg G, Van Rhijn I, Rossjohn J, Clark RA, Moody DB. Human skin is colonized by T cells that recognize CD1a independently of lipid. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:140706. [PMID: 33393500 PMCID: PMC7773353 DOI: 10.1172/jci140706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
CD1a-autoreactive T cells contribute to skin disease, but the identity of immunodominant self-lipid antigens and their mode of recognition are not yet solved. In most models, MHC and CD1 proteins serve as display platforms for smaller antigens. Here, we showed that CD1a tetramers without added antigen stained large T cell pools in every subject tested, accounting for approximately 1% of skin T cells. The mechanism of tetramer binding to T cells did not require any defined antigen. Binding occurred with approximately 100 lipid ligands carried by CD1a proteins, but could be tuned upward or downward with certain natural self-lipids. TCR recognition mapped to the outer A' roof of CD1a at sites remote from the antigen exit portal, explaining how TCRs can bind CD1a rather than carried lipids. Thus, a major antigenic target of CD1a T cell autoreactivity in vivo is CD1a itself. Based on their high frequency and prevalence among donors, we conclude that CD1a-specific, lipid-independent T cells are a normal component of the human skin T cell repertoire. Bypassing the need to select antigens and effector molecules, CD1a tetramers represent a simple method to track such CD1a-specific T cells from tissues and in any clinical disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel N. Cotton
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tan-Yun Cheng
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marcin Wegrecki
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jérôme Le Nours
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dennis P. Orgill
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bohdan Pomahac
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston Massachusetts, USA
| | - Simon G. Talbot
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston Massachusetts, USA
| | - Richard A. Willis
- NIH Tetramer Core Facility, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - John D. Altman
- NIH Tetramer Core Facility, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Annemieke de Jong
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Graham Ogg
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ildiko Van Rhijn
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Rachael A. Clark
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - D. Branch Moody
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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14
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Jurewicz MM, Willis RA, Ramachandiran V, Altman JD, Stern LJ. MHC-I peptide binding activity assessed by exchange after cleavage of peptide covalently linked to β2-microglobulin. Anal Biochem 2019; 584:113328. [PMID: 31201791 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2019.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A common approach to measuring binding constants involves combining receptor and ligand and measuring the distribution of bound and free states after equilibration. For class I major histocompatibility (MHC-I) proteins, which bind short peptides for presentation to T cells, this approach is precluded by instability of peptide-free protein. Here we develop a method wherein a weakly-binding peptide covalently attached to the N-terminus of the MHC-I β2m subunit is released from the peptide binding site after proteolytic cleavage of the linker. The resultant protein is able to bind added peptide. A direct binding assay and method for estimation of peptide binding constant (Kd) are described, in which fluorescence polarization is used to follow peptide binding. A competition binding assay and method for estimation of inhibitor binding constant (Ki) using the same principle also are also described. The method uses a cubic equation to relate observed binding to probe concentration, probe Kd, inhibitor concentration, and inhibitor Ki under general reaction conditions without assumptions relating to relative binding affinities or concentrations. We also delineate advantages of this approach compared to the Cheng-Prusoff and Munson-Rodbard approaches for estimation of Ki using competition binding data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mollie M Jurewicz
- Program in Immunology and Microbiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, United States; Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, United States
| | - Richard A Willis
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, 30329, United States
| | - Vasanthi Ramachandiran
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, 30329, United States
| | - John D Altman
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, 30329, United States; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center at Yerkes, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30329, United States
| | - Lawrence J Stern
- Program in Immunology and Microbiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, United States; Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, United States; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, United States.
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15
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Geng J, Altman JD, Krishnakumar S, Raghavan M. Empty conformers of HLA-B preferentially bind CD8 and regulate CD8 + T cell function. eLife 2018; 7:36341. [PMID: 29741477 PMCID: PMC5990358 DOI: 10.7554/elife.36341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
When complexed with antigenic peptides, human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I (HLA-I) molecules initiate CD8+ T cell responses via interaction with the T cell receptor (TCR) and co-receptor CD8. Peptides are generally critical for the stable cell surface expression of HLA-I molecules. However, for HLA-I alleles such as HLA-B*35:01, peptide-deficient (empty) heterodimers are thermostable and detectable on the cell surface. Additionally, peptide-deficient HLA-B*35:01 tetramers preferentially bind CD8 and to a majority of blood-derived CD8+ T cells via a CD8-dependent binding mode. Further functional studies reveal that peptide-deficient conformers of HLA-B*35:01 do not directly activate CD8+ T cells, but accumulate at the immunological synapse in antigen-induced responses, and enhance cognate peptide-induced cell adhesion and CD8+ T cell activation. Together, these findings indicate that HLA-I peptide occupancy influences CD8 binding affinity, and reveal a new set of regulators of CD8+ T cell activation, mediated by the binding of empty HLA-I to CD8. The immune system keeps tabs on everything that happens in our body, looking for potential signs of threat. To alert it to any problems, almost every cell produces specific proteins on its surface called human leukocyte antigens class I, or HLA-I for short. These HLA-I molecules are bound to small protein fragments called peptides that have been exported from within the cell and are presented to the cells of the immune system for scanning. When cells are healthy, the peptides all stem from normal proteins. But, if the cell has become infected or cancerous, it contains foreign or abnormal peptides. Some of the HLA-I molecules, however, are empty. These antigens are unstable, and their role is unclear. Now, Geng et al. investigated this further by studying blood samples from healthy donors. The experiments revealed that empty HLA-I molecules help specialized cells of the immune system, the killer T cells, to bind to the antigens, improving their killing ability. It is known that these T cells recognize and bind to the antigens through two receptor proteins, one of which is called CD8. It was known that when HLA-I molecules carry a peptide, only a small fraction of T cells with a matching receptor can bind. However, Geng et al. found that when HLA-Is were empty, a much larger proportion of the T cells was able to bind to antigens. This indicates that CD8 ‘prefers’ to attach to empty HLA-Is, maybe because binding sites are more accessible. CD8 also enhances the binding between the T cells and the antigen. Empty HLA-Is did not directly activate the T cells but did enhance their immune response. When both full and empty HLA-I were present, the T cells were even more effective at killing their targets. Understanding how killer T cells work is essential for the development of immunotherapies – treatments that help to boost the immune system to fight infections and cancer. Increasing the number of empty HLA-I molecules on cancer or infected cells could enhance T cell killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Geng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - John D Altman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States.,Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, United States
| | | | - Malini Raghavan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
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16
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Whatney WE, Gandhi NR, Lindestam Arlehamn CS, Nizam A, Wu H, Quezada MJ, Campbell A, Allana S, Kabongo MM, Khayumbi J, Muchiri B, Ongalo J, Tonui J, Sasser LE, Fergus TJ, Ouma GS, Ouma SG, Beck AA, Mulligan MJ, Oladele A, Kaushal D, Cain KP, Waller L, Blumberg HM, Altman JD, Ernst JD, Rengarajan J, Day CL. A High Throughput Whole Blood Assay for Analysis of Multiple Antigen-Specific T Cell Responses in Human Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. J Immunol 2018. [PMID: 29540577 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Antigen-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells are important components of the immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, yet little information is currently known regarding how the breadth, specificity, phenotype, and function of M. tuberculosis-specific T cells correlate with M. tuberculosis infection outcome in humans. To facilitate evaluation of human M. tuberculosis-specific T cell responses targeting multiple different Ags, we sought to develop a high throughput and reproducible T cell response spectrum assay requiring low blood sample volumes. We describe here the optimization and standardization of a microtiter plate-based, diluted whole blood stimulation assay utilizing overlapping peptide pools corresponding to a functionally diverse panel of 60 M. tuberculosis Ags. Using IFN-γ production as a readout of Ag specificity, the assay can be conducted using 50 μl of blood per test condition and can be expanded to accommodate additional Ags. We evaluated the intra- and interassay variability, and implemented testing of the assay in diverse cohorts of M. tuberculosis-unexposed healthy adults, foreign-born adults with latent M. tuberculosis infection residing in the United States, and tuberculosis household contacts with latent M. tuberculosis infection in a tuberculosis-endemic setting in Kenya. The M. tuberculosis-specific T cell response spectrum assay further enhances the immunological toolkit available for evaluating M. tuberculosis-specific T cell responses across different states of M. tuberculosis infection, and can be readily implemented in resource-limited settings. Moreover, application of the assay to longitudinal cohorts will facilitate evaluation of treatment- or vaccine-induced changes in the breadth and specificity of Ag-specific T cell responses, as well as identification of M. tuberculosis-specific T cell responses associated with M. tuberculosis infection outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy E Whatney
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329
| | - Neel R Gandhi
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | | | - Azhar Nizam
- Department of Biostatistics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Biostatistics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Melanie J Quezada
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329
| | - Angela Campbell
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Salim Allana
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Mbuyi Madeleine Kabongo
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Jeremiah Khayumbi
- Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu 40100, Kenya
| | - Benson Muchiri
- Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu 40100, Kenya
| | - Joshua Ongalo
- Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu 40100, Kenya
| | - Joan Tonui
- Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu 40100, Kenya
| | - Loren E Sasser
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329
| | - Tawania J Fergus
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Gregory Sadat Ouma
- Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu 40100, Kenya
| | - Samuel Gurrion Ouma
- Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu 40100, Kenya
| | - Allison A Beck
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Mark J Mulligan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | | | - Deepak Kaushal
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112
| | - Kevin P Cain
- Division of Global HIV and Tuberculosis, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kisumu 40100, Kenya; and
| | - Lance Waller
- Department of Biostatistics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Henry M Blumberg
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - John D Altman
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Joel D Ernst
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Jyothi Rengarajan
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329; .,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Cheryl L Day
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329; .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
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17
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Li K, Vorkas CK, Chaudhry A, Bell DL, Willis RA, Rudensky A, Altman JD, Glickman MS, Aubé J. Synthesis, stabilization, and characterization of the MR1 ligand precursor 5-amino-6-D-ribitylaminouracil (5-A-RU). PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191837. [PMID: 29401462 PMCID: PMC5798775 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are an abundant class of innate T cells restricted by the MHC I-related molecule MR1. MAIT cells can recognize bacterially-derived metabolic intermediates from the riboflavin pathway presented by MR1 and are postulated to play a role in innate antibacterial immunity through production of cytokines and direct bacterial killing. MR1 tetramers, typically stabilized by the adduct of 5-amino-6-D-ribitylaminouracil (5-A-RU) and methylglyoxal (MeG), are important tools for the study of MAIT cells. A long-standing problem with 5-A-RU is that it is unstable upon storage. Herein we report an efficient synthetic approach to the HCl salt of this ligand, which has improved stability during storage. We also show that synthetic 5-A-RU•HCl produced by this method may be used in protocols for the stimulation of human MAIT cells and production of both human and mouse MR1 tetramers for MAIT cell identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelin Li
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Charles K. Vorkas
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ashutosh Chaudhry
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Donielle L. Bell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Richard A. Willis
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Alexander Rudensky
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - John D. Altman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Michael S. Glickman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, New York, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Aubé
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
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18
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Martins MA, Tully DC, Shin YC, Gonzalez-Nieto L, Weisgrau KL, Bean DJ, Gadgil R, Gutman MJ, Domingues A, Maxwell HS, Magnani DM, Ricciardi M, Pedreño-Lopez N, Bailey V, Cruz MA, Lima NS, Bonaldo MC, Altman JD, Rakasz E, Capuano S, Reimann KA, Piatak M, Lifson JD, Desrosiers RC, Allen TM, Watkins DI. Rare Control of SIVmac239 Infection in a Vaccinated Rhesus Macaque. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2017; 33:843-858. [PMID: 28503929 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2017.0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Effector memory T cell (TEM) responses display potent antiviral properties and have been linked to stringent control of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) replication. Since recurrent antigen stimulation drives the differentiation of CD8+ T cells toward the TEM phenotype, in this study we incorporated a persistent herpesviral vector into a heterologous prime/boost/boost vaccine approach to maximize the induction of TEM responses. This new regimen resulted in CD8+ TEM-biased responses in four rhesus macaques, three of which controlled viral replication to <1,000 viral RNA copies/ml of plasma for more than 6 months after infection with SIVmac239. Over the course of this study, we made a series of interesting observations in one of these successful controller animals. Indeed, in vivo elimination of CD8αβ+ T cells using a new CD8β-depleting antibody did not abrogate virologic control in this monkey. Only after its CD8α+ lymphocytes were depleted did SIV rebound, suggesting that CD8αα+ but not CD8αβ+ cells were controlling viral replication. By 2 weeks postinfection (PI), the only SIV sequences that could be detected in this animal harbored a small in-frame deletion in nef affecting six amino acids. Deep sequencing of the SIVmac239 challenge stock revealed no evidence of this polymorphism. However, sequencing of the rebound virus following CD8α depletion at week 38.4 PI again revealed only the six-amino acid deletion in nef. While any role for immunological pressure on the selection of this deleted variant remains uncertain, our data provide anecdotal evidence that control of SIV replication can be maintained without an intact CD8αβ+ T cell compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Damien C. Tully
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Young C. Shin
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | | | - Kim L. Weisgrau
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - David J. Bean
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Rujuta Gadgil
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | - Aline Domingues
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | | | | | | | | | - Varian Bailey
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Michael A. Cruz
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Noemia S. Lima
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Flavivirus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz–FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Myrna C. Bonaldo
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Flavivirus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz–FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - John D. Altman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Eva Rakasz
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Saverio Capuano
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Keith A. Reimann
- MassBiologics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michael Piatak
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Jeffrey D. Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | | | - Todd M. Allen
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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19
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Martins MA, Shin YC, Gonzalez-Nieto L, Domingues A, Gutman MJ, Maxwell HS, Castro I, Magnani DM, Ricciardi M, Pedreño-Lopez N, Bailey V, Betancourt D, Altman JD, Pauthner M, Burton DR, von Bredow B, Evans DT, Yuan M, Parks CL, Ejima K, Allison DB, Rakasz E, Barber GN, Capuano S, Lifson JD, Desrosiers RC, Watkins DI. Vaccine-induced immune responses against both Gag and Env improve control of simian immunodeficiency virus replication in rectally challenged rhesus macaques. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006529. [PMID: 28732035 PMCID: PMC5540612 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to control lentivirus replication may be determined, in part, by the extent to which individual viral proteins are targeted by the immune system. Consequently, defining the antigens that elicit the most protective immune responses may facilitate the design of effective HIV-1 vaccines. Here we vaccinated four groups of rhesus macaques with a heterologous vector prime/boost/boost/boost (PBBB) regimen expressing the following simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) genes: env, gag, vif, rev, tat, and nef (Group 1); env, vif, rev, tat, and nef (Group 2); gag, vif, rev, tat, and nef (Group 3); or vif, rev, tat, and nef (Group 4). Following repeated intrarectal challenges with a marginal dose of the neutralization-resistant SIVmac239 clone, vaccinees in Groups 1–3 became infected at similar rates compared to control animals. Unexpectedly, vaccinees in Group 4 became infected at a slower pace than the other animals, although this difference was not statistically significant. Group 1 exhibited the best post-acquisition virologic control of SIV infection, with significant reductions in both peak and chronic phase viremia. Indeed, 5/8 Group 1 vaccinees had viral loads of less than 2,000 vRNA copies/mL of plasma in the chronic phase. Vaccine regimens that did not contain gag (Group 2), env (Group 3), or both of these inserts (Group 4) were largely ineffective at decreasing viremia. Thus, vaccine-induced immune responses against both Gag and Env appeared to maximize control of immunodeficiency virus replication. Collectively, these findings are relevant for HIV-1 vaccine design as they provide additional insights into which of the lentiviral proteins might serve as the best vaccine immunogens. There is still some uncertainty as to which HIV-1 proteins should be targeted by vaccine-induced immune responses. Indeed, studies of primary HIV-1 and SIV infections have reported that T-cell responses against different viral proteins can influence viral replication levels. To understand which antigens elicit the antiviral responses best able to control viral replication, we vaccinated rhesus macaques with different combinations of SIV antigens and then challenged them intrarectally with a pathogenic SIV clone using a regimen intended to mimic physiologically relevant human exposures to HIV-1. Vaccination with Env, Gag, Vif, Rev, Tat, and Nef did not prevent infection but resulted in substantial control of viremia in 5/8 infected vaccinees. Importantly, vaccine-induced immune responses against Env and Gag were required for this outcome. Curiously, macaques vaccinated with Rev, Tat, Nef, and Vif acquired infection at a slower rate than did the control group, although this difference was not statistically significant. Together, these results suggest that expanding the number of vaccine-encoded antigens beyond Env and Gag might improve control of viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio A. Martins
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Young C. Shin
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Lucas Gonzalez-Nieto
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Aline Domingues
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Martin J. Gutman
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Helen S. Maxwell
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Iris Castro
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Diogo M. Magnani
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Michael Ricciardi
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Nuria Pedreño-Lopez
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Varian Bailey
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Dillon Betancourt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - John D. Altman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Matthias Pauthner
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery (CHAVI-ID), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Dennis R. Burton
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery (CHAVI-ID), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Benjamin von Bredow
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - David T. Evans
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Maoli Yuan
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, AIDS Vaccine Design and Development Laboratory, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Christopher L. Parks
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, AIDS Vaccine Design and Development Laboratory, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Keisuke Ejima
- Section on Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - David B. Allison
- Section on Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Eva Rakasz
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Glen N. Barber
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Saverio Capuano
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey D. Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ronald C. Desrosiers
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - David I. Watkins
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
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20
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark M. Davis
- Stanford University School of Medicine and The Howard Hughes Medical Institute Palo Alto California
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21
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Escaned J, Echavarría-Pinto M, Garcia-Garcia HM, van de Hoef TP, de Vries T, Kaul P, Raveendran G, Altman JD, Kurz HI, Brechtken J, Tulli M, Von Birgelen C, Schneider JE, Khashaba AA, Jeremias A, Baucum J, Moreno R, Meuwissen M, Mishkel G, van Geuns RJ, Levite H, Lopez-Palop R, Mayhew M, Serruys PW, Samady H, Piek JJ, Lerman A. Prospective Assessment of the Diagnostic Accuracy of Instantaneous Wave-Free Ratio to Assess Coronary Stenosis Relevance: Results of ADVISE II International, Multicenter Study (ADenosine Vasodilator Independent Stenosis Evaluation II). JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2016; 8:824-833. [PMID: 25999106 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcin.2015.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to assess the diagnostic accuracy of the instantaneous wave-free ratio (iFR) to characterize, outside of a pre-specified range of values, stenosis severity, as defined by fractional flow reserve (FFR) ≤0.80, in a prospective, independent, controlled, core laboratory-based environment. BACKGROUND Studies with methodological heterogeneity have reported some discrepancies in the classification agreement between iFR and FFR. The ADVISE II (ADenosine Vasodilator Independent Stenosis Evaluation II) study was designed to overcome limitations of previous iFR versus FFR comparisons. METHODS A total of 919 intermediate coronary stenoses were investigated during baseline and hyperemia. From these, 690 pressure recordings (n = 598 patients) met core laboratory physiology criteria and are included in this report. RESULTS The pre-specified iFR cut-off of 0.89 was optimal for the study and correctly classified 82.5% of the stenoses, with a sensitivity of 73.0% and specificity of 87.8% (C statistic: 0.90 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.88 to 0.92, p < 0.001]). The proportion of stenoses properly classified by iFR outside of the pre-specified treatment (≤0.85) and deferral (≥0.94) values was 91.6% (95% CI: 88.8% to 93.9%). When combined with FFR use within these cut-offs, the percent of stenoses properly classified by such a pre-specified hybrid iFR-FFR approach was 94.2% (95% CI: 92.2% to 95.8%). The hybrid iFR-FFR approach obviated vasodilators from 65.1% (95% CI: 61.1% to 68.9%) of patients and 69.1% (95% CI: 65.5% to 72.6%) of stenoses. CONCLUSIONS The ADVISE II study supports, on the basis rigorous methodology, the diagnostic value of iFR in establishing the functional significance of coronary stenoses, and highlights its complementariness with FFR when used in a hybrid iFR-FFR approach. (ADenosine Vasodilator Independent Stenosis Evaluation II-ADVISE II; NCT01740895).
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Escaned
- Cardiovascular Institute, Hospital Clinico San Carlos and Centro Nacional de Investigaciónes Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain; Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain.
| | - Mauro Echavarría-Pinto
- Cardiovascular Institute, Hospital Clinico San Carlos and Centro Nacional de Investigaciónes Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain; Erasmus MC, Department of Cardiology, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Tim P van de Hoef
- AMC Heart Center, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Prashant Kaul
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Ganesh Raveendran
- Cardiovascular Division of the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - John D Altman
- St. Anthony's Heart and Vascular Center and Colorado Heart and Vascular PC, Denver, Colorado
| | - Howard I Kurz
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | | | - Mark Tulli
- Cardiovascular Research of North Florida, Gainesville Florida
| | - Clemens Von Birgelen
- Thoraxcentrum Twente, Department of Cardiology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, and Health Technology and Services Research, MIRA, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | | | - Ahmed A Khashaba
- Al Dorrah Heart Care Hospital, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Allen Jeremias
- Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Jim Baucum
- Greenville Memorial Hospital, Grenville, South Carolina
| | - Raul Moreno
- Hospital Universitario la Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Gregory Mishkel
- Prairie Heart Institute, St. John's Hospital, Springfield, Illinois
| | | | - Howard Levite
- AtlantiCare Regional Medical Center, Egg Harbor Township, New Jersey
| | | | - Marc Mayhew
- Wellmont Holston Valley Medical Center, Kingsport, Tennessee
| | | | - Habib Samady
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Andreas Gruentzig Cardiovascular Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jan J Piek
- AMC Heart Center, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Amir Lerman
- Center for Coronary Physiology and Imaging, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, and Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota
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22
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Van Rhijn I, van Berlo T, Hilmenyuk T, Cheng TY, Wolf BJ, Tatituri RVV, Uldrich AP, Napolitani G, Cerundolo V, Altman JD, Willemsen P, Huang S, Rossjohn J, Besra GS, Brenner MB, Godfrey DI, Moody DB. Human autoreactive T cells recognize CD1b and phospholipids. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:380-5. [PMID: 26621732 PMCID: PMC4720340 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1520947112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast with the common detection of T cells that recognize MHC, CD1a, CD1c, or CD1d proteins, CD1b autoreactive T cells have been difficult to isolate in humans. Here we report the development of polyvalent complexes of CD1b proteins and carbohydrate backbones (dextramers) and their use in identifying CD1b autoreactive T cells from human donors. Activation is mediated by αβ T-cell receptors (TCRs) binding to CD1b-phospholipid complexes, which is sufficient to activate autoreactive responses to CD1b-expressing cells. Using mass spectrometry and T-cell responses to scan through the major classes of phospholipids, we identified phosphatidylglycerol (PG) as the immunodominant lipid antigen. T cells did not discriminate the chemical differences that distinguish mammalian PG from bacterial PG. Whereas most models of T-cell recognition emphasize TCR discrimination of differing self and foreign structures, CD1b autoreactive T cells recognize lipids with dual self and foreign origin. PG is rare in the cellular membranes that carry CD1b proteins. However, bacteria and mitochondria are rich in PG, so these data point to a more general mechanism of immune detection of infection- or stress-associated lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ildiko Van Rhijn
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584CL Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Twan van Berlo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tamara Hilmenyuk
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Tan-Yun Cheng
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Benjamin J Wolf
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Raju V V Tatituri
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Adam P Uldrich
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Giorgio Napolitani
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Vincenzo Cerundolo
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | | | - Peter Willemsen
- Central Veterinary Institute, Wageningen University, 8219 PH Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Shouxiong Huang
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3XQ, United Kingdom
| | - Gurdyal S Besra
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Michael B Brenner
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115;
| | - Dale I Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - D Branch Moody
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115;
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23
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Roy S, Ly D, Castro CD, Li NS, Hawk AJ, Altman JD, Meredith SC, Piccirilli JA, Moody DB, Adams EJ. Molecular Analysis of Lipid-Reactive Vδ1 γδ T Cells Identified by CD1c Tetramers. J Immunol 2016; 196:1933-42. [PMID: 26755823 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
CD1c is abundantly expressed on human dendritic cells (DC) and B cells, where it binds and displays lipid Ags to T cells. In this study, we report that CD1c tetramers carrying Mycobacterium tuberculosis phosphomycoketide bind γδ TCRs. An unbiased method of ligand-based TCR selection detects interactions only with Vδ1(+) TCRs, and mutational analyses demonstrate a role of the Vδ1 domain during recognition. These results strengthen evidence for a role of CD1c in the γδ T cell response, providing biophysical evidence for CD1c-γδ TCR interactions and a named foreign Ag. Surprisingly, TCRs also bind CD1c complexes formed with diverse lipids such as lysophosphatidylcholine, sulfatide, or mannosyl-phosophomycoketide, but not lipopeptide ligands. Dissection of TCR interactions with CD1c carrying foreign Ags, permissive ligands, and nonpermissive lipid ligands clarifies the molecular basis of the frequently observed but poorly understood phenomenon of mixed self- and foreign Ag reactivity in the CD1 system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sobhan Roy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Dalam Ly
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Caitlin D Castro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637; Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Nan-Sheng Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Andrew J Hawk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637; Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - John D Altman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center at Yerkes, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329; and
| | - Stephen C Meredith
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637; Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Joseph A Piccirilli
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637; Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - D Branch Moody
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115;
| | - Erin J Adams
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637; Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637;
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Kasmar AG, Van Rhijn I, Magalhaes KG, Young DC, Cheng TY, Turner MT, Schiefner A, Kalathur RC, Wilson IA, Bhati M, Gras S, Birkinshaw RW, Tan LL, Rossjohn J, Shires J, Jakobsen S, Altman JD, Moody DB. Cutting Edge: CD1a tetramers and dextramers identify human lipopeptide-specific T cells ex vivo. J Immunol 2013; 191:4499-503. [PMID: 24089190 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Human CD1a mediates foreign Ag recognition by a T cell clone, but the nature of possible TCR interactions with CD1a/lipid are unknown. After incubating CD1a with a mycobacterial lipopeptide Ag, dideoxymycobactin (DDM), we identified and measured binding to a recombinant TCR (TRAV3/ TRBV3-1, KD of ≈100 μM). Detection of ternary CD1a/lipid/TCR interactions enabled development of CD1a tetramers and CD1a multimers with carbohydrate backbones (dextramers), which specifically stained T cells using a mechanism that was dependent on the precise stereochemistry of the peptide backbone and was blocked with a soluble TCR. Furthermore, sorting of human T cells from unrelated tuberculosis patients for bright DDM-dextramer staining allowed recovery of T cells that were activated by CD1a and DDM. These studies demonstrate that the mechanism of T cell activation by lipopeptides occurs via ternary interactions of CD1a/Ag/TCR. Furthermore, these studies demonstrate the existence of lipopeptide-specific T cells in humans ex vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne G Kasmar
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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25
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Ly D, Kasmar AG, Cheng TY, de Jong A, Huang S, Roy S, Bhatt A, van Summeren RP, Altman JD, Jacobs WR, Adams EJ, Minnaard AJ, Porcelli SA, Moody DB. CD1c tetramers detect ex vivo T cell responses to processed phosphomycoketide antigens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 210:729-41. [PMID: 23530121 PMCID: PMC3620358 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20120624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
CD1c tetramers loaded with a phospholipid antigen from M. tuberculosis are recognized by human T cells. CD1c is expressed with high density on human dendritic cells (DCs) and B cells, yet its antigen presentation functions are the least well understood among CD1 family members. Using a CD1c-reactive T cell line (DN6) to complete an organism-wide survey of M. tuberculosis lipids, we identified C32 phosphomycoketide (PM) as a previously unknown molecule and a CD1c-presented antigen. CD1c binding and presentation of mycoketide antigens absolutely required the unusual, mycobacteria-specific lipid branching patterns introduced by polyketide synthase 12 (pks12). Unexpectedly, one TCR responded to diversely glycosylated and unglycosylated forms of mycoketide when presented by DCs and B cells. Yet cell-free systems showed that recognition was mediated only by the deglycosylated phosphoantigen. These studies identify antigen processing of a natural bacterial antigen in the human CD1c system, indicating that cells act on glycolipids to generate a highly simplified neoepitope composed of a sugar-free phosphate anion. Using knowledge of this processed antigen, we generated human CD1c tetramers, and demonstrate that CD1c–PM complexes stain T cell receptors (TCRs), providing direct evidence for a ternary interaction among CD1c-lipid-TCR. Furthermore, PM-loaded CD1c tetramers detect fresh human T cells from peripheral blood, demonstrating a polyclonal response to PM antigens in humans ex vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalam Ly
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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26
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Romagnoli PA, Premenko-Lanier MF, Loria GD, Altman JD. CD8 T cell memory recall is enhanced by novel direct interactions with CD4 T cells enabled by MHC class II transferred from APCs. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56999. [PMID: 23441229 PMCID: PMC3575485 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Protection against many intracellular pathogens is provided by CD8 T cells, which are thought to need CD4 T cell help to develop into effective memory CD8 T cells. Because murine CD8 T cells do not transcribe MHC class II (MHC-II) genes, several models have proposed antigen presenting cells (APCs) as intermediaries required for CD4 T cells to deliver their help to CD8 T cells. Here, we demonstrate the presence of MHC-II molecules on activated murine CD8 T cells in vitro as well as in vivo. These MHC-II molecules are acquired via trogocytosis by CD8 T cells from their activating APCs, particularly CD11c positive dendritic cells (DCs). Transferred MHC-II molecules on activated murine CD8 T cells were functionally competent in stimulating specific indicator CD4 T cells. CD8 T cells that were “helped” in vitro and subsequently allowed to rest in vivo showed enhanced recall responses upon challenge compared to “helpless” CD8 T cells; in contrast, no differences were seen upon immediate challenge. These data indicate that direct CD8∶CD4 T cell interactions may significantly contribute to help for CD8 T cells. Furthermore, this mechanism may enable CD8 T cells to communicate with different subsets of interacting CD4 T cells that could modulate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo A. Romagnoli
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Mary F. Premenko-Lanier
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco and San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Gilbert D. Loria
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - John D. Altman
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
- * E-mail:
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27
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Huang S, Cheng TY, Young DC, Layre E, Madigan CA, Shires J, Cerundolo V, Altman JD, Moody DB. Discovery of deoxyceramides and diacylglycerols as CD1b scaffold lipids among diverse groove-blocking lipids of the human CD1 system. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:19335-40. [PMID: 22087000 PMCID: PMC3228429 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1112969108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Unlike the dominant role of one class II invariant chain peptide (CLIP) in blocking MHC class II, comparative lipidomics analysis shows that human cluster of differentiation (CD) proteins CD1a, CD1b, CD1c, and CD1d bind lipids corresponding to hundreds of diverse accurate mass retention time values. Although most ions were observed in association with several CD1 proteins, ligands binding selectively to one CD1 isoform allowed the study of how differing antigen-binding grooves influence lipid capture. Although the CD1b groove is distinguished by its unusually large volume (2,200 Å(3)) and the T' tunnel, the average mass of compounds eluted from CD1b was similar to that of lipids from CD1 proteins with smaller grooves. Elution of small ligands from the large CD1b groove might be explained if two small lipids bind simultaneously in the groove. Crystal structures indicate that all CD1 proteins can capture one antigen with its hydrophilic head group exposed for T-cell recognition, but CD1b structures show scaffold lipids seated below the antigen. We found that ligands selectively associated with CD1b lacked the hydrophilic head group that is generally needed for antigen recognition but interferes with scaffold function. Furthermore, we identified the scaffolds as deoxyceramides and diacylglycerols and directly demonstrate a function in augmenting presentation of a small glycolipid antigen to T cells. Thus, unlike MHC class II, CD1 proteins capture highly diverse ligands in the secretory pathway. CD1b has a mechanism for presenting either two small or one large lipid, allowing presentation of antigens with an unusually broad range of chain lengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouxiong Huang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Tan-Yun Cheng
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - David C. Young
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Emilie Layre
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Cressida A. Madigan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - John Shires
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322; and
| | - Vincenzo Cerundolo
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - John D. Altman
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322; and
| | - D. Branch Moody
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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28
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Moseley NB, Laur O, Ibegbu CC, Loria GD, Ikwuenzunma G, Jayakar HR, Whitt MA, Altman JD. Use of replication restricted recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus vectors for detection of antigen-specific T cells. J Immunol Methods 2011; 375:118-28. [PMID: 22004852 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2011.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Revised: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Detection of antigen-specific T cells at the single-cell level by ELISpot or flow cytometry techniques employing intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) is now an indispensable tool in many areas of immunology. When precisely mapped, optimal MHC-binding peptide epitopes are unknown, these assays use antigen in a variety of forms, including recombinant proteins, overlapping peptide sets representing one or more target protein sequences, microbial lysates, lysates of microbially-infected cells, or gene delivery vectors such as DNA expression plasmids or recombinant vaccinia or adenoviruses expressing a target protein of interest. Here we introduce replication-restricted, recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) vectors as a safe, easy to produce, simple to use, and highly effective vector for genetic antigen delivery for the detection of human antigen-specific helper and cytotoxic T cells. To demonstrate the broad applicability of this approach, we have used these vectors to detect human T cell responses to the immunodominant pp65 antigen of human cytomegalovirus, individual segments of the yellow fever virus polyprotein, and to various influenza proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson B Moseley
- Emory Vaccine Center at the Yerkes National Primate Center at Emory University, United States
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29
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Kasmar AG, van Rhijn I, Cheng TY, Turner M, Seshadri C, Schiefner A, Kalathur RC, Annand JW, de Jong A, Shires J, Leon L, Brenner M, Wilson IA, Altman JD, Moody DB. CD1b tetramers bind αβ T cell receptors to identify a mycobacterial glycolipid-reactive T cell repertoire in humans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 208:1741-7. [PMID: 21807869 PMCID: PMC3171094 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20110665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Glucose monomycolate–loaded CD1b tetramers identify a subset of CD4+ T cells in patients with Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Microbial lipids activate T cells by binding directly to CD1 and T cell receptors (TCRs) or by indirect effects on antigen-presenting cells involving induction of lipid autoantigens, CD1 transcription, or cytokine release. To distinguish among direct and indirect mechanisms, we developed fluorescent human CD1b tetramers and measured T cell staining. CD1b tetramer staining of T cells requires glucose monomycolate (GMM) antigens, is specific for TCR structure, and is blocked by a recombinant clonotypic TCR comprised of TRAV17 and TRBV4-1, proving that CD1b–glycolipid complexes bind the TCR. GMM-loaded tetramers brightly stain a small subpopulation of blood-derived cells from humans infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, providing direct detection of a CD1b-reactive T cell repertoire. Polyclonal T cells from patients sorted with tetramers are activated by GMM antigens presented by CD1b. Whereas prior studies emphasized CD8+ and CD4−CD8− CD1b-restricted clones, CD1b tetramer-based studies show that nearly all cells express the CD4 co-receptor. These findings prove a cognate mechanism whereby CD1b–glycolipid complexes bind to TCRs. CD1b tetramers detect a natural CD1b-restricted T cell repertoire ex vivo with unexpected features, opening a new investigative path to study the human CD1 system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne G Kasmar
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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30
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Davis MM, Altman JD, Newell EW. Interrogating the repertoire: broadening the scope of peptide-MHC multimer analysis. Nat Rev Immunol 2011; 11:551-8. [PMID: 21760610 DOI: 10.1038/nri3020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Labelling antigen-specific T cells with peptide-MHC multimers has provided an invaluable way to monitor T cell-mediated immune responses. A number of recent developments in this technology have made these multimers much easier to make and use in large numbers. Furthermore, enrichment techniques have provided a greatly increased sensitivity that allows the analysis of the naive T cell repertoire directly. Thus, we can expect a flood of new information to emerge in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark M Davis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.
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31
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Altman JD, Moss PAH, Goulder PJR, Barouch DH, McHeyzer-Williams MG, Bell JI, McMichael AJ, Davis MM. Phenotypic analysis of antigen-specific T lymphocytes. Science. 1996. 274: 94-96. J Immunol 2011; 187:7-9. [PMID: 21690331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
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32
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Landais E, Romagnoli PA, Corper AL, Shires J, Altman JD, Wilson IA, Garcia KC, Teyton L. New design of MHC class II tetramers to accommodate fundamental principles of antigen presentation. J Immunol 2010; 183:7949-57. [PMID: 19923463 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Direct identification and isolation of Ag-specific T cells became possible with the development of MHC tetramers, based on fluorescent avidins displaying biotinylated peptide-MHC complexes. This approach, extensively used for MHC class I-restricted T cells, has met very limited success with class II peptide-MHC complex tetramers (pMHCT-2) for the detection of CD4(+)-specific T cells. In addition, a very large number of these reagents, although capable of specifically activating T cells after being coated on solid support, is still unable to stain. To try to understand this puzzle and design usable tetramers, we examined each parameter critical for the production of pMHCT-2 using the I-A(d)-OVA system as a model. Through this process, the geometry of peptide-MHC display by avidin tetramers was examined, as well as the stability of rMHC molecules. However, we discovered that the most important factor limiting the reactivity of pMHCT-2 was the display of peptides. Indeed, long peptides, as presented by MHC class II molecules, can be bound to I-A/HLA-DQ molecules in more than one register, as suggested by structural studies. This mode of anchorless peptide binding allows the selection of a broader repertoire on single peptides and should favor anti-infectious immune responses. Thus, beyond the technical improvements that we propose, the redesign of pMHCT-2 will give us the tools to evaluate the real size of the CD4 T cell repertoire and help us in the production and testing of new vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Landais
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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33
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Akondy RS, Monson ND, Miller JD, Edupuganti S, Teuwen D, Wu H, Quyyumi F, Garg S, Altman JD, Del Rio C, Keyserling HL, Ploss A, Rice CM, Orenstein WA, Mulligan MJ, Ahmed R. The yellow fever virus vaccine induces a broad and polyfunctional human memory CD8+ T cell response. J Immunol 2010; 183:7919-30. [PMID: 19933869 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The live yellow fever vaccine (YF-17D) offers a unique opportunity to study memory CD8(+) T cell differentiation in humans following an acute viral infection. We have performed a comprehensive analysis of the virus-specific CD8(+) T cell response using overlapping peptides spanning the entire viral genome. Our results showed that the YF-17D vaccine induces a broad CD8(+) T cell response targeting several epitopes within each viral protein. We identified a dominant HLA-A2-restricted epitope in the NS4B protein and used tetramers specific for this epitope to track the CD8(+) T cell response over a 2 year period. This longitudinal analysis showed the following. 1) Memory CD8(+) T cells appear to pass through an effector phase and then gradually down-regulate expression of activation markers and effector molecules. 2) This effector phase was characterized by down-regulation of CD127, Bcl-2, CCR7, and CD45RA and was followed by a substantial contraction resulting in a pool of memory T cells that re-expressed CD127, Bcl-2, and CD45RA. 3) These memory cells were polyfunctional in terms of degranulation and production of the cytokines IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, IL-2, and MIP-1beta. 4) The YF-17D-specific memory CD8(+) T cells had a phenotype (CCR7(-)CD45RA(+)) that is typically associated with terminally differentiated cells with limited proliferative capacity (T(EMRA)). However, these cells exhibited robust proliferative potential showing that expression of CD45RA may not always associate with terminal differentiation and, in fact, may be an indicator of highly functional memory CD8(+) T cells generated after acute viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rama S Akondy
- Emory Vaccine Center and the Hope Clinic, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30022, USA
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34
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Engram JC, Dunham RM, Makedonas G, Vanderford TH, Sumpter B, Klatt NR, Ratcliffe SJ, Garg S, Paiardini M, McQuoid M, Altman JD, Staprans SI, Betts MR, Garber DA, Feinberg MB, Silvestri G. Vaccine-induced, simian immunodeficiency virus-specific CD8+ T cells reduce virus replication but do not protect from simian immunodeficiency virus disease progression. J Immunol 2009; 183:706-17. [PMID: 19542473 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Our limited understanding of the interaction between primate lentiviruses and the host immune system complicates the design of an effective HIV/AIDS vaccine. To identify immunological correlates of protection from SIV disease progression, we immunized two groups of five rhesus macaques (RMs) with either modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) or MVADeltaudg vectors that expressed SIVmac239 Gag and Tat. Both vectors raised a SIV-specific CD8(+) T cell response, with a magnitude that was greater in mucosal tissues than in peripheral blood. After challenge with SIVmac239, all vaccinated RMs showed mucosal and systemic CD8(+) T cell recall responses that appeared faster and were of greater magnitude than those in five unvaccinated control animals. All vaccinated RMs showed a approximately 1-log lower peak and early set-point SIV viral load than the unvaccinated animals, and then, by 8 wk postchallenge, exhibited levels of viremia similar to the controls. We observed a significant direct correlation between the magnitude of postchallenge SIV-specific CD8(+) T cell responses and SIV viral load. However, vaccinated RMs showed no protection from either systemic or mucosal CD4(+) T cell depletion and no improved survival. The observation that vaccine-induced, SIV-specific CD8(+) T cells that partially control SIVmac239 virus replication fail to protect from immunological or clinical progression of SIV infection underscores both the complexity of AIDS pathogenesis and the challenges of properly assessing the efficacy of candidate AIDS vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C Engram
- Department of Pathology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, USA
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35
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Sereti I, Dunham RM, Spritzler J, Aga E, Proschan MA, Medvik K, Battaglia CA, Landay AL, Pahwa S, Fischl MA, Asmuth DM, Tenorio AR, Altman JD, Fox L, Moir S, Malaspina A, Morre M, Buffet R, Silvestri G, Lederman MM. IL-7 administration drives T cell-cycle entry and expansion in HIV-1 infection. Blood 2009; 113:6304-14. [PMID: 19380868 PMCID: PMC2710926 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-10-186601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2008] [Accepted: 04/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 7 (IL-7) is a common gamma chain receptor cytokine implicated in thymopoiesis and in peripheral expansion and survival of T lymphocytes. The safety and activity of recombinant human IL-7 (rhIL-7) administration were therefore examined in HIV-infected persons. In this prospective randomized placebo-controlled study, a single subcutaneous dose of rhIL-7 was well tolerated with biologic activity demonstrable at 3 microg/kg and a maximum tolerated dose of 30 microg/kg. Injection site reactions and transient elevations of liver function tests were the most notable side effects. Transient increases in plasma HIV-RNA levels were observed in 6 of 11 IL-7-treated patients. Recombinant hIL-7 induced CD4 and CD8 T cells to enter cell cycle; cell-cycle entry was also confirmed in antigen-specific CD8 T cells. Administration of rhIL-7 led to transient down-regulation of the IL-7 receptor alpha chain (CD127) in both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. Single-dose rhIL-7 increased the numbers of circulating CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, predominantly of central memory phenotype. The frequency of CD4(+) T cells with a regulatory T-cell phenotype (CD25(high) CD127(low)) did not change after rhIL-7 administration. Thus, rhIL-7 has a biologic and toxicity profile suggesting a potential for therapeutic trials in HIV infection and other settings of lymphopenia. This clinical trial has been registered at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov under NCT0099671.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irini Sereti
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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36
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Jagannathan P, Osborne CM, Royce C, Manion MM, Tilton JC, Li L, Fischer S, Hallahan CW, Metcalf JA, McLaughlin M, Pipeling M, McDyer JF, Manley TJ, Meier JL, Altman JD, Hertel L, Davey RT, Connors M, Migueles SA. Comparisons of CD8+ T cells specific for human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis C virus, and cytomegalovirus reveal differences in frequency, immunodominance, phenotype, and interleukin-2 responsiveness. J Virol 2009; 83:2728-42. [PMID: 19129459 PMCID: PMC2648273 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02128-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2008] [Accepted: 12/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To better understand the components of an effective immune response to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the CD8(+) T-cell responses to HIV, hepatitis C virus (HCV), and cytomegalovirus (CMV) were compared with regard to frequency, immunodominance, phenotype, and interleukin-2 (IL-2) responsiveness. Responses were examined in rare patients exhibiting durable immune-mediated control over HIV, termed long-term nonprogressors (LTNP) or elite controllers, and patients with progressive HIV infection (progressors). The magnitude of the virus-specific CD8(+) T-cell response targeting HIV, CMV, and HCV was not significantly different between LTNP and progressors, even though their capacity to proliferate to HIV antigens was preserved only in LTNP. In contrast to HIV-specific CD8(+) T-cell responses of LTNP, HLA B5701-restricted responses within CMV pp65 were rare and did not dominate the total CMV-specific response. Virus-specific CD8(+) T cells were predominantly CD27(+)45RO(+) for HIV and CD27(-)45RA(+) for CMV; however, these phenotypes were highly variable and heavily influenced by the degree of viremia. Although IL-2 induced significant expansions of CMV-specific CD8(+) T cells in LTNP and progressors by increasing both the numbers of cells entering the proliferating pool and the number of divisions, the proliferative capacity of a significant proportion of HIV-specific CD8(+) T cells was not restored with exogenous IL-2. These results suggest that immunodominance by HLA B5701-restricted cells is specific to HIV infection in LTNP and is not a feature of responses to other chronic viral infections. They also suggest that poor responsiveness to IL-2 is a property of HIV-specific CD8(+) T cells of progressors that is not shared with responses to other viruses over which immunologic control is maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanna Jagannathan
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1876, USA
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Abstract
Mature T lymphocytes of the CD8 or CD4 classes bear alphabeta T cell receptors (TCR) that are specific for a molecular complex consisting of a major histocompatibility complex class I or II (MHC class I or II) molecule bound to a unique self or foreign peptide. Until recently, methods for monitoring the T cell immune response to a viral or tumor antigen were restricted primarily to functional assays based on limiting dilution analysis, because the lack of specific molecular reagents to identify clonal T cells obviated approaches to identify and enumerate specific T cells. Development of efficient methods to express and refold MHC class I molecules with synthetic peptides coincided with identification of specific protein sequences that provide the substrate for enzymatic biotinylation. This combination has led to the development of a straightforward method for generating synthetic TCR ligands, making them tetravalent to provide increased avidity, and labeling them through a streptavidin moiety with useful fluorescent tags such as fluorescein or phycoerythrin. This unit describes the preparation of MHC class I/peptide tetramers in detail, including bacterial expression and refolding of the MHC class I light chain, beta2-microglobulin (beta2m), as well as the formation of a complex consisting of the MHC class I heavy chain of interest, beta2m, and a chosen peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Altman
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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38
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Miller JD, van der Most RG, Akondy RS, Glidewell JT, Albott S, Masopust D, Murali-Krishna K, Mahar PL, Edupuganti S, Lalor S, Germon S, Del Rio C, Mulligan MJ, Staprans SI, Altman JD, Feinberg MB, Ahmed R. Human effector and memory CD8+ T cell responses to smallpox and yellow fever vaccines. Immunity 2008; 28:710-22. [PMID: 18468462 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2008.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 459] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2007] [Revised: 02/25/2008] [Accepted: 02/28/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
To explore the human T cell response to acute viral infection, we performed a longitudinal analysis of CD8(+) T cells responding to the live yellow fever virus and smallpox vaccines--two highly successful human vaccines. Our results show that both vaccines generated a brisk primary effector CD8(+) T cell response of substantial magnitude that could be readily quantitated with a simple set of four phenotypic markers. Secondly, the vaccine-induced T cell response was highly specific with minimal bystander effects. Thirdly, virus-specific CD8(+) T cells passed through an obligate effector phase, contracted more than 90% and gradually differentiated into long-lived memory cells. Finally, these memory cells were highly functional and underwent a memory differentiation program distinct from that described for human CD8(+) T cells specific for persistent viruses. These results provide a benchmark for CD8(+) T cell responses induced by two of the most effective vaccines ever developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D Miller
- Emory Vaccine Center and the Hope Clinic, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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39
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McLaughlin BE, Baumgarth N, Bigos M, Roederer M, Rosa SCD, Altman JD, Nixon DF, Ottinger J, Oxford C, Evans TG, Asmuth DM. Nine-color flow cytometry for accurate measurement of T cell subsets and cytokine responses. Part I: Panel design by an empiric approach. Cytometry A 2008; 73:400-410. [PMID: 18383316 PMCID: PMC9191630 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Polychromatic flow cytometry offers the unprecedented ability to investigate multiple antigens per cell. Unfortunately, unwanted spectral overlaps and compensation problems increase when more than four colors are used, but these problems can be minimized if staining combinations are chosen carefully. We used an empiric approach to design, test and identify six-color T cell immunophenotyping reagent panels that can be expanded to include three or more functional or other markers in the FITC, PE, and APC channels without significant spectral limitations. Thirty different six-color T cell surface antigen reagent panels were constructed to identify major T cell subsets and maturational subtypes as defined by CCR7 and CD45RA expression, while excluding monocytes, B and non-viable cells. Staining performance of each panel was compared on cryopreserved cells from a single healthy donor recorded on a multiparameter cell sorter. Ten of the thirty reagent panels offered reliable resolution of T cell major and maturational surface markers. Of these, two panels were selected that showed the least spectral overlap and resulting background increase in the FITC, PE, and APC channels. These channels were left unoccupied for inclusion of additional phenotypic or functional markers, such as cytokines. Careful reagent titration and testing of multiple candidate panels are necessary to ensure quality results in multiparametric measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget E. McLaughlin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California
| | - Nicole Baumgarth
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California
| | - Martin Bigos
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, San Francisco, California
| | - Mario Roederer
- National Institutes of Health (NIH), NIAID, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Stephen C. De Rosa
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - John D. Altman
- Emory Vaccine Center at Yerkes, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Douglas F. Nixon
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Janet Ottinger
- Duke Center for AIDS Research, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Carol Oxford
- Medical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California
| | - Thomas G. Evans
- Novartis Institute of Biological Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - David M. Asmuth
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California
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40
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Sabatino JJ, Shires J, Altman JD, Ford ML, Evavold BD. Loss of IFN-gamma enables the expansion of autoreactive CD4+ T cells to induce experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by a nonencephalitogenic myelin variant antigen. J Immunol 2008; 180:4451-7. [PMID: 18354166 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.7.4451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
MHC variant peptides are analogues of immunogenic peptides involving alterations of the MHC-binding residues, thereby altering the affinity of the peptide for the MHC molecule. Recently, our laboratory demonstrated that immunization of WT B6 mice with 45D, a low-affinity MHC variant peptide of MOG(35-55), results in significantly attenuated experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), yet IFN-gamma production is comparable to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)(35-55)-immunized mice. In light of these findings, we asked whether IFN-gamma was required for the reduced encephalitogenicity of the weak ligand 45D in EAE. In this study, we report that immunization of mice deficient in IFN-gamma or its receptor with 45D exhibit significant EAE signs compared with 45D-immunized wild-type B6 mice. Moreover, 45D-immunized IFN-gamma(-/-) and IFN-gammaR(-/-) mice demonstrate MOG tetramer-positive CD4(+) T cells within the CNS and display substantial numbers of MOG-specific CD4(+) T cells in the periphery. In contrast, wild-type mice immunized with 45D exhibit reduced numbers of MOG-specific CD4(+) T cells in the periphery and lack MOG tetramer- positive CD4(+) T cells in the CNS. Importantly, the increased encephalitogenicity of 45D in mice lacking IFN-gamma or IFN-gammaR was not due to deviation toward an enhanced IL-17-secreting phenotype. These findings demonstrate that IFN-gamma significantly attenuates the encephalitogenicity of 45D and are the first to highlight the importance of IFN-gamma signaling in setting the threshold level of responsiveness of autoreactive CD4(+) T cells to weak ligands.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Autoimmunity/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Female
- Histocompatibility Antigens/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/deficiency
- Interferon-gamma/genetics
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Interleukin-17/biosynthesis
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Myelin Proteins
- Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein/metabolism
- Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein
- Receptors, Interferon/deficiency
- Receptors, Interferon/genetics
- Receptors, Interferon/metabolism
- Interferon gamma Receptor
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Sabatino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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41
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Mueller YM, Do DH, Altork SR, Artlett CM, Gracely EJ, Katsetos CD, Legido A, Villinger F, Altman JD, Brown CR, Lewis MG, Katsikis PD. IL-15 treatment during acute simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection increases viral set point and accelerates disease progression despite the induction of stronger SIV-specific CD8+ T cell responses. J Immunol 2008; 180:350-60. [PMID: 18097036 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.1.350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we examined the effect of in vivo treatment of acutely SIV-infected Mamu-A*01+ rhesus macaques with IL-15. IL-15 treatment during acute infection increased viral set point by 3 logs and accelerated the development of simian AIDS in two of six animals with one developing early minimal lesion SIV meningoencephalitis. Although IL-15 induced a 2- to 3-fold increase in SIV-specific CD8+ T cell and NK cell numbers at peak viremia and reduced lymph node (LN) SIV-infected cells, this had no impact on peak viremia and did not lower viral set point. At viral set point, however, activated SIV-specific CD8+ T cells and NK cells were reduced in the blood of IL-15-treated animals and LN SIV-infected cells were increased. Week 30 LN from IL-15-treated animals had significantly increased Gag-specific CD8+ T cell numbers, whereas total cell, lymphocyte, and CD4+ T cell numbers were reduced. IL-15 treatment significantly reduced anti-SIV Ab concentrations at week 3 and viral set point. IL-15 increased Ki-67+CD4+ T cells at week 1 of treatment and reduced blood CCR5+ and CD45RA-CD62L- CD4+ T cells. The frequency of day 7 Ki-67+CD4+ T cells strongly correlated with viral set point. These findings suggest that CD4+ T cell activation during acute infection determines subsequent viral set point and IL-15 treatment by increasing such activation elevates viral set point. Finally, IL-15-treated acutely SIV-infected primates may serve as a useful model to investigate the poorly understood mechanisms that control viral set point and disease progression in HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne M Mueller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Center for Immunology and Vaccine Science, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
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42
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Petrovas C, Mueller YM, Yang G, Altork SR, Jacobson JM, Pitsakis PG, Mounzer KC, Altman JD, Katsikis PD. Actin integrity is indispensable for CD95/Fas-induced apoptosis of HIV-specific CD8+ T cells. Apoptosis 2008; 12:2175-86. [PMID: 17891455 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-007-0128-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
We have recently provided data suggesting a potential role for mitochondria and Bcl-2-family molecules in apoptosis sensitivity of HIV-specific CD8+ T cells. Here, we report on the role of filamentous (F) actin in this process. Disruption of actin by cytochalasin D (cytD) or lantrunculin A remarkably reduced CD95/Fas-induced apoptosis of HIV-specific CD8+ T cells while their spontaneous apoptosis was unaffected. This inhibition cannot be attributed to changes of CD95/Fas distribution or levels in these cells. Furthermore, cytD treatment reduced CD95/Fas-induced apoptosis of CD8+ T cells from HIV+ patients independently of their differentiation status. CD95/Fas-induced apoptosis of both CD38+ and CD38- HIV-specific CD8+ T cells was inhibited by cytD treatment indicating that actin mediates this apoptotic process independently of the activation level of these cells. CytD was found to reduce the activation of caspase-8 induced by short treatment of purified CD8+ T cells from HIV+ patients with anti-CD95/Fas. Our data reveal actin as a critical mediator of HIV-specific CD8+ T cell apoptosis; further analysis of the molecular mechanisms governing this process may potentially contribute to design new therapies targeting the enhancement of the immune system in HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantinos Petrovas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Drexel University, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
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43
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McLaughlin BE, Baumgarth N, Bigos M, Roederer M, De Rosa SC, Altman JD, Nixon DF, Ottinger J, Li J, Beckett L, Shacklett BL, Evans TG, Asmuth DM. Nine-color flow cytometry for accurate measurement of T cell subsets and cytokine responses. Part II: Panel performance across different instrument platforms. Cytometry A 2008; 73:411-20. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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44
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Borowski AB, Boesteanu AC, Mueller YM, Carafides C, Topham DJ, Altman JD, Jennings SR, Katsikis PD. Memory CD8+ T cells require CD28 costimulation. J Immunol 2007; 179:6494-503. [PMID: 17982038 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.10.6494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CD8(+) T cells are a critical component of the adaptive immune response against infections and tumors. A current paradigm in immunology is that naive CD8(+) T cells require CD28 costimulation, whereas memory CD8(+) T cells do not. We show here, however, that during viral infections of mice, costimulation is required in vivo for the reactivation of memory CD8(+) T cells. In the absence of CD28 costimulation, secondary CD8(+) T cell responses are greatly reduced and this impairs viral clearance. The failure of CD8(+) T cells to expand in the absence of CD28 costimulation is CD4(+) T cell help independent and is accompanied by a failure to down-regulate Bcl-2 and by cell cycle arrest. This requirement for CD28 costimulation was shown in both influenza A and HSV infections. Thus, contrary to current dogma, memory CD8(+) T cells require CD28 costimulation to generate maximal secondary responses against pathogens. Importantly, this CD28 requirement was shown in the context of real infections were multiple other cytokines and costimulators may be up-regulated. Our findings have important implications for pathogens, such as HIV and measles virus, and tumors that evade the immune response by failing to provide CD28 costimulation. These findings also raise questions about the efficacy of CD8(+) T cell-based vaccines against such pathogens and tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie B Borowski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
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45
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Mueller YM, Petrovas C, Do DH, Altork SR, Fischer-Smith T, Rappaport J, Altman JD, Lewis MG, Katsikis PD. Early establishment and antigen dependence of simian immunodeficiency virus-specific CD8+ T-cell defects. J Virol 2007; 81:10861-8. [PMID: 17670818 PMCID: PMC2045568 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00813-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Differentiation and survival defects of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-specific CD8(+) T cells may contribute to the failure of HIV-specific CD8(+) T cells to control HIV replication. It is not known, however, whether simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected rhesus macaques show comparable defects in these virus-specific CD8(+) T cells or when such defects are established during infection. Peripheral blood cells from acutely and chronically infected rhesus macaques were stained ex vivo for memory subpopulations and examined by in vitro assays for apoptosis sensitivity. We show here that SIV-specific CD8(+) T cells from chronically SIV infected rhesus macaques show defects comparable to those observed in HIV infection, namely, a skewed CD45RA(-) CD62L(-) effector memory phenotype, reduced Bcl-2 levels, and increased levels of spontaneous and CD95-induced apoptosis of SIV-specific CD8(+) T cells. Longitudinal studies showed that the survival defects and phenotype are established early in the first few weeks of SIV infection. Most importantly, they appear to be antigen driven, since most probably the loss of epitope recognition due to viral escape results in the reversal of the phenotype and reduced apoptosis sensitivity, something we observed also for animals treated with antiretroviral therapy. These findings further support the use of SIV-infected rhesus macaques to investigate the phenotypic changes and apoptotic defects of HIV-specific CD8(+) T cells and indicate that such defects of HIV-specific CD8(+) T cells are the result of chronic antigen stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne M Mueller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
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46
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Romagnoli PA, Altman JD. Activated CD8 T cells can stimulate CD4 T cells by direct interaction (B12). The Journal of Immunology 2007. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.supp.b12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Protective immunity against viruses is characterized by the generation of effective CD8 T cell memory in the presence of helper CD4 T cells. CD4 T cells impact in the programming of CD8 T cells by licensing antigen presenting cells (APCs) involved in priming. It is also known that CD4 T cells are necessary for activated CD8 T cells to differentiate into memory. However, it is not well understood how help is delivered at this second stage due to:
low probability of having CD4, CD8 T cells and APCs together; andabsence of accepted models where CD4 interact directly with CD8 T cells.
Here we propose a model of CD8:CD4 interaction where MHC class II molecules, transferred onto CD8 T cells by trogocytosis, are able to present antigen directly to CD4 T cells. Our results show that only antigen-specific CD8 T cells received MHC class II molecules transfer from APCs . These MHC class II positive activated CD8 T cells are able to prime naïve and restimulate experienced CD4 T cells to release great amounts of helper cytokines like IL2, IFNγ and TNFα and induce proliferation of antigen specific CD4 T cells in vivo.
These observations suggest a novel functional interaction between CD8 and CD4 T cells that might explain how help is delivered in the differentiation phase of memory CD8 T cells. Furthermore, this model would not only contemplate the occurrence of direct CD4 T cell help for CD8 T cells, but also the possiblity of an interface for immune regulation depending on the profile of CD4 T cells contacting the activated CD8 T cell.
Support for this Research comes from the National Institutes of Health, Grant: 1RO1AI042373-04, PI: John D. Altman.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John D Altman
- Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Rd NE, Atlanta, GA, 30329
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47
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Radziewicz H, Ibegbu CC, Fernandez ML, Workowski KA, Obideen K, Wehbi M, Hanson HL, Steinberg JP, Masopust D, Wherry EJ, Altman JD, Rouse BT, Freeman GJ, Ahmed R, Grakoui A. Liver-infiltrating lymphocytes in chronic human hepatitis C virus infection display an exhausted phenotype with high levels of PD-1 and low levels of CD127 expression. J Virol 2006; 81:2545-53. [PMID: 17182670 PMCID: PMC1865979 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02021-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 367] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of people infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) fail to generate or maintain a T-cell response effective for viral clearance. Evidence from murine chronic viral infections shows that expression of the coinhibitory molecule PD-1 predicts CD8+ antiviral T-cell exhaustion and may contribute to inadequate pathogen control. To investigate whether human CD8+ T cells express PD-1 and demonstrate a dysfunctional phenotype during chronic HCV infection, peripheral and intrahepatic HCV-specific CD8+ T cells were examined. We found that in chronic HCV infection, peripheral HCV-specific T cells express high levels of PD-1 and that blockade of the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction led to an enhanced proliferative capacity. Importantly, intrahepatic HCV-specific T cells, in contrast to those in the periphery, express not only high levels of PD-1 but also decreased interleukin-7 receptor alpha (CD127), an exhausted phenotype that was HCV antigen specific and compartmentalized to the liver, the site of viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Radziewicz
- Emory University School of Medicine, 954 Gatewood Road N.E., Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
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48
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Petrovas C, Mueller YM, Dimitriou ID, Altork SR, Banerjee A, Sklar P, Mounzer KC, Altman JD, Katsikis PD. Increased mitochondrial mass characterizes the survival defect of HIV-specific CD8(+) T cells. Blood 2006; 109:2505-13. [PMID: 17095625 PMCID: PMC1852206 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-05-021626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
What governs the increased apoptosis sensitivity of HIV-specific CD8(+) T cells is poorly understood. Here, we examined the involvement of mitochondria in this apoptosis. Remarkably higher mitochondrial mass (MM) was found in HIV-specific compared with CMV-specific CD8(+) T cells from HIV(+) patients and this could not be attributed to their different differentiation status. MM(High) phenotype characterized those CD8(+) T cells from HIV(+) patients that are sensitive to spontaneous and CD95/Fas-induced apoptosis. CD38 expression did not correlate with high MM, whereas Bcl-2 levels were significantly reduced in both CD38(+) and CD38(-) HIV-specific CD8(+) T cells. Although CD38(+) HIV-specific CD8(+) T cells were more susceptible to apoptosis, CD38 expression does not explain on its own the selective apoptosis sensitivity of HIV-specific CD8(+) T cells, as CD38(-) HIV-specific CD8(+) T cells were more apoptotic than CD38(+) CMV-specific ones. Proapoptotic HIV-specific CD8(+) T cells were CD38(+)Bcl-2(Low)MM(High). Copolarization of mitochondria with CD95/Fas capping, very early in CD95/Fas-induced apoptosis of HIV-specific CD8(+) T cells, suggests that mitochondria act as an amplification step for this apoptosis. Thus, an extensive mitochondrial network contributes to apoptosis sensitivity of CD8(+) T cells and, when this occurs together with reduced levels of Bcl-2 and chronic activation, determines the proapoptotic state of HIV-specific CD8(+) T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantinos Petrovas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA, 19129, USA
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49
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Ramachandiran V, Grigoriev V, Lan L, Ravkov E, Mertens SA, Altman JD. A robust method for production of MHC tetramers with small molecule fluorophores. J Immunol Methods 2006; 319:13-20. [PMID: 17187819 PMCID: PMC1802104 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2006.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2006] [Revised: 07/31/2006] [Accepted: 08/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tetramers of major histocompatibility complex molecules (MHC) are now well-established reagents for the detection of antigen-specific T cells by flow cytometry. MHC tetramers are prepared by mixing enzymatically biotinylated MHC molecules with commercial preparations of streptavidin, usually conjugated to a fluorescent phycobiliprotein such as phycoerythrin (PE) or allophycocyanin (APC). While data obtained with MHC tetramers prepared with small molecule fluorophores has been reported, considerable lot-to-lot variation among conventional streptavidin conjugates to small molecules prevents routine preparation of such reagents. We now report robust preparation of MHC tetramers with small molecule fluorophores, using a recombinant mutant of streptavidin incorporating a carboxy-terminal cysteine in each of the four identical subunits that is conjugated to maleimide derivatives of any of several small molecule fluorophores. These reagents significantly expand the versatility of the MHC tetramer methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasanthi Ramachandiran
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, USA
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50
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Liu Y, Goff RD, Zhou D, Mattner J, Sullivan BA, Khurana A, Cantu C, Ravkov EV, Ibegbu CC, Altman JD, Teyton L, Bendelac A, Savage PB. A modified α-galactosyl ceramide for staining and stimulating natural killer T cells. J Immunol Methods 2006; 312:34-9. [PMID: 16647712 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2006.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2005] [Revised: 10/03/2005] [Accepted: 02/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
CD1d presentation of alpha-galactosyl ceramides to natural killer T cells has been a focal point of the study of regulatory T cells. KRN7000, an alpha-galactosyl ceramide originally generated from structure activity studies of antitumor properties of marine sponge glycolipids, is currently the most commonly used agonist ligand and is used to stain NKT cells. However, this glycolipid suffers from poor solubility and availability. We have developed an alpha-galactosyl ceramide with improved solubility over KRN7000 that effectively stains NKT cells, both mouse and human, and stimulates cytokine release at low concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
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