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James CA, Yu KKQ, Mayer-Blackwell K, Fiore-Gartland A, Smith MT, Layton ED, Johnson JL, Hanekom WA, Scriba TJ, Seshadri C. Durable Expansion of TCR-δ Meta-Clonotypes After BCG Revaccination in Humans. Front Immunol 2022; 13:834757. [PMID: 35432299 PMCID: PMC9005636 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.834757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) has been used for 100 years and prevents disseminated tuberculosis and death in young children. However, it shows only partial efficacy against pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) in adults, so new vaccines are urgently needed. The protective efficacy of BCG depends on T cells, which are typically activated by pathogen-derived protein antigens that bind to highly polymorphic major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. Some T cells recognize non-protein antigens via antigen presenting systems that are independent of genetic background, leading to their designation as donor-unrestricted T (DURT) cells. Whether live whole cell vaccines, like BCG, can induce durable expansions of DURT cells in humans is not known. We used combinatorial tetramer staining, multi-parameter flow cytometry, and immunosequencing to comprehensively characterize the effect of BCG on activation and expansion of DURT cell subsets. We examined peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) derived from a Phase I study of South African adults in which samples were archived at baseline, 3 weeks, and 52 weeks post-BCG revaccination. We did not observe a change in the frequency of total mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells, germline encoded mycolyl-reactive (GEM) T cells, or γδ T cells at 52 weeks post-BCG. However, immunosequencing revealed a set of TCR-δ clonotypes that were expanded at 52 weeks post-BCG revaccination. These expanded clones expressed the Vδ2 gene segment and could be further defined on the basis of biochemical similarity into several 'meta-clonotypes' that likely recognize similar epitopes. Our data reveal that BCG vaccination leads to durable expansion of DURT cell clonotypes despite a limited effect on total circulating frequencies in the blood and have implications for defining the immunogenicity of candidate whole cell TB vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte A James
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Krystle K Q Yu
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Koshlan Mayer-Blackwell
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Andrew Fiore-Gartland
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Malisa T Smith
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Erik D Layton
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - John L Johnson
- Tuberculosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Willem A Hanekom
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Thomas J Scriba
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Chetan Seshadri
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Tuberculosis Research and Training Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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Layton ED, Barman S, Wilburn DB, Yu KKQ, Smith MT, Altman JD, Scriba TJ, Tahiri N, Minnaard AJ, Roederer M, Seder RA, Darrah PA, Seshadri C. T Cells Specific for a Mycobacterial Glycolipid Expand after Intravenous Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Vaccination. J Immunol 2021; 206:1240-1250. [PMID: 33536255 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Intradermal vaccination with Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) protects infants from disseminated tuberculosis, and i.v. BCG protects nonhuman primates (NHP) against pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis. In humans and NHP, protection is thought to be mediated by T cells, which typically recognize bacterial peptide Ags bound to MHC proteins. However, during vertebrate evolution, T cells acquired the capacity to recognize lipid Ags bound to CD1a, CD1b, and CD1c proteins expressed on APCs. It is unknown whether BCG induces T cell immunity to mycobacterial lipids and whether CD1-restricted T cells are resident in the lung. In this study, we developed and validated Macaca mulatta (Mamu) CD1b and CD1c tetramers to probe ex vivo phenotypes and functions of T cells specific for glucose monomycolate (GMM), an immunodominant mycobacterial lipid Ag. We discovered that CD1b and CD1c present GMM to T cells in both humans and NHP. We show that GMM-specific T cells are expanded in rhesus macaque blood 4 wk after i.v. BCG, which has been shown to protect NHP with near-sterilizing efficacy upon M. tuberculosis challenge. After vaccination, these T cells are detected at high frequency within bronchoalveolar fluid and express CD69 and CD103, markers associated with resident memory T cells. Thus, our data expand the repertoire of T cells known to be induced by whole cell mycobacterial vaccines, such as BCG, and show that lipid Ag-specific T cells are resident in the lungs, where they may contribute to protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik D Layton
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Soumik Barman
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Damien B Wilburn
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Krystle K Q Yu
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Malisa T Smith
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - John D Altman
- National Institutes of Health Tetramer Core Facility, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329
| | - Thomas J Scriba
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 9747, South Africa
| | - Nabil Tahiri
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen 7925, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Adriaan J Minnaard
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen 7925, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Mario Roederer
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Robert A Seder
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Patricia A Darrah
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Chetan Seshadri
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109; .,Tuberculosis Research and Training Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
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Yu KKQ, Wilburn DB, Hackney JA, Darrah PA, Foulds KE, James CA, Smith MT, Jing L, Seder RA, Roederer M, Koelle DM, Swanson WJ, Seshadri C. Conservation of molecular and cellular phenotypes of invariant NKT cells between humans and non-human primates. Immunogenetics 2019; 71:465-478. [PMID: 31123763 PMCID: PMC6647187 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-019-01118-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Invariant NKT (iNKT) cells in both humans and non-human primates are activated by the glycolipid antigen, α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer). However, the extent to which the molecular mechanisms of antigen recognition and in vivo phenotypes of iNKT cells are conserved among primate species has not been determined. Using an evolutionary genetic approach, we found a lack of diversifying selection in CD1 genes over 45 million years of evolution, which stands in stark contrast to the history of the MHC system for presenting peptide antigens to T cells. The invariant T cell receptor (TCR)-α chain was strictly conserved across all seven primate clades. Invariant NKT cells from rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) bind human CD1D-α-GalCer tetramer and are activated by α-GalCer-loaded human CD1D transfectants. The dominant TCR-β chain cloned from a rhesus-derived iNKT cell line is nearly identical to that found in the human iNKT TCR, and transduction of the rhesus iNKT TCR into human Jurkat cells show that it is sufficient for binding human CD1D-α-GalCer tetramer. Finally, we used a 20-color flow cytometry panel to probe tissue phenotypes of iNKT cells in a cohort of rhesus macaques. We discovered several tissue-resident iNKT populations that have not been previously described in non-human primates but are known in humans, such as TCR-γδ iNKTs. These data reveal a diversity of iNKT cell phenotypes despite convergent evolution of the genes required for lipid antigen presentation and recognition in humans and non-human primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystle K Q Yu
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Damien B Wilburn
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Joshua A Hackney
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Patricia A Darrah
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kathryn E Foulds
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Charlotte A James
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Molecular Medicine and Mechanisms of Disease Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Malisa T Smith
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lichen Jing
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Robert A Seder
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mario Roederer
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David M Koelle
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Willie J Swanson
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Chetan Seshadri
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Tuberculosis Research & Training Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Lu LL, Smith MT, Yu KKQ, Luedemann C, Suscovich TJ, Grace PS, Cain A, Yu WH, McKitrick TR, Lauffenburger D, Cummings RD, Mayanja-Kizza H, Hawn TR, Boom WH, Stein CM, Fortune SM, Seshadri C, Alter G. IFN-γ-independent immune markers of Mycobacterium tuberculosis exposure. Nat Med 2019; 25:977-987. [PMID: 31110348 PMCID: PMC6559862 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-019-0441-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) results in heterogeneous clinical outcomes including primary progressive tuberculosis and latent Mtb infection (LTBI). Mtb infection is identified using the tuberculin skin test and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) release assay IGRA, and a positive result may prompt chemoprophylaxis to prevent progression to tuberculosis. In the present study, we report on a cohort of Ugandan individuals who were household contacts of patients with TB. These individuals were highly exposed to Mtb but tested negative by IFN-γ release assay and tuberculin skin test, ‘resisting’ development of classic LTBI. We show that ‘resisters’ possess IgM, class-switched IgG antibody responses and non-IFN-γ T cell responses to the Mtb-specific proteins ESAT6 and CFP10, immunologic evidence of exposure to Mtb. Compared to subjects with classic LTBI, ‘resisters’ display enhanced antibody avidity and distinct Mtb-specific IgG Fc profiles. These data reveal a distinctive adaptive immune profile among Mtb-exposed subjects, supporting an expanded definition of the host response to Mtb exposure, with implications for public health and the design of clinical trials. New immune biomarkers of exposure to tuberculosis may require a rethink of evidence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenette L Lu
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Malisa T Smith
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Krystle K Q Yu
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Adam Cain
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Wen Han Yu
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Tanya R McKitrick
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Richard D Cummings
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Thomas R Hawn
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - W Henry Boom
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University and Univ. Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Catherine M Stein
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University and Univ. Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Population & Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Sarah M Fortune
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Chetan Seshadri
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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5
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DeWitt WS, Yu KKQ, Wilburn DB, Sherwood A, Vignali M, Day CL, Scriba TJ, Robins HS, Swanson WJ, Emerson RO, Bradley PH, Seshadri C. A Diverse Lipid Antigen-Specific TCR Repertoire Is Clonally Expanded during Active Tuberculosis. J Immunol 2018; 201:888-896. [PMID: 29914888 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Human T cells that recognize lipid Ags presented by highly conserved CD1 proteins often express semi-invariant TCRs, but the true diversity of lipid Ag-specific TCRs remains unknown. We use CD1b tetramers and high-throughput immunosequencing to analyze thousands of TCRs from ex vivo-sorted or in vitro-expanded T cells specific for the mycobacterial lipid Ag, glucose monomycolate. Our results reveal a surprisingly diverse repertoire resulting from editing of germline-encoded gene rearrangements analogous to MHC-restricted TCRs. We used a distance-based metric (TCRDist) to show how this diverse TCR repertoire builds upon previously reported conserved motifs by including subject-specific TCRs. In a South African cohort, we show that TCRDist can identify clonal expansion of diverse glucose monomycolate-specific TCRs and accurately distinguish patients with active tuberculosis from control subjects. These data suggest that similar mechanisms govern the selection and expansion of peptide and lipid Ag-specific T cells despite the nonpolymorphic nature of CD1.
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Affiliation(s)
- William S DeWitt
- Adaptive Biotechnologies, Seattle, WA 98102.,Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109.,Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Krystle K Q Yu
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Damien B Wilburn
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | | | | | - Cheryl L Day
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322.,Emory Vaccine Center, Atlanta, GA 30329
| | - Thomas J Scriba
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.,Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Harlan S Robins
- Adaptive Biotechnologies, Seattle, WA 98102.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Willie J Swanson
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | | | - Philip H Bradley
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109; and.,Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Chetan Seshadri
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195;
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6
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Layton ED, Yu KKQ, Smith MT, Scriba TJ, De Rosa SC, Seshadri C. Validation of a CD1b tetramer assay for studies of human mycobacterial infection or vaccination. J Immunol Methods 2018; 458:44-52. [PMID: 29684428 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
CD1 tetramers loaded with lipid antigens facilitate the identification of rare lipid-antigen specific T cells present in human blood and tissue. Because CD1 proteins are structurally non-polymorphic, these tetramers can be applied to genetically diverse human populations, unlike MHC-I and MHC-II tetramers. However, there are no standardized assays to quantify and characterize lipid antigen-specific T cells present within clinical samples. We incorporated CD1b tetramers loaded with the mycobacterial lipid glucose monomycolate (GMM) into a multi-parameter flow cytometry assay. Using a GMM-specific T-cell line, we demonstrate that the assay is linear, reproducible, repeatable, precise, accurate, and has a limit of detection of approximately 0.007%. Having formally validated this assay, we performed a cross-sectional study of healthy U.S. controls and South African adolescents with and without latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI). We show that GMM-specific T cells are specifically detected in South African subjects with LTBI and not in U.S. healthy controls. This assay can be expanded to include additional tetramers or phenotypic markers to characterize GMM-specific T cells in studies of mycobacterial infection, disease, or vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik D Layton
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Krystle K Q Yu
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Malisa T Smith
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Thomas J Scriba
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Stephen C De Rosa
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Chetan Seshadri
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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7
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James CA, Yu KKQ, Gilleron M, Prandi J, Yedulla VR, Moleda ZZ, Diamanti E, Khan M, Aggarwal VK, Reijneveld JF, Reinink P, Lenz S, Emerson RO, Scriba TJ, Souter MNT, Godfrey DI, Pellicci DG, Moody DB, Minnaard AJ, Seshadri C, Van Rhijn I. CD1b Tetramers Identify T Cells that Recognize Natural and Synthetic Diacylated Sulfoglycolipids from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Cell Chem Biol 2018; 25:392-402.e14. [PMID: 29398561 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterial cell wall lipids bind the conserved CD1 family of antigen-presenting molecules and activate T cells via their T cell receptors (TCRs). Sulfoglycolipids (SGLs) are uniquely synthesized by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, but tools to study SGL-specific T cells in humans are lacking. We designed a novel hybrid synthesis of a naturally occurring SGL, generated CD1b tetramers loaded with natural or synthetic SGL analogs, and studied the molecular requirements for TCR binding and T cell activation. Two T cell lines derived using natural SGLs are activated by synthetic analogs independently of lipid chain length and hydroxylation, but differentially by saturation status. By contrast, two T cell lines derived using an unsaturated SGL synthetic analog were not activated by the natural antigen. Our data provide a bioequivalence hierarchy of synthetic SGL analogs and SGL-loaded CD1b tetramers. These reagents can now be applied to large-scale translational studies investigating the diagnostic potential of SGL-specific T cell responses or SGL-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte A James
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medical Center, 750 Republican Street, Suite E663, Seattle, WA 98115, USA; Department of Pathology, Molecular Medicine and Mechanisms of Disease Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Krystle K Q Yu
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medical Center, 750 Republican Street, Suite E663, Seattle, WA 98115, USA
| | - Martine Gilleron
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Jacques Prandi
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Vijayendar R Yedulla
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747AG Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Zuzanna Z Moleda
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747AG Groningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Momin Khan
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
| | | | - Josephine F Reijneveld
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Reinink
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Stefanie Lenz
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Thomas J Scriba
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7935, South Africa
| | - Michael N T Souter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Dale I Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Daniel G Pellicci
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - D Branch Moody
- Department of Rheumatology, Allergy & Immunology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 60 Fenwood Road, Room 6006V, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Adriaan J Minnaard
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747AG Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Chetan Seshadri
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medical Center, 750 Republican Street, Suite E663, Seattle, WA 98115, USA.
| | - Ildiko Van Rhijn
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584CL Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Rheumatology, Allergy & Immunology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 60 Fenwood Road, Room 6006V, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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