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Ricardo T, Azócar-Aedo LI, Previtali MA, Monti G. Seroprevalence of pathogenic Leptospira serogroups in asymptomatic domestic dogs and cats: systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1301959. [PMID: 38435371 PMCID: PMC10904519 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1301959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a neglected zoonotic disease transmitted by contact with the urine of animals infected with pathogenic species of the bacteria Leptospira or by contact with environments contaminated with the bacteria. Domestic dogs and cats may act as reservoirs or as sentinels of environmental contamination with leptospires, posing a public health concern. There is a great diversity of leptospires, and one common way to classify them is into serogroups that provide some information on the host species they are associated with. The aims of this study were: (1) to quantitatively summarize the overall prevalence and serogroup-specific prevalence of antibodies against pathogenic leptospires in asymptomatic dogs and cats and (2) to identify environmental and host characteristics that may affect the prevalence. Three electronic databases and the reference lists of eligible articles were screened, for epidemiological studies conducted between the years 2012-2022. We estimated overall and serogroup-specific prevalence using three-level meta-analysis models and assessed potential sources of heterogeneity by moderator analysis and meta-regression. Eighty-four studies met the inclusion criteria (dog studies 66.7%, cat studies 26.2%, and both species 7.1%). There were significant differences between dogs and cats in the overall prevalence model (P < 0.001), but not in the serogroup-specific model (P>0.05). In dogs, the prevalence of Leptospira interrogans serogroup Canicola was significantly higher than the other pathogenic serogroups (P < 0.001), while in cats there were no significant differences among serogroups (P = 0.373). Moderator analysis showed that the prevalence of L. kirschneri serogroup Grippotyphosa was significantly higher in stray/sheltered dogs than in domiciled dogs (P = 0.028). These results suggest that pathogenic serogroups associated with small mammals are circulating among asymptomatic pets and should be taken into account in the transmission cycle of leptospires, as well as in the standard MAT panel for diagnosis in dogs and cats. It also highlights the importance of including both dogs and cats as potential reservoirs when conducting eco-epidemiological studies in different geographical and ecological areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Ricardo
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Santa Fe, Argentina
- Dpto. de Ciencias Naturales, Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias (FHUC), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Lucía Isabel Azócar-Aedo
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias de la Naturaleza, Universidad San Sebastián, Sede de la Patagonia, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - María Andrea Previtali
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Santa Fe, Argentina
- Dpto. de Ciencias Naturales, Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias (FHUC), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Gustavo Monti
- Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
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Garcia-Lopez M, Lorioux C, Soares A, Trombert-Paolantoni S, Harran E, Ayral F, Picardeau M, Djelouadji Z, Bourhy P. Genetic diversity of Leptospira strains circulating in humans and dogs in France in 2019-2021. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1236866. [PMID: 37662012 PMCID: PMC10469827 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1236866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a bacterial zoonotic disease. Humans and dogs are susceptible hosts, with similar clinical manifestations ranging from a febrile phase to multiple organ dysfunction. The incidence of leptospirosis in mainland France is relatively high, at about 1 case per 100,000 inhabitants, but our knowledge of the strains circulating in humans and dogs remains limited. We studied the polymorphism of the lfb1 gene sequences in an exhaustive database, to facilitate the identification of Leptospira strains. We identified 46 species-groups (SG) encompassing the eight pathogenic species of Leptospira. We sequenced the lfb1 gene amplification products from 170 biological samples collected from 2019 to 2021: 110 from humans and 60 from dogs. Epidemiological data, including vaccination status in dogs, were also collected. Three Leptospira species displaying considerable diversity were identified: L. interrogans, with eight lfb1 species-groups (including five new lfb1 species-groups) in humans and dogs; L. kirschneri, with two lfb1 species-groups in humans and dogs; and L. borgpetersenii, with one lfb1 species-group in humans only. The lfb1 species-group L. interrogans SG1, corresponding to serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae or Copenhageni, was frequently retrieved from both humans and dogs (n=67/110; 60.9% and n=59/60; 98.3% respectively). A high proportion of the affected dogs developed the disease despite vaccination (n=30/60; 50%). Genotyping with the polymorphic lfb1 gene is both robust and simple. This approach provided the first global picture of the Leptospira strains responsible for acute infections in mainland France, based on biological samples but without the need for culture. Identification of the Leptospira strains circulating and their changes over time will facilitate more precise epidemiological monitoring of susceptible and reservoir species. It should also facilitate the monitoring of environmental contamination, making it possible to implement preventive measures and to reduce the burden of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Garcia-Lopez
- Biology of Spirochetes Unit, National Reference Center for Leptospirosis, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- USC 1223-RS2GP, Laboratory of Leptospira and Veterinary Analysis, VetAgro Sup, University of Lyon, Marcy l’Etoile, France
| | - Celine Lorioux
- Biology of Spirochetes Unit, National Reference Center for Leptospirosis, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Anais Soares
- Department of Infectiology, Eurofins Biomnis, Lyon, France
| | | | - Elena Harran
- USC 1223-RS2GP, Laboratory of Leptospira and Veterinary Analysis, VetAgro Sup, University of Lyon, Marcy l’Etoile, France
| | - Florence Ayral
- USC 1223-RS2GP, Laboratory of Leptospira and Veterinary Analysis, VetAgro Sup, University of Lyon, Marcy l’Etoile, France
| | - Mathieu Picardeau
- Biology of Spirochetes Unit, National Reference Center for Leptospirosis, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Zouheira Djelouadji
- USC 1223-RS2GP, Laboratory of Leptospira and Veterinary Analysis, VetAgro Sup, University of Lyon, Marcy l’Etoile, France
| | - Pascale Bourhy
- Biology of Spirochetes Unit, National Reference Center for Leptospirosis, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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Esteves SB, Santos CM, Silva BCS, Salgado FF, Guilloux AGA, Cortez A, Lucco RC, Miotto BA. Time for change? A systematic review with meta-analysis of leptospires infecting dogs to assess vaccine compatibility in Brazil. Prev Vet Med 2023; 213:105869. [PMID: 36773375 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.105869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Dogs are thought to be highly exposed to environmental pathogenic leptospires, possibly acting as potential sources of infection for zoonotic transmission. Vaccination stands as the cornerstone strategy to prevent disease and urinary shedding in dogs, yet the success of vaccination is highly dependent on the correspondence of leptospires circulating locally with those used in vaccine compositions. To provide evidence for vaccine compatibility, and to assess whether there are regional differences on serogroup distribution, we conducted a systematic review with meta-analysis on serological data, characterization of leptospiral isolates and risk factors for seropositivity in dogs from Brazil. Studies reporting canine leptospirosis within the Brazilian territory were eligible for inclusion, and methodology was validated by PROSPERO under registration CRD42020204187. Six electronic databases were searched, and data regarding population, methods, and outcomes were extracted. Sixty-one studies were included to access serogroup distribution and risk factors, with a pooled positivity rate of 19.7% in dog population. Serological evidence indicates that Canicola, Icterohaemorrhagiae and Autumnalis are the most frequently found serogroups. Twenty-eight records were included to access leptospiral strains isolated in Brazil, with n = 56 strains characterized as serogroups Canicola, n = 37 as Icterohaemorrhagiae, n = 2 as Pomona, and n = 1 strain as Australis and Sejroe each. Risk factor analysis revealed that stray dogs, puppies or elderly dogs, male dogs and dogs kept by tutors with poor social and economic conditions are at high risk for infection. The present study revealed overall good compatibility of leptospiral strains circulating locally with those used in vaccines against canine leptospirosis in Brazil. The circulation of serovars Pomona and Grippotyphosa has not been consistently demonstrated, and the inclusion of these serovars in local vaccines cannot be supported by our results. The results also provided serological evidence for the circulation of Serogroup Autumnalis among the studied populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Bergmann Esteves
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Cassia Moreira Santos
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bianca Caroline Souza Silva
- Curso de Medicina Veterinária, Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde Única, Universidade Santo Amaro, Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Ferreira Salgado
- Curso de Medicina Veterinária, Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde Única, Universidade Santo Amaro, Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Adriana Cortez
- Curso de Medicina Veterinária, Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde Única, Universidade Santo Amaro, Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rejane Cristina Lucco
- Curso de Medicina Veterinária, Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde Única, Universidade Santo Amaro, Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno Alonso Miotto
- Curso de Medicina Veterinária, Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde Única, Universidade Santo Amaro, Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Ricardo T, Azócar-Aedo L, Signorini M, Previtali MA. Leptospiral infection in domestic cats: Systematic review with meta-analysis. Prev Vet Med 2023; 212:105851. [PMID: 36706556 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.105851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The role of domestic cats in the transmission of Leptospira is controversial, being considered either as a protective factor or a potential source of infection for humans. The aims of this study were to obtain an integrated estimate of the prevalence of leptospiral infection in domestic cats, and to characterize those individuals most susceptible to infection. For this systematic review and meta-analysis, five electronic databases, as well as the reference lists of eligible reports were screened for observational studies published during 1979-2022. The overall prevalence of leptospiral antibodies and of pathogenic Leptospira in kidney/urine was estimated using three-level meta-analysis models. To investigate potential sources of heterogeneity, moderator analyses was performed using the sampling year, health status, living environment, and origin of the cats. The odds-ratio (OR) of potential risk factors was estimated using random-effects meta-analysis models for binary outcomes. The literature search identified 61 eligible publications, containing 114 effect estimates. The overall seroprevalence was 11.7 % (95 % CI: 9.3-14.6 %), the prevalence of leptospires in urine was 3.7 % (95 % CI: 1.7-8.1 %), and the prevalence of leptospires in kidney tissue was 12.8 % (95 % CI: 3.2-39.9 %). There were no significant differences in the estimated prevalence after removing articles with medium risk of bias. Seroprevalence was higher in Europe when compared to Latin America and the Caribbean (P = 0.047) and showed a mild decrease over time (P = 0.023). Outdoor cats had almost three times greater probabilities of infection with Leptospira (OR: 2.74, 95 % CI: 1.10-6.84). No other significant effect was detected among the tested moderators or potential risk factors (P > 0.05). Results suggest that feline leptospirosis should receive particular attention in veterinary care, as exposure to leptospires can occur in approximately 1 in every 10 cats, and more frequently in cats with street access. Domestic cats should be considered as potential Leptospira carriers when designing public health strategies for the control and prevention of leptospirosis. Further investigation is required to improve knowledge of the role of these animals in the environmental transmission cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Ricardo
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Colectora Ruta Nac. Nº 168, Km. 0, Paraje El Pozo, Santa Fe, Argentina; Dpto. de Cs. Naturales, Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje El Pozo, Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - Lucía Azócar-Aedo
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias de la Naturaleza, Universidad San Sebastián, Sede de la Patagonia, Chile
| | - Marcelo Signorini
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Colectora Ruta Nac. Nº 168, Km. 0, Paraje El Pozo, Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, R.P. Kreder 2805, Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - María Andrea Previtali
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Colectora Ruta Nac. Nº 168, Km. 0, Paraje El Pozo, Santa Fe, Argentina; Dpto. de Cs. Naturales, Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje El Pozo, Santa Fe, Argentina.
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Azócar-Aedo L. Basic Aspects and Epidemiological Studies on Leptospirosis Carried Out in Animals in Chile: A Bibliographic Review. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:tropicalmed8020097. [PMID: 36828513 PMCID: PMC9964289 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8020097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is an important zoonosis worldwide. This disease affects numerous animal species, some of them are classified as "maintenance hosts", and others are categorized as "incidental hosts". Humans are at risk of becoming infected by having contact with domestic and wild animals. In this paper, general aspects of the etiology and transmission of leptospirosis are addressed, data regarding the clinical presentation of the pathology in humans and animals are also presented, and the results of some epidemiological studies on leptospirosis carried out in Chile in different animal species and humans are summarized through a bibliographic review of the literature. The research on domestic canines and horses stands out in terms of their number in the country, with prevalences between 12.0% and 59.1% in dogs and from 23.3% to 65.4% in equids. Studies have been performed on domestic felines in recent years with frequencies ranging from 3.0% to 25.2%, as well as on wild animals (mainly in mammals). In pigs, cattle, sheep, and goats, the information is scarce, with little updated research dating back several decades and variable prevalence rates, which are generally high, except for in sheep. Leptospirosis is a disease of varied etiology in terms of infecting species, serovars and serogroups, which influences its epidemiology, and its prevalence is variable in different animals. An increase in the awareness given to this pathology in human and veterinary public health is required, as well as more scientific studies in Chile, to update the existing knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Azócar-Aedo
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Naturaleza, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad San Sebastián, Sede De La Patagonia, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile
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Pilau NN, Lubar AA, Daneji AI, Mera UM, Magaji AA, Abiayi EA, Chaiboonma KL, Busayo EI, Vinetz JM, Matthias MA. Serological and molecular epidemiology of leptospirosis and the role of dogs as sentinel for human infection in Nigeria. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09484. [PMID: 35647333 PMCID: PMC9136256 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Prospective cross-sectional study of dogs in Nigeria to study leptospirosis, inferred to be endemic in all regions of the country by researchers. Aim is to generate empirical updated evidence of leptospiral infection and delineate serovars involved. Methods Study determined the sero-prevalence and infection rate in 342 dogs using sero-assays, culture isolation and novel qPCR. In-house designed primers targeting conserved regions were used to amplify genes in quantitative Real-Time PCR (qRT-PCR) for leptospiral detection to serogroups. Molecular analysis of the leptospiral 16S rRNA and LipL32 genes were used for identification of pathogenic Leptospira species. Primers targeting the O-antigen (rfb) region of the Leptospira lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were used for differentiating serovars based on comparative melting temperature (Tm) analysis against reference serogroups. Results Overall serological and bacteriological prevalence of 56 (16.4%) and 40 (11.7%) respectively was recorded. Vaccination, ages and season(s) were the strongest determinants of infection. Unvaccinated animals, stray dogs and symptomatic dogs presented statistically significant (P < 0.05) higher risk of infection: OR 25.531 (6.108, 106.712; 95% CI). Discussion The evidence suggests 1 of every 10 dogs is infected and could be symptomatic for the disease or a carrier of leptospires in the studied region in Nigeria with attendant public health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas N Pilau
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usman Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - Aristea A Lubar
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, United States
| | - Aminu I Daneji
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usman Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - Usman M Mera
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usman Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - Abdullahi A Magaji
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usman Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - Elmina A Abiayi
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | - Kira L Chaiboonma
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, United States
| | - Emmanuel I Busayo
- Department of Theriogenology and Animal Production, Usman Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - Joseph M Vinetz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, United States
| | - Michael A Matthias
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, United States
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Mohd Hanapi IR, Sahimin N, Maackara MJB, Annisa AS, Abdul Mutalib RNS, Lewis JW, Behnke JM, Lau YL, Mohd Zain SN. Prevalence of anti-Leptospira antibodies and associated risk factors in the Malaysian refugee communities. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:1128. [PMID: 34724919 PMCID: PMC8561983 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06830-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Refugees in Malaysia, who are afflicted by poverty, conflict and poor health, are vulnerable to a range of zoonotic infections in the deprived environmental and social conditions under which they live. Exposure to infections such as leptospirosis, for which rodents are primary hosts, is of particular concern. Methods A wellness program was conducted to determine the presence of antibodies against Leptospira (seroprevalence) in 11 refugee community schools and centers in the Klang Valley, Malaysia. A total of 433 samples were assessed for IgG and IgM antibodies against Leptospira, using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Results Overall Leptospira seroprevalence was 24.7%, with 3.0% being seropositive for anti-Leptospira IgG and 21.7% for anti-Leptospira IgM. Factors significantly associated with overall Leptospira seroprevalence included: age, ethnicity, pet ownership, knowledge of disease and awareness of disease fatality. For IgM seroprevalence, significant risk factors included sex, ethnicity, eating habits with hands, pet ownership, the presence of rats, walking in bare feet and water recreation visits. Conclusions These findings highlight the need for improvements in health and well-being among the refugee community through disease awareness programs and provision of healthy behavior programs, particularly in hygiene and sanitation through community engagement activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izzah Ruzana Mohd Hanapi
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Norhidayu Sahimin
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre (TIDREC), Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Aufa Shofia Annisa
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Raisya Nur Syazmeen Abdul Mutalib
- Department of Biomedical Science, Kulliyah of Allied Health Science, International Islamic University Malaysia, 25200, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - John W Lewis
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 OEX, UK
| | - Jerzy M Behnke
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Yee Ling Lau
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Siti Nursheena Mohd Zain
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Bonacina E, Oltolina M, Robbiati R, Pinzauti P, Ebani VV. Serological Survey on the Occurrence of Anti- Leptospira spp. Antibodies in Red-Eared Terrapins ( Trachemys scripta elegans) Living in a Natural Park of Northern Italy. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11030602. [PMID: 33668811 PMCID: PMC7996346 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Although it has been supposed that reptiles, including chelonians, are involved in the epidemiology of Leptospira, data about leptospirosis in turtles are very scant. In the present survey, Trachemys scripta elegans terrapins living in a natural park were tested to verify the presence of antibodies against Leptospira spp., with 6% being positive. Infected turtles could be a source of infection for other animals and humans, shedding leptospirae into the environment. However, further studies are necessary to verify if Leptospira may cause disease in turtles or if these animals may serve as reservoirs. Abstract Turtles are suspected to be involved in the epidemiology of Leptospira; however, data about the dissemination of this zoonotic pathogen among chelonians are scant. In the present study, the serum samples collected from 49 Trachemys scripta elegans living in a natural park of northern Italy were tested by a microagglutination test to measure detectable antibodies against different Leptospira serovars. Three (6.12%) turtles had agglutinins to the serovar Tarassovi, suggesting that they were exposed to the spirochaetes. Currently, it is not clear if Leptospira can cause disease in chelonians or if these animals can serve as reservoirs of leptospirae. Considering that chelonians often share the same environment with other animals and humans, and considering the One Health perspective, investigations to better understand the role of chelonians as a source of Leptospira infection are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Bonacina
- Parco Faunistico Le Cornelle, via Cornelle 16, 24030 Valbrembo (BG), Italy; (E.B.); (M.O.); (R.R.)
| | - Maurizio Oltolina
- Parco Faunistico Le Cornelle, via Cornelle 16, 24030 Valbrembo (BG), Italy; (E.B.); (M.O.); (R.R.)
| | - Roberto Robbiati
- Parco Faunistico Le Cornelle, via Cornelle 16, 24030 Valbrembo (BG), Italy; (E.B.); (M.O.); (R.R.)
| | - Paolo Pinzauti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa (PI), Italy;
| | - Valentina Virginia Ebani
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa (PI), Italy;
- Correspondence:
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Ricardo T, Previtali MA, Signorini M. Meta-analysis of risk factors for canine leptospirosis. Prev Vet Med 2020; 181:105037. [PMID: 32590226 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is one of the most widespread zoonotic diseases, with more than one million human cases reported worldwide every year. Dogs could develop infections that range from asymptomatic to severe, and shed leptospires with their urine. Given their close contact with humans, dogs may act both as epidemiological links or as sentinels of pathogenic leptospires in the environment. The aims of our study were to quantitatively summarize the overall prevalence of leptospiral antibodies and to identify factors associated with the probabilities of infection. We searched the electronic databases Scopus, PubMed, PMC and ScienceDirect for observational studies on canine leptospirosis published between 1989 and December 2019 and written in English, Spanish or Portuguese. We fitted a series of multilevel random effects meta-analysis models to estimate the prevalence of antibodies against Leptospira for different types of dogs, health statuses, diagnostic tests, geographic regions and income categories of the countries. We also fitted a number of random effects meta-analysis models to estimate the pooled odds-ratio of factors associated with canine leptospirosis. After removing duplicates and articles not meeting selection criteria, a total of 130 studies in 91 articles were included in this work. We found lower seroprevalence estimates in North America countries (P<0.001) and other high income countries (P<0.001). We also found higher probabilities of leptospiral infection in adult (P=0.017), male dogs with access to the streets (P<0.001). Identifying the profile of dogs that are more exposed to leptospirosis could be useful in the design of public health strategies for the prevention and control of leptospirosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Ricardo
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje El Pozo S/N, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - M Andrea Previtali
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje El Pozo S/N, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Marcelo Signorini
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Ruta 34 Km 227, Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina.
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Gomard Y, Lagadec E, Humeau L, Pinet P, Bureau S, Da Silva D, Turpin M, Soulaimana Mattoir Y, Georger S, Mavingui P, Tortosa P. Feral cats do not play a major role in leptospirosis epidemiology on Reunion Island. Epidemiol Infect 2019; 147:e97. [PMID: 30869033 DOI: 10.1017/S0950268819000190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Although previous studies have reported Leptospira carriage in kidneys and urine of cats, the role of these animals in leptospirosis epidemiology remains poorly understood. Using molecular methods, we investigated Leptospira renal carriage in 172 feral cats from Reunion Island, an oceanic geographically isolated island located in the South West Indian Ocean. Only one out of the 172 analysed specimens tested positive for Leptospira DNA through quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Using this positive sample, we could obtain sequences at three Leptospira loci (rrs2, lipL32 and lipL41) allowing to report for the first time Leptospira borgpetersenii naturally infecting cats. Comparisons with bacterial sequences from both acute human cases and animal reservoirs revealed similarities with Leptospira sequences previously reported on Reunion Island. However, the low prevalence (0.6%) reported herein does not support any major role of feral cats in leptospirosis epidemiology on Reunion Island, contrasting with results recently reported on another Indian Ocean Island, Christmas Island. The significance of these discrepancies is discussed.
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Esson C, Skerratt LF, Berger L, Malmsten J, Strand T, Lundkvist Å, Järhult JD, Michaux J, Mijiddorj TN, Bayrakçısmith R, Mishra C, Johansson Ö. Health and zoonotic Infections of snow leopards Panthera unica in the South Gobi desert of Mongolia. Infect Ecol Epidemiol 2019; 9:1604063. [PMID: 31231481 PMCID: PMC6567154 DOI: 10.1080/20008686.2019.1604063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Snow leopards, Panthera uncia, are a threatened apex predator, scattered across the mountains of Central and South Asia. Disease threats to wild snow leopards have not been investigated.Methods and Results: Between 2008 and 2015, twenty snow leopards in the South Gobi desert of Mongolia were captured and immobilised for health screening and radio-collaring. Blood samples and external parasites were collected for pathogen analyses using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), microscopic agglutination test (MAT), and next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques. The animals showed no clinical signs of disease, however, serum antibodies to significant zoonotic pathogens were detected. These pathogens included, Coxiella burnetii, (25% prevalence), Leptospira spp., (20%), and Toxoplasma gondii (20%). Ticks collected from snow leopards contained potentially zoonotic bacteria from the genera Bacillus, Bacteroides, Campylobacter, Coxiella, Rickettsia, Staphylococcus and Streptococcus.Conclusions: The zoonotic pathogens identified in this study, in the short-term did not appear to cause illness in the snow leopards, but have caused illness in other wild felids. Therefore, surveillance for pathogens should be implemented to monitor for potential longer- term disease impacts on this snow leopard population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Esson
- One Health Research Group, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Lee F Skerratt
- Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Lee Berger
- Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Jonas Malmsten
- Department of Pathology and Wildlife Diseases, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environment Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Tanja Strand
- Zoonosis Science Centre (ZSC), Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Åke Lundkvist
- Zoonosis Science Centre (ZSC), Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Josef D Järhult
- Zoonosis Science Centre (ZSC), Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Michaux
- Génétique de la conservation Life Sciences, Liege, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Örjan Johansson
- Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Riddarhyttan, Sweden.,Snow Leopard Trust, Seattle, WA, USA
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Lizer J, Velineni S, Weber A, Krecic M, Meeus P. Evaluation of 3 Serological Tests for Early Detection Of Leptospira-specific Antibodies in Experimentally Infected Dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32:201-207. [PMID: 29131400 PMCID: PMC5787205 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leptospirosis in dogs is a disease of global importance. Early detection and appropriate therapeutic intervention are necessary to resolve infection and prevent zoonotic transmission. However, its diagnosis is hindered by nonspecific clinical signs and lack of rapid diagnostic tests of early infection. Recently, 2 rapid point-of-care tests (WITNESS Lepto [WITNESS Lepto, Zoetis LLC, Kalamazoo, MI, USA] and SNAP Lepto [SNAP Lepto, IDEXX Laboratories, Westbrook, ME, USA]) for detection of Leptospira-specific antibodies in canine sera were developed. HYPOTHESIS Immunoglobulin M-based WITNESS Lepto containing multiple detection antigens can detect Leptospira-specific antibodies to common leptospiral serovars earlier in the course of infection as compared to microscopic agglutination test (MAT) and SNAP Lepto. ANIMALS Four groups of 8 6- to 8-month-old male Beagle dogs were used. METHODS Thirty-two healthy seronegative dogs were inoculated experimentally with serovars Canicola, Grippotyphosa, Icterohaemorrhagiae, and Pomona (8 dogs/serovar). Acute-phase sera were collected at regular intervals and monitored for Leptospira-specific antibodies by WITNESS Lepto, MAT, and SNAP Lepto. RESULTS Seroconversion was detected in all dogs by day 10 by WITNESS Lepto and in 30 of 32 dogs by day 14 by MAT. The SNAP Lepto test detected seroconversion in 3 dogs during the 2 weeks postchallenge. CONCLUSIONS Immunoglobulin M-based WITNESS Lepto detected immune responses specific to multiple leptospiral serovars early in the course of infection and identified seroconversion in all animals earlier than did the gold standard MAT. The SNAP Lepto test displayed considerably lower and inconsistent performance during the study period. At the point-of-care, WITNESS Lepto should be the test of choice for rapid and reliable screening of acutely ill dogs suspected to have leptospirosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Lizer
- Veterinary Medicine Research and DevelopmentZoetisKalamazooMI
| | - S. Velineni
- Veterinary Medicine Research and DevelopmentZoetisKalamazooMI
| | - A. Weber
- Veterinary Medicine Research and DevelopmentZoetisKalamazooMI
| | | | - P. Meeus
- Veterinary Medicine Research and DevelopmentZoetisKalamazooMI
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Dybing NA, Jacobson C, Irwin P, Algar D, Adams PJ. Leptospira Species in Feral Cats and Black Rats from Western Australia and Christmas Island. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2017; 17:319-324. [DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2016.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Narelle A. Dybing
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Caroline Jacobson
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia
- Vector- and Water-Borne Pathogen Research Group, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Peter Irwin
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia
- Vector- and Water-Borne Pathogen Research Group, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia
| | - David Algar
- Department of Parks and Wildlife, Wildlife Place, Woodvale, Western Australia
| | - Peter J. Adams
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia
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