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Gupta RD, Tamanna RJ, Hashan MR, Akonde M, Haider SS, Chakraborty PA, Hossain MB. Prevalence and Associated Factors with Ideal Cardiovascular Health Metrics in Bangladesh: Analysis of the Nationally Representative STEPS 2018 Survey. Epidemiologia (Basel) 2022; 3:533-543. [PMID: 36547257 PMCID: PMC9778360 DOI: 10.3390/epidemiologia3040040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to find out the prevalence of the American Heart Association's (AHA)'s cardiovascular health metrics and associated socio-demographic factors. A secondary analysis of the World Health Organization (WHO) STEPwise approach to surveillance survey 2018 (STEPS 2018) data was conducted. Ideal Cardiovascular Health (ICH) was defined as the presence of 5-7 ideal metrics as defined by the AHA. Design-adjusted multivariable logistic regression was used to determine the associated factors of ICH. In total, 5930 respondents were included in our analysis, and 43.1% of the participants had ICH. The odds of ICH decreased with age [compared to 18-29 years old individuals, 30-49 years: AOR (Adjusted Odds Ratio): 0.4; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.4-0.5; 50-69 years: AOR: 0.7; 95% CI: 0.6-0.8], and higher educational attainment (compared to those who received no formal education, being educated up to primary level: AOR:0.7; 95% CI: 0.6-0.8; being educated up to secondary level: AOR: 0.4; 95% CI: 0.4-0.5; being educated up to college and higher: AOR: 0.4; 95% CI: 0.3-0.5). Compared with female and urban residents, the odds were 30% and 40% less among male and rural residents, respectively. The public health promotion programs of Bangladesh should raise awareness among high-risk groups to prevent cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajat Das Gupta
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-8036364017
| | - Rownak Jahan Tamanna
- Institute of Statistical Research and Training (ISRT), University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Rashidul Hashan
- Bangladesh Civil Service, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of Bangladesh, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton North, Queensland 4701, Australia
| | - Maxwell Akonde
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Shams Shabab Haider
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Promit Ananyo Chakraborty
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z8, Canada
| | - Md. Belal Hossain
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z8, Canada
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Li P, He L. Clinical Treatment Analysis and Imaging Study of Patients with Acute Angina in Cardiovascular Medicine. J Healthc Eng 2021; 2021:1458621. [PMID: 34616527 PMCID: PMC8490024 DOI: 10.1155/2021/1458621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
With the accelerating pace of life, increasing stress and unhealthy diet make cardiovascular disease one of the important diseases that endanger human health, among which the incidence of acute angina is gradually increasing. At present, there are many clinical treatment studies on acute angina pectoris, but the relevant imaging analysis is very lacking. In order to study the clinical treatment of patients with acute angina pectoris and analyze the relevant medical images, to arrive at a more effective treatment method, this article launched an in-depth study. First, we selected 88 patients with acute angina in a hospital as the research object and randomly divided them into a control group (n = 44) and an experimental group (n = 44) Yan et al. (2020). The control group was treated with conventional acute angina pectoris drugs, while the experimental group was treated with clopidogrel on this basis. The two groups were treated at the same time, and the treatment time lasted for 3 months. Then, the risk factors of the two groups of patients were analyzed, and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Then, the medical images of the two groups of patients were analyzed, and the diastolic blood pressure, systolic blood pressure, and coronary artery stenosis were compared before and after treatment. After treatment, the diastolic blood pressure and systolic blood pressure of the experimental group were 88.31 ± 3.15 mmHg and 125.63 ± 4.16 mmHg, respectively. The proportion of patients with zero-vessel disease and single-vessel disease in the experimental group increased to 15.91% and 56.82%. The treatment plan received by the experimental group patients had a better improvement effect. Finally, the clinical efficacy was compared. The total effective rates of the control and experimental groups were 72.7% and 88.6%, respectively. This shows that the treatment method adopted by the experimental group of patients has a better curative effect and is worthy of clinical promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- Peoples Hospital of Tongcheng City, Xianning 437400, Hubei, China
| | - Li He
- Peoples Hospital of Tongcheng City, Xianning 437400, Hubei, China
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Fan M, Yang X, Ding T, Cao Y, Si Q, Bai J, Lin Y, Zhao X. Application of Ultrasound Virtual Reality in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases. J Healthc Eng 2021; 2021:9999654. [PMID: 34457227 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9999654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is a common chronic disease in the medical field, which has a great impact on the health of Chinese residents (especially the elderly). At present, the effectiveness of the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases in my country is not optimistic. Overall, the prevalence and mortality of CVD are still on the rise. The timely and effective detection and treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases are of great practical significance to improve the health of residents and to carry out prevention and treatment. This article aims to study the application of ultrasound-based virtual reality technology in the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases to improve the efficiency and accuracy of the diagnosis of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases by medical staff. The focus is on the application of feature attribute selection related algorithms and classification related algorithms in medical and health diagnosis systems, and a cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease diagnosis system based on naive Bayes algorithm and improved genetic algorithm is designed and developed. The system builds a diagnostic model for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and diagnoses and displays the corresponding results based on the patient's examination data. This paper first puts forward the theoretical concepts of ultrasonic virtual reality technology, scientific computing visualization, genetic algorithm, naive Bayes algorithm, and surgery simulation system and describes them in detail. Then, we construct a three-dimensional ultrasonic virtual measurement system, from the collection and reconstruction of image data to the filtering and segmentation of image data, plus the application of three-dimensional visualization and virtual reality technology to construct a three-dimensional measurement system. The experimental results in this paper show that 10 isolated congenital heart disease models with atrial septal defect (ASD) established through the use of three-dimensional visualization and virtual reality technology measured the short diameter, long diameter, and area of the atrial septal defect in the left and right atria. Finally, a value of L less than 0.05 indicates that the statistics are meaningful, and a value of r generally greater than 0.9 indicates that the virtual measurement result is highly correlated with the real measurement result.
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Khanam F, Hossain MB, Mistry SK, Afsana K, Rahman M. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Diseases among Bangladeshi Adults: Findings from a Cross-sectional Study. J Epidemiol Glob Health 2020; 9:176-184. [PMID: 31529935 PMCID: PMC7310816 DOI: 10.2991/jegh.k.190531.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ever rising prevalence of Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD) is a major challenge for the health sector in Bangladesh. This study aimed to explore the prevalence of CVD and sociodemographic and lifestyle factors associated with it in Bangladesh. The data were collected through a cross-sectional survey following a two-stage cluster random sampling procedure. The present analysis was performed among 12,338 respondents aged ≥35 years, selected from rural areas and urban slums. Information was gathered using a structured questionnaire, whereas measurements were taken using standardized procedures. Logistic regression with exchangeable correlation structure among clusters was executed to explore the association. About 30% of participants had hypertension, 5% diabetes, 20% obesity; 77% were either smokers or consumed smokeless tobacco, and 28% were physically inactive. The prevalence of CVD was 4.5% (stroke: 1.8% and heart diseases: 3.2%). After adjusting for potential confounders, hypertension, diabetes, body mass index, extra salt intake, daily sleep, tiredness, age, gender, occupation, administrative division, and wealth quintile were found to be significantly associated with CVD. The study highlighted that the prevalence of CVD is high in Bangladesh, and its associated risk factors such as hypertension and diabetes are on the rise, especially in the older population, women, and high-income groups. Therefore, immediate public health intervention is warranted to address the issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fouzia Khanam
- Research and Evaluation Division, BRAC, BRAC Centre, 75 Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Md Belal Hossain
- Research and Evaluation Division, BRAC, BRAC Centre, 75 Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Sabuj Kanti Mistry
- Research and Evaluation Division, BRAC, BRAC Centre, 75 Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Kaosar Afsana
- Health Nutrition and Population Programme, BRAC, BRAC Centre, 75 Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Mahfuzar Rahman
- Research and Evaluation Division, BRAC, BRAC Centre, 75 Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
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Uddin J, Joshi VL, Moniruzzaman M, Karim R, Uddin J, Siraj M, Rashid MA, Rossau HK, Taylor RS, Zwisler A. Effect of Home-Based Cardiac Rehabilitation in a Lower-Middle Income Country: RESULTS FROM A CONTROLLED TRIAL. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev 2020; 40:29-34. [DOI: 10.1097/hcr.0000000000000471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Islam JY, Zaman MM, Haq SA, Ahmed S, Al-Quadir Z. Epidemiology of hypertension among Bangladeshi adults using the 2017 ACC/AHA Hypertension Clinical Practice Guidelines and Joint National Committee 7 Guidelines. J Hum Hypertens 2018; 32:668-680. [PMID: 30026561 PMCID: PMC6207562 DOI: 10.1038/s41371-018-0087-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In 2017, the American College of Cardiology (ACC) and American Heart Association (AHA) released updated guidelines on the definition of hypertension, and blood pressure thresholds for initiation of antihypertensive medication. Our objective was to assess the change in prevalence of hypertension, risk factors, and identify populations recommended for treatment among Bangladeshi adults, based on the 2017 ACC/AHA guidelines. Data for this analysis were collected from a population-based nationally representative sample of 1843 Bangladeshi adults, aged ≥18 years in 2015. Hypertension was defined based on two definitions: the JNC 7 guidelines (SBP ≥ 140 or DBP ≥ 90 mmHg), and the 2017 ACC/AHA guidelines (SBP ≥ 130 mmHg, or DBP ≥ 80 mmHg), or a self-reported diagnosis of hypertension. Based on the 2017 ACC/AHA guidelines, the prevalence of hypertension was 40.7% (95% CI: 38.5-43.0). The prevalence of JNC 7 definition of hypertension was 17.9% (95% CI: 16.2-19.7), indicating a 22.8% increase in prevalence. Based on both definitions, urban residents, older adults, adults with low physical activity, obese, abdominally obese, and diabetic adults were more likely to have hypertension. Based on current JNC 7 guidelines, only half of hypertensive adults were aware of having hypertension. Among those aware of their condition, 75% were taking medication based on self-report. Using the 2017 ACC/AHA guidelines, the prevalence of hypertension will more than double in Bangladesh. Newly diagnosed hypertensive adults will be considered high-risk for cardiovascular disease leading to a larger burden on Bangladesh's health system. However, implementation of the ACC/AHA guidelines may improve prevention efforts where lifestyle changes are appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Y Islam
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Syed Atiqul Haq
- Department of Rheumatology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Shahbag, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shamim Ahmed
- Department of Rheumatology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Shahbag, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Zahid Al-Quadir
- Department of Rheumatology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Shahbag, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Chowdhury MZI, Haque MA, Farhana Z, Anik AM, Chowdhury AH, Haque SM, Marjana LLW, Bristi PD, Al Mamun BA, Uddin MJ, Fatema J, Rahman MM, Akter T, Tani TA, Turin TC. Prevalence of cardiovascular disease among Bangladeshi adult population: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the studies. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2018; 14:165-181. [PMID: 30174432 PMCID: PMC6110270 DOI: 10.2147/vhrm.s166111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a group of conditions affecting the functioning of the heart or blood vessels and is one of the leading causes of death globally. Like other countries, CVD prevalence is also rising among the adults in Bangladesh. Epidemiological studies have shown not only a high CVD prevalence but also a significant increase in its prevalence in Bangladesh in the last few decades. To have a better understanding of the current CVD prevalence scenario, we conducted this systematic review and meta-analysis. Our objective was to assess the prevalence of CVD among the Bangladeshi adult population using evidence from the published scientific literature. METHODS Electronic databases such as MEDLINE, Embase and PubMed were searched. We also manually checked the references of all relevant publications that describe the prevalence of CVD in Bangladeshi adults. To pool the CVD prevalence, we used random-effects meta-analysis. We assessed heterogeneity using both the formal tests and the subgroup analyses. We also assessed study quality and examined publication bias. RESULTS We retrieved 755 potentially relevant papers through searches of electronic and gray literature, of which only 13 met inclusion criteria after the screening and were included in this review. Of the studies that met inclusion criteria, three were carried out in rural populations, five in both urban and rural populations and two in strictly urban populations. Male and female participation in the studies was almost equal. The weighted pooled prevalence of CVD was 5.0%, regardless of the types of CVD, gender and geographical location of the study participants. There was also a high heterogeneity in the observed CVD prevalence. Weighted pooled prevalence of overall CVD in the Bangladeshi population was higher in urban areas (8%) compared to rural areas (2%). However, no such difference was observed in terms of gender (3% for both males and females). The highest reported prevalence (21%) was for heart disease, while the lowest reported prevalence (1%) was for stroke. Sources of heterogeneity were often unexplained. The criteria used to assess study quality were fulfilled by only a few studies, and adequate sample size criteria was missed by almost all of them. In addition, there was evidence of small-study effects. CONCLUSION A high CVD prevalence along with an upward trend was observed in Bangladeshi adults. Proper strategies are required for primary prevention of CVD so that a further increase can be alleviated and the morbidity and mortality associated with it can be reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ziaul Islam Chowdhury
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada,
- Department of Statistics, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh,
| | - Md Ashiqul Haque
- Department of Statistics, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh,
| | - Zaki Farhana
- Department of Statistics, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh,
| | - Ataul Mustufa Anik
- Department of Statistics, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh,
| | - Amadul Hoque Chowdhury
- Department of Statistics, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh,
| | - Sabrina Mahfuja Haque
- Department of Statistics, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh,
| | - Lu-Lu-Wal Marjana
- Department of Statistics, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh,
| | - Piali Dey Bristi
- Department of Statistics, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh,
| | - Bm Abu Al Mamun
- Department of Statistics, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh,
| | | | - Jain Fatema
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Sylhet MAG Osmani Medical College Hospital, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Md Meshbahur Rahman
- Department of Statistics, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh,
| | - Tanjila Akter
- Department of Statistics, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh,
| | - Tania Akhter Tani
- Department of Statistics, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh,
| | - Tanvir C Turin
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada,
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Yunus FM, Khan S, Mitra DK, Mistry SK, Afsana K, Rahman M. Relationship of sleep pattern and snoring with chronic disease: findings from a nationwide population-based survey. Sleep Health 2018; 4:40-48. [PMID: 29332678 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleh.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the association of total sleep time and presence or absence of snoring with chronic disease among the Bangladeshi adult population. DESIGN Cross-sectional survey. SETTING Urban and rural Bangladesh. PARTICIPANTS A total of 12,338 men and women aged ≥35 years. MEASUREMENTS Total sleep time was considered as the total hours of sleep in 24 hours. Furthermore, sleep time was categorized into <7, 7-9, and >9 hours according to National Sleep Foundation (2015) guidelines. Self-reported snoring history was captured and corroborated with their respective sleep partner/spouse in more than 80% cases. Registered physician-diagnosed current and/or previous cases of hypertension, diabetes, coronary heart disease, cancer, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and any other chronic conditions were counted. RESULTS Overall prevalence of at least 1 chronic disease in our study population was around 18%: men (15.4%) and women (20.0%). Hypertension has the highest prevalence (overall: 12.7%, men: 12.2%, women: 15%) followed by diabetes (4.9%), coronary heart diseases (3.2%), stroke (1.8%), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (0.9%), and cancer (any type: 0.1%). Sleep pattern and snoring are significantly associated with all individual chronic disease except cancer. Sociodemographic, behavioral, and lifestyle variables were adjusted, and inadequate total sleep time (<7 hours) and snoring (yes/no) showed significant association with chronic disease status (risk ratio = 1.11, 95% confidence interval 1.00-1.22 and risk ratio = 1.20, 95% confidence interval 1.11-1.29, respectively). CONCLUSION Inadequate sleep and snoring are independently associated with chronic disease in Bangladeshi adult population and perhaps elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fakir Md Yunus
- BRAC Research and Evaluation Division, BRAC Centre, 75 Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, The University of Saskatchewan, 104 Clinic Place, Saskatoon SK S7N 2Z4, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Safayet Khan
- BRAC Research and Evaluation Division, BRAC Centre, 75 Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Dipak K Mitra
- School of Public Health, Independent University, Bangladesh, Plot 16 Block B, Aftabuddin Ahmed Road, Bashundhara /A, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sabuj Kanti Mistry
- BRAC Research and Evaluation Division, BRAC Centre, 75 Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Kaosar Afsana
- BRAC Health, Nutrition and Population Program, BRAC Centre, 75 Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, 68 ShahidTajuddin Ahmed Sharani, Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Mahfuzar Rahman
- BRAC Research and Evaluation Division, BRAC Centre, 75 Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh.
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Mamin FA, Islam MS, Rumana FS, Faruqui F. Profile of stroke patients treated at a rehabilitation centre in Bangladesh. BMC Res Notes 2017; 10:520. [PMID: 29078803 PMCID: PMC5658960 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-017-2844-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Stroke is the leading cause of death and disability in Bangladesh. Rehabilitation services have not yet been integrated into the Bangladesh health system. Only a few non-governmental organisations provide rehabilitation for stroke patients. The demographic profile of these patients has not yet been established. The aim of this study was to identify and evaluate the socio-demographic data, risk factors, place of primary management and cost of stroke for those who attended rehabilitation at the Centre for the Rehabilitation of the Paralysed (CRP), Bangladesh. A cross-sectional survey was carried out among 103 conveniently selected stroke patients who attended CRP between December 2015 and May 2016. RESULTS The mean age of the participants was 49 years. The majority (68%) originated from urban areas. About 85% of the patients had a history of hypertension prior to their stroke. Following the stroke, most patients received their initial treatment in a general clinic or hospital by registered physicians. Only 22% of the patients were advised to pursue follow-up rehabilitation services by their physicians. All patients interviewed in the survey received unpaid full-time care from their family members. The reported cost of rehabilitation was approximately US $328 per month per patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firoz Ahmed Mamin
- Department of Physiotherapy, Bangladesh Health Professions Institute (BHPI), CRP. Savar, Dhaka, 1343 Bangladesh
| | - Muhammad Shahidul Islam
- Department of Physiotherapy, Centre for the Rehabilitation of the Paralysed (CRP), CRP, Savar, Dhaka, 1343 Bangladesh
| | - Farjana Sharmin Rumana
- Department of Physiotherapy, Centre for the Rehabilitation of the Paralysed (CRP), CRP, Savar, Dhaka, 1343 Bangladesh
| | - Farhana Faruqui
- Department of Physiotherapy, Centre for the Rehabilitation of the Paralysed (CRP), CRP, Savar, Dhaka, 1343 Bangladesh
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