Ionic Conductivity of a Lithium-Doped Deep Eutectic Solvent: Glass Formation and Rotation-Translation Coupling

Deep eutectic solvents with admixed lithium salts are considered as electrolytes in electrochemical devices, such as batteries or supercapacitors. Compared to eutectic mixtures of hydrogen-bond donors and lithium salts, their raw-material costs are significantly lower. Not much is known about glassy freezing and rotational-translation coupling of such systems. Here, we investigate these phenomena by applying dielectric spectroscopy to the widely studied deep eutectic solvent glyceline, to which 1 and 5 mol % LiCl were added. Our study covers a wide temperature range, including a deeply supercooled state. The temperature dependences of the detected dipolar reorientation dynamics and ionic direct current (dc) conductivity reveal the signatures of glassy freezing. In comparison to pure glyceline, the lithium admixture leads to a reduction of ionic conductivity, which is accompanied by a reduction of the rotational dipolar mobility. However, this reduction is much smaller than that for deep eutectic solvents (DESs), where one main component is lithium salt, which we trace back to the lower glass-transition temperatures of lithium-doped DESs. In contrast to pure glyceline, the ionic and dipolar dynamics become increasingly decoupled at low temperatures and obey a fractional Debye-Stokes-Einstein relation, as previously found in other glass-forming liquids. The obtained results demonstrate the relevance of decoupling effects and glass transition to the enhancement of the technically relevant ionic conductivity in such lithium-doped DESs.

Translational and reorientational dynamics in carboxylic acid-based deep eutectic solvents

The glass formation and the dipolar reorientational motions in deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are frequently overlooked, despite their crucial role in defining the room-temperature physiochemical properties. To understand the effects of these dynamics on the ionic conductivity and their relation to the mechanical properties of the DES, we conducted broadband dielectric and rheological spectroscopy over a wide temperature range on three well-established carboxylic acid-based natural DESs. These are the eutectic mixtures of choline chloride with oxalic acid (oxaline), malonic acid (maline), and phenylacetic acid (phenylaceline). In all three DESs, we observe signs of a glass transition in the temperature dependence of their dipolar reorientational and structural dynamics, as well as varying degrees of motional decoupling between the different observed dynamics. Maline and oxaline display a breaking of the Walden rule near the glass-transition temperature, while the relation between the dc conductivity and dipolar relaxation time in both maline and phenylaceline is best described by a power law. The glass-forming properties of the investigated systems not only govern the orientational dipolar motions and rheological properties, which are of interest from a fundamental point of view, but they also affect the dc conductivity, even at room temperature, which is of high technical relevance.

Rotational dynamics, ionic conductivity, and glass formation in a ZnCl2-based deep eutectic solvent

Glass formation and reorientational motions are widespread but often-neglected features of deep eutectic solvents although both can be relevant for the technically important ionic conductivity at room temperature. Here, we investigate these properties for two mixtures of ethylene glycol and ZnCl2, which were recently considered superior electrolyte materials for application in zinc-ion batteries. For this purpose, we employed dielectric spectroscopy performed in a broad temperature range, extending from the supercooled state at low temperatures up to the liquid phase around room temperature and beyond. We find evidence for a relaxation process arising from dipolar reorientation dynamics, which reveals the clear signatures of glassy freezing. This freezing also governs the temperature dependence of the ionic dc conductivity. We compare the obtained results with those for deep eutectic solvents that are formed by the same hydrogen-bond donor, ethylene glycol, but by two different salts, choline chloride and lithium triflate. The four materials reveal significantly different ionic and reorientational dynamics. Moreover, we find varying degrees of decoupling of rotational dipolar and translational ionic motions, which can partly be described by a fractional Debye-Stokes-Einstein relation. The typical glass-forming properties of these solvents strongly affect their room-temperature conductivity.

A highly versatile biopolymer-based platform for the maturation of human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes enables functional analysis in vitro and 3D printing of heart patches

Human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hPSC-CMs) represent a valuable tool for in vitro modeling of the cardiac niche and possess great potential in tissue engineering applications. However, conventional polystyrene-based cell culture substrates have adverse effects on cardiomyocytes in vitro due to the stress applied by a stiff substrate on contractile cells. Ultra-high viscosity alginates offer a unique versatility as tunable substrates for cardiac cell cultures due to their biocompatibility, flexible biofunctionalization, and stability. In this work, we analyzed the effect of alginate substrates on hPSC-CM maturity and functionality. Alginate substrates in high-throughput compatible culture formats fostered a more mature gene expression and enabled the simultaneous assessment of chronotropic and inotropic effects upon beta-adrenergic stimulation. Furthermore, we produced 3D-printed alginate scaffolds with differing mechanical properties and plated hPSC-CMs on the surface of these to create Heart Patches for tissue engineering applications. These exhibited synchronous macro-contractions in concert with more mature gene expression patterns and extensive intracellular alignment of sarcomeric structures. In conclusion, the combination of biofunctionalized alginates and human cardiomyocytes represents a valuable tool for both in vitro modeling and regenerative medicine, due to its beneficial effects on cardiomyocyte physiology, the possibility to analyze cardiac contractility, and its applicability as Heart Patches.

Hypomorphic RAG deficiency: impact of disease burden on survival and thymic recovery argues for early diagnosis and HSCT

Patients with hypomorphic mutations in the RAG1 or RAG2 gene present with either Omenn syndrome or atypical combined immunodeficiency with a wide phenotypic range. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is potentially curative, but data are scarce. We report on a worldwide cohort of 60 patients with hypomorphic RAG variants who underwent HSCT, 78% of whom experienced infections (29% active at HSCT), 72% had autoimmunity, and 18% had granulomas pretransplant. These complications are frequently associated with organ damage. Eight individuals (13%) were diagnosed by newborn screening or family history. HSCT was performed at a median of 3.4 years (range 0.3-42.9 years) from matched unrelated donors, matched sibling or matched family donors, or mismatched donors in 48%, 22%, and 30% of the patients, respectively. Grafts were T-cell depleted in 15 cases (25%). Overall survival at 1 and 4 years was 77.5% and 67.5% (median follow-up of 39 months). Infection was the main cause of death. In univariable analysis, active infection, organ damage pre-HSCT, T-cell depletion of the graft, and transplant from a mismatched family donor were predictive of worse outcome, whereas organ damage and T-cell depletion remained significant in multivariable analysis (hazard ratio [HR] = 6.01, HR = 8.46, respectively). All patients diagnosed by newborn screening or family history survived. Cumulative incidences of acute and chronic graft-versus-host disease were 35% and 22%, respectively. Cumulative incidences of new-onset autoimmunity was 15%. Immune reconstitution, particularly recovery of naïve CD4+ T cells, was faster and more robust in patients transplanted before 3.5 years of age, and without organ damage. These findings support the indication for early transplantation.

The BUrn Mortality Prediction (BUMP) Score - An improved mortality prediction score based on data of the German burn registry

BACKGROUND

Burn injuries constitute the fourth most common injuries globally. Patient outcomes must be currently assessed to provide appropriate patient care with high quality standards. However, existing mortality prediction scoring methods have been shown to lack accuracy in current burn patient populations. Therefore, this study aimed to validate existing scores using current patient data and assess whether new prediction parameters can provide better accuracy.

METHODS

A retrospective analysis of the patient data from the German Burn Registry between 2016 and 2019 was performed to evaluate all Abbreviated Burn Severity Index (ABSI) score parameters. All patients over 16 years of age who received intensive care were included. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression analysis were used to identify novel prediction parameters based on the parameters documented at admission and establish a new prediction score, the BUrn Mortality Prediction (BUMP) score. The quality of the new score was subsequently compared to that of the original ABSI, modified ABSI, Galeiras, Revised Baux score and TIMM. The new prediction score was then validated using patient data collected in the German Burn Registry in 2020.

RESULTS

In total, 7276 patients were included. Age; the presence of at least two comorbidities; burn injuries caused by work-related accidents, traffic accidents and suicide attempts; total burn surface area; inhalation trauma and full-thickness burns were identified as independent significant predictors of mortality (p < 0.001). Additionally, we evaluated new age groups to improve prediction accuracy. The number of comorbidities (p < 0.001) and the aetiology (burns occurring at work [p = 0.028], burns caused by traffic accidents [p < 0.001] or burns due to attempted suicide [p < 0.001]) had a significant influence on mortality. The BUMP score, which was developed based on these parameters, showed the best fitness and showed more accurate mortality prediction than all the above-mentioned scores (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve: 0.947 [0.939-0.954] compared to 0.926 [0.915-0.936], 0.928 [0.918-0.939], 0.937 [0.928-0.947], 0.939 [0.930-0.948], 0.940 [0.932-0.949] respectively).

CONCLUSIONS

A novel score (BUMP score) was developed for the purpose of external quality assessment of burn centres participating in the German burn registry, where observed and expected outcomes are compared on a hospital level, and for scientifically applications. The clinical impact of this score and its generalisability to other patient populations needs to be evaluated.

Aircraft noise exposure induces pro-inflammatory vascular conditioning and amplifies vascular dysfunction and impairment of cardiac function after myocardial infarction

AIMS

Traffic noise may play an important role in the development and deterioration of ischemic heart disease. Thus, we sought to determine the mechanisms of cardiovascular dysfunction and inflammation induced by aircraft noise in a mouse model of myocardial infarction (MI) and in humans with incident MI.

METHODS AND RESULTS

C57BL/6J mice were exposed to noise alone (average sound pressure level 72 dB; peak level 85 dB) up to 4d, resulting in pro-inflammatory aortic gene expression in the myeloid cell adhesion/diapedesis pathways. Noise alone promoted adhesion and infiltration of inflammatory myeloid cells in vascular/cardiac tissue, paralleled by an increased percentage of leukocytes with a pro-inflammatory, reactive oxygen species (ROS)-producing phenotype and augmented expression of Nox-2/phospho-NFκB in peripheral blood. Ligation of the LAD resulted in worsening of cardiac function, pronounced cardiac infiltration of CD11b+ myeloid cells and Ly6Chigh monocytes and induction of interleukin (IL) 6, IL-1β, CCL-2 and Nox-2, being aggravated by noise exposure prior to MI. MI induced stronger endothelial dysfunction and more pronounced increases in vascular ROS in animals preconditioned with noise. Participants of the population-based Gutenberg Health Cohort Study (median follow-up:11.4y) with incident MI revealed elevated CRP at baseline and worse LVEF after MI in case of a history of noise exposure and subsequent annoyance development.

CONCLUSION

Aircraft noise exposure before MI substantially amplifies subsequent cardiovascular inflammation and aggravates ischemic heart failure, facilitated by a pro-inflammatory vascular conditioning. Our translational results suggest, that measures to reduce environmental noise exposure will be helpful in improving clinical outcome of subjects with MI.

Unmasking systolic impairment in HFpEF by cardiovascular magnetic resonance derived hemodynamic force assessment: insights from the HFpEF stress trial

Background

The diagnosis of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) remains challenging. Exercise-stress testing is recommended in case of uncertainty; however, this approach is time-consuming and costly. Since preserved EF does not represent normal systolic function, we evaluated cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) comprehensive cardiac hemodynamic forces (HDF) analyses for an in-depth characterisation of cardiac function at rest.

Methods

The HFpEF Stress Trial (DZHK-17) prospectively recruited 75 patients with exertional dyspnea, preserved EF (≥50%) and signs of diastolic dysfunction (E/e' ≥8) on echocardiography. Patients underwent right heart catheterisation, echocardiography and CMR. 68 patients entered the final study cohort (HFpEF n=34 and non-cardiac dyspnea n=34 according to pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP)). HDF assessment included left ventricular (LV) longitudinal, systolic peak and impulse, systolic/diastolic transition, E-wave deceleration as well as A-wave acceleration forces. Two patients were lost to 24 months follow-up evaluating cardiovascular mortality and hospitalisation (CVH).

Results

HDF assessment revealed impairment of LV longitudinal force in HFpEF (15.8 vs. 18.3, p=0.035) attributable to impairment of systolic peak (38.6 vs 51.6, p=0.003) and impulse (20.8 vs. 24.5, p=0.009) forces as well as late diastolic filling (−3.8 vs −5.4, p=0.029). Impairment of early diastolic filling could be observed in HFpEF patients identified at rest only but not stress (7.7 vs. 9.9, p=0.004). Impaired systolic peak was associated to CVH (HR 0.95, p=0.016) and superior for CVH prediction compared to LV global longitudinal strain (AUC 0.76 vs. 0.61, p=0.048).

Conclusions

Assessment of HDF reveals impairment of LV systolic and diastolic function in HFpEF. The value of systolic HDF assessment exceeded that of conventional deformation imaging for CVH prediction.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding sources: Public grant(s) – National budget only. Main funding source(s): German Centre for Cardiovascular Research

Impact of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus on cardiac function in the general population

Introduction

Prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are risk factors for heart failure (HF). The association of prediabetes and T2DM to different forms of functional left ventricular impairment and their impact on clinical outcome in the general population needs to be further investigated. In this context, little is known about the prevalences of prediabetes and different HF subtypes in the general population, especially in Europe.

Purpose

To investigate the prevalence and clinical impact of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) on functional cardiac disorder (FCD).

Methods

The participants of the Gutenberg Health Study sample (15,010 subjects, 35–74 years) were stratified in individuals with euglycaemia, prediabetes and T2DM based on clinical information and HbA1c level. FCD included asymptomatic systolic and diastolic dysfunction, symptomatic systolic and diastolic heart failure, asymptomatic diastolic dysfunction and preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (EF), asymptomatic diastolic dysfunction and reduced EF, asymptomatic preserved diastole and reduced EF, symptomatic heart failure with preserved EF (HFpEF) and symptomatic heart failure with reduced EF HFrEF). Using structured follow-up clinical outcome was assessed.

Results

Overall, 14,870 individuals were included in the present analysis. Among them, 9,426 individuals were categorized in the euglycaemia group, 4,128 participants had prediabetes and in 1,316 individuals T2DM was present. Prevalence of FCD increased from euglycaemia (19.6%) over prediabetes (33.3%) to T2DM (46.8%, p&lt;0.0001). Prevalence of symptomatic HF was increased in patients with T2DM (euglycaemia 2.8%, prediabetes 5.9%, T2DM 11.9%). T2DM was associated with reduced EF (β −0.63, 95% CI −0.99 to −0.26, P=0.00088) and elevated E/E' (β 0.08, 95% CI 0.06 to 0.10, P&lt;0.0001), whereas prediabetes was associated to elevated E/E' (β 0.02, 95% CI 0.01 to 0.03, P=0.0029). Prediabetes and T2DM revealed increased prevalences of FCD (13%, 18%), asymptomatic diastolic dysfunction with preserved EF (prediabetes: 14%, T2DM: 11%), symptomatic heart failure (prediabetes: 46%, T2DM: 70%) and HFpEF (prediabetes: 49%, T2DM: 82%). With prediabetes and T2DM all-cause mortality was elevated in presence and absence of FCD, only T2DM was also a risk factor for cardiovascular mortality with and without FCD. Within a 5-years follow-up, T2DM was an independent risk factor for the development of FCD, asymptomatic diastolic dysfunction with reduced ejection fraction, symptomatic heart failure and HFrEF. Prediabetes was not an independent risk factor for FCD.

Conclusions

In the general population, a high prevalence of asymptomatic FCD is present. Coexisting FCD and prediabetes as well as T2DM result in increased mortality elucidating the need for early detection and prevention of DM development, especially with regard to numerous asymptomatic people concerned. T2DM, but not prediabetes, is a risk factor for incident FCD.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding sources: Private company. Main funding source(s): The Gutenberg Health Study is supported by the government of Rheinland-Pfalz (`Stiftung Rheinland-Pfalz für Innovation'), the research programmes `Wissen schafft Zukunft' and the Centre forTranslational Vascular Biology (CTVB) of the Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Germany, and its contract with Boehringer Ingelheim and Philips Medical Systems including an unrestricted grant forthe Gutenberg Health Study. P.S.W. and J.H.P. are funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF 01EO1503). P.S.W. and T.M. are principal investigators of the German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK). P.S.W. is principal investigator of the DIASyM research core (BMBF 161L0217A).

Patterns of pulmonary function and mortality in chronic heart failure, results from the MyoVasc study

Background

Preclinical evidence suggests that pulmonary fibrosis due to left heart disease may represent end-organ damage in heart failure (HF). Vice versa, decreased pulmonary function is related to worsening of heart failure in the absence of obstructive airway pattern.

Purpose

This study investigated the relationship between patterns of pulmonary function (i.e. obstruction and restriction) and mortality in chronic HF.

Methods

For the present analysis data from the MyoVasc-study (N=3,289) were analysed. During a five-hour examination in the dedicated study center, systematic phenotyping was performed in a highly standardized setting. Chronic HF was defined as American Heart Association HF Stage C/D. Information on pulmonary function was assessed via body plethysmography (MasterScreen Body, Carefusion, Germany). Participants with forced expiratory ratio &lt;0.7 or COPD were categorized as obstructive, while restriction was defined as reduction in total lung capacity. Information on vital status was obtained via registration offices.

Results

The analysis sample comprised 1,509 individuals with chronic heart failure and information on pulmonary function, of whom 286 had HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), 559 HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), and 333 HFpEFborderline. The mean age was 64.6±11.3 years, 38.7% were female. In the sample 124 subjects had pulmonary restriction and 400 individuals had an obstruction. During a median time to follow up of 3.70 (inter quartile range 1.25 to 4.00) years, death occurred in 170 individuals. Among clusters of pulmonary function most participants died in the restriction group (25.0%), followed by pulmonary obstruction (12.2%) and normal pulmonary function (7.3%, P for trend &lt;0.001). Cox- regression analysis adjusted for age, sex and height revealed pulmonary restriction (hazard ratio (HR) 3.00 [95% confidence interval 2.04–4.42], P&lt;0.001] and obstruction (HR 1.61 [1.11–2.35], P=0.01) as predictors of all-cause death. After additional controlling for traditional cardiovascular risk factors and the clinical profile only pulmonary restriction remained an independent predictor of mortality (HRrestriction 2.12 [1.50–3.43]; P=0.002; HRobstruction 1.35 [0.91–2.00]; P=0.10). Among HF phenotypes obstruction was only in individuals with HFpEF an independent predictor of all-cause death (HRHFpEF 2.60 [1.29–5.23]; P=0.007; HRHFpEFborderline 1.58 [0.70–3.57]; P=0.27; HRHFrEF 0.96 [0.52–1.78]; P=0.90), while pulmonary restriction was found to be predictive for death only in subjects with HFpEFborderline (HRHFpEF 2.15 [0.70–6.64]; P=0.18; HRHFpEFborderline: HR 5.47 [2.56–11.68]; P&lt;0.001; HRHFrEF 1.74 [0.88–3.46]; P=0.11)

Conclusion

In chronic heart failure, pulmonary restriction was a stronger predictor of mortality than obstructive airway pattern. The present analysis supports the hypothesis of pulmonary fibrosis as end-organ damage in HF, and may potentially represent a therapeutic target.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding sources: Public Institution(s). Main funding source(s): German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK)

Tubulin-folding cofactor E deficiency is associated with vascular dysfunction and endoplasmatic reticulum stress of vascular smooth muscle cells

Introduction

Endothelial function assessed via flow mediated dilatation (FMD) has shown to predict risk in individuals with established cardiovascular diseases, whereas its predictive value is uncertain in the setting primary prevention.

Purpose

The aim of the current work was to discover and evaluate novel mediators of vascular dysfunction in the general population and in conditional knock-out transgenic animal models.

Methods

In order to identify novel targets that were negatively correlated with FMD and investigate their contribution in vascular function, a Genome Wide Association Study (GWAS) of 5,000 participants was performed and subsequently immune cell-, endothelial- and vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMCs)-targeted conditional knockout mouse models were generated and characterized.

Results

GWAS analysis revealed that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the tubulin folding cofactor E (TBCE) gene were negatively correlated with FMD and TBCE expression in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Myelomonocytic cell-targeted TBCE deficiency did not lead to any vascular dysfunction in vivo in the LysM+Cre+/−TBCEfl/fl mice. Endothelial-targeted TBCE deficiency led to an NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3)-dependent activation of the inflammasome in the endothelial cells of Tie2-ERT2Cre+/−TBCEfl/fl mice. Importantly, VSMC-targeted TBCE deficiency was associated with endothelial dysfunction, increased aortic wall thickness and endoplasmatic reticulum (ER) stress-mediated VSMC hyperproliferation in vivo (SMMHC-ERT2Cre+/−TBCEfl/fl), paralleled by calnexin upregulation. Administration of the blood pressure hormone angiotensin II exacerbated the vascular dysfunction and phenotype. Administration of the ER stress modulator tauroursodeoxycholic acid to the SMMHC-ERT2Cre+/−TBCEfl/fl mice reversed vascular dysfunction, paralleled by induction of Raptor/Beclin-1-dependent autophagy both in vitro and in vivo.

Conclusion

TBCE and tubulin homeostasis in the vascular musculature seem to be novel markers of vascular function and represent a new druggable target for the treatment of ER-stress-mediated vascular dysfunction.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding sources: Foundation. Main funding source(s): This work was supported by grants of the German Federal Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF01EO1003 and BMBF01EO1503), the DFG Major Research Instrumentation Programme (DFG INST 371/47-1 FUGG) as well as the Boehringer Ingelheim Foundation. PW received funds from the German Research Foundation in support of his work (DFG WE4361-4-1 and WE 4361/7-1). KS, TM and PW are PIs of the DZHK.

Development of heart failure in long-term survivors of childhood cancer: results from the cvss study

Background

Long-term survivors of childhood cancer (CCS) are at increased risk for cardiovascular sequelae, including heart failure (HF) as the largest non-malignant contributor to excess death. Yet, little is known about the risk factors, mechanisms of cardiac dysfunction and prevalence of different stages of HF in these patients.

Purpose

To investigate the development and prevalence of HF phenotypes in CCS compared to the general population.

Methods

The CVSS study is a prospective single-center cohort study investigating cardiovascular sequelae of CCS. Patients were eligible for the study when they were diagnosed with a neoplasia according to the International Classification of Childhood Cancer (ICCC 3) at an age prior to 15 years between 1980 and 1990, survived more than five years after initial cancer diagnosis and received antineoplastic treatment. Between 2013 and 2016, study individuals underwent a comprehensive, standardized clinical investigation in the CVSS cohort study including echocardiographic examination. HF was categorized as stages A to D according to current HF guidelines of the American Heart Association (AHA). A population-based sample free of cancer (age- and sex matched) serves as control group.

Results

From 1,002 individuals, all CCS with history of chemo- or radiotherapy and no subsequent neoplasia (n=877) were included (mean age 34.2 (±5.5) years, 44.7% (N=392) female). Age at diagnosis was 6.28 years (±4.24) and the mean interval from the date of diagnosis of cancer to the date of completion of baseline examination 28.5±3.2 years. Based on echocardiographic examination, clinical data and biomarker assessment, 26.6% of CCS were diagnosed with HF stage A, 21.1% with HF stage B and 2.1% with symptomatic HF, i.e. HF stage C/D. Importantly, prevalence of different HF stages varied strongly by specific tumor history. Compared to the population, the prevalence ratio (PR) was 1.16 [95% confidence interval 1.02/1.31] for stage A HF and 1.91 [1.63/2.23] for the composite of stage B to D HF in an age- and sex-adjusted Poisson regression model. Multivariable linear regression with the systolic marker left ventricular ejection fraction as dependent variable and adjustment for tumor entities, age, sex, and cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) revealed a lower EF in patients with history of bone tumors (β −6.0 [−8.1/−3.0]), soft tissue sarcoma (β −2.2 [−4.1/−0.35]), leukemia (β −0.84 [−1.8/0.08]) and renal tumors (β −1.8 [−4.0/0.27]) compared to the population. In contrast, the same model for the diastolic marker E/E', showed an association only with CVRF, but not with tumor entities.

Conclusion

The prevalence of stage B to D HF was significantly higher among long-term CCS in the 3rd to 5th age decade compared to the population and varied strongly by tumor entity. Systolic dysfunction was primarily associated with history of tumor entities, whereas diastolic dysfunction was associated with the higher burden of CVRF in CCS.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding sources: Public grant(s) – National budget only. Main funding source(s): This study is funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) (SP 1381/2-1&2, FA 1038/2-1&2, WI 3881/2-1&2)

Ethanol inactivation of orthonairoviruses in ixodid ticks

Ixodid ticks represent vectors and reservoirs for a broad range of zoonotic pathogens. Collected ticks from field studies are therefore usually stored in ethanol, which in higher concentrations effectively inactivates most of the known tick-borne pathogens. Although commonly practiced as gold standard for inactivation, hardly any scientific data demonstrate that ethanol sufficiently penetrates the comparatively thick cuticula of ticks. Therefore, Amblyomma hebraeum tick pools were stored for 21 days in ethanol (96%). Afterwards, the ethanol was removed and the ticks were homogenized. Quantitative ¹H-NMR spectroscopic analysis was applied to determine the residual concentration of ethanol inside the ticks. ¹H-NMR spectroscopic analysis revealed that ethanol constituted 28.3-42.6 mg of the total weight of three ticks in the pools (89.9-121.5 mg). In addition, the low-pathogenic Hazara orthonairovirus (HAZV) was used as a cell culture model for this study. The virus was exposed to ethanol concentrations between 0 and 60% and incubated under various temperature conditions for four time periods. Afterwards, the residual virus infectivity was determined by titration. Following ethanol exposure, HAZV did not grow in cells after 9 h of exposure to an ethanol concentration of 25%. These results demonstrate an extremely low ethanol resistance of the virus, which was generally in line with previously reported ethanol inactivation data for Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever orthonairovirus (CCHFV). After prolonged storage and impregnation, comparable ethanol concentrations are achieved in the ticks, indicating the suitability of this inactivation method also for Bunyaviruses in ticks. At the very least, a massive virus inactivation can be assumed. Definitive proof of virus inactivation would require a bioassay of ethanol-treated infected ticks under appropriate biosafety conditions.

Lithium-salt-based deep eutectic solvents: Importance of glass formation and rotation-translation coupling for the ionic charge transport

Lithium-salt-based deep eutectic solvents, where the only cation is Li⁺, are promising candidates as electrolytes in electrochemical energy-storage devices, such as batteries. We have performed broadband dielectric spectroscopy on three such systems, covering a broad temperature and dynamic range that extends from the low-viscosity liquid around room temperature down to the glassy state approaching the glass-transition temperature. We detect a relaxational process that can be ascribed to dipolar reorientational dynamics and exhibits the clear signatures of glassy freezing. We find that the temperature dependence of the ionic dc conductivity and its room-temperature value also are governed by the glassy dynamics of these systems, depending, e.g., on the glass-transition temperature and fragility. Compared to the previously investigated corresponding systems, containing choline chloride instead of a lithium salt, both the reorientational and ionic dynamics are significantly reduced due to variations in the glass-transition temperature and the higher ionic potential of the lithium ions. These lithium-based deep eutectic solvents partly exhibit significant decoupling of the dipolar reorientational and the ionic translational dynamics and approximately follow a fractional Debye-Stokes-Einstein relation, leading to an enhancement of the dc conductivity, especially at low temperatures. The presented results clearly reveal the importance of decoupling effects and of the typical glass-forming properties of these systems for the technically relevant room-temperature conductivity.

Detection of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in blood-fed Hyalomma ticks collected from Mauritanian livestock

Background

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) belongs to the genus Orthonairovirus (Nairovididae) and is a (re)emerging tick-borne pathogen. It is endemic in most parts of Africa, Asia and southern Europe, and can cause severe hemorrhagic symptoms in humans, with high fatality rates (5–30%).

Methods

Hyalomma ticks were collected from four different livestock herds (cattle and camels) in Mauritania in 2018. The tick species were determined morphologically and confirmed molecularly by using the cytochrome oxidase 1 gene marker. For the detection of CCHFV, ticks were tested individually by one-step multiplex real-time reverse-transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The small segment of all positive samples was sequenced to determine the CCHFV genotype.

Results

In total, 39 of the 1523 ticks (2.56%) collected from 63 cattles and 28 camels tested positive for CCHFV. Three Hyalomma species were identified. Hyalomma rufipes had the largest proportion of positivity (5.67%; 16/282), followed by Hyalomma dromedarii (1.89%; 23/1214). No Hyalomma impeltatum tested positive (0%; 0/21). Positive ticks were found in only six out of 91 host animals. Viral sequence analysis revealed the presence of two different CCHFV lineages (Africa I and Africa III).

Conclusions

In this study, 2.56% of Hyalomma ticks collected from camels and cattle in Mauritania tested positive for CCHFV. However, the true prevalence of CCHFV in unfed ticks may be lower, as a considerable number of ticks may have been passively infected during blood-feeding by co-feeding ticks or due to viremia of the host. The results indicate the need to track the actual area of circulation of this virus.

Graphic Abstract

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-021-04819-x.

Our Initial Experience In The Customized Treatment Of Donor Site And Burn Wounds With A New Nanofibrous Temporary Epidermal Layer

Recently, electrospinning technology has gained increasing attention for wound care. SpinCare™ electrospun polymer nanofibrous temporary epidermal layer is one of the latest developments in the market. Our objective was to explore the potential use of the new SpinCare™ system for treating burns and wounds. We conducted a single-center prospective observational trial, treating 10 patients with superficial to partial thickness wounds including burn wounds with a nanofibrous dressing. Treatment was evaluated, including procedures, place of injury, treatment times, ease of use etc. Ten superficial to deep dermal wounds were treated successfully. Inexperienced users learned the handling of the device quickly. Covering difficult-to-access wound surfaces was challenging. One leading problem is that the product is nearly opaque once applied on the moist wound. We introduced a standardized 3-day treatment protocol. After application, wounds were covered with a silicon layer for 2 days. The nanofibrous dressing appeared to be suitable following enzymatic debridement in burn wounds. Because there is a risk of wounds drying out under the dressing, the application should probably be limited to superficial and partial thickness wounds if not combined with other treatment options. The electrospun polymer nanofibrous temporary epidermal layer shows promising results in the treatment of superficial to partial thickness wounds including burns. However, minor improvements might help to optimize its usage and thus take full advantage of all existing treatment options.

Does Platelet-Rich Fibrin Enhance Healing Of Burn Wounds? Our First Experiences And Main Pitfalls

Recent research found that enzymatic debridement clearly improves long-term scarring in burns. By reducing the spontaneous wound-healing period, scarring might be optimized. The latest publications show that wound healing can be accelerated by the application of platelet-rich fibrin (PRF). However to date no study that evaluates PRF treatment in burn wounds following enzymatic debridement has been published. We conducted a single-center prospective observational trial treating ten patients with partial thickness to deep dermal burns after enzymatic debridement with PRF. After wound treatment, the dressing remained untouched for five days. For wound healing, we compared different dressings and treatment options. Minimum pain and no signs of infection were observed during any of the treatments. Physicians were able to learn the manufacture of PRF quickly. For two early treatments, skin grafting was required. In one case, the dressing was removed too early. In a second case, the wait for spontaneous wound healing was not long enough. After a standardized treatment procedure was set, we found that results were clearly improving. Mean healing time of seven wounds treated with Suprathel® dressing was 18 days (min 9 days, max 21 days). PRF application might be useful to reduce healing time in partial thickness to deep dermal burn wounds that heal spontaneously after enzymatic debridement. Thus, scarring can be improved.

Influence Of Pre-Existing Neurological Illnesses On The Outcome Of Severe Burn Injuries

It is known that patients suffering from neurological illnesses have an increased risk of burn injuries. These burns are often very severe and lead to poor outcomes. To date, only a few studies have evaluated the impact of pre-existing neurological illnesses on the outcome of burn injuries. None of them performed a regression analysis regarding specific influence on mortality. Between 1996 and 2016, 1475 patients were admitted to the BICU of a specialized German burn center: 26 had less than 1% TBSA burned and were excluded; 177 had pre-existing neurological disorders (group N). 87 patients with psychological disorders were excluded. 1185 patients without neurological or psychological disorders formed the control group. Length of hospital stay, TBSA and number of operations were analyzed using the chi-squared test and Mann-Whitney U-test. Additionally, mortality was evaluated using the logistic regression analysis adjusted for known outcome predictors. Mean age of the patients in the control group was 41.53 years with a BICU stay of 18 days, TBSA of 18.25% and mortality rate of 12.4%; 23.7% had inhalation injuries. Patients in group N had a mean age of 54.63 years, a BICU stay of 27 days, mean TBSA of 20.97%; 31.1% had inhalation injuries and mortality was 20.3%. Patients with neurological disorders were older and showed higher affected TBSA, higher rates of inhalation injury, mortality and affected TBSA, and a longer stay in the BICU compared to the control group. Nevertheless, pre-existing neurological disorders alone had no significant influence on mortality.

Confirmatory and bi-factor analysis of the Short Form Health Survey 8 (SF-8) scale structure in a German general population sample

BACKGROUND

The SF-8 is a short form of the SF-36 Health Survey, which is used for generic assessment of physical and mental aspects of health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Each of the 8 dimensions of the SF-36 is covered by a single item in the SF-8. The aim of the study was to examine the latent model structure of the SF-8.

METHOD

One-, two- and three dimensional as well as bi-factor structural models were defined and estimated adopting the ML- as well as the WLSMV-algorithm for ordinal data. The data were collected in a German general population sample (N = 2545 persons).

RESULTS

A two- (physical and mental health) and a three-dimensional CFA structure (in addition overall health) represent the empirical data information adequately [CFI = .987/.995; SRMR = .024/.014]. If a general factor is added, the resulting bi-factor models provide a further improvement in data fit [CFI = .999/.998; SRMR = .001]. The individual items are much more highly associated with the general HRQoL factor (loadings: .698 to .908) than with the factors physical, mental, and overall health (loadings: -.206 to .566).

CONCLUSIONS

In the SF-8, each item reflects mainly general HRQoL (general factor) as well as one of the three components physical, mental, and overall health. The findings suggest in particular that the evaluation of the information of the SF-8 items can be validly supplemented by a general value HRQoL.

Pre-Hospital Care Of Patients With Severe Burns In Germany: A Review Of 29 Years Of Experience

Despite the high number of burn injuries worldwide, pre-hospital care differs across regions. Data documenting pre-hospital care of severe burn injuries in Germany are scarce. Nevertheless, efficient prehospital care of burn patients is crucial for later outcomes. Therefore, we retrospectively analyzed pre-hospital care in patients admitted to the burn intensive care unit of a specialized burn center in Germany from 1989 to 2018. Approximately one-third of all admitted patients arrived intubated to the burn intensive care unit. Mean total burned surface area was higher in intubated patients than in non-intubated patients. Hypothermia prevention measures were undertaken in most patients. Although cooling was performed in only 36 primarily admitted patients, it did not have an effect on temperature at admission. Instead, in the regression analysis a positive influence on mortality could be found (p=0.03). Inhalation injury was a reason for intubation and corticosteroid therapy. Corticosteroid use declined over the years and had no significant influence on mortality (p=0.38). Inhalation injury could be diagnosed in only 50.68% of patients receiving corticosteroids. Furthermore, especially in recent years, most patients with inhalation injuries did not receive corticosteroids. Although efficient prehospital care is crucial for later outcomes, standard pre-hospital care through first aiders and emergency personnel has not been applied. Therefore, strategies for information exchange, leading to standardized pre-hospital treatment guidelines, should be given high priority with special attention on pre-hospital cooling. In the future, data from registries and surveys can help expand information regarding pre-hospital burn treatment.

Global longitudinal strain predicts outcome in chronic heart failure across American Heart Association stages: results from the MyoVasc study

Background

Global longitudinal strain (GLS) demonstrated a superior prognostic value over left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) in acute heart failure (HF). Its prognostic value across American Heart Association (AHA) stages of HF – especially under considering of conventional echocardiographic measures of systolic and diastolic function – has not yet been comprehensively evaluated.

Purpose

To evaluate the prognostic value of GLS for HF-specific outcome across AHA HF stages A to D.

Methods

Data from the MyoVasc-Study (n=3,289) were analysed. Comprehensive clinical phenotyping was performed during a five-hour investigation in a dedicated study centre. GLS was measured offline utilizing QLab 9.0.1 (PHILIPS, Germany) in participants presenting with sinus rhythm during echocardiography. Worsening of HF (comprising transition from asymptomatic to symptomatic HF, HF hospitalization, and cardiac death) was assessed during a structured follow-up with subsequent validation and adjudication of endpoints. AHA stages were defined according to current guidelines.

Results

Complete information on GLS was available in 2,400 participants of whom 2,186 categorized to AHA stage A to D were available for analysis. Overall, 434 individuals were classified as AHA stage A, 629 as stage B and 1,123 as stage C/D. Mean GLS increased across AHA stages of HF: it was lowest in stage A (−19.44±3.15%), −18.01±3.46% in stage B and highest in AHA stage C/D (−15.52±4.64%, P for trend &lt;0.0001). During a follow-up period of 3.0 [1.3/4.0] years, GLS denoted an increased risk for worsening of HF after adjustment for age and sex (hazard ratio, HRGLS [per standard deviation (SD)] 1.97 [95% confidence interval 1.73/2.23], P&lt;0.0001) in multivariable Cox regression analysis. After additional adjustment for cardiovascular risk factors, clinical profile, LVEF and E/E' ratio, GLS was the strongest echocardiographic predictor of worsening of HF (HRGLS [per SD] 1.47 [1.20/1.80], P=0.0002) in comparison to LVEF (HRLVEF [per SD] 1.23 [1.02/1.48], P=0.031) and E/E' ratio (HRE/E' [per SD] 1.12 [0.99/1.26], P=0.083). Interestingly, when stratifying for AHA stages, GLS denoted a similar increased risk for worsening of HF in individuals classified as AHA stage A/B (HRGLS [per SD] 1.63 [1.02/2.61], P=0.039) and in those classified as AHA stage C/D (HRGLS [per SD] 1.95 [1.65/2.29], P&lt;0.0001) after adjustment for age and sex. For further evaluation, Cox regression models with interaction analysis indicated no significant interaction for (i) AHA stage A/B vs C/D (P=0.83) and (ii) NYHA functional class &lt;II vs ≥II in individuals classified as AHA stage C/D (P=0.12).

Conclusions

GLS demonstrated a higher predictive value for worsening of HF than conventional echocardiographic measures of systolic and diastolic function. Interestingly, GLS indicated an increased risk for worsening of HF across AHA stages highlighting its potential value to advance risk prediction in chronic HF.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding source: Public grant(s) – National budget only. Main funding source(s): German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Center for Translational Vascular Biology (CTVB) of the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz

Disturbed glucose metabolism and left ventricular geometry in the general population – results from the Gutenberg health study

Background

Prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have been demonstrated to alter left ventricular geometry and promote left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy (LVH). However, the impact of impaired glucose metabolism on cardiac structure is still not completely understood and controversially discussed.

Purpose

To investigate the impact of prediabetes and T2DM on left ventricular geometry and their potential interaction with LVH in the prediction of survival.

Methods

Data from the Gutenberg Health Study (N=15,010) – a population-based study with highly standardized phenotyping – were analysed. Information was obtained from computer-assisted personal interviews, medical-technical examinations, laboratory measurements in fasting state and echocardiography according to standard operating procedures with detailed quality control. Individuals with other types of diabetes or hyperinsulinemia were excluded from analysis. Study participants aged 35 to 74 years were categorized according to long-term glucose state (HbA1c) into euglycemia, prediabetes and T2DM. LV geometry was assessed according to current guideline recommendations. Multivariable regression analyses were performed to evaluate the association between glucose state and measures of left ventricular geometry. Survival analyses were carried out to assess the prognostic impact dependent on the presence of LVH.

Results

The analysis sample comprised 14,852 individuals aged 55.0±11.1 years (49.5% females). The prevalence of LVH was 10.2% (n=1,227) in euglycaemia, 17.2% in prediabetes and 23.8% in T2DM. Similarly, concentric and eccentric hypertrophy had the highest prevalence in T2DM (13.1% and 10.8%, respectively), followed by prediabetes (9.6% and 8.2%) and euglycaemia (5.7% and 4.5%). In multivariable regression analysis with adjustment for age, sex, traditional cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF), C-reactive protein and LV function, T2DM had a higher impact on relative wall thickness (β: 0.0135 [0.0087; 0.0182]; P&lt;0.0001) and LV mass (β: 5.46 [4.89; 6.03]; P&lt;0.0001) than prediabetes (β-estimaterelative wall thickness 0.00145 [−0.0031; 0.006]; P=0.53; β-estimateLV mass 2.73 [2.19; 3.28]; P&lt;0.0001) compared to euglycemia. During a median follow-up of 9.0 [interquartile range 7.7; 10.4] years, prediabetes did not predict all-cause mortality independent of age, sex and CVRF in Cox regression analysis in individuals without LVH (hazard ratio (HR) 1.15 [0.90; 1.46]; P=0.27) or those with LVH (HR 1.46 [0.97; 2.18]; P=0.069). In comparison, T2DM was a strong and independent predictor of mortality both in absence (HR 1.59 [1.29; 1.96]; P&lt;0.0001) and presence of LVH (HR 2.67 [1.94; 3.66]; P&lt;0.0001).

Conclusions

Although cardiac geometry is altered both in presence of prediabetes and T2DM, only T2DM is a strong predictor of premature mortality in the general population. This merits consideration for future preventive strategies to decrease the burden of cardiovascular disease.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding source: Public grant(s) – National budget only. Main funding source(s): The study was supported by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), the government of Rheinland-Pfalz and the Center for Translational Vascular Biology (CTVB) of the Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Germany.

Features of the Energy Spectrum of Cosmic Rays above 2.5×10^{18} eV Using the Pierre Auger Observatory

We report a measurement of the energy spectrum of cosmic rays above 2.5×10^{18}  eV based on 215 030 events. New results are presented: at about 1.3×10^{19}  eV, the spectral index changes from 2.51±0.03(stat)±0.05(syst) to 3.05±0.05(stat)±0.10(syst), evolving to 5.1±0.3(stat)±0.1(syst) beyond 5×10^{19}  eV, while no significant dependence of spectral features on the declination is seen in the accessible range. These features of the spectrum can be reproduced in models with energy-dependent mass composition. The energy density in cosmic rays above 5×10^{18}  eV is [5.66±0.03(stat)±1.40(syst)]×10^{53}  erg Mpc^{-3}.

[COVID-19: treatment strategies of German-speaking pediatric rheumatologists : Results of an online survey]

Hintergrund

Zuverlässige Daten zu Verlauf und Therapie von COVID-19 („corona virus disease 2019“) bei Kindern mit rheumatischen Erkrankungen unter Immunsuppression fehlen.

Ziel der Arbeit

Abbildung individueller Strategien der Mitglieder der Gesellschaft für Kinder- und Jugendrheumatologie (GKJR) im Umgang mit COVID-19.

Methodik

Mittels Online-Umfrage wurden im Mai 2020 das Meinungsbild der GKJR-Mitglieder zum Umgang mit DMARDs („disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs“) bei COVID-19-Erkrankung sowie die Bereitschaft zum Einsatz spezieller Therapieansätze bei Patienten mit unterschiedlicher Schwere von COVID-19 erhoben.

Ergebnisse

Es nahmen 71 Kollegen (27,3 % aller befragten ärztlichen Mitglieder) an der Umfrage teil; davon hatten 28,2 % bereits Patienten mit COVID-19 betreut. Über 95 % der Teilnehmer lehnten eine präventive Anpassung der antirheumatischen Therapie im Rahmen der SARS-CoV-2-Pandemie ab. Bei ambulanten Patienten unter Immunsuppression mit nachgewiesener COVID-19-Erkrankung würden mehr als 50 % der Teilnehmer folgende Therapien aussetzen: intravenöse hoch dosierte Steroide, Cyclophosphamid, Anti-CD20-Antikörper, sowie eine BAFF-, CTLA-4-, TNF-α-Blockade. Hingegen würden nichtsteroidale Antiphlogistika, Hydroxychloroquin (HCQ), orale Steroide, Mycophenolat, IL-1-Blockade sowie Immunglobuline (Ig) von >70 % der Kollegen weiter fortgeführt. Bei stationären Patienten mit COVID-19 würden insgesamt 74,6 % der Kollegen eine COVID-19-gerichtete Therapie erwägen. Bei stabilem Verlauf unter O₂-Therapie (Stufe I) würden am häufigsten HCQ (18,3 %), Azithromycin (16,9 %) und Ig (9,9 %) in Betracht gezogen. Bei drohendem (Stufe II) bzw. manifestem Zytokinsturm (Stufe III) würden am häufigsten Anakinra (40,8 % bei Stufe II bzw. 46,5 % bei Stufe III), Tocilizumab (26,8 % bzw. 40,8 %), Steroide (25,4 % bzw. 33,8 %) und Remdesivir (29,6 % bzw. 38,0 %) eingesetzt. Von vielen Kollegen wurde betont, dass die Therapiestrategie individuell und der klinischen Situation entsprechend angepasst werden soll.

Diskussion

Die Ergebnisse der Online-Umfrage sind vor dem Hintergrund einer aktuell in Deutschland niedrigen Prävalenz von COVID-19 zu sehen und spiegeln somit theoretische Überlegungen der Befragten wider. Da Kinder derzeit nicht im Fokus von prospektiven COVID-19-Studien stehen, scheint der kontinuierliche und kritische kollegiale Fachaustausch bei Therapieentscheidungen umso wichtiger zu sein.

Molecular discrimination of Hyalomma tick species serving as reservoirs and vectors for Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in sub-Saharan Africa

The species identification of tick vectors of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV), especially Hyalomma (H.) species, is a prerequisite to understand the eco-epidemiology of this disease and to reveal vector and virus reservoir species. However, the morphologic species discrimination can be difficult for damaged or blood-fed ticks and in case of species intercrosses. Therefore, we used matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis to distinguish the most common Hyalomma species from sub-Saharan Africa (H. truncatum, H. rufipes and H. dromedarii). Within the last years, MALDI-TOF MS analysis based on tick leg proteins has been shown to be a reliable method to distinguish several tick species. For this purpose, a reference spectral library of several European, American and African tick species was established. In this study, six different Hyalomma species were tested, all of which were all clearly distinguishable by mass spectrometric analyses. Moreover, MALDI TOF- MS was able to confirm morphologic findings where sequencing provided ambiguous results. In addition, a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based on the CO1 gene amplification of ticks has been developed for the unequivocal species identification by amplicon sequencing and specific restriction endonuclease cleavage pattern analysis. RFLP proved to be a feasible auxiliary discrimination tool for selected Hyalomma species when access to sequencing methods is not available, as for instance during field studies.

Sonographically Measured Improvement in Diaphragmatic Mobility and Outcomes Among Patients Requiring Prolonged Weaning from the Ventilator

Background:

The need of prolonged weaning from the ventilator is a well-known predictor of an unfavorable patients` outcome. Diaphragmatic dysfunction is a serious problem for these patients. We wanted to determine the survival in patients who were already intubated for more than 4 weeks before they were admitted to our weaning unit. In this prospective study, we wanted to investigate if the diaphragmatic function could improve or was related to survival over an 18 months follow up period.

Methods:

84 patients were included when they were able to breathe at least 10 minutes over a t-piece and sit upright for at least 5 minutes. The diaphragmatic function was estimated sonographically using the up and downward movement of the lung silhouette. Sonographic follow-ups were performed for over 18 months. The survival rate, outcome and changes in diaphragm mobility were investigated.

Results:

a) Survival: 49 patients (58%) survived the 18 months follow up period - 30 had a good outcome; 19 needed assistance. b) Survival in relation to diaphragm mobility: If diaphragmatic mobility improved ≥ 15.5 mm on the left side, the probability of survival was 94% with a probability of 76% to have a satisfying outcome.

Conclusion:

Survival and outcome of prolonged weaning were significantly better when sonographically measured the mobility of left hemidiaphragm improved.

Patients' satisfaction with anesthesia in enzymatic debridement from a surgical perspective

INTRODUCTION

Various clinical studies found that enzymatic debridement (EDNX) is superior to tangential excision after severe burns. The current study evaluates patients' satisfaction with pain management in EDNX with special respect to different anesthesia techniques.

METHODS

Between 2015 and 2016, all patients at a department of plastic surgery were asked to complete a German-wide validated pain questionnaire. In a retrospective study design, satisfaction with pain management was compared between the control group (diagnosis from the whole field of plastic surgery except burns) and the EDNX group (burns treated with EDNX only). Analgosedation, general, regional and local anesthesia were chosen for pain management.

RESULTS

In the control group 403 patients (153 females, 250 males, medium age 53 years) could be included The EDNX group included 88 patients (20 females, 68 males, medium age 38 years). The mean burn size was 5.3% TBSA. Between 0.5%-10.5% of the surface was treated with EDNX. EDNX patients could be treated under analgosedation and regional anesthesia, by topical anesthesia creme and without any anesthesia. They reported less pain during stress (p = 0.04) and were less frequently affected by motion (p = 0.024) and nausea (<0.001). However, they felt that they need more information about alternative anesthetic treatments (<0.001).

CONCLUSION

EDNX can be performed sufficiently either under analgosedation, regional or local anesthesia. Thus, side effects of general anesthesia can be reduced and treatment costs can be decreased. However, it was found that neither after topical anesthetic creme nor after hand block pain treatment was sufficient.

A prospective cohort study to identify and evaluate endotypes of venous thromboembolism: Rationale and design of the Genotyping and Molecular Phenotyping in Venous ThromboEmbolism project (GMP-VTE)

Several clinical, genetic and acquired risk factors for venous thromboembolism (VTE) have been identified. However, the molecular pathophysiology and mechanisms of disease progression remain poorly understood. This is reflected by uncertainties regarding the primary and secondary prevention of VTE and the optimal duration of antithrombotic therapy. A growing body of literature points to clinically relevant differences between VTE phenotypes (e.g. deep vein thrombosis (DVT) versus pulmonary embolism (PE), unprovoked versus provoked VTE). Extensive links to cardiovascular, inflammatory and immune-related morbidities are testament to the complexity of the disease. The GMP-VTE project is a prospective, multi-center cohort study on individuals with objectively confirmed VTE. Sequential data sampling was performed at the time of the acute event and during serial follow-up investigations. Various data levels (e.g. clinical, genetic, proteomic and platelet data) are available for multi-dimensional data analyses by means of advanced statistical, bioinformatic and machine learning methods. The GMP-VTE project comprises n = 663 individuals with acute VTE (mean age: 60.3 ± 15.9 years; female sex: 42.8%). In detail, 28.4% individuals (n = 188) had acute isolated DVT, whereas 71.6% subjects (n = 475) had PE with or without concomitant DVT. In the study sample, 28.9% (n = 129) of individuals with PE and 30.1% (n = 55) of individuals with isolated DVT had a recurrent VTE event at the time of study enrolment. The systems-oriented approach for the comprehensive dataset of the GMP-VTE project may generate new biological insights into the pathophysiology of VTE and refine our current understanding and management of VTE.

Osteopetrose

Unter der Diagnose Osteopetrose wird eine heterogene Gruppe von seltenen monogenetischen Knochenerkrankungen zusammengefasst, die sich durch eine reduzierte Osteoklasten-Aktivität, eine gesteigerte Knochenmasse und eine gesteigerte Knochenbrüchigkeit auszeichnet. Die Osteopetrosen werden verursacht durch Mutationen in verschiedenen Genen, die in der Osteoklastogenese oder Osteoklasten-Funktion involviert sind. Durch den Verlust der Knochenresorption werden Knochenumbau und -neubildung beeinträchtigt, wodurch sich die Qualität und Architektur des Knochengewebes verschlechtert. Häufige klinische Zeichen sind Osteosklerose, Knochendeformitäten, hämatologische Insuffizienzen durch Verengung der Knochenmarkräume, Sehstörungen durch Verengung der Foramina nervi optici und andere neurologische Störungen. Bis auf eine X-chromosomale Form sind alle infantilen schweren Osteopetrosen autosomal rezessiv vererbt. Die rezessiven Formen verlaufen gewöhnlich ohne Behandlung tödlich im Säuglings- oder Kindesalter, wobei allerdings selten mildere klinische Verläufe als sog. Intermediäre Osteopetrose vorkommen. Die dominante Form ist assoziiert mit Mutationen im CLCN7-Gen und verläuft in der Regel milder. Die meisten schweren Osteopetrosen können durch eine allogene hämatopoetische Stammzelltransplantation (HSZT) behandelt werden, sofern sie Osteoklasten-autonome Ursachen haben und nicht mit einer primären neurologischen Komponente verbunden sind.