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Fitzgerald TW, Gerety SS, Jones WD, van Kogelenberg M, King DA, McRae J, Morley KI, Parthiban V, Al-Turki S, Ambridge K, Barrett DM, Bayzetinova T, Clayton S, Coomber EL, Gribble S, Jones P, Krishnappa N, Mason LE, Middleton A, Miller R, Prigmore E, Rajan D, Sifrim A, Tivey AR, Ahmed M, Akawi N, Andrews R, Anjum U, Archer H, Armstrong R, Balasubramanian M, Banerjee R, Baralle D, Batstone P, Baty D, Bennett C, Berg J, Bernhard B, Bevan AP, Blair E, Blyth M, Bohanna D, Bourdon L, Bourn D, Brady A, Bragin E, Brewer C, Brueton L, Brunstrom K, Bumpstead SJ, Bunyan DJ, Burn J, Burton J, Canham N, Castle B, Chandler K, Clasper S, Clayton-Smith J, Cole T, Collins A, Collinson MN, Connell F, Cooper N, Cox H, Cresswell L, Cross G, Crow Y, D’Alessandro M, Dabir T, Davidson R, Davies S, Dean J, Deshpande C, Devlin G, Dixit A, Dominiczak A, Donnelly C, Donnelly D, Douglas A, Duncan A, Eason J, Edkins S, Ellard S, Ellis P, Elmslie F, Evans K, Everest S, Fendick T, Fisher R, Flinter F, Foulds N, Fryer A, Fu B, Gardiner C, Gaunt L, Ghali N, Gibbons R, Gomes Pereira SL, Goodship J, Goudie D, Gray E, Greene P, Greenhalgh L, Harrison L, Hawkins R, Hellens S, Henderson A, Hobson E, Holden S, Holder S, Hollingsworth G, Homfray T, Humphreys M, Hurst J, Ingram S, Irving M, Jarvis J, Jenkins L, Johnson D, Jones D, Jones E, Josifova D, Joss S, Kaemba B, Kazembe S, Kerr B, Kini U, Kinning E, Kirby G, Kirk C, Kivuva E, Kraus A, Kumar D, Lachlan K, Lam W, Lampe A, Langman C, Lees M, Lim D, Lowther G, Lynch SA, Magee A, Maher E, Mansour S, Marks K, Martin K, Maye U, McCann E, McConnell V, McEntagart M, McGowan R, McKay K, McKee S, McMullan DJ, McNerlan S, Mehta S, Metcalfe K, Miles E, Mohammed S, Montgomery T, Moore D, Morgan S, Morris A, Morton J, Mugalaasi H, Murday V, Nevitt L, Newbury-Ecob R, Norman A, O'Shea R, Ogilvie C, Park S, Parker MJ, Patel C, Paterson J, Payne S, Phipps J, Pilz DT, Porteous D, Pratt N, Prescott K, Price S, Pridham A, Procter A, Purnell H, Ragge N, Rankin J, Raymond L, Rice D, Robert L, Roberts E, Roberts G, Roberts J, Roberts P, Ross A, Rosser E, Saggar A, Samant S, Sandford R, Sarkar A, Schweiger S, Scott C, Scott R, Selby A, Seller A, Sequeira C, Shannon N, Sharif S, Shaw-Smith C, Shearing E, Shears D, Simonic I, Simpkin D, Singzon R, Skitt Z, Smith A, Smith B, Smith K, Smithson S, Sneddon L, Splitt M, Squires M, Stewart F, Stewart H, Suri M, Sutton V, Swaminathan GJ, Sweeney E, Tatton-Brown K, Taylor C, Taylor R, Tein M, Temple IK, Thomson J, Tolmie J, Torokwa A, Treacy B, Turner C, Turnpenny P, Tysoe C, Vandersteen A, Vasudevan P, Vogt J, Wakeling E, Walker D, Waters J, Weber A, Wellesley D, Whiteford M, Widaa S, Wilcox S, Williams D, Williams N, Woods G, Wragg C, Wright M, Yang F, Yau M, Carter NP, Parker M, Firth HV, FitzPatrick DR, Wright CF, Barrett JC, Hurles ME. Large-scale discovery of novel genetic causes of developmental disorders. Nature 2015; 519:223-8. [PMID: 25533962 PMCID: PMC5955210 DOI: 10.1038/nature14135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 773] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Despite three decades of successful, predominantly phenotype-driven discovery of the genetic causes of monogenic disorders, up to half of children with severe developmental disorders of probable genetic origin remain without a genetic diagnosis. Particularly challenging are those disorders rare enough to have eluded recognition as a discrete clinical entity, those with highly variable clinical manifestations, and those that are difficult to distinguish from other, very similar, disorders. Here we demonstrate the power of using an unbiased genotype-driven approach to identify subsets of patients with similar disorders. By studying 1,133 children with severe, undiagnosed developmental disorders, and their parents, using a combination of exome sequencing and array-based detection of chromosomal rearrangements, we discovered 12 novel genes associated with developmental disorders. These newly implicated genes increase by 10% (from 28% to 31%) the proportion of children that could be diagnosed. Clustering of missense mutations in six of these newly implicated genes suggests that normal development is being perturbed by an activating or dominant-negative mechanism. Our findings demonstrate the value of adopting a comprehensive strategy, both genome-wide and nationwide, to elucidate the underlying causes of rare genetic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- TW Fitzgerald
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - SS Gerety
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - WD Jones
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - M van Kogelenberg
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - DA King
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - J McRae
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - KI Morley
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - V Parthiban
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - S Al-Turki
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - K Ambridge
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - DM Barrett
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - T Bayzetinova
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - S Clayton
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - EL Coomber
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - S Gribble
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - P Jones
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - N Krishnappa
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - LE Mason
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - A Middleton
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - R Miller
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - E Prigmore
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - D Rajan
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - A Sifrim
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - AR Tivey
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - M Ahmed
- Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospital Southampton, Princess Anne Hospital, Coxford Road, Southampton, SO16 5YA, UK and Wessex Regional Genetics Laboratory, Salisbury NHS Foundation Trust, Salisbury District Hospital, Odstock Road, Salisbury, Wiltshire, SP2 8BJ, UK and Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton
| | - N Akawi
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - R Andrews
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - U Anjum
- South West Thames Regional Genetics Centre, St George’s Healthcare NHS Trust, St George’s, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | - H Archer
- Institute Of Medical Genetics, University Hospital Of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XW, UK and Department of Clinical Genetics, Block 12, Glan Clwyd Hospital, Rhyl, Denbighshire, LL18 5UJ, UK
| | - R Armstrong
- East Anglian Medical Genetics Service, Box 134, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - M Balasubramanian
- Sheffield Regional Genetics Services, Sheffield Children’s NHS Trust, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TH, UK
| | - R Banerjee
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - D Baralle
- Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospital Southampton, Princess Anne Hospital, Coxford Road, Southampton, SO16 5YA, UK and Wessex Regional Genetics Laboratory, Salisbury NHS Foundation Trust, Salisbury District Hospital, Odstock Road, Salisbury, Wiltshire, SP2 8BJ, UK and Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton
| | - P Batstone
- North of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, NHS Grampian, Department of Medical Genetics Medical School, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - D Baty
- East of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, Human Genetics Unit, Pathology Department, NHS Tayside, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - C Bennett
- Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Department of Clinical Genetics, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Chapeltown Road, Leeds, LS7 4SA, UK
| | - J Berg
- East of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, Human Genetics Unit, Pathology Department, NHS Tayside, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - B Bernhard
- North West Thames Regional Genetics Centre, North West London Hospitals NHS Trust, The Kennedy Galton Centre, Northwick Park And St Mark’s NHS Trust Watford Road, Harrow, HA1 3UJ, UK
| | - AP Bevan
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - E Blair
- Oxford Regional Genetics Service, Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals NHS Trust, The Churchill Old Road, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - M Blyth
- Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Department of Clinical Genetics, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Chapeltown Road, Leeds, LS7 4SA, UK
| | - D Bohanna
- West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women’s NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TG, UK
| | - L Bourdon
- North West Thames Regional Genetics Centre, North West London Hospitals NHS Trust, The Kennedy Galton Centre, Northwick Park And St Mark’s NHS Trust Watford Road, Harrow, HA1 3UJ, UK
| | - D Bourn
- Northern Genetics Service, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Institute of Human Genetics, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - A Brady
- North West Thames Regional Genetics Centre, North West London Hospitals NHS Trust, The Kennedy Galton Centre, Northwick Park And St Mark’s NHS Trust Watford Road, Harrow, HA1 3UJ, UK
| | - E Bragin
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - C Brewer
- Peninsula Clinical Genetics Service, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Clinical Genetics Department, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital (Heavitree), Gladstone Road, Exeter, EX1 2ED, UK
| | - L Brueton
- West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women’s NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TG, UK
| | - K Brunstrom
- North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Great Ormond Street Hospital, Great Ormond Street, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - SJ Bumpstead
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - DJ Bunyan
- Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospital Southampton, Princess Anne Hospital, Coxford Road, Southampton, SO16 5YA, UK and Wessex Regional Genetics Laboratory, Salisbury NHS Foundation Trust, Salisbury District Hospital, Odstock Road, Salisbury, Wiltshire, SP2 8BJ, UK and Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton
| | - J Burn
- Northern Genetics Service, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Institute of Human Genetics, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - J Burton
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - N Canham
- North West Thames Regional Genetics Centre, North West London Hospitals NHS Trust, The Kennedy Galton Centre, Northwick Park And St Mark’s NHS Trust Watford Road, Harrow, HA1 3UJ, UK
| | - B Castle
- Peninsula Clinical Genetics Service, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Clinical Genetics Department, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital (Heavitree), Gladstone Road, Exeter, EX1 2ED, UK
| | - K Chandler
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary’s Hospital, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9WL
| | - S Clasper
- Oxford Regional Genetics Service, Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals NHS Trust, The Churchill Old Road, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - J Clayton-Smith
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary’s Hospital, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9WL
| | - T Cole
- West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women’s NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TG, UK
| | - A Collins
- Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospital Southampton, Princess Anne Hospital, Coxford Road, Southampton, SO16 5YA, UK and Wessex Regional Genetics Laboratory, Salisbury NHS Foundation Trust, Salisbury District Hospital, Odstock Road, Salisbury, Wiltshire, SP2 8BJ, UK and Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton
| | - MN Collinson
- Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospital Southampton, Princess Anne Hospital, Coxford Road, Southampton, SO16 5YA, UK and Wessex Regional Genetics Laboratory, Salisbury NHS Foundation Trust, Salisbury District Hospital, Odstock Road, Salisbury, Wiltshire, SP2 8BJ, UK and Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton
| | - F Connell
- South East Thames Regional Genetics Centre, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, Guy’s Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - N Cooper
- West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women’s NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TG, UK
| | - H Cox
- West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women’s NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TG, UK
| | - L Cresswell
- Leicestershire Genetics Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester Royal Infirmary (NHS Trust), Leicester, LE1 5WW, UK
| | - G Cross
- Nottingham Regional Genetics Service, City Hospital Campus, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, The Gables, Hucknall Road, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Y Crow
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary’s Hospital, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9WL
| | - M D’Alessandro
- North of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, NHS Grampian, Department of Medical Genetics Medical School, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - T Dabir
- Northern Ireland Regional Genetics Centre, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast City Hospital, Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AB, UK
| | - R Davidson
- West of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Institute Of Medical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow, G3 8SJ, UK
| | - S Davies
- Institute Of Medical Genetics, University Hospital Of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XW, UK and Department of Clinical Genetics, Block 12, Glan Clwyd Hospital, Rhyl, Denbighshire, LL18 5UJ, UK
| | - J Dean
- North of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, NHS Grampian, Department of Medical Genetics Medical School, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - C Deshpande
- South East Thames Regional Genetics Centre, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, Guy’s Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - G Devlin
- Peninsula Clinical Genetics Service, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Clinical Genetics Department, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital (Heavitree), Gladstone Road, Exeter, EX1 2ED, UK
| | - A Dixit
- Nottingham Regional Genetics Service, City Hospital Campus, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, The Gables, Hucknall Road, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK
| | - A Dominiczak
- University of Edinburgh, Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - C Donnelly
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary’s Hospital, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9WL
| | - D Donnelly
- Northern Ireland Regional Genetics Centre, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast City Hospital, Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AB, UK
| | - A Douglas
- Merseyside and Cheshire Genetics Service, Liverpool Women’s NHS Foundation Trust, Department of Clinical Genetics, Royal Liverpool Children’s Hospital Alder Hey, Eaton Road, Liverpool, L12 2AP, UK
| | - A Duncan
- West of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Institute Of Medical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow, G3 8SJ, UK
| | - J Eason
- Nottingham Regional Genetics Service, City Hospital Campus, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, The Gables, Hucknall Road, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK
| | - S Edkins
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - S Ellard
- Peninsula Clinical Genetics Service, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Clinical Genetics Department, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital (Heavitree), Gladstone Road, Exeter, EX1 2ED, UK
| | - P Ellis
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - F Elmslie
- South West Thames Regional Genetics Centre, St George’s Healthcare NHS Trust, St George’s, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | - K Evans
- Institute Of Medical Genetics, University Hospital Of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XW, UK and Department of Clinical Genetics, Block 12, Glan Clwyd Hospital, Rhyl, Denbighshire, LL18 5UJ, UK
| | - S Everest
- Peninsula Clinical Genetics Service, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Clinical Genetics Department, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital (Heavitree), Gladstone Road, Exeter, EX1 2ED, UK
| | - T Fendick
- South East Thames Regional Genetics Centre, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, Guy’s Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - R Fisher
- Northern Genetics Service, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Institute of Human Genetics, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - F Flinter
- South East Thames Regional Genetics Centre, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, Guy’s Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - N Foulds
- Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospital Southampton, Princess Anne Hospital, Coxford Road, Southampton, SO16 5YA, UK and Wessex Regional Genetics Laboratory, Salisbury NHS Foundation Trust, Salisbury District Hospital, Odstock Road, Salisbury, Wiltshire, SP2 8BJ, UK and Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton
| | - A Fryer
- Merseyside and Cheshire Genetics Service, Liverpool Women’s NHS Foundation Trust, Department of Clinical Genetics, Royal Liverpool Children’s Hospital Alder Hey, Eaton Road, Liverpool, L12 2AP, UK
| | - B Fu
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - C Gardiner
- West of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Institute Of Medical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow, G3 8SJ, UK
| | - L Gaunt
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary’s Hospital, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9WL
| | - N Ghali
- North West Thames Regional Genetics Centre, North West London Hospitals NHS Trust, The Kennedy Galton Centre, Northwick Park And St Mark’s NHS Trust Watford Road, Harrow, HA1 3UJ, UK
| | - R Gibbons
- Oxford Regional Genetics Service, Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals NHS Trust, The Churchill Old Road, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - SL Gomes Pereira
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - J Goodship
- Northern Genetics Service, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Institute of Human Genetics, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - D Goudie
- East of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, Human Genetics Unit, Pathology Department, NHS Tayside, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - E Gray
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - P Greene
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - L Greenhalgh
- Merseyside and Cheshire Genetics Service, Liverpool Women’s NHS Foundation Trust, Department of Clinical Genetics, Royal Liverpool Children’s Hospital Alder Hey, Eaton Road, Liverpool, L12 2AP, UK
| | - L Harrison
- Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospital Southampton, Princess Anne Hospital, Coxford Road, Southampton, SO16 5YA, UK and Wessex Regional Genetics Laboratory, Salisbury NHS Foundation Trust, Salisbury District Hospital, Odstock Road, Salisbury, Wiltshire, SP2 8BJ, UK and Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton
| | - R Hawkins
- Bristol Genetics Service (Avon, Somerset, Gloucs and West Wilts), University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, St Michael’s Hospital, St Michael’s Hill, Bristol, BS2 8DT, UK
| | - S Hellens
- Northern Genetics Service, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Institute of Human Genetics, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - A Henderson
- Northern Genetics Service, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Institute of Human Genetics, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - E Hobson
- Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Department of Clinical Genetics, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Chapeltown Road, Leeds, LS7 4SA, UK
| | - S Holden
- East Anglian Medical Genetics Service, Box 134, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - S Holder
- North West Thames Regional Genetics Centre, North West London Hospitals NHS Trust, The Kennedy Galton Centre, Northwick Park And St Mark’s NHS Trust Watford Road, Harrow, HA1 3UJ, UK
| | - G Hollingsworth
- North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Great Ormond Street Hospital, Great Ormond Street, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - T Homfray
- South West Thames Regional Genetics Centre, St George’s Healthcare NHS Trust, St George’s, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | - M Humphreys
- Northern Ireland Regional Genetics Centre, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast City Hospital, Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AB, UK
| | - J Hurst
- North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Great Ormond Street Hospital, Great Ormond Street, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - S Ingram
- Sheffield Regional Genetics Services, Sheffield Children’s NHS Trust, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TH, UK
| | - M Irving
- South East Thames Regional Genetics Centre, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, Guy’s Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - J Jarvis
- West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women’s NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TG, UK
| | - L Jenkins
- North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Great Ormond Street Hospital, Great Ormond Street, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - D Johnson
- Sheffield Regional Genetics Services, Sheffield Children’s NHS Trust, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TH, UK
| | - D Jones
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - E Jones
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary’s Hospital, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9WL
| | - D Josifova
- South East Thames Regional Genetics Centre, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, Guy’s Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - S Joss
- West of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Institute Of Medical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow, G3 8SJ, UK
| | - B Kaemba
- Leicestershire Genetics Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester Royal Infirmary (NHS Trust), Leicester, LE1 5WW, UK
| | - S Kazembe
- Leicestershire Genetics Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester Royal Infirmary (NHS Trust), Leicester, LE1 5WW, UK
| | - B Kerr
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary’s Hospital, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9WL
| | - U Kini
- Oxford Regional Genetics Service, Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals NHS Trust, The Churchill Old Road, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - E Kinning
- West of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Institute Of Medical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow, G3 8SJ, UK
| | - G Kirby
- West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women’s NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TG, UK
| | - C Kirk
- Northern Ireland Regional Genetics Centre, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast City Hospital, Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AB, UK
| | - E Kivuva
- Peninsula Clinical Genetics Service, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Clinical Genetics Department, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital (Heavitree), Gladstone Road, Exeter, EX1 2ED, UK
| | - A Kraus
- Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Department of Clinical Genetics, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Chapeltown Road, Leeds, LS7 4SA, UK
| | - D Kumar
- Institute Of Medical Genetics, University Hospital Of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XW, UK and Department of Clinical Genetics, Block 12, Glan Clwyd Hospital, Rhyl, Denbighshire, LL18 5UJ, UK
| | - K Lachlan
- Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospital Southampton, Princess Anne Hospital, Coxford Road, Southampton, SO16 5YA, UK and Wessex Regional Genetics Laboratory, Salisbury NHS Foundation Trust, Salisbury District Hospital, Odstock Road, Salisbury, Wiltshire, SP2 8BJ, UK and Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton
| | - W Lam
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - A Lampe
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - C Langman
- South East Thames Regional Genetics Centre, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, Guy’s Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - M Lees
- North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Great Ormond Street Hospital, Great Ormond Street, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - D Lim
- West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women’s NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TG, UK
| | - G Lowther
- West of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Institute Of Medical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow, G3 8SJ, UK
| | - SA Lynch
- National Centre for Medical Genetics, Our Lady’s Children’s Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin 12, Ireland
| | - A Magee
- Northern Ireland Regional Genetics Centre, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast City Hospital, Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AB, UK
| | - E Maher
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - S Mansour
- South West Thames Regional Genetics Centre, St George’s Healthcare NHS Trust, St George’s, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | - K Marks
- South West Thames Regional Genetics Centre, St George’s Healthcare NHS Trust, St George’s, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | - K Martin
- Nottingham Regional Genetics Service, City Hospital Campus, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, The Gables, Hucknall Road, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK
| | - U Maye
- Merseyside and Cheshire Genetics Service, Liverpool Women’s NHS Foundation Trust, Department of Clinical Genetics, Royal Liverpool Children’s Hospital Alder Hey, Eaton Road, Liverpool, L12 2AP, UK
| | - E McCann
- Institute Of Medical Genetics, University Hospital Of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XW, UK and Department of Clinical Genetics, Block 12, Glan Clwyd Hospital, Rhyl, Denbighshire, LL18 5UJ, UK
| | - V McConnell
- Northern Ireland Regional Genetics Centre, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast City Hospital, Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AB, UK
| | - M McEntagart
- South West Thames Regional Genetics Centre, St George’s Healthcare NHS Trust, St George’s, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | - R McGowan
- North of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, NHS Grampian, Department of Medical Genetics Medical School, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - K McKay
- West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women’s NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TG, UK
| | - S McKee
- Northern Ireland Regional Genetics Centre, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast City Hospital, Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AB, UK
| | - DJ McMullan
- West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women’s NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TG, UK
| | - S McNerlan
- Northern Ireland Regional Genetics Centre, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast City Hospital, Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AB, UK
| | - S Mehta
- East Anglian Medical Genetics Service, Box 134, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - K Metcalfe
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary’s Hospital, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9WL
| | - E Miles
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary’s Hospital, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9WL
| | - S Mohammed
- South East Thames Regional Genetics Centre, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, Guy’s Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - T Montgomery
- Northern Genetics Service, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Institute of Human Genetics, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - D Moore
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - S Morgan
- Institute Of Medical Genetics, University Hospital Of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XW, UK and Department of Clinical Genetics, Block 12, Glan Clwyd Hospital, Rhyl, Denbighshire, LL18 5UJ, UK
| | - A Morris
- University of Edinburgh, Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - J Morton
- West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women’s NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TG, UK
| | - H Mugalaasi
- Institute Of Medical Genetics, University Hospital Of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XW, UK and Department of Clinical Genetics, Block 12, Glan Clwyd Hospital, Rhyl, Denbighshire, LL18 5UJ, UK
| | - V Murday
- West of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Institute Of Medical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow, G3 8SJ, UK
| | - L Nevitt
- Sheffield Regional Genetics Services, Sheffield Children’s NHS Trust, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TH, UK
| | - R Newbury-Ecob
- Bristol Genetics Service (Avon, Somerset, Gloucs and West Wilts), University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, St Michael’s Hospital, St Michael’s Hill, Bristol, BS2 8DT, UK
| | - A Norman
- West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women’s NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TG, UK
| | - R O'Shea
- National Centre for Medical Genetics, Our Lady’s Children’s Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin 12, Ireland
| | - C Ogilvie
- South East Thames Regional Genetics Centre, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, Guy’s Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - S Park
- East Anglian Medical Genetics Service, Box 134, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - MJ Parker
- Sheffield Regional Genetics Services, Sheffield Children’s NHS Trust, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TH, UK
| | - C Patel
- West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women’s NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TG, UK
| | - J Paterson
- East Anglian Medical Genetics Service, Box 134, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - S Payne
- North West Thames Regional Genetics Centre, North West London Hospitals NHS Trust, The Kennedy Galton Centre, Northwick Park And St Mark’s NHS Trust Watford Road, Harrow, HA1 3UJ, UK
| | - J Phipps
- Oxford Regional Genetics Service, Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals NHS Trust, The Churchill Old Road, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - DT Pilz
- Institute Of Medical Genetics, University Hospital Of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XW, UK and Department of Clinical Genetics, Block 12, Glan Clwyd Hospital, Rhyl, Denbighshire, LL18 5UJ, UK
| | - D Porteous
- University of Edinburgh, Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - N Pratt
- East of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, Human Genetics Unit, Pathology Department, NHS Tayside, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - K Prescott
- Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Department of Clinical Genetics, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Chapeltown Road, Leeds, LS7 4SA, UK
| | - S Price
- Oxford Regional Genetics Service, Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals NHS Trust, The Churchill Old Road, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - A Pridham
- Oxford Regional Genetics Service, Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals NHS Trust, The Churchill Old Road, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - A Procter
- Institute Of Medical Genetics, University Hospital Of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XW, UK and Department of Clinical Genetics, Block 12, Glan Clwyd Hospital, Rhyl, Denbighshire, LL18 5UJ, UK
| | - H Purnell
- Oxford Regional Genetics Service, Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals NHS Trust, The Churchill Old Road, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - N Ragge
- West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women’s NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TG, UK
| | - J Rankin
- Peninsula Clinical Genetics Service, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Clinical Genetics Department, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital (Heavitree), Gladstone Road, Exeter, EX1 2ED, UK
| | - L Raymond
- East Anglian Medical Genetics Service, Box 134, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - D Rice
- East of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, Human Genetics Unit, Pathology Department, NHS Tayside, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - L Robert
- South East Thames Regional Genetics Centre, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, Guy’s Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - E Roberts
- Bristol Genetics Service (Avon, Somerset, Gloucs and West Wilts), University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, St Michael’s Hospital, St Michael’s Hill, Bristol, BS2 8DT, UK
| | - G Roberts
- Merseyside and Cheshire Genetics Service, Liverpool Women’s NHS Foundation Trust, Department of Clinical Genetics, Royal Liverpool Children’s Hospital Alder Hey, Eaton Road, Liverpool, L12 2AP, UK
| | - J Roberts
- East Anglian Medical Genetics Service, Box 134, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - P Roberts
- Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Department of Clinical Genetics, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Chapeltown Road, Leeds, LS7 4SA, UK
| | - A Ross
- North of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, NHS Grampian, Department of Medical Genetics Medical School, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - E Rosser
- North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Great Ormond Street Hospital, Great Ormond Street, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - A Saggar
- South West Thames Regional Genetics Centre, St George’s Healthcare NHS Trust, St George’s, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | - S Samant
- North of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, NHS Grampian, Department of Medical Genetics Medical School, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - R Sandford
- East Anglian Medical Genetics Service, Box 134, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - A Sarkar
- Nottingham Regional Genetics Service, City Hospital Campus, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, The Gables, Hucknall Road, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK
| | - S Schweiger
- East of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, Human Genetics Unit, Pathology Department, NHS Tayside, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - C Scott
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - R Scott
- North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Great Ormond Street Hospital, Great Ormond Street, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - A Selby
- Nottingham Regional Genetics Service, City Hospital Campus, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, The Gables, Hucknall Road, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK
| | - A Seller
- Oxford Regional Genetics Service, Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals NHS Trust, The Churchill Old Road, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - C Sequeira
- North West Thames Regional Genetics Centre, North West London Hospitals NHS Trust, The Kennedy Galton Centre, Northwick Park And St Mark’s NHS Trust Watford Road, Harrow, HA1 3UJ, UK
| | - N Shannon
- Nottingham Regional Genetics Service, City Hospital Campus, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, The Gables, Hucknall Road, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK
| | - S Sharif
- West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women’s NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TG, UK
| | - C Shaw-Smith
- Peninsula Clinical Genetics Service, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Clinical Genetics Department, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital (Heavitree), Gladstone Road, Exeter, EX1 2ED, UK
| | - E Shearing
- Sheffield Regional Genetics Services, Sheffield Children’s NHS Trust, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TH, UK
| | - D Shears
- Oxford Regional Genetics Service, Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals NHS Trust, The Churchill Old Road, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - I Simonic
- East Anglian Medical Genetics Service, Box 134, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - D Simpkin
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - R Singzon
- North West Thames Regional Genetics Centre, North West London Hospitals NHS Trust, The Kennedy Galton Centre, Northwick Park And St Mark’s NHS Trust Watford Road, Harrow, HA1 3UJ, UK
| | - Z Skitt
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary’s Hospital, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9WL
| | - A Smith
- Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Department of Clinical Genetics, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Chapeltown Road, Leeds, LS7 4SA, UK
| | - B Smith
- University of Edinburgh, Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - K Smith
- Sheffield Regional Genetics Services, Sheffield Children’s NHS Trust, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TH, UK
| | - S Smithson
- Bristol Genetics Service (Avon, Somerset, Gloucs and West Wilts), University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, St Michael’s Hospital, St Michael’s Hill, Bristol, BS2 8DT, UK
| | - L Sneddon
- Northern Genetics Service, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Institute of Human Genetics, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - M Splitt
- Northern Genetics Service, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Institute of Human Genetics, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - M Squires
- Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Department of Clinical Genetics, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Chapeltown Road, Leeds, LS7 4SA, UK
| | - F Stewart
- Northern Ireland Regional Genetics Centre, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast City Hospital, Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AB, UK
| | - H Stewart
- Oxford Regional Genetics Service, Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals NHS Trust, The Churchill Old Road, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - M Suri
- Nottingham Regional Genetics Service, City Hospital Campus, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, The Gables, Hucknall Road, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK
| | - V Sutton
- Merseyside and Cheshire Genetics Service, Liverpool Women’s NHS Foundation Trust, Department of Clinical Genetics, Royal Liverpool Children’s Hospital Alder Hey, Eaton Road, Liverpool, L12 2AP, UK
| | - GJ Swaminathan
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - E Sweeney
- Merseyside and Cheshire Genetics Service, Liverpool Women’s NHS Foundation Trust, Department of Clinical Genetics, Royal Liverpool Children’s Hospital Alder Hey, Eaton Road, Liverpool, L12 2AP, UK
| | - K Tatton-Brown
- South West Thames Regional Genetics Centre, St George’s Healthcare NHS Trust, St George’s, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | - C Taylor
- Sheffield Regional Genetics Services, Sheffield Children’s NHS Trust, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TH, UK
| | - R Taylor
- South West Thames Regional Genetics Centre, St George’s Healthcare NHS Trust, St George’s, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | - M Tein
- West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women’s NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TG, UK
| | - IK Temple
- Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospital Southampton, Princess Anne Hospital, Coxford Road, Southampton, SO16 5YA, UK and Wessex Regional Genetics Laboratory, Salisbury NHS Foundation Trust, Salisbury District Hospital, Odstock Road, Salisbury, Wiltshire, SP2 8BJ, UK and Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton
| | - J Thomson
- Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Department of Clinical Genetics, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Chapeltown Road, Leeds, LS7 4SA, UK
| | - J Tolmie
- West of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Institute Of Medical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow, G3 8SJ, UK
| | - A Torokwa
- Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospital Southampton, Princess Anne Hospital, Coxford Road, Southampton, SO16 5YA, UK and Wessex Regional Genetics Laboratory, Salisbury NHS Foundation Trust, Salisbury District Hospital, Odstock Road, Salisbury, Wiltshire, SP2 8BJ, UK and Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton
| | - B Treacy
- East Anglian Medical Genetics Service, Box 134, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - C Turner
- Peninsula Clinical Genetics Service, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Clinical Genetics Department, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital (Heavitree), Gladstone Road, Exeter, EX1 2ED, UK
| | - P Turnpenny
- Peninsula Clinical Genetics Service, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Clinical Genetics Department, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital (Heavitree), Gladstone Road, Exeter, EX1 2ED, UK
| | - C Tysoe
- Peninsula Clinical Genetics Service, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Clinical Genetics Department, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital (Heavitree), Gladstone Road, Exeter, EX1 2ED, UK
| | - A Vandersteen
- North West Thames Regional Genetics Centre, North West London Hospitals NHS Trust, The Kennedy Galton Centre, Northwick Park And St Mark’s NHS Trust Watford Road, Harrow, HA1 3UJ, UK
| | - P Vasudevan
- Leicestershire Genetics Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester Royal Infirmary (NHS Trust), Leicester, LE1 5WW, UK
| | - J Vogt
- West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women’s NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TG, UK
| | - E Wakeling
- North West Thames Regional Genetics Centre, North West London Hospitals NHS Trust, The Kennedy Galton Centre, Northwick Park And St Mark’s NHS Trust Watford Road, Harrow, HA1 3UJ, UK
| | - D Walker
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - J Waters
- North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Great Ormond Street Hospital, Great Ormond Street, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - A Weber
- Merseyside and Cheshire Genetics Service, Liverpool Women’s NHS Foundation Trust, Department of Clinical Genetics, Royal Liverpool Children’s Hospital Alder Hey, Eaton Road, Liverpool, L12 2AP, UK
| | - D Wellesley
- Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospital Southampton, Princess Anne Hospital, Coxford Road, Southampton, SO16 5YA, UK and Wessex Regional Genetics Laboratory, Salisbury NHS Foundation Trust, Salisbury District Hospital, Odstock Road, Salisbury, Wiltshire, SP2 8BJ, UK and Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton
| | - M Whiteford
- West of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Institute Of Medical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow, G3 8SJ, UK
| | - S Widaa
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - S Wilcox
- East Anglian Medical Genetics Service, Box 134, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - D Williams
- West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women’s NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TG, UK
| | - N Williams
- West of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Institute Of Medical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow, G3 8SJ, UK
| | - G Woods
- East Anglian Medical Genetics Service, Box 134, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - C Wragg
- Bristol Genetics Service (Avon, Somerset, Gloucs and West Wilts), University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, St Michael’s Hospital, St Michael’s Hill, Bristol, BS2 8DT, UK
| | - M Wright
- Northern Genetics Service, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Institute of Human Genetics, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - F Yang
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - M Yau
- South East Thames Regional Genetics Centre, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, Guy’s Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - NP Carter
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - M Parker
- The Ethox Centre, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK
| | - HV Firth
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
- East Anglian Medical Genetics Service, Box 134, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - DR FitzPatrick
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - CF Wright
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - JC Barrett
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - ME Hurles
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
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Eichinger L, Pachebat J, Glöckner G, Rajandream MA, Sucgang R, Berriman M, Song J, Olsen R, Szafranski K, Xu Q, Tunggal B, Kummerfeld S, Madera M, Konfortov BA, Rivero F, Bankier AT, Lehmann R, Hamlin N, Davies R, Gaudet P, Fey P, Pilcher K, Chen G, Saunders D, Sodergren E, Davis P, Kerhornou A, Nie X, Hall N, Anjard C, Hemphill L, Bason N, Farbrother P, Desany B, Just E, Morio T, Rost R, Churcher C, Cooper J, Haydock S, van Driessche N, Cronin A, Goodhead I, Muzny D, Mourier T, Pain A, Lu M, Harper D, Lindsay R, Hauser H, James K, Quiles M, Babu MM, Saito T, Buchrieser C, Wardroper A, Felder M, Thangavelu M, Johnson D, Knights A, Loulseged H, Mungall K, Oliver K, Price C, Quail M, Urushihara H, Hernandez J, Rabbinowitsch E, Steffen D, Sanders M, Ma J, Kohara Y, Sharp S, Simmonds M, Spiegler S, Tivey A, Sugano S, White B, Walker D, Woodward J, Winckler T, Tanaka Y, Shaulsky G, Schleicher M, Weinstock G, Rosenthal A, Cox E, Chisholm RL, Gibbs R, Loomis WF, Platzer M, Kay RR, Williams J, Dear PH, Noegel AA, Barrell B, Kuspa A. The genome of the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum. Nature 2005; 435:43-57. [PMID: 15875012 PMCID: PMC1352341 DOI: 10.1038/nature03481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 947] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2004] [Accepted: 02/17/2005] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The social amoebae are exceptional in their ability to alternate between unicellular and multicellular forms. Here we describe the genome of the best-studied member of this group, Dictyostelium discoideum. The gene-dense chromosomes of this organism encode approximately 12,500 predicted proteins, a high proportion of which have long, repetitive amino acid tracts. There are many genes for polyketide synthases and ABC transporters, suggesting an extensive secondary metabolism for producing and exporting small molecules. The genome is rich in complex repeats, one class of which is clustered and may serve as centromeres. Partial copies of the extrachromosomal ribosomal DNA (rDNA) element are found at the ends of each chromosome, suggesting a novel telomere structure and the use of a common mechanism to maintain both the rDNA and chromosomal termini. A proteome-based phylogeny shows that the amoebozoa diverged from the animal-fungal lineage after the plant-animal split, but Dictyostelium seems to have retained more of the diversity of the ancestral genome than have plants, animals or fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Eichinger
- Center for Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 52, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - J.A. Pachebat
- Center for Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 52, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, MRC Centre, Cambridge CB2 2QH, UK
| | - G. Glöckner
- Genome Analysis, Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, Beutenbergstr. 11, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - M.-A. Rajandream
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - R. Sucgang
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX77030, USA
| | - M. Berriman
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - J. Song
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX77030, USA
| | - R. Olsen
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - K. Szafranski
- Genome Analysis, Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, Beutenbergstr. 11, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Q. Xu
- Dept. of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Graduate Program in Structural and Computational Biology and Molecular Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX 77030, USA
| | - B. Tunggal
- Center for Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 52, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - S. Kummerfeld
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, MRC Centre, Cambridge CB2 2QH, UK
| | - M. Madera
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, MRC Centre, Cambridge CB2 2QH, UK
| | - B. A. Konfortov
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, MRC Centre, Cambridge CB2 2QH, UK
| | - F. Rivero
- Center for Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 52, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - A. T. Bankier
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, MRC Centre, Cambridge CB2 2QH, UK
| | - R. Lehmann
- Genome Analysis, Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, Beutenbergstr. 11, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - N. Hamlin
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - R. Davies
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - P. Gaudet
- dictyBase, Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - P. Fey
- dictyBase, Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - K. Pilcher
- dictyBase, Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - G. Chen
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX77030, USA
| | - D. Saunders
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - E. Sodergren
- Dept. of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - P. Davis
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - A. Kerhornou
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - X. Nie
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX77030, USA
| | - N. Hall
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - C. Anjard
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - L. Hemphill
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX77030, USA
| | - N. Bason
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - P. Farbrother
- Center for Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 52, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - B. Desany
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX77030, USA
| | - E. Just
- dictyBase, Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - T. Morio
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - R. Rost
- Adolf-Butenandt-Institute/Cell Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - C. Churcher
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - J. Cooper
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - S. Haydock
- Biochemistry Department, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
| | - N. van Driessche
- Dept. of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - A. Cronin
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - I. Goodhead
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - D. Muzny
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - T. Mourier
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - A. Pain
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - M. Lu
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX77030, USA
| | - D. Harper
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - R. Lindsay
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX77030, USA
| | - H. Hauser
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - K. James
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - M. Quiles
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - M. Madan Babu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, MRC Centre, Cambridge CB2 2QH, UK
| | - T. Saito
- Division of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810 Japan
| | - C. Buchrieser
- Unité de Genomique des Microorganismes Pathogenes, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - A. Wardroper
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, MRC Centre, Cambridge CB2 2QH, UK
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5YW, UK
| | - M. Felder
- Genome Analysis, Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, Beutenbergstr. 11, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - M. Thangavelu
- MRC Cancer Cell Unit, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2XZ, UK
| | - D. Johnson
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - A. Knights
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - H. Loulseged
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - K. Mungall
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - K. Oliver
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - C. Price
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - M.A. Quail
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - H. Urushihara
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - J. Hernandez
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - E. Rabbinowitsch
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - D. Steffen
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - M. Sanders
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - J. Ma
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Y. Kohara
- Centre for Genetic Resource Information, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - S. Sharp
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - M. Simmonds
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - S. Spiegler
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - A. Tivey
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - S. Sugano
- Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Minato, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - B. White
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - D. Walker
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - J. Woodward
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - T. Winckler
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie, Universität Frankfurt (Biozentrum), Frankfurt am Main, 60439, Germany
| | - Y. Tanaka
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - G. Shaulsky
- Dept. of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Graduate Program in Structural and Computational Biology and Molecular Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX 77030, USA
| | - M. Schleicher
- Adolf-Butenandt-Institute/Cell Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - G. Weinstock
- Dept. of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - A. Rosenthal
- Genome Analysis, Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, Beutenbergstr. 11, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - E.C. Cox
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ08544-1003, USA
| | - R. L. Chisholm
- dictyBase, Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - R. Gibbs
- Dept. of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - W. F. Loomis
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - M. Platzer
- Genome Analysis, Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, Beutenbergstr. 11, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - R. R. Kay
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, MRC Centre, Cambridge CB2 2QH, UK
| | - J. Williams
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - P. H. Dear
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, MRC Centre, Cambridge CB2 2QH, UK
| | - A. A. Noegel
- Center for Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 52, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - B. Barrell
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - A. Kuspa
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX77030, USA
- Dept. of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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