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Mohd Fadzil M, Wan Puteh SE, Aizuddin AN, Ahmed Z, Muhamad NA, Harith AA. Cost volume profit analysis for full paying patient services in Malaysia: A study protocol. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0294623. [PMID: 37988370 PMCID: PMC10662725 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Dual practice within public hospitals, characterised by the concurrent provision of public and private healthcare services within public hospitals, has become a widespread phenomenon. With the participation of selected public hospitals, dual practice within public hospitals, also known as Full Paying Patient services, was an initiative the Ministry of Health Malaysia took in 2007 to retain senior specialist physicians in Malaysia. The revenue generated from the Full Paying Patient services aims to provide an avenue for public sector specialists to supplement their incomes while alleviating the Government's burden of subsidising healthcare for financially capable individuals. However, the effectiveness of Full Paying Patient services in recouping service delivery costs and yielding a profit is still uncertain after 16 years of implementation. This study is designed to evaluate the impact of Full Paying Patient inpatient services volume, revenue, and cost on profit versus loss at selected hospitals from 2017 to 2020. From the perspective of healthcare providers, we plan to perform a cost volume profit analysis. This analysis enables us to determine the break-even point, at which total revenues match total costs, along with no-loss and no-profit thresholds for Full Paying Patient services. This study has the potential to provide insights into how variations in service volume, cost, and pricing impact healthcare providers' profitability. It also offers critical financial information regarding the volume of services required to reach the break-even point. A comprehensive understanding of service volume, cost and pricing is imperative for making informed decisions to fulfil the objectives and ensure the sustainability of the FPP services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malindawati Mohd Fadzil
- Department of Community Medicine, University Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sharifa Ezat Wan Puteh
- Department of Community Medicine, University Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Azimatun Noor Aizuddin
- Department of Community Medicine, University Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Zafar Ahmed
- Department of Community Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University Malaysia Sarawak, Sarawak, Malaysia
- Department of Social Work, Education and Community Wellbeing, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Nor Asiah Muhamad
- Evidence Based Healthcare Medicine Sector, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Aziz Harith
- Occupational Health Research Centre, Institute for Public Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
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Harith AA, Mohamed Z, Mohammad A, Lim KK, Reffin N, Mohd Fadzil M, Ismail S, Dahlan NY, Zubir MZ, Abas MI. Stress perceived by drivers in public healthcare facilities in Negeri Sembilan during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. Med J Malaysia 2023; 78:653-660. [PMID: 37775494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Healthcare drivers, including ambulance drivers, were less concerned about health and safety during the COVID-19 pandemic, with not only the risk of COVID-19 infection but also a higher risk of prolonged states of alertness, stress, burnout, fatigue and road traffic accident. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of stress and its associated factors among healthcare drivers, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study employs a crosssectional study design and utilises self-reported data obtained from locally validated personal stress inventory questionnaires. The data collection period spanned from August 1 to 31, 2020. The study sample consisted of 163 healthcare drivers affiliated with the Negeri Sembilan State Health Department. The Chi-square test and Fisher's exact test were the first used to determine the association between variables prior to conducting multiple logistic regression to predict the relationship between dependent and independent variables. RESULTS In COVID-19's first year, 7.4% (n = 12) of healthcare drivers reported perceived stress with ambulance drivers reporting more stress (10.6%; n = 5) than non-ambulance drivers (6.0%; n = 7). Simple statistical analysis identified perceived stress significantly associated with household income, smoking status and performing on-call. Further analysis by multiple logistic regression found that perceived stress was significantly related to smoking (aOR 19.9, 95% CI: 1.86-213.90), and performing on-call (aOR 8.69, 95% CI 1.21-62.28). Nevertheless, no association was found between perceived stress and age, ethnicity, marital status, education, household income, co-morbidities, driving assignment, employment duration, needing a part-time job or motor vehicle accident history. CONCLUSION The study found that the perceived stress amongst Malaysian healthcare drivers during the COVID-19 pandemic was relatively low. This could be due to fewer lifethreatening tasks, emergencies, assigned tasks and increase income due to overtime during the COVD-19 pandemic. The OSH team's efforts to provide consistent safety and health training, including stress management, may have contributed to the healthcare driver's ability to effectively manage the stressful circumstances encountered during the pandemic. In order to enhance salary competitiveness, employers should provide financial management education alongside subsidised housing and childcare provisions. Healthcare drivers who smoke should be taught different stress reduction techniques so that they can handle their stress in a healthy way.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Harith
- University of Otago Wellington, Department of Medicine, Occupational and Aviation Medicine, Wellington New Zealand, New Zealand. ;
| | - Z Mohamed
- Occupational and Environmental Health Unit, Public Health Division, Negeri Sembilan State Health Department, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
| | - A Mohammad
- Occupational and Environmental Health Unit, Public Health Division, Negeri Sembilan State Health Department, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
| | - K K Lim
- Occupational Health Research Centre, Institute for Public Health, National Institutes of Health, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - N Reffin
- Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Community Health, Malaysia
| | - M Mohd Fadzil
- Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Community Health, Malaysia
| | - S Ismail
- Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Community Health, Malaysia
| | - N Y Dahlan
- Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Community Health, Malaysia
| | - M Z Zubir
- Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Community Health, Malaysia
| | - M I Abas
- Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Faculty of Medicine, Community Medicine Unit, Malaysia
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Harith AA, Ab Gani MH, Griffiths R, Abdul Hadi A, Abu Bakar NA, Myers J, Mahjom M, Robat RM, Zubir MZ. Incidence, Prevalence, and Sources of COVID-19 Infection among Healthcare Workers in Hospitals in Malaysia. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:12485. [PMID: 36231783 PMCID: PMC9564780 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic introduced significant novel risks for healthcare workers and healthcare services. This study aimed to determine the prevalence, trends, characteristics, and sources of COVID-19 infection among healthcare workers during the early COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysian hospitals. A cross-sectional study used secondary data collected from a COVID-19 surveillance system for healthcare workers between January and December 2020. Two surges in COVID-19 cases among healthcare workers in Malaysia were epidemiologically correlated to a similarly intense COVID-19 pattern of transmission in the community. The period prevalence of COVID-19 infection and the mortality rate among healthcare workers in Malaysia were 1.03% and 0.0019%, respectively. The majority of infections originated from the workplace (53.3%); a total of 36.3% occurred among staff; a total of 17.0% occurred between patients and staff; and 43.2% originated from the community. Healthcare workers had a 2.9 times higher incidence risk ratio for the acquisition of COVID-19 infection than the general population. Nursing professionals were the most highly infected occupational group (40.5%), followed by medical doctors and specialists (24.1%), and healthcare assistants (9.7%). The top three departments registering COVID-19 infections were the medical department (23.3%), the emergency department (17.7%), and hospital administration and governance (9.1%). Occupational safety and health units need to be vigilant for the early detection of a disease outbreak to prevent the avoidable spread of disease in high-risk settings. The transformation of some tertiary hospitals to dedicated COVID-19 care, the monitoring of new procedures for the management of COVID-19 patients, and appropriate resource allocation are key to successful risk mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Aziz Harith
- Occupational and Aviation Medicine Department, University of Otago Wellington, New Zealand, 23A Mein Street, Newtown, Wellington 6242, New Zealand
- Occupational Health Research Centre, Institute for Public Health, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health, Shah Alam 40170, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Hafiz Ab Gani
- Occupational Health Research Centre, Institute for Public Health, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health, Shah Alam 40170, Malaysia
| | - Robin Griffiths
- Occupational and Aviation Medicine Department, University of Otago Wellington, New Zealand, 23A Mein Street, Newtown, Wellington 6242, New Zealand
| | - Azlihanis Abdul Hadi
- Medical Development Division, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Aras 3-7, Blok E1, Pusat Pentadbiran Kerajaan Persekutuan, Wilayah Persekutuan Putrajaya 62590, Malaysia
| | - Nor Aishah Abu Bakar
- Medical Development Division, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Aras 3-7, Blok E1, Pusat Pentadbiran Kerajaan Persekutuan, Wilayah Persekutuan Putrajaya 62590, Malaysia
| | - Julia Myers
- Occupational and Aviation Medicine Department, University of Otago Wellington, New Zealand, 23A Mein Street, Newtown, Wellington 6242, New Zealand
| | - Maznieda Mahjom
- Occupational Health Research Centre, Institute for Public Health, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health, Shah Alam 40170, Malaysia
| | - Rosnawati Muhamad Robat
- Occupational Health Unit, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Shah Alam 40170, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Zulfakhar Zubir
- Medical Development Division, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Aras 3-7, Blok E1, Pusat Pentadbiran Kerajaan Persekutuan, Wilayah Persekutuan Putrajaya 62590, Malaysia
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Makeswaran P, Shah SA, Safian N, Muhamad NA, Harith AA. Determinants of delayed tuberculosis treatment among patients in Selangor: A study protocol. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266746. [PMID: 35468167 PMCID: PMC9037902 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The high prevalence rate and ever-increasing incidence of tuberculosis (TB) worldwide remain a significant issue in healthcare. In Malaysia, the incidence and mortality rate of TB is increasing due to the delayed presentation of TB patients to healthcare facilities. However, there is a lack of local studies on the contributing factors of delayed presentation of TB patients in Malaysia. This study aims to establish a social epidemiology framework by analysing social factors including socio-epidemiological, socio-cultural, and health-seeking behaviours associated with the delay in seeking TB treatment among patients in Selangor, Malaysia. A sequential exploratory mixed-method study design that combines qualitative and quantitative research methods will be employed. This study will recruit adult patients who have been diagnosed with TB using chest X-ray and sputum smear microscopy. Four districts with the highest recorded cases in the state of Selangor will be selected as study locations. The qualitative study will involve a Focus Group Discussion (FGD) to explore six components, namely demographic, socio-cultural, health-seeking behaviours, social support and resources, previous knowledge and experience with illness, and treatment pathway. Meanwhile, the quantitative study will incorporate a structured survey that will be developed based on the themes identified in the qualitative phase and a review of several studies in the literature. Several quality control measures will be taken while ensuring that the survey questionnaires are anonymised and participants' confidentiality is maintained. The data obtained from both qualitative and quantitative approaches will be combined to provide a more robust assessment of the study. Given that this study will focus on districts with high recorded cases of TB in Selangor, the findings might assist to address TB-related issues such as the increasing incidence and mortality rates, which are mainly attributed to the delayed presentation of TB patients to healthcare facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punitha Makeswaran
- Department of Community Medicine, UKM Medical Centre, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Shamsul Azhar Shah
- Department of Community Medicine, UKM Medical Centre, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nazarudin Safian
- Department of Community Medicine, UKM Medical Centre, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nor Asiah Muhamad
- Evidence Based Healthcare Medicine Sector, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Aziz Harith
- Occupational Health Research Centre, Institute for Public Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
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Halim I, Reffin N, Sharifa Ezat WP, Muhamad NA, Harith AA. Compliance of Malaysian healthcare workers towards tuberculosis prevention programmes in workplace: An exploratory sequential mixed method study protocol. Med J Malaysia 2021; 76:857-864. [PMID: 34806673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The World Health Organization (WHO) stated that the incidence of tuberculosis among healthcare workers is increasing yearly and exceeds the incidence of tuberculosis in the community in almost all the countries that report to the WHO. The problem is greater in countries with high burden of tuberculosis disease in the community. The cause of this problem may be contributed by the attitudes of the healthcare workers themselves, such as non-compliance of the procedures at their work tasks meant to prevent them from contracting the disease. Therefore, this study aims to assess the perceptions and the behaviours of healthcare workers in relation to compliance towards prevention activities on tuberculosis at their workplace. MATERIALS AND METHODS We plan to conduct a two-phase exploratory sequential mixed method study to determine the factors affecting compliance of Malaysian healthcare workers towards tuberculosis prevention programmes in their workplace based on the guidelines of the Ministry of Health, Malaysia. Phase one is a qualitative study with a focus group discussion and questionnaire development and phase two is a quantitative study where data will be collected among healthcare workers in government clinics and hospitals in Selangor. The data from phase one will be analysed using Atlas.Ti software for thematic analysis and data from phase two will be analysed using SEM AMOS software for structural equation modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Halim
- Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Community Health, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - N Reffin
- Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Community Health, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. ;
| | - W P Sharifa Ezat
- Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Community Health, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - N A Muhamad
- National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia
| | - A A Harith
- National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia
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Kuay LK, Chin TB, Ying CY, Hussain H, Mahmud NA, Kassim MSA, Harith AA, Man CS, Salleh R, Aris T. Pregnant Women Are Iodine Deficient While School-Aged Children Demonstrate Adequate Iodine Status in Sarawak, Malaysia. Food Nutr Bull 2021; 42:406-413. [PMID: 34024187 DOI: 10.1177/03795721211002079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A mandatory universal salt iodization (USI) has been implemented in Sarawak, Malaysia since 2008. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study is to assess the current iodine status among school-aged children (SAC) and pregnant women (PW) after 10 years of USI implementation in Sarawak. METHODS This cross-sectional survey among school-aged children and pregnant women was conducted between July and October 2018 in Sarawak. The multistage proportionate to population size sampling technique was used to select 30 schools and 30 maternal and child health care clinics. A total of 1200 children aged 8 to 10 years and 750 first-trimester pregnant women were randomly selected to participate in the study. Iodine excretion level in urine was determined according to the World Health Organization classification. RESULTS A total of 988 children and 677 PW participated in the study with a response rate of 82.3% and 90.2%, respectively. The overall median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) level among the children was 126.0 μg/L (interquartile range [IQR], 71.0-200.9 μg/L) and classified as adequate iodine status. The median UIC among PW was 123.9 μg/L (IQR, 56.5-192.1μg/L) indicating inadequate iodine status. CONCLUSION The present findings indicate that despite adequate iodine status in children, the majority of PW still showed inadequate iodine status. Thus, comprehensive monitoring of the iodine deficiency disorder problem among PW is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lim Kuang Kuay
- Institute for Public Health, 106269Ministry of Health, Malaysia
| | - Tan Beng Chin
- 91000Sarawak State Health Department, Ministry of Health, Malaysia
| | - Chan Ying Ying
- Institute for Public Health, 106269Ministry of Health, Malaysia
| | - Husniza Hussain
- 60608Institute for Medical Research, Ministry of Health, Malaysia
| | - Nur Azna Mahmud
- Institute for Public Health, 106269Ministry of Health, Malaysia
| | | | | | - Cheong Siew Man
- Institute for Public Health, 106269Ministry of Health, Malaysia
| | - Ruhaya Salleh
- Institute for Public Health, 106269Ministry of Health, Malaysia
| | - Tahir Aris
- Institute for Public Health, 106269Ministry of Health, Malaysia
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Muhamad Robat R, Mohd Fauzi MF, Mat Saruan NA, Mohd Yusoff H, Harith AA. Why so stressed? A comparative study on stressors and stress between hospital and non-hospital nurses. BMC Nurs 2021; 20:2. [PMID: 33390159 PMCID: PMC7780689 DOI: 10.1186/s12912-020-00511-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Stress, which can be attributed to household and workplace stressors, is prevalent among nurses. However, these stressors’ attribution may differ between hospital and non-hospital nurses. It is currently unknown whether there are significant differences in the sociodemographic and occupational characteristics between hospital and non-hospital nurses which may potentially influence the type and magnitude of stressors, and subsequently the stress status. Therefore, this study aims to estimate the prevalence of stress and compare the roles of sociodemograhic characteristics, occupational profiles, workplace stressors and household stressors in determining the stress status between hospital and non-hospital female nurses in Malaysia. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted among randomly-selected 715 female nurses in Malaysia using pencil-and-paper self-reported questionnaires. Results The majority of participants were ever married (87.0%), having children (76.2%), and work in hospital setting (64.8%). The level of household stressors was generally similar between hospital and non-hospital nurses. However, hospital nurses significantly perceived higher level of workplace stressors. Shift work is significantly associated with higher level of household and workplace stressors among nurses in both groups. The level of stress was significantly higher among hospital nurses. Both household and workplace stressors explained about 40% of stress status in both hospital and non-hospital nurses. Conclusion Hospital nurses are at higher risk of having stressors and stress as compared to non-hospital nurses, probably due to higher proportion of them involved in shift work. Hospital nurses should be given high priority in mitigating stress among nurses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosnawati Muhamad Robat
- Occupational and Environmental Health Unit, Selangor State Health Department, No 1 Wisma Sunway, Jalan Tengku Ampuan Zabedah C 9/C, Seksyen 9, 40100, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Fadhli Mohd Fauzi
- Ministry of Health Malaysia, Block E1, E3, E6, E7 & E10, Complex E, Federal Government Administrative Centre, 62590, Putrajaya, Malaysia.,Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latiff, Bandar Tun Razak, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nur Adibah Mat Saruan
- Ministry of Health Malaysia, Block E1, E3, E6, E7 & E10, Complex E, Federal Government Administrative Centre, 62590, Putrajaya, Malaysia.,Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latiff, Bandar Tun Razak, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hanizah Mohd Yusoff
- Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latiff, Bandar Tun Razak, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Abdul Aziz Harith
- Occupational Health Research Centre, Institute for Public Health Malaysia, Blok B5 & B6, Kompleks NIH, No1, Jalan Setia Murni U13/52, Seksyen U13 Bandar Setia Alam, 40170, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
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Ahmad NA, Abd Razak MA, Kassim MS, Sahril N, Ahmad FH, Harith AA, Mahmud NA, Abdul Aziz FA, Hasim MH, Ismail H, Mohd Sidik S. Association between functional limitations and depression among community-dwelling older adults in Malaysia. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2020; 20 Suppl 2:21-25. [PMID: 33370850 DOI: 10.1111/ggi.14012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study aimed to assess the relationship between functional limitations and depression among community-dwelling older adults in Malaysia. METHODS Data from a nation-wide community-based cross-sectional study were analyzed. This study was conducted using a two-stage stratified random sampling design. In total, 3772 older adults aged ≥60 years responded to the survey. Depression was identified using a validated Malay version of the Geriatric Depression Scale (M-GDS-14), with those scored ≥6 categorized as having depression. Functional limitations were assessed using both Barthel's Activities of Daily Living (ADL) and Lawton's Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL). The relationship was determined by multivariate logistic regression, adjusted for other variables. RESULTS The prevalence of depression was 11.5% (95% confidence interval [CI] 9.4, 13.4). Multiple logistic regression analysis found that older adults with limitations in ADL were 2.6 times more likely of having depression (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.58, 95% CI 2.01, 3.32), while those with limitations in IADL the risk of having depression was almost doubled (aOR 1.68, 95% CI: 1.32, 2.14). Other significant factors were incontinence (aOR 3.33, 95% CI: 2.33, 4.74), chronic medical illness (aOR 1.44, 95% CI: 1.15, 1.81), current smoker (aOR 4.19, 95% CI: 1.69, 10.39), poor social support (aOR 4.30, 95% CI: 2.98, 6.20), do not have partner, ethnic minorities and low individual monthly income. CONCLUSIONS Older adults with functional limitation in both basic ADL and complex IADL are independently at higher risk of having depression. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2020; 20: 21-25.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Ani Ahmad
- Institute for Public Health, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohamad Aznuddin Abd Razak
- Institute for Public Health, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd ShaifulAzlan Kassim
- Institute for Public Health, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Norhafizah Sahril
- Institute for Public Health, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Fazila Haryati Ahmad
- Institute for Public Health, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Aziz Harith
- Institute for Public Health, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nur Azna Mahmud
- Institute for Public Health, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Fazly Azry Abdul Aziz
- Institute for Public Health, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Hazrin Hasim
- Institute for Public Health, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hasimah Ismail
- Institute for Public Health, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sherina Mohd Sidik
- Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
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Harith AA, Ahmad NA, Sahril N, Wahab NA, Kassim NA, Othman S, Din S, Hussin SSC, Mahmud NA, Azlan MS, Seman Z. Prevalence and determinants of hearing disability among older persons in Malaysia: Finding of National Health Morbidity Survey (NHMS) 2018. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2020; 20 Suppl 2:43-48. [PMID: 33370862 DOI: 10.1111/ggi.14039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM An aging population is a potential burden for unprepared developing countries. Malaysia is foreseen to be an aging country by 2035. Thus, this study aimed to determine the prevalence and factors associated with hearing disability among older persons in Malaysia. METHODS Data from a nationwide survey implemented using a stratified cluster sampling design were analyzed. This study was carried out through face-to-face interviews and guided questionnaires. The questions were based on the Washington Group of Disability (WG) questionnaires, which produce multiple disability identifiers. Hearing disability is defined as at least one domain or question out of four questions coded as "A lot of difficulty" or "Cannot hear at all". RESULTS The prevalence of hearing disability among older persons aged ≥60 years was 6.4% (95% CI 5.0-8.3), whereas 1.5% (95% CI 0.90, 2.50) older persons were reported to be using a hearing aid. The determinants of hearing disability are being male (aOR 2.67, 95% CI 1.94-3.66), being unemployed (retired, homemaker, unemployed; aOR 1.86, 95% CI 1.86-4.14) and had no formal education (aOR 18.25, 95% CI 4.18-79.55). CONCLUSIONS Promoting healthy aging is important and crucial for Malaysia, in preparation toward an aging nation, as it could reduce the country's financial burden in the long term. Health-related agencies should promote health awareness and treatment centers in relation to hearing disability among older persons, as they should be educated and informed about healthcare choices availability, which is aligned with the Global Disability Action Plan 2014-2021. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2020; 20: 43-48.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Aziz Harith
- Institute for Public Health, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Noor Ani Ahmad
- Institute for Public Health, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Norhafizah Sahril
- Institute for Public Health, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nor'ain Ab Wahab
- Institute for Public Health, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Noraida Abdul Kassim
- Family Health Development Division, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Putrajaya, Malaysia
| | - Salimah Othman
- Family Health Development Division, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Putrajaya, Malaysia
| | - Sobani Din
- Otorhinolaryngology Department, Sungai Buluh Hospital, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Sungai Buloh, Malaysia
| | - Siti Suriani Che Hussin
- Otorhinolaryngology Departments, Kuala Lumpur Hospital, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nur Azna Mahmud
- Institute for Public Health, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Shaiful Azlan
- Institute for Public Health, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Zamtira Seman
- Biostatistic and Data Repository Sector, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
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